A Progressive Grammar

A PROGRESSIVE GRAMMAR

OF COMMON TA MI L

V H A R D N M . A . T HE R E . A . . E ,

P UBLI S HED A ND S O LD BY THE S O C I ET Y F O R P R O M O T I NG CHR I S TI A N

KNO W LE DG E 17 CHUR CH S TR EE T V E P ER Y M A DR A S , , ,

(A ll rig ht s reserve d)

P R E F A C E

’ S E V E RAL years expe rience in teaching Tamil to the m embers of the Indian Civil Service at Cambridge h as made the author increasingly to feel the need that exists for a Tamil

G r rammar , w itten on the same general system as the G ich i h h M Telugu rammar , wh he publ s ed , w en in adras ,

18 3 n in the year 7 , and which has for lo g been adopted as the textbook for the as well as by the various M i i h T C ssionary Soc eties , working in t e elugu ountry . The author is far from undervaluing the works which h c ave already been published on the same subje t . The

f i v f Dr. P h student o Tam l must e er eel grateful to ope , w o has done so much to promote the study of this interesting

’ t Dr P T Han . Bu xc amil language e ellent as . ope s dboo k i f its o wn c e w h s , or parti ular purpos , being ritten on t e

i h r f O llendorf system , it necessar ly presents t e g ammar o h i c the language in a somew at broken and p e emeal form . h f f There appears , t ere ore , to be a real need or an addi E tio n al book in the nglish language , giving a compact outline of Tamil G rammar ; and this need the author has n o w endeavoured to supply .

. E . R he n iu s The Tamil G rammar of the R e v . C . T supplies the want to some extent ; but not only is it almost out f vi o print , but it needs re sion and rearrangement ; and

w as ad as many years have passed since it published , ditio n al light h as been thrown upon the language, and great impr ovements have been made in Tamil type .

2047 445 4 The object of this book is to present the reader with

is o grammar of common Tamil only , as it correctly sp ken t and writ en . In ordinary conversation and writing several vulgarisms and colloquialisms are used . These can easily t t wit h be mas ered by observa ion , and by intercourse h t e people of the country ; and therefore they are only brieﬂy noticed in these pages . When once the correct forms and w c expressions are kno n , vulgarisms and colloquialisms an easily be recogni zed and understood .

t t G w h be Af er mastering his rammar , the student ill t en in a position to proceed to the study of the higher dialect , th and to the perusal of Native G rammars . It is in e h higher dialect that Tamil poetry , and some also of t e

. S f fr Native prose works , are written o dif erent is it om

i e rso n w h o k the common d alect , that a p only nows the

t t h . th latter , canno unders and t e former It requires , ere c f t fore , separate treatment , and practi ally orms a dis inct branch of study .

It is hardly necessary to add that the N ative G rammars were composed for those who were already well acquainted with common Tamil as their own vernacular ; and hence t w t h t hi i t hey are rit en in Tamil , and deal wit he gher d alec .

H w t a v c t o ever useful herefore to d an ed students , hey are d m E not adapte for teaching common Ta il to uropeans . th G th ff In is , as in the Telugu rammar , e special e ort of the au thor h as been to adopt a strictly progressive system ; in other words not to introduce matter which prac tically implies a knowledge of Tamil which has not th h been as yet imparted ; and on e other and , only to give such information as is absolutely required at the

t w t e h s age at hich the s ud nt a s arrived . Strict attention t wh l to his principle , i e it makes the b ook much easier

b e ' le ade d as to study , must p an excuse for any features 5

h - w h in t e arrangement of the subject matter , hic may at

ﬁrst sight strike the reader as somewhat peculiar . As h instances of this , may be mentioned t e explanation in 6 . 8 f t t t para o the pronunciation of the ﬁrs consonan , after he explanation of several letters which precede it in the alphabet —the insertion of syntax in Chapter VI—the reservation f t Ch t X t I . of in ormation to the supplemen ary ap er , e c

n Though , in some instances , it might have bee advisable

l . w a h rm . h t some hat to ter t e te s used , e g t e word s em in many places for the word root , etc . , yet to prevent

h as any confusion , the author thought it best to retain those terms which have been already adopted in his own G D r . P Telugu rammar , and in the Tamil works of ope . The examples given have been chieﬂy selected from the textbooks prescribed for the examinations . h h The ﬁrst chapter , on the alphabet and ort ograp y , may t w perhaps seem o be some hat long , and to be written in w h ct a style , hic stri ly speaking , may not be quite suited B to the pages of a G rammar . u t after some years of

c , h as experien e in teaching Tamil the author found that ,

t t t s owing to he peculiari ies of the Tamil language , he y s h t h tem ere adopted is at once the easiest and he s ortest . f He there ore does not hesitate to insert it . It enables the student , with the indispensable assistan ce of a quali t w ﬁe d teacher , to acquire he po er to read and to pronounce

is Tamil correctly , which the ﬁrst great and essential step in mastering the language . M uch time and labour have been Spent upon the verbs f h and the rules for the formation o t eir tenses . All the

’ verbs in Winslow s Dictio nary have been collected and arranged under rules ; and thus a regular classiﬁcation h as w h been made , hich , w en once mastered , will give the c c h i student a learLand ompre ens ve view of the subject . 6

A c i x o E i iv opious nde , b th in Tamil and ngl sh , is g en at the end of the book , and will be found most useful for reference . A few introductory remarks are added in reference to h the Tamil language , and t e manner in which it should

be acqu ired .

S th f wh ch is The languages of ou ern India, o i Tamil the

t D . h most impor ant , are termed ravidian T e principal mem bers of this group of languages are

T i - is th c (1) am l . This e verna ular of about thirteen

f e wh o i h millions o p ople , principally nhabit t e country on the E astern side of the G hauts from M adras to Cape

S r v c h Comorin , outh T a an ore on t e Western side of the l N C h f . G auts , and a so the orthern parts o eylon — (2) Malayalam This is closely akin to Tamil . It is h t v f t e vernacular of abou ﬁ e millions o people , who principally

t th e f G inhabi the country on Western side o the hats ,

from M angalore to Trivandrum . — 3 Te u u . h ( ) l g T is is next to Tamil in importance , from f which it di fers very considerably . It uses an entirely distinct written character ; and introduces the Sanskrit d i w . s v aspirates , hich Tamil oes not It the ernacular of w c about seventeen millions of people , ho prin ipally inhabit the country stretching North from M adras to the conﬁnes f f h of Bengal , and ar inland into the heart o t e Dekhan . — 4 C n rese . t ( ) a a This language is closely akin o Telugu .

is h l f It the vernacular of about eig t mil ions o people ,

o M C w h principally inhabit ysore and anara . i h Wh le , on the one hand , it may truly be said t at no oriental living language can be properly mastered with

th e c h out a residence in ountry w ere it is spoken , yet , on

h h e t the other and , the aut or b lieves , tha if a suitable

c cu i is f h hi va s te a her can be pro red , t o t e ghest lue , e pecially 7

f i Civi i to h i or an Ind an l an , study t e language for a t me ,

n before he leaves his o w country . The novelty of oriental li c i h fe , the new s enes around h m , t e trials of the climate , h h i hi h f f t e eat , the lass tude w c is o ten elt by one new c f c c th f to the ountry, added to o ﬁ ial alls, e requirements o

t t u socie y in the presidency own , the journey to an p t t country sta ion , the civili ies that have again to be gone

h to w h throug there , the settling down a ne ome, and the effort to learn some of the ofﬁcial duties that will ere v hi — v i h long de olve upon m , all these are ery ser ous in c h i f dran es to steady work wit the rud ments o a language , and often greatly impede the progress of the young Civilian h f h f h h v W ereas , i t e rudiments o t e language a e been

h h h f " thoroug ly mastered at ome , muc o the drudgery work

i a v i w ll have been alre dy surmounted , e eryday rap d prog i f iv h i ress w ll be made a ter arr al in India , and t e acquisit on

f h a w h h o t e l nguage ill be a pleasure rat er t an a toil . h In learning Tamil t e motto of the student , especially at

h i . h h ﬁrst , s ould be Quality not Quant ty A little t oroug ly

is f h v f mastered , o muc more alue than a ar larger quan

h . tity only alf learnt Some , by being too rapid at ﬁrst , bring upon themselves the great extra trouble of having to unlearn faulty pronunciations . h h h v T e student s ould , from t e ery beginning , provide hi f w h c - i h msel it a po ket book , and enter nto it all t e Tamil hic h h words w h he ﬁnds in the early c apters of t is book , with their E nglish meaning placed opposite to them . h f These he s ould care ully commit to memory , and con s tan tly repeat . They will form a most useful vocabulary f i f h i f o common Tamil words , the acquisit on o whic s o i i i primary mportance n learning a l ving language . After t h t - t v he mind as been s ored with a well learn ocabulary , it will be found useful to enter in the pocket - book a 8 number of common sentences illustrating the words in the

r h h a f i vocabula y, and t ese also s ould be c re ully comm tted to memory . h i i h The student s ould da ly pract se Tamil andwriting , c f f by writing opies at ﬁrst o Tamil letters, and a terwards of Tamil words and sentences . It only remains for the author very heartily to thank the kind friends w h o have rendered him much valuable assistance in the preparation of this work . They are too

a t t t t m ny o men ion individually , bu he canno pass over in H t . R . E s silence he names of A utchins , q , and L B t E s . c i t F . rand , q , e turer in Tam l and Telugu a the

University of Cambridge . The former has been most kind in correcting the manuscript for the press , and the latter w has most carefully read the book hilst in preparation , and offered many very useful suggestions .

DE N H. R A . A

— B . N . The author will be greatly obliged for any cor t t h rec ions , sugges ions , criticisms , etc whic may strike the reader as he goes through this work . They can be sent either through the publishers , or direct to his private — C G M address urborough , reat alvern . They would be of much value in preparing a second edition . C O N TE N T S

O n . Chapter I . the alphabet and orthography

l . R t Chapter l ules concerning the combina ion , insertion ,

and changes of Tamil letters .

I O n . Chapter " . nouns , pronouns , and adjectives

. O n c Chapter IV numerals , postpositions , conjun tions ,

adverbs , and interjections .

O n v f Chapter V . the imperati e mood , and the tenses o

verbs .

O n . Chapter VI . syntax

O n . i Chapter V“ the inﬁnitive mood , the verbal partic ple ,

artici al f relative participles , p p nouns , a ﬁxes i v attached to relat ve participles , and erbal

nouns .

O n I I I . f v Chapter V the negative orm of verbs , passive erbs ,

reﬂexive verbs , and causal verbs .

O n h 1X. Chapter auxiliary verbs , conditional sentences , t e h v optative mood , certain parts of t e erb en

to say , and on the principal parts of

a Tamil verb .

O n — Chapter X. the uses of the several tenses combinate forms of the tenses and participles—certain uses of the verbal participle— translation of — Tamil and E nglish intensive verbs - and i f v on the id omatic uses o se eral verbs .

l . Chapter X . Supplementary information

Chapter XII . Appendices .

I ndex in E nglish and Tamil . 2

CHA P TE R I

O n the Alphabet and Orthography

1 B f t ch h . e ore commencing his apter , the student s ould c h i t t read the prefa e , and especially t e n roduc ory remarks ,

which form the conclusion of the preface .

is 2. This chapter shows the system on which Tamil i f written , and explains the pronunciat on o the various let

t t s o ers , so far as it is advisable to attemp to do on f h paper . It must rom the ﬁrst be clearly understood t at it is impossible to explain correctly through the medium

E ro n u n of the nglish language , all the exact shades of p ciatio n th that occur in the Tamil letters , and in eir various

is combinations . It presupposed that the student has the

f h th u assistance o a competent teac er , and wi o t such as s is tan ce it is better for him not to attempt to study Tamil

f . th h c u n or colloquial purposes Wi suc assistan e , it is necessary in these pages to do more than gi ve a general

t f h t e t h descrip ion o t e sounds of he Tamil l ters , leaving t e more delicate shades of pronunciation to be communicated t by oral ins ruction .

3 . Wh en learning to write Tamil , great care must be f h taken to orm t e letters in the proper manner . Watch h h w t t the teac er as e ri es each letter , and no ice carefully

how he forms it . Theoretically there is no difference b e tween the forms of the Tamil letters in printing and in

n b ut as h i ha dwriting ; , a matter of fact , t e pr nted letters 12 naturally assume a somewhat more uniform and sharply cut shape ; whereas in handwriting they are more rounded

ff h h . h o , and somew at less s arply deﬁned T e native running hand need not be studied till a considerable knowledge of the language has been acquired . i k h 4. When learn ng to read and to spea Tamil , t e greatest attention must be paid to pronunciation . There are several sounds which do not exist in E nglish ; and the meaning of a word not unfrequently depends upon the M hard or soft pronunciation of a consonant . ark carefully

’ the teacher s pronunciation ; repeat each letter and each i t word after him several times ; and speak clearly , d s inctly , w t in a loud voice , and ith he head well up , and the

shoulders thrown back .

S E C T I O N 1

5. t i In Tamil here are twelve vowels , and e ghteen

consonants .

6 . The twelve Tamil vowels are given in the follow t w t E ing able , i h their approximate sounds in nglish , as t hey are sounded in the Tamil alphabet .

7 . f t w The second , ourth , six h , eighth , and eleventh vo els are the lengthened sounds of the short vowels which im

mediately precede them . The short vowels are pronounced somewhat more abruptly than the corresponding E nglish

sounds .

8 . All the Tamil long vowels have a drawling pron u n

ciatio n w E h , hich is not used in nglis , and therefore cannot t E be exactly rendered by he nglish examples gi ven below . é Thus , for instance , a has the sound of the French in

meme .

9 . h f u f a Chi . c g, resembles t e sound o in up , (or o ﬁnal in na )

a. f P . a e . c g th r ( ara 1 3

i resembles the sound of in ink .

FF cc . P . Q or , , eel ( ara

23 u full . P J . a une ( ara .

c ember . P a ache . ( ara .

the word eye .

0 in police .

o . P O pium ( ara .

cu ounce . h th t 10. The re are no Tamil vowels which ave e exac sounds of the E nglish a in pan or of the E nglish 0 in h t t ot . G reat care must be aken not to give hese sounds

o l o. O n e f t to c ] and g o the most common and ruinous faul s

’ a in an E nglishman s pronunciation is to pronounce s y like a H t tt t g in pan . ence i is be er from he ﬁrst to associate ]

t t u t t t a wi h he sound of in up , al hough i migh be equ lly t well represented by ﬁnal a in C hina . When ran s lite r

t t 4 (2. ating , i is better to represen 4 by

S E C T I O N 2

1 1 t n t . In order to explain he Tamil co sonants , at ﬁrs a few only of them will be given which presen t no diﬁi l i t w h t cu t e s in pronuncia ion , and ith t em he general system W “ w t t of Tamil riting and reading ill be illus ra ed . The re m ain de r t i of the consonants will hen be g ven , some of

f u t t which present special di ﬁc l ies in pronuncia ion . 2 1 . As a consonant cannot be sounded wi thout the help f f o a vowel , it is necessary to introduce the sound o a v t n owel , in order to pronounce he co sonants in any alpha i E . n t t bet Thus , nglish , he sounds of he vowels e and a respe ctive ly are introduced to pronounce the consonants 14

b k be ka . i and , as , In pronouncing the consonants n the h 4 1 i Tamil alphabet , t e sound of the vowel ] s uniformly

t . h in roduced It is not written , but understood : ence the vowel A ll is considered as inherent in each of the eigh te en

f . i h Tamil consonant orms Thus , for nstance , t e six Tamil

as u m 7 a ) car consonants , , , , , , are pronounced a i P l m . . , ( ara These six consonants must be thoroughly t learn , before proceeding farther .

1 3 . When it I s required to denote the entire absence h h of any vowel sound , or , in ot er words , to denote t at t t t he consonan is mute , a dot is placed over he conso nant . Thus the E nglish word up would be written in

t s n) t E Tamil let ers y ; and he nglish words pun , rum , run ,

w mi) ﬂ air . Wh would be ritten , en it is necessary to name a mute consonant , the vowel is sounded before

a" b . wh t t L it Thus en speaking of he mute consonan s , ,

If so air 5 Lb /i seir . , , , they are called Q , ,@ , Q , Q

' L t w l w w i th u esa rb earn he follo ing Tami ords , a tree , a side ,

H mn/ Lb G rab y bread , my, thy .

14. t t The following is a mos important rule o remember .

n s t t When Tamil co onan s are doubled , hey are pronounced

c E o m much more strongly and distin tly than in nglish . C pare the pronunciation of the E nglish word upper wit h that m m c s Q u of the Ta il word / bread .

15. 6 T 6 h v w When a word begins with or 7 , t ese o els

h a dm in h usually take a sound of y . T us W at ? an d

? are n Why usually pronounced yenna and ye . Initial

FF t and also sometimes take he y sound . Thus

t ir k akk . mercy , is of en pronounced y a m instead of ira kam

16 . h In Tamil t ere are no capital letters . The vowels

a . 9 ar e given in p ra called the i nitial forms of the vowels , t because they can only be used to begin a word . In all o her positions the vowel takes a different form called th s econdary 1 5

h h is c f form of the vowel w ic ombined with each o the

s o consonant forms , that the two together make what

tte r. Fo r th e is called a compound le example , secondary

( 7 w h h is form of is hic , in t e case of most letters , placed at the top of the consonan t form with which it is combin ed ; thus Q combined with 55 becomes t h e compou nd le tte r Q

kt . The dot , being only placed over a consonant when it

t h n r w is mu e , disappears w en the seco dary fo m of any vo el is attached to the consonan t . The next step is to learn the secondary form of each of the twelve vowels .

h w c s h as is 17 . T e vo el ; no secondary form , because it inherent in each consonant form (para . The absence

t t . of he do , which would make the vowel mute (para

5 m a a ) f 4 as u a rr . implies the presence o 7; , , , , , . E xam

b u se) a m zari . ples d) a stone , the mind , many

e is IT w is 18 . The secondary form of gg , hich placed

“ immediately a fter the consonant form ; thus a combined

w ka . ith c g becomes In the same manner are formed

/r m m mr eu/r. case o f u , , , In the three letters , all of which will be given hereafter , the secondary form of ig g L) ? h is t w ich written underneath the letter from right to lef .

h as w b e co m e s T us combined ith g E xamples—a nt i)

M 7 61) a mend) LD/T6 5T a, leg , milk , time , a stag .

Th e FF 19 . secondary forms of Q and Q (or ) are C ( b wh and respectively , ich , in most instances , are placed

h t h c f as Q LS) LR 179 667 at t e op of t e onsonant orm ; , , , , ,

a . 20. The secondary forms of an d as : present several variations . They are of three kinds , namely A curve

h h t t f a passing below t e letter from rig t o lef or , and a

f 9 931 t w t circle added to it or hus , hen combined wi h these

m f c o 0 . Th e t vowels , and be ome (g , C5 : and Q5, Q5 let er 16

as becomes (5 and as. (irregular) A short dow nward stroke for and a curv e added to it for w ; thus u

L i becomes ; and {sb A loop under the letter end ng at

a fr m the right side of it for , and attached to it for ;

a) m m e l } m thus and b e co g a, g r , and g , g E xamples

L ail m /w eir so n j a tiger , (g a , wages , 5 a ﬂower .

21 is c . When the vowel ends a word , it pronoun ed

u si a l/ L f t as ); tax i t . very so tly and sligh ly ; ng a , ) sal (para

one .

22 f G T 67 6 ) 0 . The secondary orms of and are and w c h c respectively , hich are pla ed immediately before t e on

G m G a G a) C arr as c t e s G u . G g u e m sonan ; as , , , , ; and , , , — G E G a) G ear. E G re ener w 03m in (25 6 67 , , xamples slo ly , upon ,

calumny .

23 h f f Q cm h h c . T e secondary orm o is , w ic is pla ed

w as emu 6mm smrr immediately before the consonant ; as , , , .

h e w w f In t case of four letters, hich ill be given herea ter , t i? 9 t he secondary form of is ; hus , when compounded

61) w ith the lette rs and ear become and 3531 .

24 h w E h as f E . T e vo el the ull sound of the nglish f word eye , only when it occurs in a word o one syllable , or

’ t t f as em u m a es to th e in he ﬁrs syllable o a word ; a bag , g

h . t c and In all o her positions , and espe ially at the end of

is 67 w h a word , it pronounced almost like , it a slight sound

C ci E of y in it . ompare the sound of in the nglish word

. f neighbour To prevent con usion , and mistakes in spelling , it will be best for the beginner to pronounce when t th f i h i h no in e ﬁrst syllable o a word , l ke t e in ﬁg t .

E — 3m c Q emm R eagan-r xamples 5 a at , q greatness , thee , s wam P . you . ( ara 2 G (2 5. The secondary forms of 9 and 39 are and t f h c respec ively , placed immediately be ore t e onsonant , and

tr c f as G as/r G u lf G unfr (M fr pla e d immediately a ter it ; , , , ,

e 4. 1. 0 B u t as in the word 65 a son . when all th e vowels h t t h in a word are s or , or all long , he emp asis is always E thrown upon the ﬁrst syllable . In many nglish words t is th w as he emphasis ro n upon the second syllable , in the G t t . t words suppor , refresh , corrup reat care must be aken not to do this in Tamil ; but the emphasis must always be t w t as m ath o n hro n upon he ﬁrst syllable ; a tree , E g , send

t . C t w su ri ( hou) ompare he pronunciation of the Tamil ord c a/ h t E e with he nglish word aver .

S E C T I O N 3

i 30. s x h Thus far only of the consonants ave been given . The next two steps are (1) to learn all the eighteen Tamil consonants in their proper order ; and (2) to learn the way in which each of these consonants is combined with each of the secondary forms of the twelve vowels . It will be found best to learn these two steps together ; for som e of the f t t consonants are rather di ﬁcult o pronounce , and heir pronunciation will be far more easily acquired by sounding t f h w them wi h each o t e vo el forms in succession . The following table of compound letters must now be

z carefully learnt in hori ontal lines . The top line gives the initial forms of the twelve vowels . The ﬁrst perpendicular th column gives e eighteen consonants in their proper order .

E ach hori zontal line of compound letters shows th e combi nation o f the consonant which begins the line with ea ch of the secondary forms of the vowels . The followi n g table of t f c compound let ers is divided into our parts , whi h must

t . hi h be learn separately W lst learning eac part , t he notes l . 31 t on that particu ar part (para , e c . ) must be carefully studied . The next part must not be commenced until , the preceding part has been thoroughly mastered together with the notes upon it .

NO TES O N THE CO MPO UN D LETTERS

65 1 T I . h h as h k 3 . PAR T e letter t e sound of in kill ; as

6 563) a stone . It has also other sounds which will be ex 68 plained hereafter (paras .

2 as n a 3 . The nasal has the sound of g ; but it is always mute (except in compounds of the rare word 153 m m) : When

h as w following t is letter , the consonant al ays takes a 9

5 c r /$ 9 55 fli7 @ e n s/ 69a ? sound ; as y there , ,@ here , where

(P ara . h h 6 : f 33 . T e sound of t e letter varies in di ferent parts

f . Fo r fﬁ o the Tamil country the present , it will be su cient to regard it as equivalent to th e E nglish letter 3 in s u n ;

u ar c wre r rr as a ow , Q a king (para .

34 n a . The nasal letter has a soft sound of g y ; as

m m ) , . h t w c s 63 wisdom It only combines wit he vo els ,

67 , and ﬁ . 5 T f t 3 . PAR II . In pronouncing some o he Tamil con

t h th e sonan s , muc depends upon right position of the h f t tongue . T e annexed diagram , i carefully s udied , will be found of much assistance . In it y represents the upper h b b e b . . lip ; a the front t e t in the upper row ; . the roof

f h h c m o n th o t e mout the angle or ridge in the roof of the , just above the back of the top row of front teeth .

F 1 d 0 w 36 . igure , below the ridge marke , sho s the place where the upper side of the tip of the ton gue strikes against the roof of the mouth in pronouncing the E nglish

d n l t t letters , , , , as in do , no , lip , tin , and the Tamil 1 L 1. a ) car 66? t 6e 1; . letters and , as in 4 a iger , a tax h i d w i h 37 . Th e letter has a very ard metall c sound, h c

is is not found in E nglish . It pronounced by curling back h h f h t e tongue , down the throat and striking t e under side o t e 22

h f t t t t 3 tip of it ag ainst t e roof o he mouth , a he poin marked

. . t t f t t in the diagram , i e above he ridge in he roo of he mou h

n 14 e 9 marked 0 . C arefully pronounce the followi g words

u ff 55W® u rrm rb u Lr s ering , a jungle (para . a lesson , g learn

L97 G a r O t . z t ( hou) , 9 sei e (thou) , give ( hou) , obtain

(thou) .

38 l_ . The curling back of the tongue to pronounce (and other kindred letters) often gives to the preceding vowel a

n FF somewhat broader sound tha it otherwise has . Thus the in a d) a pledge sounds something like the E nglish (not Scotch) pronunciation of the word ear ; 61 in 67 0) a page of a book sounds something like air ; G as in G as- CD ruin sounds something like care . 3 E h 9 . i w In nglish , the letters ha ve t o distinct sounds

a w t w t v ( ) as in the ords though , thumb, thig h , here hey ha e ih b a pure sound ; and ( ) as in the words though , thus , thy ,

dh N0 E where they have almost the sound of . ( nglish word

t ah . t t begins with the le ters ) When pronouncing hese le ters , the tip of the tongue is in both cases place d at the e dge of

the top ro w of front teeth .

t tw t a ih In Tamil , he letter a has o dis inct sounds , n mely h w th t and d . They are pronounced i the ongue in the same 23

position as in mak ing the two corresponding E nglish sounds

ih is ff of , mentioned above ; but there this great di erence

between the E nglish and Tamil pronunciation . In E nglish

the tip of the tongue does not press against the edge of th e f f w ront teeth , but a current o air passes bet een them . This is somewhat less the case in pronouncing words which have

dh as t a sound of , though , thus , hy ; yet in these words too

. B ut n n it is done to some extent in pronou ci g the Tamil 5 , w th dh n the t w hether with a or sou d , ip of the tongue al ays

t t t an d t presses agains the edge of he front tee h , is hen w w suddenly withdra n , and no current of air passes bet een them .

' 4 5 s b e e X lain e d 0. a h a ( ) T e letter , ( will p in para . w is w hen it the first letter in a ord , or is doubled , takes a th. G (fi rren a sound ; as g gfi a street , a leather , a knife , M g ten . Compare the difference in pron u nci ation between the

E th e w $96e th e n nglish word thin , and Tamil ord r eat ( ) . In

is w th th the alphabet, a pronounced i the sound .

‘ b h le tte r s as ( ) T e g ( will be explained in para . wh t w d en it s ands singly in the middle or end of a or , takes a

db. w r t h t t a sound ; as a the foo , the ear , h t (thing) ,

) th e r w ? C Q g this ( ing), g hich (thing) ompare the slight difference in pronunciation betwe en the E nglish words yea

/r though and the Tamil word (t ru ce .

41 M th e ff u . ark most carefully di erence in so nd between

1_ 5 . C h f th e w w and , ompare t e pronunciation o follo ing ords

® 14 ” a rr . m a jungle a lesson .

{m Ll /T b . G L h g the ear r t e foot .

42 E d t . As regards pronunciation , the nglish letters and

h o ld th e (as in do , take) a middle position between Tamil

n o t h as s o as . G letters , being so ard and not soft a reat care must be taken to get the correct pronunciation of these letters in Tamil ; for they form on e of th e peculiarities of the 24

as th e n i language , and seen above , mea ing of a word somet mes

h n depends upon the ard or soft pronu ciation .

43 h tt st ar as v n ich . T e le er a ery hard metallic sound , wh

n E u n f h . t h is not ou d in nglis In prono nci g i , t e tongue is

a th e t placed in ex ctly same posi ion , as in pronouncing

— br 63 67537 55 . 3 7 . E u sa zl See para xamples g g make thou , ® an

st ir c a h . a count (para . the eye , an oat (para

?” LJ W LID Q u a m . h a wo an (para money . Compare t e

t w 14 6557 pronuncia ion of the t o words n make thou , and u eir g r a tax .

15 l 44. The letter has theoretica ly a softer sound than

ear . t is t E n The lat er pronounced just like he nglish , but

16 is pronou nced with the tongue in the same position as in

E — farm s farm n . S 39 . x pronou cing Q ee para . amples I ,

’ ? ' f / dif mﬁ fb euev . rt . . w e , thou , you (para a jackal good

T l . u m a a ) h 45. PAR l l The consonants , , , ave already

. {u h been explained , and illustrated The letter as the sound

n - a t h as of the E glish y ; as emo e irr a boy . The letter a

E 1) very soft 1) sound , something between the nglish letters

den ag a in ema a u czir w as G ar w . an d ; ork , a ﬁnger , n ﬁ (para

t a fr ai d) 24 es w eir . ) a physician , / he , guard

46 T . n f t o is v e . PAR W The sou d o he letter g ery p

r as n L. culia . The tongue is curled back , in pronou cing

em h an d c or ; but it does not touc the palate , a pe uliar sound between y an d r is made between th e ton gue and the w l i palate . O ing to the difﬁcu ty in pronouncing this letter , n some parts of the Tamil country it is vulgarly pronounced

u th air is e like , and in o er parts like , which explain d in

' —m an . E e u rn the next paragraph xamples g rain , gn fruit, ' 511 7 w a 9 w s . 38 56 a ay, cmag riting , 5 (para ) under .

err h 47 . tt as n f I The le er a hard metallic sou d o , not

found in E nglish . It is pron ounced by placin g the

tongue in exactly th e same position as in pronouncin g r_

f t . or end o a word , not being mute or doubled , it akes a

Lo c fl ezir ft s dh . a a t soft sound (para as fi a man , e / fl hat ,

R s wi ? w h . Q ; this , g hic (adjectival) (para w f 54. In some ords , introduced rom Sanscrit or some t d foreign language , ini ial 5 is sometimes pronounce d h

when it is so pronounced in th e original language from

w w G w ain Dhe van hich the ord is taken ; as a ( ) a god ,

fr a a id; charity (para .

tt h as d 55. The le er a hard sound (para . as

' a fr® T Lb . B u t LJ L_. i a lesson , a jungle when it s mute or

t t ; as 03 d s u LH Lh doubled , i has a hard sound q frien ship ,

an assembly .

No w i w t t 56 . pure Tamil ord beg ns i h but here f w w i t f are a e ords n roduced rom other languages , espe

ciall H t , w t th y from indus ani hich commence wi h is letter .

1_ h as t d In such words , he sound of or t according

to the sound of the letter in the original language ; as

(Dappu ) a list . When the initial letter h as th e so und

‘ t t is w tt ; as (A H /re L e of , i sometimes ri en double g g or @

(tan s) a police station . 5 C t t w w 7 . ompare the pronuncia ion of he follo ing ords

aQLLO . t silk having lef . (P articiple)

seed .

” is h x 58 . When A doubled , t ey take the e act sound of the

it 5 15 E nglish letters ; as ( 5/ p a fault ; wind . Compare the pronunciation of the following three words a /rLLCD

a f xe / as f , ﬁ s w w (genitive case) o the jungle ind , n (participle) C w . t w having atched ompare also the wo ords g al a» ; e /56m ) (accusative case) a she p , and egg g (accusative case) a f . r river (Some Tamil people insert a sound o , when pro n o u n cin g high ) 9 h o is 5 . W en n mute , it may take the sound of t ; but it i w s also pronounced ith the sound of r . Thus to 27 it may be pronounced ddhdtku ; but it is also frequently ddhd' k pronounced r u .

60 D 6 51 . When [ is preceded by , the sound of d is inserted

w t hu “ 657 11 h i bet een hem ; t s 4 (participle) aving said , s

an d pronounced ra .

61 a: c o . When is pre eded by Q5, it takes a j s und , as

14 55; 63 (punju) cotton .

2 n 6 . I some words introduced from other languages , initial

5: t takes a j sound , when i is so pronounced in the original

g ear/i) an am s t airw ay W language ; as (j ) people , (jannal) a indow .

t 5 ch 63 . The let er takes a sound like the in church ,

é m s P when it is mute or doubled ; as Q desire . ( ara .

t w r; I also takes this sound , hen preceded by or p ; as

c e /rL Q w t 0 t . a i ness , (5 q an effor

4 a i 5 = 6 . The above rules reg rd ng are observed in all parts of the Tamil country ; b u t in the case of words not coming

a: under these rules , the pronunciation of somewhat varies .

t is t t s Thus i some imes pronounced like he in sun (para . and sometimes it is pronounced wi th a peculiar sound of s h t t , made by placing the tip of he tongue against he roots h I t of th e lower row of front teet . ( is then pronounced

s i like the Telug u . ) In the case of Sanscr t words introduced

t t t 6 5 be in o Tamil , some maintain ha should pronounced according to the sound of the corresponding letter in the

’ H : r S t . c h th e a G e rb original anscri en e t ey pronounce in g ,

: r - t s h t <9 c ib ﬁ tu e h t a coun ry, as , and he in a ermi , like the E nglish 3 in sun .

65. u ) The letter has a 1 sound when it begins a word ,

. i t , , I. o or is mute or s doubled or is preceded by or ( ; as

6 0 m Q u a c an i. i th a lesson , 5 a sound , / s n at way , f Q in/ HQ) t P riendship , u af er . ( ara .

66 . t h as t b i cc i The le ter a sof sound, when t o urs n

i d e e n d f , n o t the m d l or o a word being mute , or doubled , 28

I 63m ; 97 ; 15 5 1. ft or preceded by or 1 ; as an assembly , q a er ,

s rrb u arrrb wages .

67. e In some words introduc d from other languages ,

u 6 h initial usually takes a sound , w en it is so pronounce d

t u tu rb h - in he original language ; as (bayam) fear, (but thi)

w i ] i ) t wisdom . Thus g w th a I sound means a ball , bu with a b sound it means a relation ; u /rem b with a p sound b w t t . means sin , and i h a sound i means thought

t <5 h as it h 68 . The let er a sound , w en it begins a word ,

L; s or is mute , or is doubled or is preceded by or g ; as

' se (r u as . 67 u i g a knife , ﬁ (para ) reverence , a side ,

a s si ns /m as (M y ri a m t . P bashfulness , g a wa chman ( ara .

0537 ir 69 55 a . h . When is preceded by or (para it as

’ $ 8 65 WQ G air al . a pure 9 sound ; as c / there , Q p I am eating

W 55 t 0. 7 hen comes in he middle or end of a word ,

t t n o r L i six no being mu e nor doubled , preceded by , p , ,

6 57 t M t or , it is of en pronounced , specially in adras , wi h a

: b u t t i simple g sound in o her parts , specially in T nne h velly, it takes an aspirate sound of g . The exact pro n u n ciatio n be t t E can only learnt from he eacher . xam

— m assif t w i s a air ples a son , g g a merchant . This letter is

t t h LDQ Q DLD used to represen he Sanscrit ; as glory .

1 f W t u th 7 . In a ew ords in rod ced from o er languages , i t 55 t i ni ial takes he sound of 9 , when it s so pronounce d

t 55607 Lb h in he original language ; as (ganam) onour , a religious teacher .

S E C T I O N 5

G ENERAL N O TES U PO N THE TAMI L LETTERS

15 21 24 1 4 72. R ead paras . , , and , and .

6W F r t w 9 . J m 73 . o he vo el 3 (para the two letters i ) are often substituted ; thus G w a rzm rb is often written m ay am i; silence . 29

4 t w he G u ara n i; 7 . I ill noticed that in such words as

t t f err h f here is a li tle ambiguity , or mig t also stand or P the letter I. ( ara . 5 7 . The exact sound of a vowel is often somewhat affected by the pronunciation of the consonant which w t t t follo s i , because he tongue has o be brought into posi tion for giving the correct sound to the succeedin g conso ° t Th e w s t n «sig l nan . follo ing words are illu tra io s ruin ,

' ’ h 6714 6657 ﬁ ; ﬁ cngcrr G sscrr a ouse , a woman , g under , a child ,

. 38 43 46 47 . t . hear ( hou) See paras , , , and

6 h as ff 7 . In a few instances custom slightly a ected the pronunciation of a word : all such peculiarities can be easily

learnt by practice in talking the language .

f i th e i 77 . The ollow ng is a list of eighteen Tam l conso

t h n i h nan s . W e repeat ng t em , the ﬁrst ten are said in pairs

l” a a ) o 677 1D 67” ; : : Fr : : ( , 8 h t 7 . In the case of t e ﬁrs ten consonants , each alter

t 66 6 E l_ 5 L t na e consonant ( , , , , , 5 ) is followed by i s own

7 n 437 6 2m 15 L0 . I t correspondi g nasal ( , , , ) is a help to

t th e wh Spelling correc ly to remember that latter , en mute , are always followed by the former respectively ; as in the

r /157 693 ; h u s f a triu m /rah h w r ss words c y t ere , @ cotton , e sa , g a

m. g w . that , y ) an arro

a) k 79 . A mute is pronounced li e y, with rather an

9 5 a} G a ul/s mear h i emphasis upon it ; as do (thou) , ( e d d

m F / ll P a T u . ( ara . Cy well , properly (para N 80. o Tamil word begins with nor with any of

f o err 0 6 07 . N o the last our consonants , namely g , , 4 , and pure Tamil word begins with z_; but a few foreign word s

h v i w ic w th hi e t . a e been ntroduced , h h commence i t s l t er P ( ara . 30

T w t a a) 81 . No amil ord properly begins wi h or but

9 is preﬁxed to words in which E and a ) are united with

o_ 9 t w the vowels , g) , or 9 ; and Q is preﬁxed o ords in which they are united with any other vowel ; as

’ a wmG t . Q is pronounced form , Q wo This initial or

t . P . very slightly , and no emphasis is made upon i ( ara

A few foreign words omit these preﬁxed letters ; as J i lgig a cul tivator .

2 w n e t i t it 8 . The follo i g ﬁve l ters , n roduced from Sans cr , are used in Tamil , and make the pronunciation very clear .

They can take the secondary forms of the vowels .

a h t s h s This letter as he sound of in shut . The Tamil

letter used in its pl ace is as f58 ,2t ( ft t b)

b cziﬁ a ch . loss , (y ﬂa native tea er

a v This letter h as the sound of s in sun . It is al w ays

t L éivﬁ émb du /H w mu e ; as f r a book , g a oman .

iv a h 5 th . (After t e letter , has a sound ) i $3 This letter has the sound of j . The Tam l letter used

c 5 5 22 m 5 557 03 631? in its pla e is ; as ( ) people , £

a e w t a ass t a s ddle . When combin d i h and his

' t a “ a s 891 6s le ter becomes and as a horsecloth .

a i t k h h s Th s letter has he sound of s , being merely t e

5 union of and as . The Tamil lette rs used in its

L s : 3 G re s h m Q w rrL e rb place are (para . 6 ) as a ( )

heaven . hi tt t f h b h T s le er has he sound o in u t . T e Tamil

65 letter used in its place is (para . as

ag /rad? . g harm , loss

B — fr . . f t e 83 N . The last two o these le ters are not so quently used in Tamil as the ﬁrst three .

i a in 84. Additional nformation on the subjects tre ted of thi wh e f i w s chapter , ich are unn cessary or a beg nner , ill be I h given in Chapte r X of t e grammar . 31

th e 85. All Tamil words given in this chapter ought

be t - t en ered in a pocket book , and carefully commi ted to

. t t t emory In learning a living language , it is mos impor an t w t b store he mind i h a good voca ulary . C HA P TE R I I

les n rnin h Ru co ce g t e Combination, Insertion and Changes of Tamil Letters

Th e 8 6 . following simple rules are of such constant and

n s o universal application in Tamil , and e ter largely into the

t f t t is n ce language , and even in o the orma ion of cases hat it e s

t h . h t sary to insert hem ere T e s udent , however, must not

u h st t spend much time pon t em at ﬁr , but merely read hem

h f m a s i carefully over , and t en re er to the occasion requ res .

‘ — x — a i n f w N . B . 87 . The e pression word consist g o t o ’ — f short open syllables will o ten occur in this book . It w i w f tw h means , a ord n hich each o its o syllables as a short w l w vo el , and consists of a sing e vo el or a single compound

u s e H lette r only ; as Q 5 this , a cow . ence it excludes such

as f L/ Lid) a l a; words a kni e , O W bread , g cotton ,

”5 f h q riends ip , (A) O N WO RDS EN DI NG IN A VOWE L

R U E . s 88 . L I With the exception of word consisting of two short O pen syllables all words ending in the vowel w f w i i w hen ollowed by a ord beg nning w th a vo el , drop

e_ a /r 5) g a es) ﬁnal . Thus g the ear and Q in become g in

' mL L’ h tv i rt zL LQ év the ear ; , friends ip , and Q n become in friendship .

— h w E h o B . N . T e Tamil words which ans er to nglis prep si

fﬁ n i th E tions are a xed (not preﬁxed) to ouns , as n e nglish

w . ords thereto , thereby , etc

3 4 as 5 s u h is c nl , , a , or , t is consonant , in certain instan es o y ,

i. e . t h tw o . doubled , i is inserted mute between t e words

h h is h T e principal instances in whic this done , are w en the ﬁrst of the two words is

a E e /rie » t t hi eff /135 h ch ? ( ) l f ha (adjectival) , t s , , w i

0 1 c an d u ). w L:I LJLL t w 67 14 72 / g in that ay , @ § in his ay , 9 ( ) in

— s fli’ nf ag which way ? as a y fi g that tiger . (b) A word which combines with the word which follows it to form a compound expression ; as u é s fig é s t t w f - (63) a side Wall . (o) A word ending in the adverbial affix g ab or

' it s : G an/i) l m u D o . as airgy . (it) wel

d i w w as ( ) A dat ve case , hich al ays ends in (5

a é ® 5 W@. a w i G v t h im . c / g gg i e (it) o t w i (6 ) An accusa ive case , hich always ends n as

: a a d 695 1111 D o . G al h it w h (f ) An inﬁnitive mood , hic always ends in J ) ;

t im e: as Tell (him) to come . (See also 1 6 r . 6 pa as ,

U E . f i 94. R L VII When ollowed by a word beginn ng

6 a u 6 51 ti) with , , g , or , ﬁnal and are grammatically

h /D t ar t ir h 1; c anged into , and ﬁnal and are c anged into

h a frt v ti) tit /w aif a i i i T us watch , and (a m scul ne term nat on)

' become $ WQ J/255 ﬂl 6 3r a watchman w ar a day and s tir h m/rLl a t ir (t e plural termination) become days . b as F L f ch n i 1157 . R U . e 95. LE VIII inal be ore is a g d nto

g .

15 .

L0 is droppe d .

h w i t h a r s tir h r i i n T us t ee and , t e plural te m nat o , become

- Lo r riw eir (32) tree s ; u /rtm b s in and G a g s /f air he did beco me

He in c i s i . did (or omm tted) , e . He sinned . 3 5

9 A 6 . few additional rules are given in the supplementary 624 . 618 t apter , paras o ; but they are not necessary for beginner . CHA P TE R I I I

O n Nouns , Pronouns , and Adjectives

(1) O N NO UN S O N THE TRANSLATI O N O F THE ENG LISH ARTICLE

9 t t 7 . In Tamil here are no deﬁnite and indeﬁnite ar icles , as there are in E n glish : th e E nglish article may be regarded B t as inherent in Tamil nouns . u the numeral one is

w E h i a often used in Tamil , here in nglish t e indeﬁnite art cle E l or an is used , and specially where the ng ish expression a

t a / t v /fcé am h t h a . cer in occurs ; as g g5 r fi a cer ain merchant T e force of the E nglish definite article the is sometimes expressed in Tamil by pre fi xin g the demonstrative adjective pronouns

ﬂi ar rt ; t h . c / e tha , those , or @ § this , t ese O N THE DECLE NS I O N O F N O UNS

98 . Tamil nouns are divided into two great classes , namely

1 2 . ( ) rational , and ( ) irrational

99 1 i na Noun i . ( ) Rat o l s , that is , nouns denoting rat onal w beings only , are subdivided into t o classes , namely

N U N S a M A C U I E O . ( ) S L N These denote gods , and men

- G m a51 o d h Lnt aﬁ air only ; as a a g , t e god Indra , ﬁ

' w ast ar 113 19 a man , a son , £ a younger brother , a religious

teacher .

b FE I I N O ( ) M N NE O NS . These denote goddesses , and

w ; G s t ﬁl W L G I'LQ 6 1 81 omen only as r a goddess , Q ( and ) the

L h m a th h 1433661 619 goddess aks mi , a daug ter , a wife . 3 7

2 100. r i N ouns t ( ) I rat onal , tha is , nouns denoting ani

i as mals and nanimate things , are all regarded neuter ; as

i h farm) w t . D w a dog , a tree istinct ords are often used to distinguish the sex of animals ; but all such words are still

G er- t u ti) c (Du mas ; h regarded as neuter as a ock , a en .

B - I n E f S h N . . nglish also animals are o ten poken of in t e

‘ 3 . L 1 4 5 H . 1 . e neuter gender , g . eviticus viii , brought the

’

. h in bullock and he slew it , etc In Tamil t ey are

v h in . ariably regarded as neuter , except w en personiﬁed fables

h w £9 677 %7T h 101 . T e ord w en meaning a child , and (559 fit tin i f g an n ant are regarded as neuter , because the se x is not C E — speciﬁed . ompare the nglish expression Who is it ? w N m 1 02. u bers 1 Tamil nouns have t o ( ) The Singular , and

(2) The P lural .

103 . In each number there are seven Cases ; namely 1 2 i 3 i 4 ( ) The nominative , ( ) the vocat ve , ( ) the genit ve , ( ) the 5 6 7 h t dative , ( ) the accusative , ( ) the locative , ( ) t e ins rumental .

—I n N G B . t 104. N . ative rammars the cases are eigh in ff number , and are arranged in a di erent manner . Some o f these eight cases have more than one termination ; and to the locative case no less than twenty - eight terminations are assigned . The native form of declension is given in the supplementary chapter It will be found far easier to h learn t e Tamil nouns in the form here given . O N THE FO RMATIO N O F CASES

mb r The nom . u e n 105 (A) S ing ular N . i ative cas e sin

h 18 09 Lo n i) t gular is t e noun itself as a jackal , a ree . —E N . B . 106 . very Tamil noun ends in one of the six

FF 2L 2 6K Q h ht vowels Q5, , , , or , or in one of t e eig mute

fr i GM T Ln cu ti ) 67T a r. consonants , , , , , w, , or

107 . The v cative is f o case , always formed rom the

’ h w t7 15 nominative , and usually by adding t e vo el , as 09q O Jackal ! 38

m all f a 108 . The re aining cases are ormed by dding certain 1 n s e casal afﬁxes to the i nflecti o al ba , by which is meant

that particular form of the noun that takes the casal afﬁxes .

It is often the same as the nominative ; but it some it times h as a peculiar form of s own . Thus the inf . base

" b a 16 1 l. o is m r. of 15ai is 19 but the inf . base of a tree ﬁg

0 nitive case t h f 1 9 . The ge akes either t e pure orm of

ﬁr ﬂ ctio n al t . f the in e base , or adds Q to it To either o f i these orms may be added , at pleasure , the postposit on

i51ii 1519 15 15119119 ir . h f . 119 a of T us (in base ) gen . or

’ or lE /fitlflQ fléM L—UJ not common) a jackal s or of

LD U Lb in ﬂe c m a a jackal a tree ( . base gen . ﬁg

’ Lo a trir m a vt m—w 92 or n ﬁ or g ﬁg ( ) a tree s or of a tree .

s i t h ? 1 10. The dative ca e is formed by afﬁx ng e) to an

in ﬂe ctio n al FF 89 an al- base ending in , or , and G5 to one .

i . 1509 19 n in ﬂe c . 15 ending any other letter Thus ( base ) dat .

16 1 95is Lo n i) in ﬂ f 1 e c . a Ln r @ to a jackal ( base mi g odat . g g

si t w in ﬂ c 88 e . @ ( ) o a tree ; 5 a ﬂo er ( base 5 ) dat .

t i: t w 5 63i) t in ﬂ c asti) 90 e . @ ( ) o a ﬂo er ; a s one ( base ) dat . a 9 1 a mg y g ( ) to a stone .

11 1 . The accusative case the ocative h , l case , and t e

i nta case f 6) 1 th ns trume l , are ormed by adding Q , and 35

in ﬂe cti n l 15 9 o a . 11 f respectively to the base Thus , (in . base

t zm 9u_9 ti) 15n9 u . 1517 i 151191u 1rti) . n s acc , loc , in a jackal , . by

i) w a Lo n f . c m 5 a jackal ; , (in base ﬁg ) ac .

m a a /mi) in a tree , ins . ﬁ by a tree .

1 12. B lural ur i iv is ( ) P Numb e r. The pl al nom nat e f h i h always formed rom t e s ngular nominative . T e forma

w be c c tion ill explained under ea h de lension . It is most commonly formed merely by adding s tir to the singular

1 To pre ve n t an y co n fusio n th e o ld te rm is re taine d ; b ut pe rh aps th e

’ e o rre c t te rm w o ul d b e th e inﬂe cte d fo r t t m o r c m o f h e s e m . 39

115119 nom . 16 1135 671 LM Lb nominative . Thus , pl . jackals ; , pl .

57 m m Lo n/1 5 . nom . (9 ) trees

1 13 i fl ti na b ase is . The plural n ec o l in nouns (but not

i h as t always n pronouns) t e same he plural nominative . 11 4 h f . All t e cases are ormed in exactly the same way

’ LM Lb ru mb a- air as in the singular . Thus , pl . nom . trees ;

' ‘ mza G err Lo n a- 145 m Lo as f . . m y voc . , (in base gen or

1535 6119667 m 7 155 6mm 1u m ﬂ b a a ﬁ m m u , or ® ( g not common) ;

‘ réz é e m ains ﬁ vr 11 37 1155 9 63) r s c . 67 a . dat . gg gj ; a c , loc ins .

m a m a m fra ) .

1 15. h f Dec ensions f T ere are our l o Tamil nouns , which

i in ﬂe ctio n al will now be expla ned . The base is put in

. h brackets under the genitive case In forming t e cases , C f the rules given in hapter II are care ully observed .

FI RST DECLENS IO N

116 . The ﬁrst declension includes all masculine nouns

6 1 1. 13 39 which end in 6 51 ; as n a man .

1 in ﬂe ction al h as 1 7 . The base singular is t e same the

nominative .

is b 1 18 . The plural nominative formed y changing ﬁnal " C i II LD6D7 5 /f 6 131 of the nominat ve singular into ; as L men .

e I n the common dialect ar is often added ; as m a ﬁa /15 61} .

S ING U LAR

w eaﬂ eﬁ N . g

’ Ln ezrﬂ G evT v , ﬁ

or ti ed m a ﬂ m m u f a m m y o an . G . ( ﬁ ) ag

D m a ﬁ é e . g g cj

A m ezrﬂ am . g

m a ﬁ a ﬂé) L . g

w a ﬁ éu 1 . g gg 40

P L URAL

10 9 1? . 631 m a ﬁ /fe ar} N 5 or a men . v 10 638n m a ﬁa r a’ c’m 0 men ! C G ( 10 6395 10 LDGWLQ or of

a a m m u g ®§ men .

D . to men .

m mﬂ i a ﬁm g men . m ° or among 10 637 11963) 11 L . 95 10 m9§ 5 m96v men .

10 6 3795 1 1r6i) aa ﬂ I . m m i) a ﬂ s . , g by men

1 20 szir . In this declension the form of the geniti ve in Q

10 93 5 5319651 is m h h t as 9 not co monly used , t oug i is correct

both in the singular and plural . The pure form of the

in ﬂe ctio n al i r e . . base s ve y frequently used as the genitive , g

’ 10 3r 5 rf d) 82 1. 6 h ( ) the disciple s house , ( 7 t e

’ blockhead s leg .

1 m o aiT m u u e'zi'rasdr i 1 2 . The word a boy makes n the

plural .

1 22 m as sif 10 5365611 . . The word a son takes as its plural which is in reality the plural form of the poetical word

10 5 6731 66 6rr a child : occasionally also is used . When the

w 0 m m” ? plural sons has to be expressed , the ord 65 or

n 1- 1165 1 00 7 1 6 51 a u 6 th e . Cj 5 e plural of (5 a son , is g enerally us d

23 N f h 6 137 is 1 . ouns o this declension in w ich ﬁnal th f t preceded by e vowel my, may also orm a voca ive by

6ir , h J in to c dropping ﬁnal and c anging the preceding / ‘ g

g /r a . 57 a . 6 s a disciple , voc s If ﬁnal be preceded

t w c h by he vo el g) , t e vocative may be formed by simply

6 57 611 6 3ar 51 w ~ ; 6 w h . a iv dropping ﬁnal as @ a as erman , voc ®

S ECO ND DECLENS IO N

124. The second declension includes all nouns ending in

n10 m in i) : . . h are h a . c / as a tree T ey all of t e neuter gender

Th i iv is f 5 611 1 3 1 . e plural nom nat e ormed by adding to

- m ir. th e nominative singular ; as g y s

S IN G ULAR S I NG U LAR

ﬁg ® , 132. N . a house w a river

v . G m. . g ‘ ° 5 9 G . m or

5 1 df 1 2 c ( c g / 4 ) g mﬂ or

567 1m 511 . .5

n et 69 LL@5 c y D . @ g g cg 9° m A . 61

69 114 1 63) /15761) L . 5 ag ar

1 115 I . {5, q

P LU RAL P LU RAL

5 215 3 9 6ir . 61 6 ® . v N . houses , etc N c3141 ri ers , etc .

— is N . B . he c i iv h 1 33 . T re no ne ess ty to g e t e plural in f f h h h de c ull , or all t e plurals in t is , and also in t e fourth le n

c c LDJ /é éb‘ df sion , are de lined exa tly like W (9 wh h f w 134. ords ending in and ic consist o t o short open syllables only as 16 0) and do not follow h v f th e f t e abo e ormation , but belong to ourth declension .

h h m u m® N c as ouns in w ic the ﬁnal and are doubled ,

5 1r 0 121 Wi f u h c i s 1 .1. ilk , , nd , belong to the o rt de lens on . — 128 . B . R . N . ead para

FO URTH DECLENSIO N

135. This declension includes all nouns which do not f h h i belong to any o t e t ree preceding declens ons . The m a jo rity of them are neuter as the ear ; but some are

e masculi n , and several are feminine ; as a father , (505 ' r i i te ch 10 5 61r h du /19 Q u asar a rel g ous a er, a daug ter, g a woman , a wom an . h 36 . T inﬂe ctio n a i 1 e l base s the same as the nominative , 43

1 i i s f e i 37. The nominat ve plural s u ually orm d by add ng 5 611 to the nominative singular ; as G U 60371 5 67T women ; but there are th e following exceptions to this rule .

3 a i i 5 5 613 i 1 8 . ( ) All nouns end ng n a long vowel take n

FF 5 55 671 55 611 the plural ; as a ﬂy , pl . ; 5 a ﬂower , pl . 5 ,

J W5 1T af /Téi‘ éﬁéir @ a king , pl . e

1 39 b N i 9L w ich c f w h . ( ) ouns ending n , h onsist o t o s ort open syllables only (87) take 5 5 671 in the plural as a re

5 5 61r 1 15 5 5 3 li io u s e ch . c . 6 10 1 g t a er , pl @ Q§ ; a ow, pl ; 49

10 2155 65. a, spot , pl . 4

a 5 5 637 140. (o) A few nouns ending in take in th e plural

i ti 5 w thout any par cular rule ; as an enemy , pl . 55

5 5 671 5 1r 7 vi (5 ; g a rtuous person , etc . d 141 . ( ) Some plurals vary in accordance with the g ram

5 61) f h . m atical laws o eup ony Thus a stone makes 5 1135 611 or ° ' 5 63 15 69 an d 16 1r6vr 1s 1r1 5 61r cc c ( 19 1 0 a day makes _- in a ordan e 94 with para . . 2 14 . N i i the v f v c iv ouns end ng n owel Q , may orm a o at e by simply lengt hening this letter ; as 55 1019 a younger brother , ’ v c v 5 1019 o ati e r A s nouns of this declension form their cases quite regu larl c c i h v i — y in a cordan e w t the rules gi en n paras . 109 1 14 , it is not necessary to give more than the genitive case h v singular , and t e nominati e plural .

E XAM P LE S o r NOUNS o n THE FO U RT H DECLENS I ON

1 43 . . Nom . I n ﬂec . e G e i i . N Sing bas , n t ve om . P lural .

wi 5 11 51576 37 8 8 5 5 15 15 5 nd 6 1 ( ) 1 4 . silk “h as . (as)

° 16 ® 1569 8 9 the middle ( ) ( ) 13 ®5 5 67n

1 10 10112 411 1041169 6 31 8 9 1 155 671 a spot ( ) ( ) 041 .

16 119 16 119 15 9119631 9 0 a jackal ( ) 1 ( ) 15095 6773 44

ﬂ er 69 6 31 9 0 55 671 g , a ow ( 5 ) 5 ( ) 5 . ' 5 67) 5 eu 5 63 6796 31 9 1 5 67 5 671 5 5 671 a stone ( ) ( ) 19 21 or 19 . (1 4 1 )

18511 ﬁ sh 18 6 31 186 19 6 31 9 2 1 8631 5 671 a ( ) ( ) .

E 16 18 16 119 1 x i . . 6 1191 96 31 ample of declens on in full sing n , g . ( ) ,

16 9631 111 . 11 in , . s . 11 . d ac , loc plu .

16 1195 671 16 1115 671 16 95 67196 31 16 1 5 5 . 11 (1. ﬁ c 16 1195 3671 , g ( ) , @ @ , a . ,

10 0 . i ns .

144 9_ . A fe w nouns of this declension may ch ange before 565 of th e dative e ase in to as

16 1 11 16 1r 5 ﬂ 6 D T . M &v é a day A @ @ or @ .

air fw hi ai és Q c t s day Q uw g 4 6 31421 that day 4 6314115@ 4 6 31 6315 5n

6 7 ic 6 1 6 31 115 6 1 651 6 31 1 wh h day ? 4 g 115C5 .

G EN ERAL REMARKS U PO N NO UNS

1 h ic i f th e c 45. T e part le may be nserted be ore asal aﬂix of any case of any noun , except the nominative and i i w t th vocat ve . It s seldom used i h nouns of e ﬁrst de cle n sio n ; and in the other declensions its insert ion is not

6 31 very common in the ordinary dialect . When @ is thus

e h 5 31 insert d , t e dative adds (5 only and ﬁnal is

19 10 7 10 10 1 changed into 1 Thus a tree ; inf . base 5

5 13 11 3 h + 10 7 1 . . a 5 ; dat . 55 6 or 553 35 (i e Q 6 )

‘ dm 10 1 6v LD J Q D 10 6 5 . acc . § § or , ﬁ , loc 5§ or

h i se i f hi a i 6zir i h u l i e tc . T e n rt on o t s p rt cle ¢@ n t e pl ra s

v . allowable , but not ery common

hi h i i aﬂix 1 46 . In the g er d alect , nstead of the

n w th is often used for the ge itive , with or ithout e

’ 9 16 1911 16 1191 9W L ic sair 16 11 . ) h p art le Q , as ; gen 1 5 or § T is form can only be corre ctly use d whe n the following noun

is ne uter . 45

147 . Th e i a inﬁ e ctio n al is i d s ngul r base spec ally use , where a noun stands in an adjectival relationship to the h f l h wh noun whic o lows it , or in ot er words , ere the two 9 nouns form a compound expression ; as 5 16 7) (216 11 67) head ache ; u 5 5 5g 5 5 611 11 a side - Wall (93 6) 69 4 091 1 67q

a . a house box ; etc . (See p ra These compounds run to great le n gths in Tamil ; as for examples 6 15 11 10145

0 6 51 - i . i . . e h h f t 5 (l t bough honey) , t e oney on a bough o a ree .

6 148 . The vowel 7 is often added to the locative and h h to t e instrumental cases , sometimes to denote emp asis , but also sometimes merely as being more euphonic ; as

h h 5 6316 19 ® 6v in t e ouse , ® by a stone

1 5 11 5 6 51 49 . The masculine afﬁx and the feminine afﬁx

5 1 119 are attached to the in ﬁe ctio n al base of a noun to f N t orm a noun denoting an agent . ouns of he second f i declension may also , at pleasure , a ﬁx it to the nom

69611 10. 307) native case , after dropping the ﬁnal Thus work ,

6 611 ?a > 5 5 1m 6 51 93 b C96n &\15 5 11 1ﬁ w ( ) a workman , a work oman ;

m 1 155 11 6 6 51 10 11 5 5 11 5 6511 a tree , 5§ or a woodman . 1 f 50. The a ﬁx is added to singular nouns , and

11 11 10 11 115 611 10 or to pl ural nouns , to denote respect ; as

5 Q u 1 f h 11 11 111 11 a m o th e r / 5 5 611 10 11 11 c 5 @ a at er , 5 ; (ﬁ g5 tea h ' 1 0 11 11 10 11 115 671 f h e rs . Sometimes or orm t e plural alone ; as ' 5 61111 1195 611 5 61111 1 1910 11 115 671 <5 5 1 J u 6 51 10 1r11 f h or lords , , at ers ,

v 16 11 ( ar/811 c 0 5 6 h fﬁ is e as g . h et . To , t e a x add d a T ou ,

O G o d !

(11) O N P R O NO UNS

Th P i o h 1 51 . e Tamil ronouns are decl ned up n t e same general principles as the nouns .

152. n e The Pe rsonal Pronou s require special att ntion , because both in their arrangement and in their terminations they form the bases of the tenses of the verbs ; and also 46 because different pronouns are used in speaking of or to

i h h u se f h n various grades of soc ety , and t us t e o t e wro g pronoun might give considerable offence .

153 . The personal pronouns are given in the table which follows In this table the ﬁrst perpendicular column h gives a list of t e personal pronouns in their regular order, in accordance with which the tenses of the verbs are

E z e framed . ach hori ontal line gives the decl nsion of the wh h h pronoun ich eads t e line .

. wi t i 154 It ll be noticed in the subjoined able , that n h tw o c e t e plural there are forms for the se ond p rson , 9 0 l 1 311 1811515 671 . h f h l i name y , and T e ormer , thoug plura n f is c as h o n o riﬁc orm , always used in the ommon dialect an

s f re singular , and is employed in addressing a per on o s pe ct ab ility ; whereas the singular form 18 is only used to

1815 5 671 f . . i h a person of in erior rank , e g a servant . s t e f f ho i f i i ull plural orm , t ugh it also s o ten used n address ng

i i h 1811. a s ngle ind vidual , to denote still greater respe ct t an

155. In the third person plural though plural in f is th e h orm , always used in common dialect as an onor

iﬁc t h 1 33 611 6 51 singular, o denote more respect t an 1 , or

671 671 . ﬁ zz 611 115 671 h f 4 1 The form / is used for t e ull plural , though this form also is used of a single individual to express still greater respect than

1 w a E x i 7 f 57 . No . cept n the pronoun 4 9 , the orm g ive n under the genitive is the pure form o f the in ﬂe c tio n al base which is very commonly used alone as the genitive case ; but a m m tu may be added at pleas

szir m d r m m tu . f h t ure ; as g r The form o t e geni ive in <®

109 d as G razirsaﬂeér: t ( ) may be use , but it is no very com b f c a 9 7 mon . The g rammatical form o the genitive adds /

67 m f W 6 37 a ah m 2) 2 4 h as g ; in this orm , , , , and

do not double their ﬁnal mute consonant . (See para . h a t The genitive of t e pronoun c /g ﬂ it takes the par icle

ai'r more commonly than the particle Q . It will be

h f al 1 noticed t at the various cases o c /£ are exceptions to 8 the rule given in para . 9 .

8 s zir fr 15 . n h a e In the si gular , t e particle c / , and less

air 6 51 t quently Q , and in the plural @ , may be inser ed before any casal afﬁx of any of the neuter pronouns of h the third person , and especially in t e accusative and

— l m instrumental cases . (See para . Thus accus . c a/ g

J h l a sh . a 4 or /ﬁ or inst c /g or or n d) e t . ey , e c

5 W l m 159 . f f a! An old orm 4 5 is sometimes used or c a/ and a vulgar form is sometimes used for

f a b . the dative c /g r cﬁ

’

1 60. i lb ff lb In add tion to , there is another form of the

f . pronoun o the ﬁrst person plural , namely , gen

swi ms-ir fb' e b , etc . The difference between them is that

t IN T/$ 5 67} includes he person or persons addressed , and

excludes them . It is specially important to remember this

is m/57a m? ‘ 6 . H in prayer , as only can be used , . g ave mercy

’ lama G r b . u i upon us ( sinners If were used , t would

o d include G as a sinner . As an exception to the above ”5!b d f tw ai rule , is sometimes use , instead o n by a person

f f u e . . speaking o himsel in exalted lang age , g a king

irsw és a ? e‘ rszir c e rs f h . de lension , e . g . dat . g g gj or w at ins m ﬁﬁ gg éu (145) by what ?

f e ronoun ss rrsér i. a. h , 168 . h re exiv T e l p . self ( imself , herself

f c . w f th f h . itsel , et ) al ays re ers to e subject o t e verb The h h f mit-15 57} only exception to t is rule is , w en the plural orm e

i to x is used in addressing a s ngle individual , e press even greater respect than eas es It is equivalent to the

’ E nglish expression ‘ Your honour SI NGU LAR P LU B A L M r a F m . eu ter . as . or Fem . M as . Fe m . Neu te . M s . e N

' a rm s ru b N , ( g

szir m G . ﬁ g

’ m é ’LDé; b et es D . g cg ﬂ @ ﬁ gg g

A sirdm 5 12m m ) b a zm . g ( g

' eiremqeu sunﬁ sh E $ 61 9 6b L . g ( §

rim /mi) a theism /mi) 1 . g (

— e_6mL_aJ f to h B . N . may , o course , be added t e genitive .

' ir 5 6 5TQ 7966T t ez as . h The geni ive in Q , ( , is not common T e

f 6 57 w ’é ffi m grammatical orms are £ 5 , g g , and fi fi

1 9 N B — ﬁ édf is 6 . w . . There is another ord ﬁ , which a

t is h w par icle , and indeclinable . It added to ot er ords to t ch give emphasis ; and may be ranslated by su expressions ,

— 2 O w i l frsir e . h 4 . as , inde d , only , etc T us 1g ﬁ That (is)

t . t 5 /T6 5T i h quite rue This par icle { is somet mes strengt ened by the addition of 67 ; as myria d m u m lu gfﬁ /rc m G as/rain (9 61m B h ring t at very bag .

1 70. iv iv In Tamil there are no possess e adj ect e pronouns , properly speaking ; but in their place are used the genitive

f r c e m it was h cases o the pe sonal pronouns , et . , as my and ;

taant es m l_tu 69 09 t /re; E / @ their house ; ﬁ mg o smm u (ﬁ gh h to t eir own horses .

171 . The demonstrative ad ective r c al 165 j p onouns are / , h fés t se . T r at , those , Q g this , the he inte rogative adj ective 51 pronoun is 6 7 165 which ? These being pure Tamil adjective s

i e st 166 m mfi i a é ; . are indecl nable as / , fi g fi gj to those men 1 72. Instead of the above adjective pronouns , the simple

c e 6 7 iv letters y, Q, and respect ely may be preﬁxed to a

. f h i i noun A ter these letters , t e in t al letter of the noun ,

is w if it be a consonant , doubled ; and if it be a vo el , the

651 is et a mcvm /13 613 e n a 6 letter inserted and doubled ; as / for C y , s wam}; a eij a996o 5 air f z 6 5 c C a that time ; / or / , those ‘ leaves ; Q éf g rﬁcw for Q 6; as uﬁQ tu in this village ' 17 LJu L u LL 3 . d L. L m h h L:ILI - L7 The words c / a suc (as t at) , @ 9

LI L L hi af ﬁrm d/ LI L ; h ? . 6 such (as t s) , e such (as w at) i . O f ? what kind are used as adjectives . (The exact meaning

’

f u m m h . P o will be explained ereafter ara . These words are changed into nouns by afﬁxing the terminations

f uu i rj o the personal pronouns of the third person ; as .g y a ‘ u nl m eu car h mL/ u L L/LJ L L c suc a man , c / a Q su h an animal c or thing , et .

1 at a r as 74. The adjective pronoun Q such ( this) is

m m em/res r és indeclinable ; as Q (g ﬁ g g g to such horses . F f W 6 57 h 63r 6ir rom it are ormed @ @ suc a man , @ @ such

atars ar u h . a woman , Q g such a t ing , etc

23 1 . 2 4 75 The afﬁx , about which more will be said h h w w ereafter , is used to give to t e ord to hich it is attached H f f c . the idea o ompleteness ence , when it is a ﬁxed to an i h i iv nterrogative , it c anges t into a word expressing un er

h 6 r/é7 h e G u rr a w ? tu rn} s alit . ? y T us from @ w ere cg hen who ? which persons ? cream : or 6 T6m6115 6§r which animals or things ? are formed the universals 6 7 1157n every

h G TQ Q u ﬁ i w (in / m all eT em ies Lb w ere , g al ays , c5 persons , @

m ema l z m uJ /remcil t m (or all persons , q (or q ) and c remw es m ® all animals or things . With a Tamil negative

h wi E h o verb t ese words would , th an nglis p sitive verb , be

- t ran l a h . s wd now ere , never , no one and none , etc 52

176 . Wh hi e_Lb i t h en a word , to w ch s a tac ed , is declined , t the is always re ained as the last syllable . Thus the dative cases of lu fral qgm and a irm a n/Lb are u fi w cg é caj t b and m u m my és® m 1 77. It is an universal rule that all words which take the afiix follow the noun which they qualify ; as m a fia /f

r st air u . ra1 és m @ @ to all men . It will be noticed that , as x h in the above e ample , t e second word only takes the

afiix h w h i i casal , and t e first ord stands in t e nom nat ve case . h i 178 . When t e interrogative is an adject ve , the sense of universality is expressed by affi xing to the noun

ic t li 67 03 g aﬂ m f w wh h i qua ﬁes ; as 5 qg every li e , or ith a

v f a nu n n m m aﬁ m 172 l negative erb , no li e ; g ( ) in a l

i . towns or , with a negat ve verb , in no towns

611 m m 1 79 . a h The particles , £6 5 , c g or g w , w en

ffi e i i i a xed to an int rrogative , give t an ndefinite sign fication ;

E m G TIIiJG c y wh as g @ c@ any ere , in any way

h fu rry /r ga) u rr é esrrﬁ ym w atever, ag anyone , cg cg to anyone ,

uJ /r eiesrrev qg g to any amongst you .

m r ase ) 180. The words am all and e all are pure adje c ti e s as h h h h v , and suc , always precede t e noun w ich t ey

if . v qual y As they express uni ersality , the noun qualiﬁed

' by them always takes the afﬁx a m(175) as s w i m/r lD GD'Hﬁ /i

’ 5 as m @ @ to all men . f e reb w /r m 18 1 . From the above words are ormed cg (or

’ erebCZ su/r m e asem b i h are q ) all persons , c all persons , wh c c i el 611 4 i h t ch d de l ned like e / , w t a ta e and also

hi g a n e d) a 6 1 63) m all animals or t ngs , and g all anim ls h Th f i an d or t ings . e ormer is decl ned like th e latter like a noun of the second declension . Thus

m . m . m av /ra ﬁ éi /r . a p en/ra b l en c eu m. s N . a di G m ﬂg , D u y cg , et

m a a w é m . . a w era su m. e w . D . g , N . g p G g ﬁ ﬁ g etc ‘ , 53

A s EL LE) 182. these words end in , the rule given in

1 7 m a il /i5 67} m eb w n st m para . 7 is carefully observed ; as s cg cg

fi s /156 567} af fib w /rév é m to all men , g fiy g to all beasts .

«ﬂ ee ce /rm 183 . The single word (without any casal ending)

. i f is diomatically added to any noun o any gender, and in

' m eoﬂ i ss as c7 63) m a fé 5 é any case ; as g g ﬁ cg to all men , ®§ ® m eo w /rd: to you all .

184. There are no relative pronouns in Tamil . The way i in which their place s supplied will be explained hereafter . 8 1 5. The distrib utive pronouns each , several , respective ,

h . etc . , are expressed in Tamil by doubling t e pronoun — m au sé . G t h rs su g y ) h is Thus ive o eac ( / c cg portion Trees

t t c ﬂ b l-b yield frui s according to heir respe tive ( f ﬁ ) kinds . E h t ac (displayed) he power of their respective sciences .

657 Q m ufil ev m aj szir 5 6 57 a sfir sweete n/ 6m . ( c q ( 5 fi g 5 g ) B ffi 1 86 . y a xing the terminations of the pronouns of the hi f t rd person to adjectives (and , as will be herea ter shown , f to certain other parts of speech) , a class o words are formed to which is given the distinctive term composite nouns . Thus from mes a ) good are formed the composite nouns webm a m iv

impos e /sir w mee tin a good man , a good oman , g a good one i s n im l msb w a l rissdr M ah at m a} . . a a h ( or t ing) ; good people , or

[Baha m a / asst good animals or things . 1 i th h 87 . The term nations of e pronouns , w en thus used , are called pronominal affixes .

ox } h i 3 188 f 3 1 d c em 6 51 . Instead o , and / , t e terminat ons 9

m GPsu/rsar e st e em/n } . and are also used ; as ,

(111) O N A DJE CTlV E S

1 9 i 8 . Tam l adjectives are indeclinable , and are always preﬁxed to the noun which they qualify ; as m ime (g ﬁ om/r

' as as@5 @ to good horses . 54

1 E 90. In nglish one noun often stands in an adjectival

h h tw o h f relationship to anot er noun , so t at the toget er orm

i . a compound expression ; as r ver sand , horse cloth , etc In

h is v c h Tamil t e same construction ery ommon ; and t e ﬁrst , o n u alif in f f h in ﬂe ctio n al q y g noun , always takes the orm o t e ' 5 Ir@ cssrrL Q 611 7 base . (See para . Thus a jungle , 55 a

' - h i 6 9; m am as m » jungle pat ; a r ver , £544 river sand ; ag

’ u m f as (Ba n /r ? g m f e x . . 93 b g g a our p nny a e , etc ( ) — 1 1 . . B h t 9 N . Thoug often the exac ly corresponding ex

E t is th e c pression is used in nglish , yet his not always ase . Thus u /revw means rock ; but we cannot translate u /ranp

- face d) . by rock ground , but rocky ground 2 h i w 19 . Nouns of t e second declension , nstead of follo ing

as LDT Li) m J é GDa /rm the above rule , may drop ﬁnal a tree , q

m ean }; h f . t h w as a branc o a tree (lit a ree branch) ; t e mind ,

(25 m u szm m u m 3 24 31 ) mental distress ; money , (9 4 4 a money bag . mm 193 M c 9 . 6 . any nouns become adje tives by afﬁxing ,

W . P w w . or % (These ords ill be explained hereafter aras . h fﬁ 590, T ese a xes denote possession , and answer in

E u many instances to the nglish termination f l . Thu s

t ’ G i l’iG cE /Ta Lh s réG fra o srrm mmfl air f r fi joy , fi scg g a joy ul man ; ’ b g am m c /Fa f w . 4 9 g eauty , ygg i beauti ul oman a r s . e 194. Words compounded with and ag may take

h fﬁ 186 187 g éG frazm a drerrw sziv t e pronominal a xes ( , ) as g '

/r ch f g s an i . a eer ul man , ym g a beautiful an mal , thing , etc f f i m 195. Adjectives are ormed rom nouns ending n g ,

i i ﬁ i fi by chang ng it nto g ; and from nouns end ng in g , and

h t 5 1 m é; g , by c anging hem into 5 5 ; as iron , q q

G as/rev i Lo i ] w f SJL/ m u an ron rod gg ng medicine , gﬁﬁcé a medi

/ rr o i ar u ﬂ . c ne bag ; c5g a bullock , a bullock load

a 196 . N whi h e x m s ouns denoting qualities , c end in , becom e adjectives by changing this termination into Q M ; 55

as 6114 119114 L /6mm L élcu greatness , great ag newness , /I new .

O N THE CO MPARATIVE AND S UPERLATlVE DEG REES

1 h i f h c 97 . T ere are no Tam l orms of t e adje tives to express the comparative and superlative degrees .

19 m r t d r is 8 . The force of the co pa a ive eg e e expressed in h h i Tamil by using t e dative case alone, or t e locat ve case

z h h ; e c g / wit attac ed to it as Q ﬁ mcj /Cg i Lit s h . . is d That ( ) better than t is To this that ( ) a goo one .

8 7 m z ni ) G Hu . m9w u5 y . g L0 86 . in / ] i Q ; c g / g g That mountain ( s)

Lit . greater than this . In the case of this mountain that w caﬁ m {rs/rah G u /ﬁru a m ir mountain (is) a great one . g / g y .

I (am) greater than he .

B — h h c is u N . . When t e verb to be is t e opula , it us ally omitted in Tamil .

199 . The comparative degree is also expressed by using

' rr the word u riesﬁ urb with an accusative case . It means as cg ( will be explained hereafter) although one sees . Thus

m d u mfas mb m a . g y g ﬁg Q 5 g This is better than that .

th is . 3 9 . Lit . e Although one sees that , is a good one ( )

2 f u /r/ia- um h u /r/iates 00. Instead o c , t e words ,

9 a ir r m 61 m u . x c , and n g are sometimes used The e a t mean ing of these words will be explained hereafter .

2 1 th u e r ative de ree x 0 . The force of e s p l g is e pressed in Tamil by using th e locative case with attached to it ; as

u g cu rissa rb ﬁr msb cua i air. He is f h c y ﬂg c ( ) the best o t em .

i fl él w fl' al ’é fl h i h s . m L t . Amongst t em this man ( ) a good one r fl g

o /65 51 au e "s co rin . is h f c l , g g g That book ( ) t e best o all .

Lit h . . Amongst all t at book (is) a good one

h r is 202. T e force of the superlative deg ee also expressed

5 £ 5 6 15 b i w as e g / c c , c . y us ng such ords gQ mu h , 4 mu h et CHA P TE R I V

O n umer l P N a s , ostpositions , Conjunctions , Adverbs , and lnterjections

( 1) O N NUM E R A LS

203 i i C . The Tamil numerals are d vided nto ardinals and

O rdinals . 4 i 20 . The following is a list of the Tam l Cardinal numbers

f - h h as ar as twenty t ree , s owing both the names and the

d . u se correspon ing Tamil ﬁgures The , however , of the E nglish ﬁgures has now been extensively introduced into

224. India The remaining numerals are given in para . 5 (vulgar gpm g ) ! a Q u a si ) (vulgar G amin G ) .

a . rrn (vulgar (g g s )

° ’ 01 m sziT 5 l5n zr Qaj .

f ‘ e s % 5é 7 (vulgar a g ) .

5. e g g s .

6 ) 6 T 7 g . Q - l

8 5»

lb s;

' ' l u sdresﬁa caw G . 102.

lDa

lDS J u ﬁ gg g l or

’ i e i mi zzG u /f ar e a /r g ria cir h s s oft n nserted ; as ng g four brot er ,

’ e m /fa st tw h a 8 1 G u /i m /f f (g o block e ds , ﬁ cg our thieves . It will be noticed that the word is idiomatically

th e e in kept in singular numb r . It is often used alone the

t G u lf e 8 1 (E u /i f sense of persons ; as ag en six p rsons, our

. t persons Instead of the above order , he noun is sometimes

in h c as He t to his put fir st t e nominative ase , gave en rupees — ten partners fi sdrg l w m tu a L m n afi a dr [J i g s

' G u fr a mm mmﬁa é instead o f L455 @ @ .

a t t t t . E l h 1 1 . as 2 In tabul r s a emen s , e c , the numeral , in ng is ,

t a t /r ma ] 9 09 G al a} is sometimes pu l s ; as n g , £ 5

lT® H t t - m orses , four sheep , wenty ; goa s , twenty two .

h a t f 212. It as been already stated that the djec ival orm of aff f fp fiéfﬁ l is 39 @ or g The numerals also rom two to orms eight have Special adj ectival f , in addition to their ordinary

f i are . as f orms , wh ch sometimes used They are ollows

r aafar® tw m i tw o h Fo Q o or as eads , 2 tw ( 05) enty .

0 6237 32! t ; 0 Fo r (5 5 hree before a vowel and (5 before

o w h w a cons nant , hic is al ays doubled ;

e ? as (go ss am r thr e e kings ; (90)

a fra id) t s /J u hir the hree tense (go g t ty .

— fw d) ﬂS / cdu Fo r 11mg » four as ﬁ g forty

—g m g rim/ Q m Fo r five as g fifty ; /éya c b five measures

l l u ” c g Jﬁ l . For e g g . six as / g sixty — r n a as G r h / Fo w e; seve mp ap g seventy .

c‘rL G t—cram m aven / ] Fo r eigh as g eighty ,

c n 555 1 t f 213 . In ombi ation , 4 ten some imes takes the orm

u ira svm u sfir si u fi szif ; as fi a ten measures fi cgo ng r thirteen

h e d f f u G’ szirg z/ v i u 214. T a jectival orm o Q Qg ele en s ﬁ G’ i or u ﬁ @ . 59

21 F h ersona nouns 5. rom t e cardinal numbers p l are formed ; but they are in common u se as far as the number

ﬁve only . They are as follows

' ir b g a . or g cg g one man , or a certain man

fi gfifi fi a certain woman .

two persons .

0 6m? (5 three persons . m am four persons .

/i Q ty ﬁve persons .

The above , being pure nouns , cannot be placed before another noun . They can be used by themselves ; or they can be placed after another noun ; as LGlcirdar m am

5 i 678 63) amongst your four ch ldren .

o To distributives . . 216 . form (e g one by one , two and two , the numerals reduplicate their ﬁrst syllable ; they are only in common u s e as far as the number eight : thus getaway /r

/ 1 asbr@ am usdr u ﬁ m cw i o ai m ciya9 c g , y G a) m7 , t® , (g cg g , y

al arciJQ cm LG . C . u m, ( ompare para

1 h f s e e r . 2 7 . T e a ﬁx expresses completeness ( pa a

u c’ /i Hence it is often added to numerals . Thus g g u

’ means ten persons ; but L459 ? G LJ @ Lb means the ten per

h th i . sons , implying t at ere are only ten n all

i m r as 218 . h r n nu be s T e o d al are only used adjectives , f and there ore are indeclinable , and are always preﬁxed to

w f . f u) the noun hich they quali y They are ormed by adding .gg ' an h f ; as a cvméi tw o acs iv m rrrb or g g to t e cardinal orms Q , Q or the second .

21 f at /£21 is o cumh 9 . The ordinal o fi or (g fi or : m mal / t 96 5 2! (ma g he first . In compounds 5 45 becomes gen

' ’ m afﬁ xe d U G GZiTy u c i mrm with cg as Q QQ eleven , ﬁ gg the

- r fm iu w w - u G /rmrrb eleventh , c q a t enty one , q ﬁ a the

- ﬁrs t twenty . 60

an ; i a i 220. The termination g g s also used as an dverb al

ff fiv l mm l s i afifl t— g c d , c . form ; as (ma g fir tly , Q se on ly et f i f 30 221 . A list o the card nal numbers rom to f t f is subjoined . The numerals rom wenty to eighty are ormed c u g Th e by pre fixin g the spe ial adjectival forms to numbers from 100 to 800 are form ed by pre fixin g

} the same adjectival forms to g uy .

! a hundred follows the third declension , and 222. g uy

. ufiln h a thousand follows the second declension When g. h l c (vu lgarly followed by ot er numera s , they be ome e ufil w s w e ) an d .gg w g (vulgarly s ) f f 900 3 orms or 90 and are peculiar , namely , 22 . The ® fr6fl 6m ru9h ra w G s /rev} m f g /T4421 and § The ord a means

1 w h h f 00. with the defect of 10, and it t e defect o

S ee . ADDlTlO NAL O F N U M E RALS . ( para

3 10 1. q 224. ( 7

/r (gamu c ﬁ séuw.

mamu g .

g um.

s w a l 800

900 G s /reaf ﬁ r m? M b . ’

g ram .

fl rrufdam f-T J /rufil Q szfsrm or fl i .

fr ﬂ h (go au aﬁl .

IE /r /r fxlﬂ b su u .

g u ardia n.

7 % (p u9 m.

/ruﬁl a go u h .

67 605T@ 09 5 Lb .

stf u ufln b fi fi gg .

u ﬁ gg uﬂy m. — l ume ag e s eg .

G zreaér uﬁlfr s g irgy m.

/ UQ J Lb w L eﬂ r ﬂ Cy or Q .

i m GuL m b or g Q .

G am or a. B —I N . . n 225. modern Tamil such a number as 6 71 2 is written m esa ; but in old Tamil it was usually written

— ' thus avg e lmﬁla . O N FRACTI O NS 226 . The following table gives the fractions most com mo n l d i as a e h y use n Tamil ; but , lr ady stated , t e whole 62 system of E nglish ﬁgures has now become extensively used in India . 9 4 6 m” a . 7 1 a: a n d)

o f c ; g m n ast /rep a (i . e . g g y 3 6366 1e g (i . e . times i) g (50 h h 227 . W en these fractions are joined to ot er numbers ,

f f a . is ; i a vowel ollows , ﬁnal of the numeral dropped

a 67 . but if a consonant follows , ﬁnal is changed into Thus

m /r c 657 D 62D/T 1 0 6 51 11 50651421 and g y be ome 59 / 1 an d 9 4 and ass/mi) become

h f w f x f h u s e 228 . T e ollo ing are a ew e amples o t e of

— r / s u u u) . u y m u s rr numerals ﬁg ( g , n QQg C

G i e s ix ive h m ten rup es , annas , eight

’ /r rh G . gJ é G m fru /fm e . w pice . c / ﬁ ﬁ The t enty

’ 119 7 G riatr i) G sain u /r rb e O . yr s ﬁrst of ctober $ ; e g / m g r qy q

and) The year

- one thousand eight hundred and eighty six .

( 11) O N P O S T P O S lTlO NS

E 229 . As in nglish , prepositions are usually preﬁxed to

s o t fﬁ nouns and pronouns , in Tamil pos positions are a xed h C t E — h t wh to t em . ompare he nglish t ereto , hereby , ereunto ,

Th e etc . actual meaning and grammatical construction of

f h w h Fo r many o t ese Tamil words ill be explained ereafter .

a the present they may be regarded merely s postpositions .

h w f nominative cas 230. T e follo ing are a ﬁxed to a e

G Lh m L ®é5 Lf0 as as chi m L or @ until far , used eﬂy in refer

ﬁl rb a ence to place as Q eii a m s far as this place

’ - - m /f light) cu m /rufd mb w m rras rb u /HaJ /i Lb a r , g , or cg , and p until , f c h as long as , as ar as , used in referen e bot to time and ? c —m w m ﬁ é m Ho w ? pla e . Thus g g long (literally until what ? ) u /ﬁtu fég rb is properly used with Sanscrit words 68

nl : f c i o y be ore it , nouns of the se ond declens on drop their

Lb m i soaT /ﬁu fé rh ﬁnal as U g until death .

' 2 ff £6 a caa zrcs ar@ 31 f . . 0 69 . b e C9 § , or (g g m rom (i e ginning from) ; as L155 611 a (gna w /rs; (gall/L49 7 671 019 7 cu m /ra a gg From the age of ten until the age of thirty . 232 . h w fﬁx h i nf i T e follo ing are a ed to t e le ct onal base . Neuter nouns usually insert Q szir

i h h i h EL L—W a m h h w t , toget er w t , or wit , toget er

Q mtrm m L L . m c s with , ’ /gmg , / , near , c G e l/r Cd f f f (ﬁrﬂ m lblu9 c or , or the purpose o , g g or § §

LID/R 95 f Q U /ﬁé) G u ru /7963) or the sake of , or upon , concerning ,

’ Quasi) 6 m 611 57 cu ru ma; or upon concerning , 5 or gﬂ by way

LI L as c as e rmin a l/J f o r , of , ? , a cording ; (g by means o

— ’ 67 6 57 E LL; s se su c Ca h h ; e p 9 6 57 Thus i gQ wit im near me, /4

' ‘ w é as i éiTL/ L G U M /Hes o . thereupon , g ﬁ ﬁ a according to custom

233 f w f dative case . The ollo ing are a ﬁxed to a

i 03 m fe- 6 W i 65 f . 53 or ; or in , among , into , ith n (In

f in ﬂe ctio n al the sense o among it may also take the base . )

m az Q u a si) h m b g q p , and C / on t e farther side ; q / and

' m m é asxras i s u rrei) on this side ; as for me ; g /a l c 5e5

am é s srb m h dr®m p . ® among them , gg q outside t e village o d e’m 234 o at f , . The words (g be ore (or G

“ o air wa re D GdTW G LD L9 6 5? f 19 6731 626 5 (g q , (a , (S ), a ter (or 5

L97QD Q $ 9 9 b e ( @ , }? or 5 under,

' eo . c neath , usually take the dative case ( g may be added W ’ 3 6 5T ean 19 . ) DS dTG GoT to (9 , (m ) and Thus G before

’ iQ ah Q W ma a frctla st $ 6 h mm as s n} , m t is , cj after us cg 9 under

h h in ﬁe ctio n l the chair . T ese words may also take t e a

as fl air fi s he s ” f air 8 9 hi base ; a ter me , Q fi 5 under t s .

h c? m (2m w h in ﬁe ctio n al 235. T e word or it an base , 232 6‘m means concerning ( ) or upon , as or

‘ G ro c er h h c upon t e house . Wit a dative ase it means over

° ’ 9 LL® 613 (5m 61 v . 6 . (i . without contact) ; as ® o er the house 64

2 36 . The following are afﬁ xed to an accusative case

G u ms) G LI ITGV li xc , , or like , ke as , e ept , a élcu i ﬂ i g g except , ﬂg about , concern ng , about , con

' c o zt el es/rsaarfd ear D )? erning , @ 5 , n g and / r around , ' ® asrreziar® f 6 7 551 %DT LJ G u /r6u J m! by means o , as like me , i

36 m ? 5 69 7 x hi d u b c g i . g ( e cept m , n g ﬁ concern ng it Instead f i f h i o the accusat ve, some o t ese words occas onally take the no minative case .

iT 237 . moti n f m s To express o ro , Q or may be afﬁxed

in ﬁe ctio n al m i ts B to the base ; as sﬁ from a tree . ut to prevent confusion with the genitive or with the locative

619 fl3 7 wfiafi ffi e arn? case , ,@ Q5 1§ or Q g are usually a xed ; as

69 l73 7 s e x/Hemmr ! f i ® § or e } rom a v llage .

238 . v The following rule must be carefully obser ed . f c h When expressing motion to or rom an obje t , if t e object

f c . . does not admit o entran e (e g any living creature) , the dative or locative case of a place must always be used . Thus

g ar é nf (Eu /T cg cg . G o to the village .

s w mill g w caflm 145 c s cv safim s a (or / g fifig ( ) or / r

53 G u n 5 65) G o to him .

/t e d l 6)! a sy xé emf . f h . a ﬁe dg g e I came rom t e village c /

- 1 a fim f cfil fé cal /33 56 5 . hi . g fi Qb g , I came from m (III) O N C O NJUNCTIO N S

1 f x a d) h t 239 . ( ) The a ﬁ is attac ed to Tamil words o ex f i press the meaning o the E nglish conjunct on and . It is either attached to each word ; or all the words , except the h h last , are put in t e nominative case , and t e last word takes

d a m t u f w h . h he req ired casal a ﬁx , ith t e a dition of T us

’ ' ' Gm fi m em/r u GDase rr eig L m t b G g mm s m g y (g fi asdm ym g fi axr.

H v h u e an d . Dr e ga e a o s , and a garden , (some) horses G’ﬁ fﬂ l m fb n /r5 %mq m® esxr®§ fg fr65n He gave

h u a e and h . a o s e , g rd n , orses

CHA P TE R V

r i O n the Impe at ve Mood , and Tenses O i Verbs

25 0. In Tamil the negative is expressed by the verb tw t hence every verb has o distinct form s , a posi ive and

t Fo r th e t w a nega ive . present the posi ive form only ill be h t w considered . T e nega ive form ill be fully explained in

Chapter VIII . 2 1 t h v 5 . Tha from which all t e arious parts of the Tamil

t t . verb are formed is called he roo It might perhaps , more c th h w corre tly speaking , be termed e stem ; but as t e ord root

’ P Tami l Han dboo k w has been adopted in ope s , and in my o n i d G t t t . Telugu rammar, i seems adv sable o a here to i The root has the same form as the Singular Imperative .

O N THE I MP ERATIVE MO O D

in u ar imerative w h as t 252. The s g l p , hich he same form as

is w t t f? as t h the root , used i h he pronoun i s subject and ence can only be employed when addressing inferiors as “4

u siaT m} t (E L . w t m t u read ( hou), alk ( hou), g make ( hou), look

(thou) .

2 rific im rative w h h ﬁ r 53 . The hono pe is used it t e pronoun as its subject (1 54) It is formed by adding a re to the

' Lu u Lb fb l—ﬁl Lb LJ

4 f im rat ve th 25 . The ull pl ural pe i is used with e pronoun 5157 5567} It is formed by adding a g ha st to the singular

' u l is a err fam e ravages h issin /£7 3 560 u s e; i mperative as aq , / , g , ag 67

ﬁ rs/ 5 5 asair. f 4 This orm , like the pronoun 5 is also used in t t t addressing a single individual , to deno e s ill greater respec than the form ending in

255. The following imperatives are irregularly formed

el l /r 23 6 1 lf f ﬂ37 <$ 67 . th H f su n / 1. P l ﬂ o n c . Sing come ( ou) , g5 , lura <5

” a m m r! l /massif . 5 give (thou) , ( cg , ﬁ ( g

(Bu /T (Bu s 157 55610 go (thou) , .

O N THE TENSES O F VE RBS

2 . h t 56 Tamil verbs have t ree principal enses , namely — — The Prese nt Tense The Past Te ns e and The Future Tens e . t t The last is also some imes used as an habitual presen tense , to express habit or custom . These tenses are formed from the root by adding t h fﬁ certain temporal par icles , called medials , and t en by a xing

i certain personal terminat ons to the medials .

’

c / a . 257 . The medials for the present tense are g and s

f } ) past tense are ig , 5g , and c gzl .

a L future tense are ) and LI ) . — B . 2 N . w w 8 . 5 As ill be explained hereafter , a fe verbs

ial in t t take the m ed g ﬂ he pas tense , and some use contracted

w L t t forms and a fe verbs take ) in he fu ure tense .

are h 259 . The personal terminations derived from t e ter

t as w t m in atio n s of he personal pronouns , sho n in he subjoined t t t t table . The persons in each ense exac ly correspond o he w t t t personal pronouns , and follo hem in all their dis inc ions of f 152 gender , and number , and peculiarities o usage ( h The personal terminations are t e same for all verbs . P P P . 260, ersonal ronouns ersonal Terminations .

{w as 1 P . Sing . erson 2 A?

AS . s M c ]

FE M . al ov er} 3 c /

i N U . E c a/g 68

P P . P ersonal ronouns ersonal Terminations .

P 1 {5m }; lur . P erson

£0 H n ri c m i o o ﬁ . H n riﬁc S ( Sing ) ( o o ing . )

FF/fss orr

: i l l a l ri Ho n riﬁc " H n h iﬁc . F c g o . o o r . . , ( Sing ) cg ( Sing )

3 m /fascia ti eserr M & E . . g y %

m a l a ria e rr NE U . el c itl g / /

1 m i /i 26 . e t In the plural , the terminations and gg exac ly correspond in use to the pronouns ﬂirt and and h f t t us , though plural in orm , hey are commonly used as h o riﬁc l r 154 o n singu a s ( ,

t e /fa st The erminations and gg , like the pronouns

' £535 65 s ev fia srr th and c / , are e forms used to denote the t full plural ; bu , like those pronouns , they are sometimes t used in reference o a single individual , to denote still

m i a ri 154 greater respect than the terminations and gg ( ,

62 i n a 2 . When afﬁx ng the perso al terminations , ﬁnal of the medial (257) is dropped ; and then the consonant

h t t . takes t e ini ial vowel of the personal ermination Thus , t t taking he root ge as an example ,

’ l 5 657 anm édc air al a m . l 1 c g c / c + becomes y m I am getting , or

[I get .

’ damp en ed m/m m /t cﬁ sir I have got or

[I got . ‘ a 6 6 5 mm G ev erh w al eon . 7 c / ) e I shall , or I ill

[get . h v f f 263 . T ese tenses gi en in ull are as ollows P F P resent Tense . ast Tense . uture Tense .

’ a omm c ov oar c f

‘ l ﬁ W L Q ﬂ lLI c g emm a mull 2 c / Cj /

S 2 m a m m é /rah g im m er /rah M A . 4 ] q c / ﬁ l

' xr m w fr 3 4 6mm ® 6rr c e m m /éa eir g m eir FM . 4

/t m L—lL Lb E U c a m L Q g oo m J N . / /ng r ag / / 69

P . P F . resent Tense ast Tense . uture Tense

’ m G / m eol m fli /rm 1 P er g c s E P lur . . y Cy / Q ’ ‘ - q m m fifi n g im m eEff g im m mg fr ’ ' g /m L Qfi da dr g le a m /550.5567} ae/m m clg iia crr

r fr/i l M F g i emm fﬁ /f c gJ emm é s c g emm ev /r/f , . / qy / g /

3 M F l ori m él fiaserr emL /t /rrfes cir g m m w mfa eir . . c a cg g g y U NE . 2 4 h f h 6 . In t e plural third person neuter o t e present tense air is always inserted before ﬁnal gnaw .

265 O v h h h . It will be bser ed that t e form of t e t ird

is is person neuter of the future tense peculiar, and the same both in the singular and in the plural . It is formed

Q ! by adding to a root which takes t y in the present

é; m tense , and @ to a root which takes 266 f i v f i . The ollow ng erbs orm the th rd person neuter f f i o the uture tense in an rregular manner . Thus

t . r G a m } Fu 3 n u . m G azer e . e R oot . hear p cg

c ' lb lev [5725 stand , c

a s» learn a pig rb

give ﬁ cg rb

come a l cg rb

r c a rb 55 o .g cg become gﬁcj or $3

r e nr m : s fr die g or <9 m

(Ext /r h G ris/r c i l: (Em/ra d! ac e eo or n

(Bu /r go Gi l /( 5&3 or (Bu /u h t 267 . The personal termina ions are the same for all h h i . A s verbs , ence the only variation is in t e med als

O f h h th LI L . examples of ot er medials , t e tenses e verbs 9

/127 w h lf . learn , and ca 65 sleep will no be given T e former

é Q / I 5 ﬁ takes the medials c Q , 5 , and g ; and the latter

Q 61 ” I . 25 . takes the medial s 4 ; IQ Q ; and ; See para 7 70

F . P . P resent Tense . ast Tense uture Tense

° ’ P r LJ L _LJ G LJ 657 S . 1 e . 9 2 u rg esQ C/yzil u ravj/ u /ruil

' M u r ésé air u r srrorir u r mu rr air A S . a kp ag g e i u rg etgdgp a r u rp Li n t/Terr

NE u é ﬁ 14 53 0 11) U . m p g 4 65

' ’ L ci Q G / m L G rt P 1 P e r . u U . a Cy eg ﬁ

' u znasQ ' ff q g /f La nd/ 19 1?

’ ’ u rg es Q 6 u rag Q/isssir u lp nug

" U et@ / ff U L f /Tﬂ u ri/ u n i} M F . LL ai t . g Cy n r e

' ' ' ' 3 M F u r éaQ /ia err u r lr/fa dr u L LJ LJ/rffa err . . a Cp ag g a

' 656? l m 14 1 6 3 11: NE 1. 1 2 u U . 4 p ( 64) ng ﬁ 0 65

a ele oir zé Q G’ dr 1 P e r . r m S . g gg a g

’ 2 n /ziJn plfJ g mzs Qag a J/ru)

AS T /él @ 6zir r/ma cw rair M . Q @ g cj

3 FE M r § air /al ew rerr . r él s g @ ( g g

NE U r /15 9 15 ( g 65

’ b 1 P e r . m imQ G m ﬂ /é G a / n P . g gg g Cg

fl E Qfi fl rr/67 6 6096 ® C a 65

’ '

- eg ésl i - éa F/ia ar ns1 69 6 5 67} y g .e. a} g m ﬁ 65

T/E Q /I ﬂ b aj w i M . F . Q QQ g g 3 y rs/ (g a r ris on

N E U .

268 . h th Verbs which take t e medial in e past tense , in the third person neuter may change ﬁnal 6 n into tu g or

/7 Q D 21 E W r i /67 63 1. s , Q s 3 r as CQ , g n , ( g 414

269 . h ff 6 7 s t s a The tenses of t e roots su er , y , and

G as/res t ake are added , as examples of verbs which use

6 7 6 51 a contracted form in the past tense . The verb takes the

L i h . . 258 medial ; n t e future tense See para . 71

P . P F resent Tense ast Tense . uture Tense .

’ ’ 2 S 1 P e r . u m G m oﬁr u ®<2 70. . 6v 651

2 u ®® qy ufj LI ® 6U ITILI

M u ®§ 6 zir u L LJ r A S . w air u ® ew r657

' 3 FE M U Q Q / dr u L /rerr . Cy m u @6iJ /7 67r

N E u ®® 7 l U . m§ u fb rb

’ ® § 3® ’ ’ P . 1 P e r u rh G /r l . qy u m m rb q G a J/u h

15 u G Qﬁ /f u LLLe /f 14 036190 2 5 ° U ®Qﬁ lfa§ 6ir LJ LLLe /fs sm u ® ® 9

M . u m m fr/i LJO3ow n }

3 M . u L m /r/fa err u ® en l rff$ 67r

N E U . u ® rb

1 1 P e r . 27 .

' iTQ / u3 2 6 r6 Cy 67 651 c 6 T 6 zrru /rlil

' cT eiT Q G M 67 6 237 M A S . CW q 6 T6 51 u /r6 zir

° 3 FE M 6 r66r§rD 6rr m m . Qy qpm 6 r6 ziru rr6rr

E U 67 6 57 ﬂ air N . n /p g

6 MQ ’ ’ P 1 P e r . 6 r G / m . Cy G raiTG u e b

° ﬁ est a/15F 67 6 519 1}

° Q at ari/reset 6 r6 5n f1 1fes err

67 ﬁTQ /f ’ M F . 6 6 7 661 . W c 6 T657 LJ/T/i 3 6 r6 6r

E 6 7 6737 Q a5r 6 6r m N U . p (264) am a 6 r6 zirg uh

P r &7/T ’ ' 272. S . 1 e . 9 mtTG l—6 5r Q a s dréﬁ g w eﬁ 2 G as/ree E Q C/yu) G esa a brm rruil

M A S G a rrar Q l . QE Cp ah (oe /rot orm /rw

3 l ’ FE M . G éB/TGZJt —ITQ T a n G eﬁ g j w n a r

G a rra in l m g Co a /roil g pm 72

P . P T . F resent Tense ast ense uture Tense .

P . I P e r . G er/ra in e u m

G a rd en e r}

G a mmn e rreserr

’ G a m in g /n} G a s mr gﬁ ow n i G a s ma n /rt} G a ﬂ drgg sw r/i

5 6W 5 677

N E U Q a s dr Q w nm G as/rotorm m . gg /

2 3 7 . As the personal terminations are the same for all

v be w verbs , if the first person of each tense of a erb kno n , r is ffi . h t t there no furthe di culty T e important poin , herefore , in a Tamil verb is to ascertain the first person of each w i 257 tense , or , in other ords , to ascerta n what medials ( ) i a verb takes to form ts several tenses .

7 . A s h f f 2 4 t e ﬁrst step in solving this di ﬁculty, the ollow

ing general rules must be carefully studied . B t 2 N . . 75. Instead of giving the medials only , i will be found more convenient to give them with the personal ter

O f t mination the ﬁrst person singular attached , and o regard

the whole as an afﬁx to the root . This course will henceforth 2 E be adopted . ( ) In giving the nglish equivalent of a Tamil h t E h t verb , the form enceforth used will be he nglis inﬁni ive . t It must be remembered , therefore , that it does no exactly correspond in meaning to the Tamil root .

. R E . 276 . O n the F uture Te ns e UL All roots which take

é Q G fnaiT h f t e r in t e present tense , take in the u ure t nse 9

w 6:39 m? h and all roots hich take p in t e present tense , take

(2611 6 57 in the future . Thus

' ’ P resent Tense u mé Q G e Future Tense u LgLLJ G u air

’ ’ Q G afr Q bm l—Q Q J GOT g ym L m e / fi fl é g fii’w afi

O N THE CO NJUGATIO N O F TAMI L VE RBS

s . The ﬁrst conjugation includes all roots ending in a ]

“ g 01 17! The second ; The third

62151 6 51 The fourth , or

f if . The ﬁ th , or so

The sixth or 611 . h T e seventh a long vowel ,

or in 9 .

283 . The ﬁrst three conjugations include by far the greater

f h a . number o Tamil verbs , t ose ending in and being the most numerous of all . In the following classiﬁcation f f hich S i no notice is taken o a ew rare verbs , w pec ally belong to th e poetical dialect . THE FI RST CO NJ UG ATIO N

284. This conjugation includes all roots ending in my. h t t 285. T e present and pas enses are formed by adding and respectively to the roo t The future necessarily adds £10? q Thug

' nam e sﬁ c ﬁ 6 1_16@5 a31 to walk p ,

A s the 6 . f w 28 exceptions to above rule , a e verbs take

9 661 i t t 1 th a5m 5 6 n the pas ense ; namely , ( ) e verbs to be

0 1 6 C h v 1. copious , $ 1 to t ri e , to turn yellow , to turn

u m) o 2 green , to be strong , to be want n , and ( ) a small

v h o set of erbs c ieﬂy representing s unds or sensations , and formed by the repetition of two short open syllables

an 5 7 t a r 611 as or o rustle , g 5 to glitter . 28 7 . The verb to be cheap may take either form f h o t e past tense .

THE S ECO N D CO NJ UG ATIO N c i g 28 8 . This onjugation includes all roots ending n , or C th . i f e f T v 111 Those ending n Q orm largest class o amil erbs . 75

289 A s . a general rule , verbs of this conjugation take

’ s sQ G Dairr h / in t e present tense , and consequently and

1 36914 6 51 s f 276 in the pa t and uture tenses ( , Thus

O ’ 1 91 _to se ize LQl é Q G ah LQLLLI G LJW 9 a p S .

LJ GZDL__to create

z 5 11 1111 .s frlil ésg c dr 5 11 1111 3C2 6 31 to tilt up jm 6 §

290. i in In this conjugation , n more than a hundred f f stances , rom the same root are ormed both a transitive

and an intransitive verb . In this case the transitive verb always follows the general rule given above ; and the in transitive verb always takes Q 8 p 6 51 and in the pres

69611 651 ent and past tenses , and consequently in the future tense Thus

4 1 57 76 636? 4 1 9 g l l ﬁc u air 151 to destroy 4 55 d ,151 ; n /jﬂ .

’ l 7 l Q G d r fliQ i GdT c ov air h . a 5 g c Q m c /51 to peris c /gfi p /bfi fl /gfi

x36 > ’ sa/ to vex 4 & 1110 u o51 .

ta310 o 1860 69611 651 e / t be vexed 4 .

s l o t} c a nae e asr e m n c air o m e n/ e n to feed cattle a s a t er.

‘ ’ ’ ’ 6 q z G LntLJQ G aiT Q u ail /66 5 651 Q LDIZJQ GU G ST to gra e m , . The following are a few of the principal roots from which both a transitive and an instransitive verb are

r 11 f h ; e r 651 ormed to s ake , and to be shaken / to grind ,

c al 6197 P—ﬁ ml and to be ground ; / to boil , and to be boiled ;

a to break , and to be broken ; gﬁ to expel , and to pass

ﬁ l 62 m away ; gé to tear , and to be torn ; (5 m to lessen , and

i 6 9 h to dw ndle ; (5 to heap , and to be eaped up ; to

to w make clear , and be clear to rub , and to ear away ;

0 6 11 1111 16 36 11 3 to soak , and to be soaked ; to wet , and to be

161m 6211 w e t ; m to ﬁll , and to be full ; 5 50 to insert , and to

19 11? L W $ enter ; to separate , and to be separated ; I to fumi

rar f f w as gate , and to smoke ; e to old , and to be olded ; p to

1 . hi h n 0 to b e i h . de , and to be idde ; (5 9 to ﬁnish , and ﬁn s ed 76

291 . h h ff W en two roots , aving di erent meanings , are spelt i f n the same manner , it is common for one root to ollow

t 289 an d a é Q G n é r he general rule ( ) take ( ) / , and Q G W and for the other root to take the forms (b) Q ,

0 611 651 and . The following are the principal instances

a O b m oo /D t a to close ( ) , to btain ( ) r to be pungen ( ) ,

t i b 6 51 . t a b 6 11? t t o ab de ( ) ; 9 o bite ( ) , to reprove ( ) ; to as e

t a 5 11 11) t a be sal ish ( ) , to be scorched o bear fruit ( ) , to

L11 . b a b . heated ( ) ; 9 to read ( ) , to subside ( )

fe w 292. A roots belonging to this conjugation take only

(133 0 657 159 5 6 51 (2611 651 the forms in 1 , 1 , and . The following are some of the most important

61 1 srrrvn ail 35W t c al 09 t Tnm . / to mingle , o know , / , o slap ,

' amb uJ to G T KQ h 5 6111; h .g (or c g ) investigate , / to t row , to c urn ,

62111 69 . (5 to scoop out , q to roll up

e ra 5 658 to i RA SI T I E . INT N V to grow moist , r pen ,

c f t 671116 to it h , to ain , to be spoiled , to spring , or

9 1 . h 61 . ﬂow , to be c eap , 9 to dawn

2 w f hi h 11) c 93 . The follo ing verbs , all o w c end in pre eded

0 6 51 5 h . by one short syllable , take 3 in t e past tense See

2 . . 258 80 paras ,

® $ ITILJ c 0 5 11 1135538 6 51 9 5 11 1130 651 0 5 1 1162611 651 to plu k p 35 .

° G er G e a G aiT G § UJQ Q H 9 5 11369 6 51 to do m § 611 .

’ ’ 0 16 113 e v G M DQ G as (3 16 151 6 651 9 16 1130 611 6 51 to w a e p 5 .

o u t ) i 6 1 1 111 5576 15 G u i1 69 651 6 1 11369511 551 to ra n 6 § .

2 4 651611 6 111 611 9 . The roots to put and to abuse form their tenses as follows

6 51 611 to put 6111 611 615630d 651 6115035 6 51

6 51 611 W W Q Q Ddﬂ' 6 211 611 6 5 6 51 611 0 611 6 51 to abuse / 3 651 .

THE THI RD CO NJ UGATIO N

295. i a This conjugat on includes all roots ending in . 77

29 f 6 . All verbs o this conjugation are divided into two

R t n a . t distinct classes , namely , (i) oo s endi g in which consis

O s as G s n ® 5 of two short pen yllables only to give , , @

2L to be ﬁt and (ii) All roots ending in , except those included 09 as t Q u a? t . in class (i) ; 9 to run , to ie , o speak 29 . t i 7 . Class 1 As a general rule , verbs belonging to h s

é Q G iT class form the present tense in s , and consequently

' the past tense in and the future in LJ CPLJaiT Thus

' ’ a ® § ® 6ir g Q LJ CSu aiT to clothe g g . 7 ° 693 311 6 to give G 5 1r® rf16 u 6 zin

° 6 T ® if 6 T® éb® ® fDadT 67 ® G s 6zir to l t up r § l

’ G u /m i G u am/stQ G d Q u a y/ 0 5 651 m9 to susta n r 5 ,

NOT E . It will be of use hereafter to note the following roots

a b in ( ) (5 and (g , and ( ) and g m, which come under this general rule

a u h ) ( to be angry , to t icken , ) @ ﬁ g to pull , G enr L ‘ t e? to be fat , q to ripen , KP o breed maggots .

9 5 611 b , 9 21 9 611 ( ) 4 5 to be wormeaten to be strong , @ to bleach . There are the following exceptions to this general rule

298 a w ) . ( ) The follo ing roots in (5 and (g , all of which ar u se f as e in common , orm their tenses follows

’ ’ 279 aﬁQ G w I Q G LJ Q ET to be ( ) Q Cﬁ p Q QJ .

’ G r ) s m Q G m iT 6 1 1 69611 6511 eg to ari e gg ﬂ 6 . 97 61 13 1 to fall 69 69 9 670 6 511 619q9 1t ©§ 6731

l ) Q G sir c a L m c Q L Q Q J G dT /( 5 to weep /(m p /QP . ’ Q G a e. air Q . GfiT g L G am ir to plough gp p QP fi Qp . 695 1 w h G fl Q G d , e to ors ip fi QQ ‘

’ ° h G u fr éﬁc w ® u 1r GP 6 51 to ﬁg t cg m Q§ § ® u 1r<1569611 66 n

b Q G Dair 299 . ( ) The following verbs take / in the present

(3 611 6731 f t e nse , and consequently in the uture These

u se c h verbs a ontracted form in t e past tense , made by 78

th i h doubling e consonant n t e ﬁnal syllable of the root , and then adding the personal terminations ; as Q ODpast tense (Q L CD 67 6 57 ) ’ ’ G W G G Q M SV to give Q CDQ Q Q . to exist a ﬁQ/Dd r

’ ar® to heat S FLLG m afr IE @ to laugh rad 15® G a 1 6 zin

’ ° 1 C 16 ® to plant m®Q G p 6ér 151; G 1_61h 16 ® o a 1 6 5n

Q ° G dT G /7 162 G u a ® 1J I G 6 5T u u 2 611657 . y to obt in C Q Q mn t 7

B — A fe N. w . additional verbs belonging to this class are

e 1 n . 30 giv in para .

0 c h v w 30 . ( ) T e following erbs may follo the above for h i mation , but also form a past tense in whic n most cases is the form more commonly used

’ i sr 6 G 5 651 é G a sfir G w sfir 5 @ to be fit flc d § @ § or fi fi g . L D‘ Q G’ siT 1 169 6 1 /@ to enter L/QD p 465 5

L& L8 ®Q 6 zir Bst 5 @ to in cre as e C§ m (L c2 6 zir)L8 @ G 6v

° Q ﬂi ® to be soft 9 1561516625 6 1 ® 6 @ G 611

3 ) : av Q IQ G w av 491183 651 4g to cease /C p ( / 5 )

301 . When from a root belonging to this class both a i h transitive and intransit ve verb are formed , t e former follows (a) the general rule and the latter follows 299 (b) the rule given in para . . Sometimes also when

w ff e t o roots of di erent m anings are spelt alike , one takes t a t t b . he forms under ( ) , and he o her the forms under ( ) The following are the chief instances

a h b ® fr a to destroy ( ) , to peris ( ) ; § ® to collect ( ) ,

t b L8 t a b to be collec ed ( ) ; @ to augmen ( ) , to ecome aug m e n t e d b 619® a b ® 1r® ( ) to dismiss ( ) , to leave ( ) ; g

a b g zy a s b to join ( ) , to touch ( ) ; ] to cut ( ) , to cea e ( )

u @ a ff b . h to lie down ( ) , to su er ( ) T us

’ s G aTT to destroy G a Q LU u .

’ to perish G a G Q G p aiT " 79

6 51 9® 61909 to dismiss 61909555578 15 61 13® u 6 5n

’ ' ’ Q QC’DQ G DGZh GQ L G l—W 619@@ ©9® to leave ﬂ 671 6 5T.

° ° u @ to lie down u ® r1 6 u 65n

U CDQ G aiT (4 090 611 6 51 u @ to suffer p . I I 296 v 302. Class . This class ( ) includes a ery large

A s f . i t number o Tamil verbs an almost un versal rule , hey

t (26116 51 take in the presen tense , and consequently in the future tense They form the past tense by ° G 651 651 h i a. h h c ang ng ﬁnal of t e root into ,@ T e fol lowing are examples

®Q G 9651 696 51 651 5096961 1651 to run 9 ¢ 9 4 5 . 554 19 to tie 5 L ®Q Q ® 651 8 51; L9_@63 T6 5T 5 L ® ® 61165L

’ G a G G u Q G 6 51 6 51 (S r/ 51 0 611 to speak d 651 .

Q G 65T ° ’ 6 T® § 7 to write 6 T Q§ § J p 6 1 @ ﬁ 6 651 6 51 W QQQ G W W

16 11 1 G b z/Q /Dé r Q fle m fi 1 2 c g 16 611651 5 to comfort fi / Q g p g r 141

' ' ni 175 fb LDlQ G GDT GdT Ib Lb L G Q JG iT t to trust q d / . F QDt ® G W QQD o steal Q@ 651 . ° G a n / 6 5 1T Q Q 39 65T Q anr cfa iair g5 to desire 25 ‘ cg .

303 . It will be of use hereafter to note the following

1 6 5 c th roots ending in ( 5 and C 3 , which ome under e above r ule . It will be noticed that some of them occasionally 0 1‘ 9 . f o ; as m / 611 drop the ﬁnal o the ro t fg5 to grant . They are as follows '

Q 1 61 1 c s a h C /C5@ ( ) to grant , / e g to take up in the and ,

° 61 611 611 ff sm ” Q 611 t @ ( ) to sco , ug to dig out , ®5 o pinch ,

° 9 56 11 11 e5611 t 9 to enclose , r @ to reject , o leap up ,

611 6 5 11 611 f f . ( ) to si t , 1 @ to per orate There are the following exceptions to the general rule given 3 2 in para . 0

Q ea rl/LQQ 304. 41 i ( ) Words ending n Q , namely, to call

61 11 13 19 0) h to worship , to eat , to be c illed , ’ 51 611 161l (21511909 19 1ﬁ® t to smart , to happen , to s ream , form their tenses like Thus

~ 5 L LJ L9 a Q L9 ®Q GP 6 51 5 L LJzQ L G m 6 51 5 L L1L9®C3 611 65L to call , p 80

u ® 305. (b) Words compounded with to suffer (301) form

L1 their te nses in the same way as G . The following are

a ﬁ u CD 6 113u @ 1 131 09 o c h 7 0 1 1 examples , e / to be aug t , , to consent , 41

t h e w a ﬁau ® h . to set out , o rise hig , to issue fort

S ee a . 485 h ( also p ras , T us

' ’ L l u @ il u iT u Q w air DLJ d G m sz G . /r q m q

0 1 1 11 69 306 . c t an d c i ( ) The verb o put , the defe t ve verb

G u rr t s u ﬁicie n t h ith g o be , w ich is common w a neuter sub

ct h i f w je only , form t e r tenses as ollo s

’ ’ ’ ° c u 1r® G U ITQDQ G ﬁJ d T G u n LG m a r G u lf ® 6 611 65n

’ 11 m G dr Q U IT/63 6 5! 6 11 0 611 6 51 (2 1 G u Q 1 1 . 1. 5 n g p , 5

307 d A s e t f f i f t w o . ( ) o verbs ormed by the repet tion o h es® h Q ﬂ Q 1 s ort open syllables as to t rob , g @

z z 153 ? 158 ? to 0 21 1 21 to 7 to bu , hesitate , (54 (9 4 murmur , g (5 g q5

611 “ i to quiver , 09 G? to babble , are treated as verbs cons sting f w f f o t o short open syllables only , and there ore ollow the i f hi s . 297 . general rule or such words , w ch given in para

h v h . 286 T ese erbs , like t ose mentioned in para , generally represent some sound or sensation . Thus

’ Q fi j afi G d Q mg y fi a w g g p g g cg g q

° W 6 5 657 7 g lclfifl Cfi é Q Q/D Q 7 C5£ Q55 2 6 ® g ® d ® u sén

9 a: 1r Q eF -TéO f 308 . The verb n (also written ) to tell orms i f w — G e rfrsb uéDCP air 9 5 1 6 51 0 6 51 6 51 a ts tenses as ollo s cg p , (r rely

1 6 5 11 6119 m 651 .

K UPO N VE BS O F THE O PRELIM INARY REMAR R F URTH, D X H CO G A O FI FTH, AN SI T NJ U TI NS

v h hi h 309 . In regard to erbs of t ese conjugations , w c end

6551 air 11 611 in the mu te consonants , , and , 5b, and , there

O n d f . h h is the ollowing difﬁculty t e one an , some roots

11 r l 5 ending in @ , g , ( 5, ( g , 9 , and Q5, and therefore belong

i a. ing to the third conjugation , somet mes drop ﬁnal of the

b l s l e ong to the third conjugation . A li t of these verbs wil 2 2 l . 0 . f . 97 98 . ee so be ound in paras note , and S a para 3 7

3 15. All roots other than those mentioned in the preced

h h i i c 11 ing paragraph , w et er end ng n the mute onsonants and

i 611 w h v 1L 5b, as to jo n , 5 59 to cra l , or adding t e owel , as

c3 5 E W h f i . g , ( GP, belong to t e ﬁ th conjugat on The only

° i v G $ W h h as a except on to this , is the erb (5 to desire , whic i as an essential part of the root , and belongs to the th rd 2 . 30 . conjugation . See para h w h h c i 3 16 . T e ay in which verbs of t e ﬁft onjugat on

f w . orm their tenses , will no be explained

3 17 A s h c h 6 5r . a general rule t ese roots take and i (26116 51 h n the present and past tenses , and consequently in t e future tense In the present and future tenses the

9 t i h vowel is generally added to the roo , but n t e past tense the mute consonant is always used . h f w x 3 18 . T e ollo ing are e amples

ruff/5 5 g m /1 c 0 651 g m c m air. y to be alm g , / qg

Q d r 611 15 5 611521 to crawl g m qg n 5 59 9 5 6 51

i‘ ° to examine G fi f fliefi dfl G § Q5G 6116 5n F i 3 19 . rom several roots belonging to th s conjugation

r e both a transitive and an int ansitive verb are form d . In this case the intransitive verb always follows the general rule i v h iv h i i g ven abo e, and t e transit e verb takes t e term nat ons

Q Q u aiTn C ( ompare para . When

- fﬁ a. taking the latter mentioned a xes , the vowel is ne ver h i f f added to t e root n orming the present and uture tenses . Thus

‘ ' ﬁ Q G w 11 5 5511 a as 5 65 0 651 5 11L1 C2u 6 51 . 5 to break g p ( 5 5 ( (

® G 1 51 1115 5 6 511 be b ro k e n§ 5 Q§ p 65 6 695 651 § $ Q§ Q aj 65n

’ rr ésﬁ c w 11 0 5 6 51 m LJGP aiir. 5 11 59 to lower g gb m 5 5295 1 g gb u

11 150 5 a31 W Q Q JGdT ( qg ) to be lo w § 5b 3 ﬁ GP . 83

32 Th f i h i c f h h 0. e ollow ng are the ot er pr n ipal ro ots rom w ic

i iv i v v — 1619 5 a trans t e and intrans ti e erb are formed 4 5 to loose ,

’ a nr c u m i and to be loose ; ﬁ to a se to drop , and to drop ; ﬁ to

c 6 619 z meet and to ome in front ; mto capsi e , to be capsi zed ;

h 61911 h t to join , and to come toget er 5 to inder , and o be

i e 11 i h i h 611 611 11 ch h nd red ; to ﬁn s , and to be ﬁn s ed ; to erish 5 , and to grow .

321 fe . A w verbs belonging to this conjugation take only

130 6 31 the forms and 14 . The following

° r h - 11L u§711 6511 11 are t e most important of them to live , to be

6 119 s e e pungent , (5 ? to be globular, to , to go to

0 61111 ruin , to sweat Thus

u n’ ff to se e u 11 1re 1Q 0p 6 51 14 11 155505 6 51 — 322 B f . 3 19 . . N . . R ead the latter part o para

THE SIXTH CO NJU GATIO N

2 hi i i i 651 . 3 3 . T s conjugat on ncludes all roots ending n and

3 24 . 309 . . R ead para 2 v th th h 3 5. The erbs of e ird conjugation w ich end in

f . 297 303 30 and 9 21, will be ound under paras note , , and 8 .

2 h i 611 h f 3 6 . All other verbs whic end n or t ough some o

h i 9. h 0 6 511 611 0 6 511 611 t em may somet mes add to t e root , as or @

h i i . to take , belong to t e s xth conjugat on

2 h w a hi h i t are i 3 7. T e y in w ch t e r enses formed w ll now be explained .

A s 0 0 116 51 28 . h i h 3 a general rule , t ese roots take 1 n t e

0 611 6 51 i h f u present tense , and consequently n t e ut re tense . The past te nse is formed by changing ﬁnal 61) and 611 of the

6 51 0 19 6 51 c iv root into 1 and respe t ely . In the present

h a. is h and future tenses t e vowel generally added to t e root . c f t (In the case of roots onsisting o one short syllable only , h e 8 4

is ef e . ﬁnal mute consonant doubled b ore adding , in ao co rdan ce with para . The following are examples

6 1 61) 11 G F Q Q DGZiT 6 1 651 0 a51 av 0 611 651 59 (9 ) Q Q ﬂ 59 p ygg u .

to revolve .

' 29 A s c s h v h v a 3 . ex eption to t e abo e rule , t e erbs 6s to

0 66 611 h a f learn , to e r , or to ask , to be de eated , 4 511 61)

i 0 1511 611 do 61961) l to sp n , to penance , and to se l , do not add

2 . to the root ; but in order to form the present and future

th h 61) 611 h 75 tenses , ey c ange ﬁnal and of t e root into 1 and

L r s e ctive l Q 0 6 51 e p y , and then add p and The past tense is form ed by changing ﬁnal 61) and 611 of th e

L 0 L_6 51 root into and respectively . Thus

61961) Q QQBQ Q I / GiT 619 130 9 6 51 6 19 950 to sell ‘ / L1 651 . 1 5 ,

0 65611 h ask G 5 LLQ Q QDadT 0 $ L 0 1_651 0 5 L 0 651 to ear or ‘ u .

3 30 h t 6 1 61) to e i £ 611 . T e ransitive verbs r ce ve and to rescue take the forms given in the preceding paragraph

r 67 61) £ 611 but the int ansitive verbs (or to be ﬁt , and (or L835) to be rescued follow the general rule given in

328 . para .

15761) s 18 55Q 0 116 51 19 0 1 331 . 1 6 51 9 651 The verb to stand make , 1 , 1 ,

N T . is 332. O E The past tense the safest guide to show

n D_ whether the root properly e ds in , or in a mute con

. Fo r i c w 0 6 51 6 51 sonant nstan e, hen the past tense ends in @ , it show s at once that the root must end in a As ' h i c h a 6 551 0 m 651 6 9 50 19 6 31 anot er nstan e t e past tenses , 1 1 ,

. be m e etc , could only for d from roots ending in 85

6 551 611 611 0 651 , , and respectively ; for 5 is really added ; and

° h f h n 6551 t en , by the laws o eup o y, 5 after becomes

61) 5 c 611 e and , be ome and and 5 b come

THE SEVENTH CO NJ UGATI O N

3 3 3 . This conjugation includes all roots ending in a v h w M f h h long owel , or in t e vo el ost o t em end in t e vowel cg .

bf 334. Q Ge The verbs c / @ to look up , to be elated ,

67 11111 x 1 11 61161111 f th e h i to e ult , to all on back , form t e r tenses

v a like erbs in c ;

3 3 f i f 55530 5 6 51 5. The ollow ng verbs orm their tenses in 1 ,

— 6 11 v Q c and namely , to preser e , to omb , 9 51 111 f 1 m 0 ( (or £ ) to burn to orsake , 55 to blosso , (9

0 651 0 to become old , to string , and also 9 to equal , and

to perforate . Thus

° 5 11 63- Q 0 air 6 1r 0 6 5r 5 11 0 01 1 651 6511 to preserve p § § .

as- 00 19651 59 9 to equal , or to agree g 1 9 , n

v c is v im 336 . The erb .g (or to be ome a ery

’ I ts as G 6 DT6 57 portant verb . tenses are follows %

0 6116 51 . I t f f ‘ h h f 1 25 also orms tenses rom ébCﬁ t e ot er orm

f 0 65r6 51 uﬂ0 6 51 o the root ; namely , c or cg

651 € 0 611 6 51 : f so ft , g @ but these orms are not o en used ,

c h 1 119 5 21 h v ex ep t t e word 1 55 1 4 T e erb to

is h f i v f happen , conjugated like T e ollow ng erbs orm their tenses thus 0 FF tO v m@0 651 11 15 6 51 11 0 6116 51 . 3 37 . gi e p 5

5 (0r Q‘s) to e e ay 6 6 1 651 l w 0 . burn (intr . )

11 5 / 651 0 ‘ 0 m 6 Q 0 D 1. 1111 150 651 0 LO 11 to smell r ﬁ

2 0 u 6 5r ( 79) [ .

G U F ( C? 0 u 11 @0 651 0 14 11 0 6 51 651 0 1 1 11 0 611 p 651 . 86 .

338 . 1 f v c h h ( ) The ollowing erbs are pe uliar , as t ey s orten h 2 the ﬁrst syllable in t e past tense . ( ) In some grammars

611 11 5 11 611 f and , are given under @ and and the ormer

’ so v Dict n f io ar . is gi en in Winslow s y The latter orms , h v as i iv owe er , are never used mperat es and do not f w h h h D h ollo t e analogy of t e ot er ravidian languages . T eir present tenses are irregular .

61111 611 /5Q 5 631' to come r

5 150 6 51 0 611 6 51 to give ( 5 § Q§ .

: ‘ 6 11 Q 0 rb a51 0 6 5 5 6 51 5 - ITQ G J637 to die r 5 0 .

’ - 01611 G W Q G G ZiT 616 1 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 1 to be hot (or burnt) Q 6 6 51 651 .

0 1511 0 1511 @0 fn6 51 0 16 11 150 6 51 0 11511 0 6116 51 to ache r 5 . — 339 B . 611 11 0 11 11 . N h v c . T e erbs to ome and to go are of special importance .

34 h 0 1 1 11 0 5 1 0 151 0. T e verbs , , and may insert (5 before adding 0 61 1651 for the future ; as 0 611650 611 651 or

611 611 0 0 651 . The reason of this is that there w as probably

0 u 11 c . another form of the root ending in (5; as @ , et

341 R . 283 . . ead again para 3 42 . This chapter on verbs may appear somewhat long c and omplicated ; but when once mastered , it will enable the stude n t to overcome one of the chief difﬁ culties of the language CHA P TE R V I O n S y n t a x O RDE R O F WO RDS AND CLAUSES IN A TAMI L SENTENCE

f u i 343 . The order o words and cla ses in a Tam l sentence

i f h E an d ch s very different rom t at of nglish , mu more i v i regular . Two nvariable rules are always obser ed n Tamil namely

44 FI RST R U . h v 3 . LE T e erb always stands last , and so

c c h c as 6 511 54 651 6 51 G a/5 1 on ludes t e senten e ; 5 ag : 9

' °

11 i1 1 1 1 1 11 6 51 . 1 1 1 . L1 u 1. 55 5 The boy learnt his lesson diligently

93 e c . ( , )

E C R U . h hi i 345. S OND LE T at w ch s governed , always pre

Fo r cedes that which governs it . example (a) The genitive always precedes the governing noun ; ‘ ’ 7 6 51 m 1u @ BI Lb 1. 116 51 5 h i i as ‘ C5 @ , men s disposition , or t e d spos

tion of men . (b) The adverb always precedes the verb ; as

° L1 uJ 93 c. 156 51Qy He sang well . ( ) (c) The comparison always precedes that which is com

611 6511 rb 3 611 651 5 611615611 6 51 pared ; as @ g 1 c 11 That man i h h s better t an t is man . (11) The similitude always precedes that which is similar

8 1 51 3651 LD0 L111 61) 611 6 51 ﬁ s s mﬁ é w as 9 c 9 ( 5 , 1 q He shines like the sun .

6 c x ( ) In the same manner all subordinate senten e s , e

on pressing purpose , c dition , etc . , precede the sentence to which they are subordinate . 88

O N THE SUBJ ECT

346 . a The subject is lways in the nominative cas e . A v h i Tamil erb agrees wit ts subject in gender , number , and

5 5 u 5 5 5 0 57 611 /55 W63T. h a c . h m person T s ( ‘ T e c rpenter a e .

5 . 611 1155611 611 11 115 6 1 1 i 11 . 7 h h c m . sc 5 6 c5m 53 T e orse a e c / 5

They came .

E XC P TI N S c i h in u 347 . E O ometimes a subje t n t e s g lar takes a verb in the plural to denote respect ; as 0 5 611 651 d h G o . h v be T e reflected It would , owe er , " more correct to put the noun also in the plural ; as G fi fifl fl

° 1 6 1 a151 6 559@ 1.

E XC P TI O h t is 348 . E N W en he subject a neuter noun i k h v i h n the plural number , it usually ta es t e erb n t e ne uter

i e a O f i 5 5 181 1 151 5 611 6 L_155 a 1 s ngular . Thus inst d say ng , ,

— 5 111 15 611 15 h it is more common to say 5 51 5 14 535 5 . T in g s happened .

f h c u i is f e i t h 349 . I t e subje t be a prono n , t o t n om t ed w en the termination of the ﬁnite verb sufﬁ ciently points out the

611 15 11 651 . person ; as 5 He came yes terday .

O N THE O BJ ECT

All i v c . 350. trans tive erbs require an obje t

O is w 351 . If the bject denotes a rational being , it al ays put in the accusative case ; as 9 @ 0 6 1 611 553551 He

sent a servant .

3 2 es h h i 5 . Sometim , w en t e object denotes an irrat onal i h i an mal , and still more frequently w en it denotes an in an hi h iv c i f h c iv mate t ng , t e nominat e ase s used or t e a cusat e . Thus — — o r @Q5g ang st a}; G a; 11 @

11 He 55 651 gave a book . — . N . B . I f h e i h f 353 t e word w re om tte d, t e ormer sen — te nce would rather mean He gave the boo k and the latter

H i t wo 360. ence when expressing the d stance between 7 C . 35 . places , this form is used . ompare para Thus

’ ‘ Q /fifi mrau airarflés g mu s m ru zé Q a mL smm asg da u fiG fi rrszrru g ass/r d) 239 r o e ( , (The distance) between T ichinop ly 1 0 kad am s . . 9 P a c t a . and lam o t is nineteen , i e miles

3 1 th e i c 6 . Nouns denoting po nts of the ompass govern a 1z

ch air «5:9 L ® st G s 950 . o i dative case ; as ® § a / 65 South my house . 3 d (9 . ) h w 3 62. In Tamil the locative case (or t e dative case ith

e avr 233 E a cir a . w h or ; para ) is used , here in nglish t e pre

' f t as a ai rfa a ﬁsu position o f is used , in the sense o selec ion , c /

’ G m IE W G u m/ems IQ 6 51 J a j lfcﬂi éh a I QU c g Q ILJ 210 (or / QZB g ) C / @ ( ,

He sent four of them . h t h 3 63 . T e instrumental case deno es t e instrument ,

. t E h means , cause , agent , etc The equivalen in nglis is h expressed , u nder various circumstances , by t e prepositions

o f f f . h with , by means , o , through , by reason o , by , etc T us

a m e n d . w i h I sa it w t my eye .

f s /ra) 67 _ 667 . He w w Cg q g f q @ smote ith a eapon .

cb m u u eaér m ﬂ cén He o f th m saérgcp m/ g gg made it ear (mud) .

r H . h . e h aﬂG a /rg gfﬁ gg cb Cha g e /ra did it through atred

ﬁ3 (Ba / 3a) cu cv aa QDrb . h w him a . @ § c l @ T is ork can be done by Lit hi ( . Is possible by m . ) t v i 364. In expressing time , some imes the nominati e s

(Em w as /rain He . used ; as my r came yesterday Sometimes also the locative case is used ; as (go /sa m sg a in former

u t f h i i ; times . B most requently t e dat ve s used as

- - (Bu /r w azirsmmés . go to morro . Q f cg come to day ’ é nor/196 61) Q aa w G eu cg axg g g I shall be for two years in that village .

O N THE TAM I L TRANSLAT IO N O F THE ENG LISH VE RB TO BE

364; The verb to be is u s ed in E nglish in two ways . 91

Fi - i n rst , to express existence or non ex ste ce ; as , They are — in that room There is no tree in that ﬁeld .

S c r h o u a e ondly , to exp ess t e c p l , in which case it stands

t o between w nouns , or between a noun and an adjective ,

i i h h . to express that one s or s not t e ot er ; as , That is a dog

This is not just .

exi stence 365. I . In Tamil , in order to express , in the positive the verb to be is used In addition to t h s afar® also his , t e single word is used ; but it can only occur in sentences which can be translated into E nglish

' — Cl) h is . h w a suar by t e idiom There , There are , etc T e ord t may express either presen or past time , and may take a

f e subject of any gender and number , but o the third p rson

a aéaD only . (The formation of the word w ill be explained hereafter . )

366 . In order to express the negation of existence the

is e X re s s h single word used , which may p eit er present f or past time , and may take a subject o any gender , number , or person . The following examples illustrate the way in which the w i verb to be is expressed in Tamil , hen it signiﬁes ex stence

/ l Q G aif é a s m ufrsb l é D 298 Q g q p Q aj / ( ,

I am in this room . ? (BIB/by 67 11576255 c /tﬁff Where were you yesterday ?

z f m cu air mi m i s .g é G a 144 l c) / ( ,

h - He will be t ere to morrow .

' G a l asvésa frmiassir l /55 eng i es c a , n

The workmen are in that house .

' ' rj u L m ezm ﬁ eu 55 swa er /fas c aj g ﬁ 4 5 g g cia a sac B or

There are ten merchants in that town .

' ' J fﬁ LD Q I ( J s L /HILL! a saarCQ / ﬁ ’ GE or

There are ten rupees in that box . 92

’ /5 G w m g aﬁlsircmcsu 67 ; siv asféi assir s g a 5 ﬁ a y , g } q

/t m 235 gi g ? (or gram . Q qﬁ g , ,

Yesterday there were seven books on that table . aw GU ITS EGiT ev lu eigé) Q w c Q/

They are not in that ﬁeld .

a /i5 5 6 1 1 1619760 cmm seir fim ( s 5 (g fi Q f — There are not any horses in that field o r There are no horses in that field

- 6955 éuam. farm sir 4 5115 Q

I w as not there yesterday .

h E is t co u a, II . W en in nglish the verb to be he p l 367 . it may be followed by a noun or by an adjective .

noun a When it is followed by a , in Tamil , in 368 . ( ) the positive the verb is usually entirely omitted . If it be n it is the verb with the word 7 2 invariably inserted , ab is the verbal participle of the preceding it . This word g to become as will be explained here verb .g or f i — A is s o an d after Thus in Tamil , instead o say ng thing .

— . — A , 3 0 . they s ay thing is having become so and so ‘ cw th e w c s m is h negative , single ord y used , whic 369 . In the h expresses present or past time , and agrees wit a subject of

. number , or person any gender , The following examples illustrate the above remarks ' 7 u3 a sér—o r—mra r 5 m 5 5 ” waif a m é @

i , é fi /ffi dr. m a é§ aflrmi5 dn c Q ) el cu rta in} ( g Qfi qy G / ® Q They are grooms .

g fiescir g dam) , wn /fa st m i ifi e g/ 67 6 5s (g ro fi are merchants . M y sons not ' rb siQ /p g m w ss air Lo m ba arr. (G a c fi c a/ Those are trees . 93

Q m a l assir Lo mé ascir

These are not trees .

a y mini} m g ] 1509. s gg f

is . That is not a dog . It a jackal

b ' h E is l 370. ( ) W en in nglish the verb to be fo lowed by

e v an adj ectiv , in Tamil a similar construction is ne er used .

He is n o t Thus , good , could be translated into Tamil by

sue ) g ai szir is wh h i . h c y , ich would ave no mean ng In Tamil , t e ’ ' 1 6 az w eir maucu r composite noun ( 8 ) is used ; as C / ai sar. He is

E He is —i — a good man . In nglish good s equivalent to He is a good man ; but the E nglish idiom permits at pleasure the

. i ellipse of the noun This cannot be done n Tamil . Hence an

iv f E n lis h is as adject e a ter the verb to be in g , , a general rule ,

com os te h t translated into Tamil by a p i noun . T is being he c th . 3 68 369 ase , e same rules apply as are given in paras and . The following are a few examples

szir m g cv szir msbw cv szir c gi ém cbw a l uj éi él c y , or , / gg Q gg g szir

is He is . He a good man , or , good

Q Q JQ lT s c réCP /rc sm a cum ev czir c / Q x

H is —o r—He is e joyful a joyous man .

16 157 es/rearev crr can sum) /é a m/rm 4 5 c ag / ; n cv cir

S is f . Lit . if he not beauti ul , but ugly ( a beaut ul one , or a beautiful woman . )

LI —LI) a msz i dg ﬁ I g g / C a ss a) . Q ‘ /g mg r

is f — o r— is if This picture not beauti ul not a beaut ul one .

— ssrrsw u m m owsu g s es) Compare Q 5 c ybg / i This s not a beautiful picture .

é d u xrm aize seir .Q a; ﬁ ra mm m a l as Q ﬁ /Q eg avr.

These lessons are very easy.

371 . is When the subject not an animate object , in many instances it is common in Tamil to u se an abstract noun to E n lish f h h express an g adjective a ter t e copula . T us ‘ law /mu m alzu rriu rb é g ] ga su . ﬁ g ig . / b ut i i : s t . Li c This s just ( ) that no just ( t . This is j usti e

that is not justice . ) 94

] anﬁ su Q 5 4 g 5 119 4 sh .

: h . . Lit This is right t at is not right ( This is propriety , etc . )

‘ nia n} u /r1_1z§7 66 6ir Q f

h . Lit . T ese lessons are very easy ( easiness . )

’ a d) G s 4 g 4 Q <95 dzg cgo Q sn H b 4 6mm fﬁ t . Lit It is neither very di cult , nor very easy ( . I is not a difﬁculty : and it is not easiness . )

3 2 is h h 7 . In Tamil there also anot er construction t at is used in certain instances to express the E nglish ad

is je ctive after the copula . It made by afﬁxing adve r bial (and sometimes to a noun and addi n g the verb In this case the verb and 4 1) cannot be

t 11) is i i omi ted , because 4 here not the part c ple but H an adverbial termination to the noun . ence also in the h W w negative , is retained , and t e ord n added . The following are examples

4 611 6231 s t at us/Tu}

He is very happy .

4 611 657 5 4 6mm “) i He s severe .

4 611 6 6 a gr a rw ru) Q w asv.

He is not severe .

' Q nis 1469145 5512)

This book is dirt y . ma m Q 6; a ss

This paper is not clean .

éF Wé Q n q D Be (thou) careful !

’ 1r crr ssss sir 19 7 n m ﬂesa ﬂm 6v 5 6 r11111 111 u:1 é él rfaseir. s g § § r c qy

Virtuous people are kind to living creatures . — h f w N . B . T is orm of expression is generally used hen denoting the particular state of the subject at a particul ar 95

370 3 1 i h th . 7 n t me ; w ereas e forms given in paras , , ge er ally denote the innate quality and condition of the

— is t subject . Thus This horse a bad one (innate quali y)

a a m sh a would be rendered in Tamil Cj ﬁ g g y .

i a. Bu t This horse is bad , . sick (particular condition)

’ would be rendered (affi rm s G s /f a wn) Q Cfi ée /Dfi f t 373 . Closely akin to the above kind o sen ences , are such expressions as the following ' ° 69Lo 6 fi ga fl d u rrss 1299661 L1L 4 5 587 6u ( / thoughts . )

Lit H . He w as intent upon it . ( . e was thoughtfully upon it )

4 E C f 3 7 . In nglish the opula o ten occurs in a sentence

’

i n h h . expressing pos sess o ; as , This horse is t e merc ant s

That box is not mine . Such senten ces are expressed in Tamil by the genitive ending in a m m w (109) with one f f 18 c A s o the pronominal a ﬁxes ( 7) atta hed to it . the h i h word t us becomes a compos te noun , it follows t e rules 3 given in paras . 68 and 369 . Thus

ltg és m fr w ri as y cm m tu j Q ‘ (g ﬁ g g g g h ’ This horse is t e merchant s . Q U L W e rahgy m m w g 4 61m)

That box is not mi n e .

' ns és ss é ssw u m emm w emw a dr? Q g f ﬁ cg Whose are these knives ? — ? Compare Q m w a dr llJ /TQIj GZDL UJ a g ﬁ a dr Whose knives are these ?

- ff a ﬁw 63161 ) B . N . The di erence in the use of Q and 4 n must be most carefully noted . The former de ies exist

151 l! h . h m ev ence , t e latter is the copula T us n means

031m) 6c m) —I t There is no dog . 4 means is not a dog .

63m ) 375. w i Wh The ord 4 is used idiomat cally , ere in

E h w e t - it ch nglis use he expression is not but , in su a sentence as the following :

’ ' g d mi ésg g ﬁ gg ﬁ a ) u n ssQ

1 1167 gam m a 95 ( , fr c f i h h i It is not om vi e, but rom v rtue t at app ness is

obtained . T O HA VE

376 . The verb to have is expressed in Tamil by the verb i to be, or by the word preceded by a dat ve

case . The negative is expressed by Thus m m a @ u u m m (O r

. Li . I have (some) money ( t There is money to me . )

° ' 4 611Q 16i365 <95 (5v Q su dcu .

H h a . Lit . e s no horse ( There is not a horse to him . )

377 t h h m sfi) . Ins ead of t e dative case , t e postposition Q fi fi is sometimes used ; as

a ﬁﬁ a dr H h e as no knives .

m m m 6§> 1 61131 1 1 p @ m 1 b a ges . 4 ﬂ § ﬁ 4 6 @ u q 1. g He th i i has nei er v rtue nor p ty .

67 A N D O N THE AFFIXES , 4 , 9

ffi 67 is t m i 9 L3U L e has s = 378 . The a x used o denote p ; as l $

h w a9 1; th e in t at way, in that very ay ; t in

house . 1 67 i 379 . ( ) Sometimes s added merely for euphony

2 S i es /rah 169 w as ( ) omet mes the particle ( ( ) is used ith it ;

1157 6255 s me a r . 3 S 4 ( in that very place only ( ) ometimes it is

’ ’ doubled to denote strong emphasis ; as 4 6 1 1? G m G w G w upon

him alone . 380 fﬁx is uestio n 671 6 87 . The a 4 used to denote a q ; as 4

1 611 6731 am s fr ? Has ? 611 1335 d He has come . 4 i gg he come

6 1 661 ? <5 11 4 5 611657 ? 4 Is he a merchant r @ ( 5

(1 69) Are you the potter ? Here the emphasis falls on you . A; ® e a1 @ ? Are you a potte r ? Here the emphasis falls

on potter .

119111 1r1u cirn1r G e r /resi }: Q 3 ] , g n h h i Tell me w ether t is s just or not . 38 fﬁ 6 . The a x 9 is put at the end of a sentence which

i e t i conta ns an int rrogative , when i is immed ately followed by another sentence containing the corresponding demon

s trative h to c , T is at ﬁrst sight appears orrespond to an E nglish relative sentence ; but it really answers to such

E i s wha e e tc . ngl sh entences as use the words whoever . t ver , (The way in which E nglish relative sentences are expressed

i i l i . n Tamil , w l be expla ned in the next chapter ) The following are example s of this use of 59

' ’ 67 ] mm és a G Ln/r 151_ as rb 265 g cj , 4 59 @ ( , w w l Whatever ill happen , (that) i l happen .

° 1 5 0 Q aﬁ é ﬁ i s c m v 611 1iamir u 1ras® 1u 6111rezir 4 a qy , 4 a cir 232 ( , h h h Lit . W oever live with esteem , t ey are t e happy people ,

i Th i h u . . e . e illustr ous are t e tr ly happy

’ a nissair 61956 6) 696» 67 651 611 67r61 G 6 L L4 536 /f 9 li6 9 67 r/r Q , q ) 9

‘ ’ Q él w m fi G w m g a a mfi u b a a ficm c / l a cir (149 , d They are as great blockheads in worl ly matters , s they are H Lit . w clever in learning . ( o ever clever they are in learning , so much blockheads are they in worldly matters . ) CHA P T E R V I I

M he er al P r O n the Infinitive ood , t V b a ticiple , Relative i N Participles , Particip al ouns , Affixes attach ed

to Relative Participles , and Verbal Nouns

O N T HE INFINITIVE M O O D

n t 38 7 . The inﬁ i ive mood is formed by adding 4 to roots wh Q CBn szir as ich take / in the present tense , and to roots wh ich take When adding 4 , the rules given in

88 2 . paras . to 9 are carefully observed The following are examples of the inﬁnitive mood

® 7 m m ® ® sﬁr n ﬁn 651 L P . n I . 14 11 i 4 res Te se 4 p 4 to obta n .

u 1_ f to suf er . ’ f Q a aeir ﬁf e a r G as/rowe r gﬁ p to take .

“ 14 1 6 6 n 4 n 1 to lear . mm é Q G ’ w m to alk .

388 . In the following instances the formation of the inﬁ ni

C . tive is irregular . ( ompare para Thus

’ - G dﬂ I n (Ea L et G a L Q ﬁn . G a sh P . h Tense p to ear .

19 63) to stand .

5 63) to learn .

it 5 m t i . ( g o g ve

n a ” a to come .

« as g to become .

a re ; to die .

’ ’ G s/res G s /r ow ch (also ) to a e . 100

’ ’ G u rr P G u mac air I n ﬁ n G u 1r5 . Tense p . to go .

G m 696 1 9 9 13 651 (261 15 1 to burn .

’ 6 51 WQ G air d rm 6 51 5 9 Q p ﬁ and $ to eat .

6 1 6 31 6 51 ® G D 651 6 1 6 51 61 651 6 51 6 1 V and to say .

5 6 151 Q G 5 61151 6 151 2 . 6551 p / and to eat . 38 t 9 . The following sentences illustrate he use of the inﬁnitive 3 611 3651 6115 5 9 5 s 69 2] . 4 29

Tell him to come .

65111 5 5 5 a ®5 5 5 5 156 555 114115

- h t t . T ey gave rice water to drink , and clothes o pu on

4 6 515 51

They came to see it .

' 5 1 6 1 5 169 1ra rb 65514 1 ni s c 651 11 115575 4 ‘5 a 4 4 Q ﬁ

R c s o . e eive this branding , that she may obtain happiness — 90 . B u 3 . N . i The inﬁnit ve often expresses p rpose , as in

the last two examples .

is 391 . In Tamil the inﬁnitive idiomatically used to t conclude a subordinate sentence , which in he correspond

in E h c h g nglis is introdu ed by the particles as , w ilst , or

when . Thus

° 1511 1 § Q5 671 651 55 11 651 .

r f w . When things we e thus , one day a o ler came

1 5 5 6i) 226 11 16 15 Lb 6 51 15 10 11 11} (3 611 1 5 6555 u 11 115 5 156W ® 4 5 5 ,

m 5 11 1 11 11 1 5 5 1 51 ﬁ a m vrh u 6551 6559 651 82 933 4 5 5 g g @ ( , Whilst all the people were joyfully looki n g at the spec

N w . tacle , King ala paraded the to n f l i v 392. This orm is special y common w th the inﬁniti e

61 6 51 . to say , in recording conversations Thus

‘ 6 1 6 51 ’ 51 1 11 113 6 r13u 1 . L 5 6 9 . 5 11 1191 9 , IC? 1 5 ' — When (they) said Ho w did the affair happen ? the

dove replied , etc .

102

f i x h such a succession o ﬁn te verbs , and e presses all but t e v last by erbal participles . Thus

° 611 6 51 a§ LL® 5 E1 G u ru) 611 6 51 11 1 111 1111_ 51 675 11 61) 4 Q5 , 4 5 § Q

121696116 51 150 c6 ( , hi h h s h . Lit . H vi I shall go to is ouse , and tell mot er ( a ng

h h is h . gone to is house , I shall tell mot er )

’ ' 15119 m afiln fi 6314 11 112151 Q u Q 94 Q fé a é a dw cmm afifi fi fim ( , a r f . ' ét) 5 663T1_Lb L1 6551 6 5517 0 651 69651 19 6 51 fi t ( (5

x h The fo went to t e ox , and spoke to it , and came again L h f . it . to t e lion , and made obeisance, and stood be ore it (

f x i . The o hav ng gone having spoken , etc )

3651 fiT GdTGDflL fi Q 611 15g 5 ‘ ‘ rn , 1 45 ( ,

h t Lit . T e ca comes to me daily , and drinks milk . ( The cat i hav ng come to me daily , drinks milk . )

159 67 5 1 4 551 1 5 5 51 6 611 5 .

B n . L h it . H h ri g t at box ( aving lifted up that box , aving taken it , come . )

3 98 . F t i v rom he preceding examples it w ll be obser ed , 1 t t ( ) hat he Tamil verbal participle , as a general rule , expresses

is an action which performed by the subject , previously to the action described by the concluding verb and (2) that in the

' E t ﬁ n ite e rb s corresponding nglish , he chain of v are all put in the same tense as the concluding verb . 99 1 O 3 . ( ) ccasionally the Tamil verbal participle ex presses an action which takes place simultaneously with the action described by the principal verb . This form of expres sion usually answers to such E nglish sentences as place the E present verbal participle immediately after the nglish verb . 2 t c f t f ( ) In sen en es o his kind , the Tamil verbal participle o ten expresses the manner in which the action described by the

is h n c is i ﬁnite verb done , and e e somet m e s best rendered in 103

l E nglish by an adverb . The following examp es illustrate the above remarks

’ 5r IS L /6 ] 6v /66 5 6 . g r

I came walking .

IT 9 L? “ W

i C . R u n R u n (L t . ome running )

/r 97 ass an); § m 6 1 1§ 1

O n e i b bl nd man examined it , ( y) feeling its leg

41 611116 5611 g m /E g g G u @ 1166 611 c 1 y @

. Li H S t . They poke submissively ( aving submitted . ) f f h 400. Sometimes the orce o t e verbal participle in Tamil E can be best expressed in nglish , by inserting a particle . Thus

? . rg 6 T6 5T% T LI u /r/fgsf 619 551_Lb u mbrm ﬂ u) t g , gg Lit H When you saw me , you made a joke . ( . aving seen me . )

Q w /TJ QEDT U W W H 61 9 11 6 51 11 69 51 1 114 ﬁ , 5 4 ;

(ag ain/ 11576 651 300 7 ( , D h t v f o w atever is proper to do , af er having ery care ully deliberated (on the subject) .

401 . t A verbal par iciple is sometimes used absolutely , that ff t f th is , with a di erent subjec rom at of the principal verb . E When translating from nglish into Tamil , this construction must be used with great caution , and only where the verbal participle is one that is allowed to be so used in idiomatic h Tamil . T us

6 t 1. 97 q n g g ﬂ.

The split having contracted , and its body havi n g been

c . rushed , the monkey died

Cgo m g éscsj et G as/ru m G u lf ! (Bu /r! 6 1 651

402 c is . The verbal parti iple used absolutely in the follow

f . ing kind of sentences , expressing lapse o time Thus

’ ’ 61 6 51 M é féu /ruﬁ 298 g ! 611 m Lb g g ( , g i Q5 ﬁ

M Lit . It is ten years since my father died . ( y father

t . having fallen , en years have elapsed ) t 403 . In idioms like the following , the verbal par iciple is used absolutely ? n é © 5 1 61> 619L1 L1 1U 6 51 61 6 51 6 51 Li H What is the good of saying this ? ( t . aving said this , what good !)

a d: 239 f 404. When the particle ( ) is a ﬁxed to a verbal

h h h f E n participle , t e form t us made as the orce of an g

w . lish past tense , preceded by the ord although This

form expresses concession . Thus

11 651 6 1 651 G u /r 16 4 @ 6 51 . Lit . vi Although I remained , he went away ( . I ha ng even

w . remained , he ent away )

’ ? 611 6 51 (Bu /1 11 63 Q m m é e G Ln /r 396 4 1 , cj ( ) t h as w t ? — Al hough he gone , ill he ge it Implies I do i not think he w ll get it (Lit . Will it be obtained ? )

O N R E LA TIVE P A RTlClP LE S

Thére 405. are no relative pronouns in Tamil , but t a Tamil verb has certain forms , called rela ive participles , which provide for the formation of what correspond

to E nglish relative sentences . R elative participles are

indeclinable . i h 406 . t e re se n There are three relative part ciples , p t,

th th f t . h h h e past , and e u ure T ey are formed from t e t ird e f person singular neut r o the corresponding tenses , by

simply dropping ﬁnal 4 . The third pe rson neuter of th e

106

B h v c i ver eing t emse l es inde l nable , they do not vary , whate

he f h . the gender, number , or person o t eir subject

n 410. (3) The Tamil relative participle is equivale t to the relative pronou n and the verb of the corresponding E nglish relative sentence ; and if the E nglish relative i h t pronoun be preceded by a preposit on , t at preposi ion also h i is included in t e Tamil relat ve participle .

41 1 . 4 h i ( ) The relative pronoun , included in t e Tam l

ti is h t h rela ve participle , sometimes t e subjec , sometimes t e

t is object , and sometimes i governed by a preposition . The following sentences illustrate the above remarks 1 2 3

412 651 o 651 14 1 55 . 97 5 4 3 3 2 1 1 2 h h ch h R e ad t e lesson w i t e boy learnt .

Th e relative participle Laughs is im m ediate lv followed by ‘ ’ rrm fm h h hic u ﬁ ﬁ , w ic answers to the word lesson , w h i s the antecedent to the E nglish relative pronoun : and the — Whol e Tamil relative participial clause m u w 651 stands in an adjectival relationship to

‘ ’ The relative participle u rafiiﬁ means which learnt ;

629 14 6 11 h t 111 is its subject , and t e rela ive pronoun , included

11 1 5 . in 47 6 . is its object 1 2 3 4 5

1 6 1 <6 E L Q LQQ u n m gfm zj u s é 63 u 111 3 5 . 413 . j g h ﬁ

5 4 4 3 3 1 2

Call the bo y w h o learnt that lesson .

Here the relative participle w ag es means w h o learnt . The

1/ra l an an d 1. relative pronoun included in it is its subject , g ; ' 6 5 L1 t t wh ti , is i s objec . The ole relative par cipial clause 4

irm afm d stands in an adjectival relationship to u r ﬁ

111 %z11 h w c w 659 1. 1 , whic is the word hi h ans ers to the antecedent

to th e E n glish relative pronoun . 107

1 2 3 5

6 51 14 11 1 651 u rrm m g d 1 613 5 66 111 6 1 157 695 414. ﬁ ‘ 1 1 6 Q CD’é Q ﬁ g ? 5 6 4 4 3 3 1 1 3 2 2 Where is the bo ok from which th e boy learnt the lesson ?

u — f wh ch Here the relative participle q ﬁﬁ means rom i . t h w h learnt . The rela ive pronoun and t e preposition hic t g overns i , are both included in the relative participle The word 651 14 111 651 is the subject of and

is its object . — 415 N . B . h b h v . The word whic is qualiﬁed y t e relati e participial clause (and which answers to the antecedent in E the corresponding nglish) , takes the case required by its position in its own sentence . Thus in the ﬁrst of the

u 1r1_ 536 51 t i above sentences , § is the object af er and n

t eiv an b is é Q D the last sen ence q ﬁ the subject of Q g / Q . 4 16 . The following are additional examples

’ 4 161 0 65 G u e /p LDGUHQ GZET (or Lo eaﬁg gy f ? ) Who is the man wh o is going (along) there ?

1 6 63 9 5: 69 11 (2611 ) 51 651 ? 9 11 3611 65 5 113 1111 311 61 6 (364 )

What is the work which you will do to - morrow

6111165651 r ﬁ etéi 5 919 169 4 (g u g p ( , Is this the house in which they are living ?

' ' °

as 657.1 1 1 6711 611 G 55 Qﬁa 10n . 1L_ 5 61 r 611@ @ L21

61 1156 65 ? 1 28 ( , Where is the washerman who washes the clothes of this Lit villag e ? ( . who bleaches . )

- B . 417 . N . f t t t The uture rela ive par iciple is of en used , t a s in the preceding example , to express habit or cus om

The following remarks will be found useful :

(a) O n the relative participles of Trans itive ve rbs 1 1 4 8 . ( ) If the subject only of the relative participle is i n i expressed , the relat ve pronoun , i cluded in the relat ve 108

m For participle ust be the object after that relative participle . an 412 example , see para . .

419 2 is . ( ) If the object only of the relative participle h expressed , the relative pronoun , included in t e relative parti

ci le be f h . p , must the subject o t at relative participle See 41 para . 3 . 42 3 f h t h i 0. ( ) I both t e subjec and the object of t e relat ve h t th participle are expressed , t e rela ive pronoun included in e

v t t re relati e par iciple mus be governed by some p position . 41 4 See para . . (b) O n the relative participles of l ntransitive verb s 421 1 f c x h v . ( ) I no subje t be e pressed , t e relati e pronoun , i d be t f th nclu ed in the relative participle , must the subjec o at

t t . t i . 416 rela ive par iciple See he ﬁrst sentence n para . 422 2 f x h . ( ) I a subject is e pressed , t e relative pronoun , i h v d b included n t e relative participle , must be go erne y some 41 e 6 . preposition . See the third sentenc in para . 2 4 3 . An adjective may stand between the relative participle and the noun which it qualiﬁes . Thus

' ’ 1 65® O u /ﬁzu eo a é em és $ 1 6551 Q G 6 51 ® C5 p f g p .

I see a large tree which is upon the bank .

424. f The present relative participle is requently used , where in E nglish the imperfe ct past tense is employed in the i h relat ve sentence . T us

i a 161 696 ; 11 e G ul siQ w g g air 4 1. m /D 4 651 5645 11 651

The merchant called a boy who was feeding an ox there . 425 h f . T e uture relative participle is also sometimes used in the same manner . Thus

6 11 mm ace 11 6 9? Lscg a m ams

r h In a ce tain jungle , a c ertain tiger troubled the beasts whic were living in it .

1 10

11 ta - r t by adding to roots which ke in the p esen ,

D é Q T aﬁ xin th e and u to those which take d , and then g

9 5 11111 1 9 a= uf1 u 611651 pronominal afﬁxes ; as , ;

11 1 1 414 1 1 1 44 14 64 651 . h f f 1 1 9 , 9 In t e ormer class o words ,

611 e a 6 51 is changed into in the neut r singular , except fter ;

9 16 1 67 651 5 11 14 . h as 5 , 5 1 T us

9 5= 1£1 m ai1 i u He who does or w ll do .

9 5 111 14 611 611 S w . he ho does , or will do

9 1 611 11 11 t w h w . 4 I hic does , or ill do

9 5 111 61111 H h n o riﬁ w h o 14 e o c . ( ) does , or will do

. h o h . f w . T ey (m ) do , or will do

' ' 9 6 : 111 L 1 651 611 66 61r

h . h w T ey (neu ) whic do , or ill do or 9 5 11111 6 51611 43 1 f . The neuter singular o the future participial nouns f 9 1 1 11 6111 to rom to go , to come , 4 or e g g become ,

h 6 1 6 51 3 14 611 611 7 611 to ear , and to say, are n , 05 9 , 4 4 , G . $ L_- L I 61 651 14 . @ , and 5

4 2 1 6111 3 . ( ) Instead of and 4 , the afﬁxes

p ’f t 14 1 5 and g are some imes used as 97

t f 1 1 1 6 611 651 14 1 1 6 611 11. 2 ins ead o 94 5 , 54 6 ( ) O ccasionally the neuter plural of the participial noun takes the old form in $ 611 as 9 5 1115 5 165611 for

a 433 . Those past relative p rticiples which may take 651 or 111 as their ﬁnal letter may take either form in the participial n oun formed from them ; as or etc .

43 4. The following are examples of the use of parti cipial nouns

? 9 5 11411 611 611 6 1 a 1air Who is s he that (or who) will do this thing ?

Q 111 651 651 1 113 LBS ZDIU lL Lb 14 6 611 5 5 1 11 1 1 1 1 ? § § q éﬁ / 4 4 Who is he that created the heaven and the earth ? 1 1 1

611 6 51 9 66 11 af1 m 651 65 G a rl ésl u /r ? 308 4 § qy ( ,

D i e . . o you hear what he said ( . that which he said)

’ n 4 1é G as c téfi w i s a fié) M G u frésfi rfi M éfi ah .

th w ho w th h w . Amongst ose ere ere , t ere as a certain scamp

ﬁ Q w rfesair Q é u me 9 5 1 6 519 14 4 6196 51 14 111 651 6 re5f a11 ? (F or

9 5 1 51 601 651 5 15 61 1 6 965 .

What is the meaning of th e things which they thus spoke .

435. E wh s e x is t S In nglish , ere the no peciﬁed , we may ? — t w a th say Who is it coming In he same y , in Tamil e t t di neu er par icipial noun may be i omatically used , as in the following sentence

9 15113421 1L 6 51 6 aﬁm § § 61> Who was it that came to you yesterday ? 4 36 . In addition to the usage explained above , neuter

S w g a l ev l ingular participial nouns , as gg p g , cg g , th are frequently used as nouns expressing e action , and are

h t in then equivalent to E nglis par icipial nouns ending in g , as i t com ng , doing , e c . The following examples illustrate this use of neuter singular participial nouns z

' 16 L1u 1 _e= 9 5 111 Q GE LD 4 9 n (

n is w —o r—I t w s Your doi g so rong is rong for you to do o .

’

1191ﬁ 61) 6 11 611 141 1 5 LD’-b 61361) 294 5 c « @ 4 ( , i Li t s t t . t t th . I not righ o keep him alive ( . on he ear )

’ 7 1 11 1 61 - 651 5 667 53651 11 /é 9 1 1 11 6 51 6 5 5 6} g f 9 4 ( (5 Q p g 1 (fiflr fl fl

111 1 1414 m 651 16 8 206 236 579 5 ( , , , , t hi Li s t . A cer ain king grieved over the death of horse . ( concerning his horse dying . )

’ 0 1 1 1 Q G mesLb u m ﬂm m 9 $ ® 4 9. ﬁ pp , Q

611 111 266 Q5 ( , B t w y hus forming a friendship , you ill be ruined .

437 . t th t It mus be most carefully noticed , at he Tamil neuter participial noun takes a subject in the nominative case ; Whereas the corresponding E nglish participial n oun 1 12

s v a e cannot do o ; but go erns the noun in the genitive c s ,

— 16 111 11 1 6: 9 5 1116 1 7 or turns it into an adjective . Thus 4 9 9 literally translated would be you doing s o g being the ' — subj e ct of 9 & u1 611567 ; but in E nglish we s ay your doing s o .

4 Th e i c f t 38 . dat ve ase o the neuter par icipial noun is f wh E h i o ten used to express pnrnos e , ere in nglis the inﬁnit ve mood is generally used . The inﬁnitive mood may also be

3 . . 90 used in Tamil See para . Thus

f 221 5 0 u mfé éd n 611 6 11715 671 . 4 1 r ﬁ mcg 5

i F r . L t . o They came to see it . ( the seeing it )

61016 11 651 111 u / i 67 11911379 61) 302 n n ﬂcﬁ ( ,

352,

H . Lit . Fo r e descended into the pool , in order to bathe ( making a washing . ) E 439 . The force of an nglish subordinate sentence begin w w f t ning ith the ord be ore , is of en expressed in Tamil

h w 1 0 6 51 its as in t e . by ord ( 7 before (or equivalent , given

th e 4 611 & 67T@67 T w 233 afﬁ xe d ‘ para . or by word or ithin ( ) to the dative case of a neuter participial noun . Thus

” 13 06 51 96 11 & 66T GE L/ 611 1. (5 , ? 9 5 117111 11111 id f D he know your disposition , be ore he formed a friend

h i h ? Li . i w h s ip w t you ( t Was your disposit on kno n to im , previous to his forming a friendship ? )

151 6 51 611 15 7 G a g g i airCPm 15 1 553 7 9 g p ‘ r cg , 4 5 5 4 3

c . Lit . h t t That order c me , before I arrived ( Wit in he im of my coming and arriving . )

O N A FFIXE S ATT AC HE D TO R E LATIVE P ARTICIP LE S

4 t l t de n o t 4 0. The rela ive particip es take cer ain afﬁxes ,

(Bu r 6 1 6 211 7 615 Lb in t . wh g time , manner, purpose , e c ; as g en , ®

f as t u . . as ar , un il , m according as , etc When thus used ,

1 1 4

2 Fo r h aﬁix 61 1 61 111 611 651 1 16 16 445. ( ) t e 4 9 look under 65

‘ 4 3 afiix m w r O r 4 6 . f c o ( ) The Q fi fi ( om pla e , pp

t to t t un ity) expresses time . It is a tached a relative pa

( is ticiple in the sense of when . It used in books rather than in conversation . Thus

16 11 651 efla mfi eflm eb 15656}c 5 b a 6 1 6116q g g fifi , 4 , g

t wh When I enquired , he old me the ole matter

. 6 2If e . & _ 6 5r 9 . m L m 44 4 aﬁix g . i 7 . ( ) The or (from

i aﬁix d mediately) expresses time . It s e to a past relative — as . participle , and means immediately , as soon Thus

14619651111 6 1 Q1£J L119 651 11 619 4 611 11e s%11 14

1 19 1 55 13; 9 5 11 651 9 302 91 4 1 4 ( ,

as h t t z As soon they ad arou sed the iger , i sei ed and i t k lled hem .

4 ﬁ 1 1 11 9 11 1 4 8 . 5 11 f ( ) The af xes 9 , 9 or ( rom t w a s ep) , hen joined to a present or a past relative par tici le h i f p , express manner ; and have t e mean ng o as ,

as h according . T us

611 6 51 1 9 4 651 651 1 . 9 4 1 1 9 9 5 111 611 651 . h I shall do as e said .

449 6 f 11 1 1 11 1 111 14 1 1 11 11 16 . ( ) The a ﬁxes 9 or 9 , w t hen joined o a future relative participle , express pur pose , and have the meaning of in order to , so that . Thus

9 5 5 9 1 115 611 266 55 ( , 406) h t They did homage , in order that he mig t show hem

Lit . f . t t t h im avour ( So tha pity migh come o . )

7 ﬁ 11 1 1 11 11 61) 1 45 450. ( ) The af x 9 (or ) is some t times added to a present relative par iciple , but more frequently to a past relative participle to express the 1 1 5

c —b a c ause ; and may be translated y re son of, on ac ount

e c . s of , b ause Thu

’ 16 11 651 Q d c u frg

6 1 61161111 121 9 5 11 5 1 9 651 6 51 183 192 ( , ,

i h h c n o w I have sa d all t ese t ings to you , be ause I am going to a far country . 79 ° 9 11155 5 4 651 14 19419 ® 6m 611 ¢11 6v

6 151 14 1 651 3 1 336 ( 0 , , B c f e ause great darkness came on , he lay himsel down in the way .

451 8 Fo r f 611 6 511 5 111 . ( ) the a ﬁx look under 65

452 9 f 19 5 5 11 1 113 h . ( ) The a ﬁx (manner) is attac ed to a

i e X re s s . past relative part ciple , to p manner It means

cc as . i . h a ording as , It s used chieﬂy in books T us

" 11 1 11 5 1 m 13 5Q 11 19 55 19 5 11 9 5 111 5 6 51 . 4 ‘ ‘ 9 I have done as you commanded

453 10 Th e f 19 6 51 19 651 9 6 111 . ( ) a ﬁx (and its equivalents ,

197 51 1 ﬁ 6 . i h t i 4 , p cg , etc ) s attac ed to a past rela ive partic

t . m t t . h ple to deno e time It eans after , af er tha T us

Q W IS IT GYT 9 14 1 5 1 19 6 51 1 mzﬁl 611 15 1 651 209 3 37 1 , ﬁ cg 5 ( , ,

w h ad t d . After a fe days passed , he re urne

4 4 11 9 11 1r 1 1; @ 5 . ( ) The afﬁx <5 (from prope rty) is attached to a future relative participle to denote pur —i n o . pose , and means rder to

It is used more in books than in conversation . Thus

' ' 651 11h9 u fr mﬁ) / esasdr 61 61 61111 121 Q g cg , q Cy

/é éﬁ 611 360115761) 5 1414 1m 1 38 1 83 305 310 a , 4 (Thus , , , ,

t h ai All he doves alig ted , in order to eat the gr n , and

e t t wer caugh in he net . 1 16

° 4 12 ﬁi 6 14 G u 55. ( ) The a x n or mmy (time) may be a fﬁxed to any of the relative participles to denote time ; and then means when or whilst . Thus

/ Lb G u mbrh r m 1r1191u 1r1f 4 11 c g ,n

’ ’ m eu ésﬁ mc u cﬂg mg uu GDw mi a G m m? 179 577 mg , ( , , t h h h In any place wha ever , do t ey grieve w en t ey are send

’ ing o ff the bride to her mother - in - law s house ?

' cg m u fiT L l L} 1 1 1 11 611 1 1 Q cirear fi augcwcmu a; fi n 54 5 ,

15 51151 ; d 310 ( ,

t h w c . When he peeped into the s reet , e sa a little hild

’ ’ q m5 m G u nma n /1515950 mm as rbG u rr 611 20111 5 @ gg g , 4 5 ﬁ ®§ g é¢ Lu ig i? th e When a king enters on an evil course , one who speaks an d h i t c ecks him s he prime minister . 4 6 5 . The present and future relative participles are very . f h h x w E h f c requently used wit t is afﬁ , here in nglis the imper e t t 424 42 . C . 5. ense is used ompare paras , Thus

' LD J Q cw r u LJ L . 2 . 67T GTT e a . 30 ) CQ 9 m q 5 119 63) s w ag :

h e w When as drawing in his head again , it struck against t h e - Lit - window frame . ( . The window frame struck on his head . )

’ ° 5 15157q a rﬁé a i m G su G u fr rhe u fr z 5 C5 cg g ,

o 63 5 113 14 m L86 5T l Lfi fl alT 93 b n r fi ( , Whilst an ascetic w as going along the bank of a certain

h . pool , a ﬁsherman caug t a ﬁsh

45 1 F r f m 1; ®1_b 7 . ( 3) o the a ﬁx or look under a l m d éscg m

458 14 fi x m fi i fi éu 111/r i d) . ( ) The af fifi fi fi (from i g measure) is attached to a past relative participle to express time ; and

s m eans as soon as . Thu

1 c ew iascir c al 135 1 } O u szmu at c / / , q

1 18

° ’ ° = 67 6 511 6u a u m m @m 16 6 ér 114<9 9 5 1£I G G5T 293 @ q , qy § ( ,

' t w c . Lit . did w e ll as far as I did i as ell as I ould ( I it , it w as possible by me . )

O N VE R BA L NO UNS

The verbal noun in Tamil has several forms .

a n e o u n . i 462. ( ) O form of the Tamil verbal n s made by

' aﬂixin g 5 6s to a roo t which takes Q Qd T in the present whi tense , and or less frequently to a root ch

’ .stQ G cir s h f t takes m in the pre ent tense . T us rom he root

9 5 1111 5 63) f h is formed 5 doing , and rom t e root is formed or learning . These verbal

t i . nouns , like he neuter participial nouns explained n para 436 h E , express t e act , and thus closely resemble nglish i a n n . p rticipial nou s ending in g ; as doing , saying , etc They are declined like nouns of the fourth declension ; and h t h are chieﬂy used in t e nominative or he dative case . T us

fag /ra a) 67 6719 18 1 g g 5 ( . i . e . i v Speaking is easy for all , It s ery easy to talk (but not so easy to act) .

6965 Q a L ® 3 29 67 0 5 9 q ( , 4 45 6i ' b t b fiml—“J mif éf g m 4 1 6 7 239 Q a cefi mce fi c w 11 4 ( .

’ 292 O w c mn b g é G a e m nfi mfi r 2 , g / fi Q qfi g ( ,

6 1 63) o a e ( 7425 bec mes y ﬁ ﬁcj , para . H z k t w earing a li ard chirping , and nowing hat it as a bad

th i e omen for ascending or descending ( e tree) , he rema n d there a long time . F . t w t 463 rom the above examples , i ill be noticed tha t these verbal nouns take a subjec , like the participial nouns .

43 . See para . 7 Thus the sentence your doing this is right would be translated into Tamil G er

. 1561) whi l b e — n , ch litera ly translated would you doing

370. this is right , 1 19

f v e n 46 4. The ormation of some erbal nouns b lo ging to this class require attention ’ — (B /r G 14 1r 337 . (1) The roo ts u (or @ ) to go ( ) e gg (or g g ) — — “ to become (336) emf to come (3 38) 0 5 677 to hear or to ask form their verbal nouns as follows ; (Bu /W563) or

— éu c — 61 63) going q g g or be oming 1355 — G coming s mg ﬁ é) hearing or asking .

2 Boo ts f ( ) o one short syllable ending in a mute consonant , usu ally inse rt the vowel 2 . be fore the verbal noun termi

—e m nation ; and double the ﬁnal consonant thus ,

6137 fi j é) verbal noun eatin g ; £ , verbal noun fi g fi

' 1 5) t 516s r 19 65 1 . eating ; , ve bal noun 9 15 s anding 46 b l 5. ( ) Another form of the Tami verbal noun is made Q O by aﬂixin g w as to a roo t which takes Q/D Q H in the present

’ ‘ 6667106 5 atQ G air (Bu /rac e ; tense , and to a root which takes p , as

”Fl 611 /r w cma; going , walking . The root makes cg

1 3) coming ; 3 5 67} makes G a mm a (94) asking or hearing ; 19 6

1 19 156uw 2 4 4 94 . t f . 6 makes , ( ) standing Sec ion o para also

air m e s relates to verbal nouns of this class ; as Q g m eating . The most co mmon use of this form of the verbal noun is

i t is in the locat ve case , to express ime ; it then usually translated into E nglish by the word whilst or when . It is h t also sometimes used in t e instrumental case , o express

u the ca se or reason . The following examples illustrate the

above remarks .

mu t ant 6 om aﬁ s n} G u mm a aﬂé) 611 9 11575) a 1 14 6 m @ gg gj , 91 g <§

5m1 é; a s /isms 01 - 14 4 fﬁ rm 192 215 (5 9 ( , , t w c i i Whils four persons ere going to a erta n v llage , they

saw a bag of money in the road .

’ ’ sm a ﬁ ep 15 d (25 611 6 55731 61 11135 11 6 57 a , 3 298 ( ,

h t h c . W en hings were t us , one day a certain servant ame =120

0 a 3 rbcgo m m u 9 7 663 555 65 113 (53 4 5 6355565

ﬂi e . m ﬁ go g G u rr

6 9 1} B f i y reason o your rule being uncongen al to the people, f hw h you will ort it lose your kingdom . 466 . These verbal nouns , as will be seen from the pre c di x c v e ng e amples , usually take a subje t , like the erbal nouns

B u t . 463 . e f explained in para in the cas o some words , and

f h 5 6 1115 especially o t ose ending in , they do not do so , but h are treated as pure nouns . T us

' 16 1_5 6m5 Ib éb éﬂ éum) g c Q/

c i . Lit . i Their condu t s not good ( Walk ng . )

15 7 6113 (yam / 6 5 14 14 0 5 55 6m5 1u 1r63) ® 5 ®Q cu @ Lb B w i c L it . B y association ith blockheads , evil w ll ome . ( y associating with . )

467 0 . ( ) Another form of the verbal noun is made by f i 63> th e i 387 h a ﬁx ng to inﬁn tive mood ( , T us

R oot I n ﬁn . Verbal noun

Q az uf; ® 5 u3u1 9 5 113114 63) in do g .

’ c rQ a mé) i a a . 4, a .n consider ng

6 5 63) = 5 i c g or e g g g £5 becom ng .

standing .

31 7 63) 6 coming .

' {25 67} 695 L_5 63) i hear ng or asking . This form of the verbal noun is not much used in the t h h common dialec , except in t e instance mentioned in t e next paragraph . It usually takes a subject but may

sometimes be used as a pure noun . The following are ex amples of the use of this form °

Z 3) fﬁ LJ 9 5 113111 6 . Q G IT6 57 W L9. J / g

u lt h Lit . D It is diﬂi c to do as one as said . ( oing accord h i f c ing as one as sa d , is di ﬁ ult . )

C HA P TE R V II I

n the Ne ative f rm of r O g o Ve bs , Passive Verbs ,

Reﬂexive Verbs , and C ausal Verbs

O N T HE N E G A TIVE FO R M O F V E R BS THE N EG ATI VE TENSES i i i h h I n Tam l the negat ve s expressed in t e verb , ence every verb has a distinct negative form .

ure ne ative tense f i s 470. A p g is ormed by add ng the per onal terminations to the root ; when doing so the rules of euphony , 88—92 a . f . given in par s , are care ully observed This tense

f r t i i theoretically re e s to all ime , but t s commonly used

t t . 14 1 1 only as an habi ual presen tense Thus from the roots 5,

LJL _@UJ 6 5T t 16 an d c Q , 1. /g q are formed the tenses 9 I learn no

l c 111 16 14 651 . h I wa k not , 5 3 I send not T ey are thus declined SI NGULAR

1 1 151 6 11 1 651 14 111 114 7 111

L11 _114 1r6 5r 15 1_ 611 1rs51 1,1

5 15 _6) 1 1re5r 14 194 1 1 671 1

U n lJ /ﬂg mm sv rrg P LURAL

611 11 11) 1 16? q 14 19. 69q 4 3 511 ° " 119 1? 15m 619 5 11 11 11915 14 111 4 73 ° ° " § 155 155 u 19_u§ 155 651 16 1_a 651 65 1 23

F 14 1 411 17 11 11414 17 15 M . . 9 4 4

17 } Q u 1r175 657 P e r. 3 F 14 1 4 4 17 5 67 1 M . . 9 4 Q ' E 14 1 411 5 1151_a 1 17 11 1 14 1r N U . 9 4 Q

— th f t 50 11 1657 h N B . . With e exception o he one word 4 1 , t is t tense is no very often used in common Tamil , except in the third person singular neuter . The following are ex amples

6 5 5 19 1 1s fr657 99 114 6 57 240 4 5 651 55 4 1 ( ,

Li E . I do not kno w anything about it . ( t . ven one thing )

1 5 9 5 69 9114 5 4 5 ] 67 65 655 5 11 4 . it L . . I do not know . ( It is not known to me )

w f t be t 471 . The follo ing ormations mus no ed makes

1 (3 1 117 5 17 as/ 61111 6 1 1 5 . 4 , 4 makes g ﬁg , makes 4

r 472. The negative p esent te nse is most commonly ex pressed by the nominative singular o i the neuter participial noun formed from the present relative participle fol lowed by the word (366) as 11517 6 57 1 1 16 5 19 1114

t 11sfr6 57 t (con racted into I am no learning . — t Lit . . ( I learning is no , or There is not my learning ) The pronoun alone shows the number and person , as

16 17 6 57 U é § ® %ﬂ t 4 p ﬁ I am no learning .

16 Thou art not learning .

611657 H . is t t e . 4 etc no learning , e c The following are examples ° 7 4 611 657 4 155 (2631 36 05 1 11 1 5 ® 5 u4 5p § 763ﬁ963x

He is not doing that work .

5796 17 mb fi éfiw afl r? 19 6 g cg mfi I s not the child sleeping ?

n 473 . The neuter singular of the past a d of the future participial nouns are also sometimes u sed in the same way with to form a negative past and a negative future t 16 1 6 51 675 13 ense ; as 5 4 I did not , or have not 1 24

1517 6 57 695 111611 . done ; 4 I shall not , or will not do Thus

° ' 5 C. 16 17 657 4 611 65ﬂm 5ﬁ c3) $ L 6 5T 611 17 157 Q 6574 11>

67m_5 f h h I neither received the loan rom im , nor tore up t e bond .

4 4 n ative ast tense 7 . The eg p is most commonly ex pressed by the inﬁnitive mood followed by as

1 h 1517 657 I learnt not , or I ave not learned . w t w The ords do no change , hatever the subject may be ; but the number and person are shown by the pron oun only . Thus

m 5 4 5 1 175 657 4 155 a ® g 14

They did not go to that village yesterday .

t e utu e te nse 475. The nega iv f r is most commonly ex pressed by the inﬁnitive mood preﬁxed to t h e tense 11317

which is the pure negative tense from th e root Thus

11517 6 57 w I shall or ill not learn .

15 . h w t t etc T ou shalt or ilt no learn , e c . — é m 657 1 . 1u4 6 57 17 Thus Q ﬁ 113 L m 1r6 57 . This boy will not learn the lesson

6 h ne at e m erat e s n 47 . T e g iv i p iv i g ular is formed from the third person singular neuter of the pure negative tense by ) changing ﬁnal 5 1 into The ho n o riﬁ c

t 11 151 5 657 : — form adds and he plural adds Thus neu ,

1 1 17 69 3rd . 1 1 111 . 11 1 1 111 17 sing . per 9 4 ; imper 5 5 ,

17 11 1515 57 . 1 1 11 1 6 5 6 Do . 2 1 1 C . 53 9 1 1 not read ( ompare paras , Thus

b g 1 m l; @5@ 14 (21 117 5 7 9 5 Bo y ! do not go to the house !

126

® Lu a 5 h h c c . 5 g An animal or t ing w i h , et

® 5 u3u4 1r 6u rf5 air P wh t 5 . l eople o , e c

® 5 iiw rr m su 5 dr t w . g Animals or hings hich , etc The following are examples

Li vy / 5 5116 51 5 1T/ﬁ1u 5 1rfé 1u n h m 95 120 5 g5 g ﬁ cg ( , ,

The act o i o ne who does not examine will give trouble .

sag /ri g u a br ® § g (g amma/Lb

w h w . That hic one does not increase , ill decrease

4 1 l 8 . The negative relative participles take affixes ( ike the positive relative participles) to form subordinate sentences Thus

rr .g amir 14 6753 5 671 5 67 6 157 5 5 ® 5 1r m 5 u u1 1rsi / 5 1 65 r 4 n ' ’ Lg fﬁw mg G er uJ G ﬁ aiT i i t ht As he d d not g ve me he money , I broug a case against him .

2 48 . The negative verbal noun is formed by changing ﬁnal 5 of the neuter singular third person of the negative

m in 1 1 1” a tense (470) into ; as 14 9. the not learning . Thus

a no m m 56mm 9 5 1131 1” a is th m ? w g ( us

i d o Lit . It is a good th ng never to wrong . ( The not doing ever wickedness is a good thing . )

B re ﬁxin t t h 483 . y p g the nega ive verbal par iciple to t e

t v . verb to be , a complete nega ive erb may be formed This form is frequently used ; as u n arm e d)

w /w asp . [J or I am not learning a Q @ ,

Do not learn . Thus

g ang l ia /1 3 63) f55 a 1518 5zna 5 m @@ ( g g ,@ @ u mCB 511 11335 5 1 h h ad t . A fox whic not go any prey , went forth for prey

The use of the a bove form with frequently occurs 1 27

in the formation of negative subordinate sentences . Thu s

' ' fi? u i uu frm su fii u r u /rsu u fi mem5 emw 5 675 17 6955 g c g g , s eesaw) 450 ( ,

t t t . As you did no study , you did no pass the examina ion

4 G u rr 48 . Instead of the verb to go is sometimes f used as above , to orm a negative verb ; as d He isappeared .

O N P A S S lV E V E R BS

4 E 85. A form answering to the passive voice in nglish is re ﬁxin occasionally used in Tamil , and is made by p g the inﬁnitive mood o f a verb to the verb L159 (301) to suffer ; as I am beaten ;

5 5 Q u ®® w a§1 I was beaten ; 4 4 I shall be beaten .

a 486 . This form is seldom used in Tamil ; n d when f E t th translating rom nglish in o Tamil , e passive should ,

as t . a rule , be turned into he active voice

487 . It must be here noted that sometimes the verb u ® is w idiomatically added to an intransitive verb , ithout altering its meaning . Thus instead of the form

is sometimes used .

4 8 t as 8 . In he same manner such a form u nl m is t t n some imes used for the rela ive participle , i stead of

O N R E FLE XIVE V E R BS w t 489 . A reﬂexive verb , ans ering in some respec s to

h G is fﬁ t e middle voice in reek , formed by a xing the verb

l e man 2 Co (3 8) to the verbal participle of another verb . This form expresses that the action denoted by the verbal t participle is done in reference to , or for he beneﬁt of , the subject . Thus

’ r mi a 13s e u n ﬁ 5® 5 1re§ rerr5 G e /rs ziﬂ m sir. 308 1 § g ( ,

h im . t . . t I told o look out for himself , i e o beware 1 28

g ym au w i a' air — — The gentleman is dressing himself o r is putting on his clothes .

4 0 5 5 671 90. This form with is also sometimes used to express a continuous action . Thus

fi u r flfiu ® 5 1r6n6197 Q g ,

They continued to talk and quarrel in this way .

— G as /rev} B . 4 1 N . O 9 . ccasionally this form with appears w t t to be used merely as an expletive , i hou adding any special meaning to the verb to which it is affixed .

O N C AUS A L V E R BS

492. C as ausal verbs , a general rule , are formed by adding

’ ’ 619 to ro ots which take Q G p wT in the present te nse ; and £1 6 1 to roots which take B oth these classes of

5 5901 6 51 causal verbs take 5 , and in the

t e h u present , past , and future nses T s l (195 111 t G 5 u 5 3 a51 a 9 5 113 69 to do (presen tense m , caus l ) to

° cause to do ® 5 11369 1J <2u 65n I5 I to walk (present tense causal mm u ﬁ )

16 14 5 19 5 5 0 65 1is1_u to cause to walk ; 5 ,

9 Q U L LJ 6 57 .

493 . fe w c w A roots ending in a mute onsonant , hich t t take in the presen ense , form a causal by adding

t 5 1r6 551 t s e e 5 1r5 51 191 se e to he root ; as o , to cause to ,

5 3) w 6 t t c t h . to sho ; o learn , o ause to learn , o teac S b 494. ome roots form the causal y adding 5g to the

2. root ; the se verbs come under para . 30 Thus to f uff . s er , to cause to suf er

Ib' _ 4 l. 95. The verb to walk may take as its causal

mm é ] . or ‘ g 496 t h . Some roots make o her c anges to form causal

u verbs . It will be easier to treat s ch forms as distinct

CHA P TE R I X

er s n i i n l O n Auxiliary V b , C o d t o a S entences , the

rtain Part f h r E N Optative Mood , C e s o t e ve b t o y ,

and on the Principal Parts of a Tamil Verb

O N A UXILIA R Y V E R BS

' F Q amaarQ 3 02 1 498 . I . rom the root ( ) are formed ( ) a t t 2 c regular transitive verb , meaning o entrea ; and ( ) a defe tive impersonal verb , meaning to be needed , to be wanted . The parts of the defective verb which are in most frequent u s e are the third person of the habitual present or future

(3 6116 551 3 113 c G a /Lb tense , namely , (commonly pronoun ed g ), and 0 611 655 m (commonly pronounced which is h w the corresponding irregular negative form . T ese ords govern a dative case . Thus

u 1ruf1 C29 J 6551 ® Ln1r ? 209 Q§ ( , ? D o yo u want ten rupees (Lit . Are ten rupees needed to you

611 1t GT W é Qﬁ (2 6551 1_ . Lit i w t th t . s I do not an a box ( . That box not needed to me . )

C2a1 653r® 1b G w afar m frm 499 . The words and are also used as xi i v h t h th e t au l ary erb s , and are t en a tac ed to inﬁni ive of 1 31

h v th e n another verb , to express compulsion ; and a e meani g

f t . h o mus , and must not T us 9 7 gJ am ir 6 6717 u r1 1_556m5 5 635 5 7 113a .. / ( , , it He L . must learn his lesson quickly . ( It is necessary

f h . or im to learn , etc)

" 15 /£7 625 c al

You must not go there .

0 O (2611 6551167 5 0. ther parts of the defective verb are also ff f t x a ixed to the inﬁnitive o o her verbs , as au iliaries , to express the above meaning . Thus

67 6 51 5 Q M TQ GU Q bTLLIU u m u n 3 u m ) 368 C§ S $ n ( g ( ,

is u The money which must come to me thirty r pees .

1517 6 51 675 1136 671 6 57

I shall do what I ought to do . — ~ 0 611 655r® 23 1 N . B . 1 50 . The auxiliary is often used idio m aticall wh y by an inferior , en making a request to a E superior . In nglish some such word as please must b e inserted . Thus

11511 6 51 1611

You must please forgive the fault that I have committed .

2 t o f 50 . II The word he third person neuter h f t is t e uture tense of o join , idiomatically used in

s i n iﬁcatio n s 1 s t two g ; namely , ( ) In the ense of o be possible , t t expressing abili y , and governing an instrumen al case ; as

u 1611 Li i c 1 6i> He can . t . t s e /g 4 , @ do it ( Tha possible

i 2 s by h m) ; and ( ) In the ense of to be ﬁt , suitable , proper ,

r as expressing ﬁtness , and gove ning a dative case ; Q g 7 5 1rﬁ 5 15 5 5 1 01 113 . 1 h . q <§ C5 T is is suitable for the purpose

503 h t w h is . T e corresponding nega ive is hic used in exactly the same man n er ; as (1) 4 51 611 59 63) i L t . b He cannot do it . ( That is not possible y 1 32

h im 2 5 .7 119u 5 5 5 G n u /7 L h ui . 7 ) ( ) Q 5 f g g .5 T is is not s t h able for t e purpose .

04 5 .. 5 . The words and n are also attached , as auxiliary verbs to the inﬁnitive of other verbs ; and these

t o t are used to express w dis inct ideas , namely — 505. F as irstly . Ability and Inability

671 7 6 5756515 111113 é§ u96 m1u 1q 1b Q m 5 1q m 239 240 ( , ,

He h i . w o created heaven and earth , can do th s also

5 rrn i> 5 1 13 14 1 555 5 5 c g 5

5 4 289 3 52 n ( , ,

‘ c t w w A ertain old iger, o ing to weakness , as unable to get its food . 506 F — — . n ﬁtn Secondly . itness and U e s s o r P ropriety

5 5 1r ? an d Impropriety ; as 5 5 5 119 5 5 n ® u> Is it proper to pronounce it in this way ?

c g m /5515657 m n ﬁ m m u 5 6 51 6 579 5 651 5 0 6u 19 1 6 6U Q 5 y g g 5 ‘ Q 5 5 5 .. 128 n ( , They must not enter into the presence of the gentle Lit I t man . ( . is not proper for them to enter . ) O th f 507 . er parts o are also used to express the same meaning . Thus

5 4 11 110 1 1 095) 15651 m e m d 302 9 q g ﬁ ( ,

i L t . s as I wrote it as well as I could . ( As far a it w possible by me . ) E 508 . . auxi iar v r III The nglish l y e b may , expressing h permission , is expressed in Tamil by t e verbal noun f f h i x 5 ormed rom t e inﬁn tive mood preﬁ ed to 45 , a shortened form of $ 6i? In this idiom the verb

h h i t . egg or e g g as t e mean ng to be ﬁ or proper See

a 468 . p ra .

1 34

651 1 0 3651 6 9 6511 1 5 m ] . 1. 165d 5 5 g

A man ought not to beat his wife .

513 . O 5 ther parts of the verb 1 65 are used in the same manner . Thus

° ® 5 11 1 1u 55 5 115 651 5 1 5 3m 5 615 1115 11 11)

w t to h You have done hat you ought no ave done .

4 . f e i 51 . V A orm expressing p rmiss on , and equivalent

E xili r t h n to the nglish au a y le , is made by c angi g ﬁnal

4 of an inﬁnitive into 4 L ® 1b . This word is probably

11 11123 n t a corruption of 9 , the third perso neu er of the h f t L CD abitual present or uture ense of Q to permit , allow .

611 651 L e t i h h Thus 4 h m come , w ic is probably an abbreviated form for 4 6113651 P ermit him to come . The following are examples

16 11 651 L e t me go

Le 8 . N ! t it be ! i . ever mind 15 t f th f 5 . Wi h the sign o a question is orm may be trans lated by the E nglish auxiliary may . Thus

? M ay I go home

O N C O N DITIO N A L S E NT E N C E S

C w h E li h f 51 6 . ondition ( hic is expressed in ng s by i t t (or by i s equivalen s , in case , supposing , is expressed in Tamil by a form made by changing ﬁnal 67 and 6 51 of the ﬁrst person singular of the past tense into 4 61) as

P ast Tense u 19 5®5 651 Conditional

4 5 115 151625 1

611 16 3 5 651

G fr 61> u @ .

U L Q L G dT

® 5 ﬂ 6551 @1_6 51 1 35

517 . f f This orm is the same or all genders , numbers , and persons . The following are examples

’ ’ ' 151? eva LDLQL m ﬂ eu w ann fss ar , cg .

f c . I you all , they will come

’ zfrl irgm r es 175/rm G u rra G w saar@Lh s c a ﬁ 298 mp , ( ,

f th w e . I e child cries , must go 51 8 . h f w f T ere is another orm , hich is not o ten used in fﬁ 5) the common dialect , made by a xing Q to roots which

° Q G afr 615c w ch take p in the present tense , and to those hi

59 ufﬂci) lJ L é Q é) 55 0 0 651 O g uﬁ . take 2 ; as , a Thus

’ 4 6116 51 UJ /ruﬁ mm e séslé) a /m m tu a n rﬁu Q 4 q rs , g g g AQ

65 12) 95 246 65 ( , , f h v w ff w I he be a e isely, his a air ill succeed .

- A B . N . i 519 . still more uncommon form s made by

ir é ﬁ s ir 5 ) a f ez t i) . a ﬁxing Q and Q , instead of Q and Q 520 f . Another common form or expressing condition in

° is eu éﬂei) Tamil , made by adding % @ or c g , the condi tio n al f t forms o e or to become , to he future tense gg ,

E 6 or to the past tense of a verb . mphatic ] is sometimes added to the tense when thus used . The following are examples

m ré g em éc (075 19 6 m ? fi g fi 5n m a m é cg g ' ‘ fili fi w m e - Lh 4 6117 6 7} 63 g fi 25 ( , t t w t If you repea this mys ic verse , Kali ill appear o you Lit w ( . If you have prayed this verse Kali ill become an appearance to you . )

n 611 657 m e treaﬂm gf éleu w ew rsﬁr J é c a/ ‘ f cg /n @

«5 1:1 O u LLL esaﬂr G raves /TL}; O a s QDQ G u a}? 183 r a ( , h w w t If e ill come to me , I ill give him all hose boxes .

21 . t 5 The negative if no , is usually expressed in Tamil by (th e conditional form of @9@ 301 ) preceded 136

by the negative verbal participle of another verb . When t t m oi) t e hus used , he ﬁnal of the nega ive verbal participl is often omitted ; as O m inu n o si) Q QL L J GH) or O a h u /reﬁ t; Thus

an ds G u éﬁ G w szir Q M HQ QL LJ TGK) g l ; , w é 232 q g g ( , w h f If he comes , I ill speak wit him ; but i he does

t w ll t . no come , I i no assist him

22 w w n o é) i 5 . The ord for e , a verbal partic ple connected with the word Q ab asv is often preﬁxed to

i) Q Q L J rs t h wi . LL , and used in he sense of if not , or ot er se Thus

’ 611153 1r63) g s G’ é w WQ QLLm rré) 5 , c y gg Q , ’ _ @ 9 Q G TJILJ LDITL G Gdﬂ g ang / 5565 D 5 l— w w h f w If he comes , I ill speak it him ; i not , I ill not assist him .

523 w . 483 . In accordance ith para , a negative form for condition may also be made by pre ﬁxin g the negative verbal participle of any verb to the conditional form of the verb Thus

' ' ' L a 15 L1 u 1rL 5m L1 U u u e o é) e m éy c / 5 5 5 g g g g é ' 1 _ 5 1 7 sT LDu 9 5 5 .17q t w ? If you do not learn hat lesson , how will you kno it

4 4 524. w t . 8 f In accordance i h para , instead o t w G u ﬂ ci) w th e he ord gg may be used , hich is conditional

’ t G u rr t h form of he verb o go . T us

1§ f gJ m é: a m m m u e u ﬁ é) u m c / 5 y g 5 55 7565 Q m m {565515 t w f di If you do not do i , it ill be a ground or spleasure against you . (Lit . It will become a grou nd for displeasure in your name . )

1 38 form ed from the future relative participle thus

0 6110 59 6 9 0 7 5

M ay you prosper

a mz m m u T /T C Q f cp Q é lL/Lh 611Q§ 6v5 r5 M ay thy kingdom come ! 3 530. ( ) Another way of expressing th e optative is by

5 adding to the root . Thus

w a e; a /1 5 9 m g c l

M a 0 y you prosper , King ! 531 . The negative optative is formed by pre ﬁxin g the negative verbal participle of any verb to one of the optative 4 forms of See para . 83 . Thus

9 161? mg y rﬁ cg iug mrss (61975Q1rg

M ay you not fall !

O N T HE US E O F T HE W O DS m ain/ 21 67 m m d r R 4 , , g ub,

6 r6 57 u 1 m arb éu E TC 5 , w , .

51 1 532. 67 6 2 7 I . The word 4 is the verbal participle of the

6 7 651 t s a t i e verb o y I is idiomat cally used in s ntences , which in the corresponding E nglish generally use the word

I ts that . most common occurrence is when the words of a

Speaker are repeated . It will be found easiest to regard it t h w as a par icle meaning t us , which ord is frequently used E t t in old nglish o express the same idea ; as , for ins ance , — in the Biblical expression Thus saith the Lord . The fol lowing are examples

’ — ‘ 57 7 6ir 1 d u r . 67 6 9661 1 9 a 6L g ) C lo . 65 533 . c / Q g / 9

— ’ es ' ITG ZlT 1r m} 6 T6 51 g)1 G ssL C Q Q I G dT IB 67 ﬁ ub gy = / 5 cg

szi m 5 5 1 551 6 “) 179 448 y u q ( , ) ’ G mair 6 r6 1374 11

h him h W en she asked , W y do you beat me in this w ’ h — ‘ t ay ? e replied I bea you , because you do not do one 1 39

’ i L t . h si n gle thin g as I tell you . ( When s e asked thus ’ “ ‘Why do you beat me in this w ay ? He said thus— I

t n o n bea you by reaso of your not doing , as I say any e

’ 7 1r 1r u QQ c s a j m 6 5 JL3© u 611 6 51 aJ LJu Q G aiT 579 / 5<§ m ( , 580) Li . t He f h w . th f I ear that e ill die ( will die , us I ear . )

3 65 65 6116 1 c r /6701 67 e 6 7 6 6T $ 9 11911 121 . 4 y ® I 5 4

h h t . Lit . He h I know t at e is here ( is t ere , thus it is known to me . )

Q JG dT 4 1 211 5: O e uhzu st ea cial da 6 7 6 51 11 167%ar é @@ 6 5r .Q / 5 5 4 5 Li . He i t . h I think that he can do t ( can do it , t us I think . )

16 1r6m1u r eia G a j a trm rt 67 6111 21 G rr f c g a 4 a ®§

(2 6 81 297 5 ( , Lit I ordered you not to beat the dog . ( . You must not

th . beat at dog , thus I gave an order )

4 s7 th 53 . The word e is not used before any o er part — ' ' ' th e 6 1 6 51 . 4 1116 L1 u saar 6 m n1 m o sé s; of verb Thus , 5 5 5 g / gg

15 09 11 6 5 616 6 1 6 51 1 657 67 65T J O e n akr aér 6 6 Q . 55 ( y (or < gg )

He t h t th e said hat t ey had given the money o boy .

67 6 51 21 t G TG JT 535. Instead of 4 , the inﬁni ive is sometimes used in the higher dialect . Thus

‘ ’ Q G fBQ /iss air ﬁ maighu rh 522 525 5 ( ( , ) " w iés 61m - 67 6 zsr 0 5 6 0 6 : gagy gg @@ 1. m 5 ® $ IT6 51 ®1 6 B F h t h h riends , althoug hey may not have wealt , will elp ’— t S o m asu n m a . one another , hus said

m ai / 1 5 2 . 36 . Sometimes n4 is used as a pure verbal participle 7 —n ss air 15 6 55 611 6137 611 1? —6 T6 5T I Thus 5 69 (5 Q , ’ atO g fla aTm fl dfl 380 g ( , 140

’ The servant said A re you the potter ? Come along !

n r— a d he seized hold of him . O The servant sei ze d hold of him saying Are you the potter ? Come along ! ’

5 i 6 7 6 517 11 h f to 37 . Somet mes 4 is used in t e sense o saying o n t e se neself , or thi king ; and hus oft n expres s the reason o r cause and hence may sometimes be translated by a s or because . Thus ’ 9 6 1 1 1 1 1 6117 a w mm u é 111 17 6 7 657 711 11 7 17669 Q 5 cg 43565 7 6 7 6 57 <1y 6 57

He w as w h i said , I looking (at it) , thinking het er th s pal

w . Lit w m . i yra tree ould do to make a plough ( I as look ng ,

‘ saying [to myself] . Will this palmyra tree be suitable for a

1 36 37 5 11121 LI Q 9 55 3 59 9 75

7 7 1 611 13 69 6 7 6 6 6 517 55 5 163 7 61 5u 1; 1_17 6 57 234 5 5 ; e 33 65 5 5 ( ,

244,

He wh rejoiced some at , because after so long a time his h L t ad t t i . boy a any rate got his much ntelligence ( i . Saying [to himself] after so many days this much intelligence at any rate h as come [to my

1 538 . ( ) It must be specially remembered that the p article 67 6 57421 is by no means the exact equivalent of the conjunction that in E nglish In sentences in which

w f e 6T 6'5’I J the ords o a speaker are repeat d , C Q closely equals f h the force o inverted commas , because , in Tamil , t e direct E S . words of the peaker are usually given In nglish , we

u s e ln ~ may the direct form with inverted commas , or an direct form of expression with that ; thus in E nglish w e

‘ ’ — I w i h e—o r— He h h e may say ill come , sa d said t at

r is woul d come . In Tamil the ﬁrst form of exp ession used ;

6 7 65 011 6 7 6217 6 67 as 77 (or 69 ) — h I w il w c h . He said t us l come (or I ill ome , said e)

1 42

h E i i e is 42. 5 II . T e ngl sh express on named or call d

6 7 6 57 116 f e most commonly expressed in Tamil by Q , the utur relative participle of the verb 67 6 57 to say ; occasionally also 67 657 Q/1) is used ; and sometimes also 6 7 6 573 1 is idio m aticall h f wi i y used in this sense . T e ollo ng examples llus trate the use of these three words

61) u 6 17 6 57 6 T657 161 5 /T6 Lh 611 15 1 @ 5 Q 1 5 5 .

c La h u b adan an . The row , named g , came

’ 6 7 6 57 55 2) m ﬁ c m) 7 17 1n 657 6 7 657 1111 19 6 17 11) 1 @ 5

6557 1119 61736 17 19 5 155 17 657

h vi The n nalu B h In t e llage named , a certain ra min boy ,

R w . named ama , as born

57 543 . . 6 7 6 1 7 h c 43 1 III 1 5 , t e neuter parti ipial noun ( )

6 7 657 formed from the future relative participle of , is some

as times idiomatically attached to a subordinate sentence , in the following examples

5 Q LI ITHZIUJ IT W Q U F 1 W N ® 6 6 1 0 1311 117 6 57 a 61717 6 51 17 6mzu 61961) C§ c /(5

é m 6 Ta57 u ) 193 g , 5 ( , That is true which says Lying covetousness checks

’ ’

Th e L . t . i true liberali y , i . e say ng is true ying , etc

5 415 1r f t 6 7 1 1 e§ s a d1 657 1 . .g 5ﬁ g y cj 5 5® (5 9

ﬁ cg mjsm miesm%6@ 6 5T. The cultivator became an illustration of the saying ’ Li h h . t T e wisdom of a asty person is limited ( . The culti — vato r became an illustration to that which says Wisdom is a limited thing to a hasty person . )

544 6 7 6 37 8 5 7 67 6 57 . 1 5 and 55 1 may be used in the same manner . Thus

mu m zh 6 7 657 53 651 14565 n , 5 5 5 5 9 1

He illustrated in the case of the M ah o m e dan the saying

’ A blockhead will lose what he has even got in his hand . 143

9 1 1 17 1121 139657 021 9 10 1136 5111 1 9 6 165 1110 17 328 6 7 65 71 651 7 , 9 ( , 71 5

1 4.1 m 6 57 41 657 66 1 65 17 6 57 19 m 6 7 6 57 1 {5ﬁ g 1 / 5 C555 a 412 169 1 72 ( , , That very day the thief believed the saying to be true ‘ S t ’ Lit hall falsehood stand and conquer tru h ? ( . That day h h t that thief believed that w ic said shall falsehood s and , and conquer truth — saying It is

45 6 1 66 67 6 76) 51 5 . 11 8 . IV a (or ) the conditional form

f 6 7 6 57 m i h 6 7 1 11 1 1 1 h o to say is used idio atically w t 5 ow , and

6 7 657 6 57 f h E - what , in the sense o t e nglish expression as follows . Thus

a /5 13 19 1 1 10 6557 6 57 1 61976 5111 11 ) c l 5 4

° ' " 5 67 1 31 1 1 . 6 7 6 57 6 1i ds 16 1 0 65 611619111 93 Q 61m_6 9 Qy ,@ 5 @ ’ 24 t . 7 n e c ( ,

B h l e h as The ra min ook d at t e tiger , and reﬂected follows — h f . T is bracelet can be obtained or me gratis , etc

— ’ B is Ho w ? . N . . The expression literally translated if I say

It is only used when a somewhat long clause has to be given .

6 6 57 6 7 6 57 61) i 6 . 7 w f s 54 The expression qy hy i I say , idio

ti all f m a c y used in the sense o for or because , to introduce a reason or cause . Thus

' ‘ 1517 6 57 9 096 9 59 9 6 57 67 6 57 6 7 6 57 1 61) 9 6517 0361365 5 5 , Cy ,

1 0 17 1; G 1_ 657 475 492 , ( , ,

‘ e — I w w e H replied ill make you know , for I ill not giv

B e o ff ! Lit sa . you a loan . ( . Why , if I y )

O N T HE P RINCIP A L P A RTS O F A TA M IL VE R B

4 h w as 5 7 . In t e follo ing tables are given , examples , the principal parts of a few Tamil verbs

Imper . (root) 1 11565539 5 6 57 9 5 111 9 9 15 6757

9 57 7 6 517 Tenses 11 191 5 5 6 9 61 1119 5 1 1151 1 19 1 1657 Q $ I£J Q 6U 6 5T ‘144

' Q n 1 1 1 . 65 10 prese t 9 r

R e l . artic p . past

future 1 1 19 3;n

artic Verbal p . Conditional I nﬁnitive

1 1111 5 5 61) Verbal n ouns 1 1 15n 63>

9 5 11167176 :

Neg ative form

548 . P a resent u w s aﬁ ao ® 5 11 1 Q g1ﬁ 6i136 v

P ast 11 1 5 6561976396» 6 15 111u1 6196i> 2m Tenses 1 ’ Future G e r zu lu m rrm c m m

1 11 6 1 16 37 67 111 911 657 pres . 1 5 6

e 1 11 1 1 1 17 113 5) Verbal parti . 9 (or

(9 5 111 1 117g

l u i /17 6 9 11111 R e . . 6 5 1 5 partie n , 7

Imperative 1 1151 11 117 9 5 9 5 11111 117 9 5

Verbal noun 1 14 111 17 63 1 11) ® 6F11111 117 6 6> m

—I n N . B . i 549 . giving a complete s yn O p s s of a Tamil f t t verb , other orms might be added , bu he above are th e t t principal par s , and should be carefully committed o me

. w mory A fe more examples are added .

(2 17 50. . 1 1 61 1/T 5 Imper g (or c gﬁcg )

Q C d r G q G aiT G’ aﬁ P resent t . g l p n p

63 57 17 P . 6217 6 (21 1 6 6 117 6 57 Q J /5C3 éif ast t c 26 ﬁ

G Q J G ZlT (2 17 3 611 6237 . 11 Fu t t . g.

R e l . . . 6 611 19 p pr ,n Q5 p

t 2 6 67 i1 1 (21 117 6 67 ﬁ fé pas . {5 or c ﬁ

b (Bu rr/ d; 6) 1 1b fut . { t 5 @

111 9 1 1 17 111 Verb p . 1 3

év ﬁ w 031 117 é) W i /rd) C . . ond g gg ( q g ) @ g

1 46

Hab 6 5 17 . 677 6 5 7 657 pres . t .

- 6 5 1 V e r. past 677 5 717 10 5) past O S /TGYTW ITﬁ

5 17 57677 17 Imper . 6 6 5

® 5 mdra rmm Ver . noun m CHA P T E R X

O n the uses of the several Tenses— Combinate — forms of the Tenses and Participles Certain uses — of the Verbal Participle Translation of Tamil — and English— Intensive Verbs and on the

Idiomatic Uses of several Ve rbs

O N T HE U S E S O F T HE S E VE R A L TE N S E S

. a n t u se as 554. r nt te se I ( ) The p ese , besides i s ordinary a full present , is sometimes used for the future tense , to E denote certainty or rapidity . Compare the nglish expres ‘ ’ h h t t sion I am coming , t oug the person has no yet star ed S w w to come . o in Tamil , a servant hen called , ould reply

’ ‘ i a — 16 17 6 37 I am com ng . In the s me manner

‘ 1 7 6 5 1 9 W @6 9 5 57 6 7 6 57 1 7673 . w 5Q @ 1 , C5 I ill quickly conquer and ’ return , said he .

555. (b) The present te nse is also sometimes used to t t e xpress habi or cus om , as

1136577 17 1 1 17 611 (9 5 111 57 175 677 . M e n 5 @ Cy sin .

16 17 111 The dog barks .

5 &5 5 ] . 65n n The horse neighs . i . a The future te nse ts 556 . II ( ) , besides ordinary use to

as t express future time , is also used an habi ual present

e t h t s e e . t nse , and thus of en expresses abit or cus om , para

6 9 6 5 1116 611 6 517 256 as 5 5 5 671 65 . ; ( I do carpenter work 148

The u se of this tense as an habitual present is specially common in the singular third person neuter in such words

6 611 6657 6915 15 498 502 as , .35 , etc . ( , , 557 b i h . i t t ( ) In close connexion w th he above mean ng , e future tense is sometimes used in th e sense of the E nglish

w e auxiliary ould , to express habit or custom in past tim Thus

6 5 611 5 17 1 11 17 %z>7 591 51 5 5 19.

° 6 7 3 5 6 5 17 65W Q 6 17 17 5§ 1 1 1 6u 175 617 . t t c ' The servants would cons an ly come to him , and arry o ff w t t 397 477 489 pots and pans , i hou paying for them ( , , , 629)

558 F w o . ollo ing the analogy of the corresp nding tenses , the pre se nt and the future relative participles are also used to express habit or custom . Thus

6 1 1 17 617 1r qi 82679557 1136 619 6 57 5 5 66 7 6 1 1 ez l u C15 r 5 5 5 5 5 . /Q

639 1 11 117 6 277 4 (9 ,

w a The man ho lives upon the wealth of another , will obt in — r i. h so row e . A sycop ant will reap sorrow .

6 w ®55<51b

6 7 1676 5 ? 128 ( , Where is the washerman who washes the clothes of thi s village ?

559 . Fo r h t in s e e t e fu ure participle used this sense , 41 also para . 7 .

O N C O M Bl NA T E FO R M S O F T HE TE NS E S A N D P A RTICIP LE S

560 . A f n u f n f uture per ect te s e , a pl per ect te s e , and a perfect tense are formed by pre ﬁxin g the verbal participle f t t t t f o any verb to he presen , pas , and fu ure tenses o

1 50

7 /7 5 Q 1 11b 6667 ®® 5 176657 1é5 w rzu m u 5 17 111 17 17 Q 1 3 4 ® t Q m (

6 6 u 17 677 150 3 28 @5 5 @ ( , , h i The mother of the king w o was rul ng the kingdom , — i . s . died . The mother of the ruling sovereign died

t I n 563 . Such combina e forms as the following are also common u s e

5 625 611 17 5 61) 1 . 4 11671 3 177 55@ 55

17 1 ‘ a fim fi fi w 6 1 1 @ i5 677 . They went to a merchant w h o w as keeping a shop in

u that village . This expression is practically eq ivalent to

a - wh o w s a shop keeper in that village .

d in 564. These combinate forms are not so much use Tamil as in E nglish ; and may often be sufﬁciently ex

- pressed in Tamil by a simple form . In modern T amil i i they are more largely used , as they g ve greater prec sion of expression .

R E M A R KS U P O N C E R TA lN US E S O F T HE TA M IL VE R BAL P A RTlC lP LE

h as . 3 . t 7 565 I been already explained in para 9 , that the verbal participle is specially used in Tamil to prevent a succession of ﬁnite verbs ; an d that where such a suc

t E vin cession of ﬁni e verbs occurs in nglish , ha g the same subject throughout , all but the last are expressed in Tamil by verbal participles .

E h erb aI t 5 6 . v 6 xactly in t e same manner , the par iciple is used to prevent a succession of any such Tamil form s f c as can complete a clause ; as , or instan e , the inﬁnitive mood the relati ve participles relative participles with aﬁixe s participial nouns verbal noun s and the conditional form The subject of course must be the same throughout . The following are examples 1 . 51

5 5 17 16 1 11) 6 1 1 17 11111 1 16 1217 113 5 5 1 1 11 9 5 16 5 6 5 , 55 5 , 6 911 117 65 7 15

1 166517 6216956 5 17 677677 3 8 ( 9 ,

h an d T ey determined to go to another country, to get money, and to marry .

113 6117501196 m 5 171511576 m Q 5 ” Q m m tu fr

1nd) 16 119 6 61167791 11 1L ® m i 483 g g ( ,

A certain fox which had been beaten about in the wind h f th and rain , and ad not obtained any prey , set or to get

. Lit Fo r . som e food ( . prey )

' ' 17 lu i 1 9 611 5 36 77 . g m p d tg 639 5 17 095 12) e 1 y g g g , 65 675 7 657 ® 75 67T h i h h W en the k ng sent for t em , and made enquiry, t ey told him all that had happened .

111113 1 1 17 1 17 5 1 6 57 5 17 16 11 1 1 16 1 5 1 5 15 95 266 26 5 c5 , @ ( , ,

w h o an d w The act of one does not look examine , ill give trouble .

@ 1 17 u1 6 517 4 9m g (50 657 6 6717

16 6 u 17 677 439 Q 5 § @ ( , B t f it h efore he king could send or , and give it to er,

i B e n L t . h . f s e died ( e or the ki g gave it , having caused it to be summoned . )

1 1 66 15 119 5) 6 5 7 6657 6 1 . 9 . 611 237 57 £ 6 57 3 9 05 ( , £n 9 5

10 6 5 6v , Q h w W en the o ner of the tree heard the noise , and came i f h th f runn ng out o his house , scolding t e ie per

in w h c i . e v g it , came do n t e tree

Q 5 1 17 1 5 5 161 (492) 11 113717 @@

695g (492) 1 1666756 7175 1 ) 6 5 175 152

1rd) 5 J /w dg m msb 4 7 3 1 156 u suair a m erhrffasair g .

f to I you cause advances to be given the culti vators , f t f and (i you) cause hem to get a crop , and (i you) col lect the money (given in ad vance) together with the tax h money , by that means the cultivators , and t rough them h i t e king , will obta n proﬁt .

HIN TS R E G A R DING T HE TR A NS LA TIO N O F TA M IL l NTO E NG LI H A ND NG L H S , E IS INTO TA M IL

567 . f In connexion with the preceding remarks , the ol lowing hints regarding translation from the one language t w into the o her , ill be found useful

568 . I . In Tamil , the verb is always placed last 5 9 6 . . t II In Tamil , wha is dependent always precedes that on which it depends E 570. III . When in nglish there are a series of ﬁnite t verbs having the same subjec , in Tamil all , except the l as t. are expressed by verbal participles E t 571 . IV . In nglish a subordinate clause or sen ence is attached to the pri ncipal sentence by some connecting w t t ord placed a the beginning of i ; as , when you come ,

o . t t I will give you that b ok In Tamil , on he con rary , the connecting word or particle is always placed at the

1? a ao m end of the subordinate sentence ; as g g ,

' ’ < é; G a n CB air — 5 LJ dv a m d/ G u . , q g g g (You come when , that w book I ill give . )

E u 2 . b 57 . h s V In nglish , w en there are a series of ordinate clauses having the same subject , the connecting w is w th ord al ays placed at e beginning of the ﬁrst clause , and is sometimes also repeated with each s ucceeding

. w h h clause In Tamil , hen the subject is t e same t rough

t c r are e x re s se d ou , all ex ept the last of such a se ies p by

1 54

' Haaarm flu cgo m Qij fi q m u v qgé cg saiv® Q a amresfil

u sher/£7 sg é w i as ésc s evrr s ev i a dr (g r g g p c g ' ’ a w a ifi c sfl mm Le rb a un iasa r m a ufil ym 594 fi ‘ q g , q g gg g ( ,

- ’ l G m ezie at mu m lj u cf (Ba n d ss u m 371 cn ﬁ g ( ,

h a h h T ere is a Shaster, s ying T e wealt which a man does not preserve will be lost ; that which h e does not increase will decrease ; that which he does not enjoy him

e f w i s l and spend upon a orthy person , w ll be to no pur

’

se . M h h ? h p o oreover. who as appiness , merit , praise T ose

w‘ h o w ho have stored up money in heaps . Those have

i t Fo W h th . r h not , are like alking corpses on t e ear t ese

t w o a h re sons , t e best thing is to acquire more and more

( wealth) . — The literal Tamil is Both by reason of there be ing a — ha . w s S ster, etc and because they are like alking corpse ,

etc . It is impossible to translate these clauses literally in E i nglish . The equivalent of them s given in the short — s n Fo r h w . in erted sente ce t ese t o reasons, etc

O N INTE N SIVE VE R BS

C 574. ertain verbs are added to the verbal participles

f v . o other Tamil erbs , in order to intensify their meaning

They are as follows B — h 5 5 N. . 7 . T ese intensive verbs must be carefully dis tin uis h e d h t h g from auxiliary verbs , whic are added o t e inﬁnitive mood of other verbs .

t th e t f put , when added o verbal par iciples o other verbs ,

e int nsify the meaning . The force of them may generally be E h expressed by an nglish adverb . T us 9 ’ L ain . e w gm J JLJ LQeﬂL G m aiT. ) e / /Q

Afterwards I se nt him away . 1 55 -

(goﬁ g urb emL LgJ L/n‘b wi h h t I ll pay up bot t e principal and the in erest .

g ym /t am}

They went away .

m ay h 577 . The verb to put and occasionally t e verb Q CD to give (299) are also used in the same manner ; thus

’ g am as 5 L m w v d n c y g 4 § §

He tied it up .

' LL 69 7 fr 1. Q 611 5 m m 0 m) 1. LL 6796 63) ew s air 5 (5 4 , 5 5 , g

He h k shut t e door , loc ed it up , and came out .

Th e a m 578 . verb to come when added to the v f v i erbal participle o another erb , intensiﬁes its mean ng , by giving to it the force of continuity . Thus

‘’ ’ 611 551 wr m ai a m m G a mma i g G suras ® a 1 9 65 Q a y cj .g gg , / ® m a m /é eﬁ m ) G u zb wé G a /ra brfa sw i /rah 2 ' c g g ( , A certain man continued to get many presents (by)

O r— telling soothsaying to the king . ( used to get , etc . ) ' asmﬁu b ssétw wjrb mm d ﬁ gfg éscaasfrm cl)

mm ui 1735 / 65 sw i 465 Q 4 3 n C5 65 g ( , Whilst they were continuing to cause all things to be

c th e i . arried on , k ng arrived at the village

G u n 579 . The verb to go when added to the v f h its i erbal participle o anot er verb , intensiﬁes mean ng , by giving to it the forc e of completeness ; it may often E be expressed in nglish by an adverb . Thus

’ J ] ev mz ﬁJG u /I uﬂfb ig d r y

It is withered away . She is dead .

O N T HE VE R BS u ® A ND G u m

Th e LJ ® ff 301 f e 580. I . verb to su er ( ) is r quently

m Th e a ttached to a noun to for an intransitive verb . 156 c f 494 i i a f a ausal orm ( ) s s mil rly used , to orm i iv N h c s trans t e verb . ouns of t e second de lension when thu

' — rre 9 a Lb . E 5 166 s i n1 u to e c used , drop ﬁn l xamples ‘ s exp rien e

s éc n s rbu @ 7 c r ce joy, i . e . to rejoice ; ﬁ q § g to ause to expe ien

i. . e . joy , to gladden

- B O f h i i s. N . . ther uses o t is verb are expla ned n para

485 c . , et

G rr . h v u 3 37 at 581 . II T e erb to go ( ) is sometimes

E —fi i m g t ach e d to a noun to form a verb . xamples flfi

/r G u i/re s t}: G u n G u to go asleep ; to be cheated .

2 G u n s ; i 58 . The inﬁnitive is used as a postposit on

w t f . meaning except , ith the excep ion o Thus

' gims 19 6m}; G u ms LID150) 129mmm oir emm u j c ‘ g , / , g g f i With the exception o that land , the rema ning land is mine . B —O . f i N . ther uses o th s verb are explained in paras .

2 5 9 . 484, 5 4, 7

‘ O N T HE V E R B £5 OR ﬁ Gﬁ'

3 58 . The verb {5 or {ﬁg to become and several h f t i t of t e parts derived rom i , are used dioma ically in various ways . Some of these uses have already been

b év e . . 508 c 520 368 xplained , e g c , g gy , and to

3 4 c . 7 , et ' 1 s 584. ( ) This verb is ometimes used in the sense of to be ﬁnished , or completed . Thus

o air a n ab frei rb uﬁl 240 c fﬁ g j .Tg my ( ,

e O r . The term also for it has end d . ( elapsed )

G as® m m 0 m G u muﬁaQL LJ rair 447 % q ( ,

t h . As soon as the da e had expired , e went away

c i w th e is 585. In lose connex on ith above meaning , th verb is sometimes aﬁixe d to the verbal participle of another verb to e xpress completion . Thus

1 58

589 . 5 5 1 7 h f u i i e ( ) $ 5 , t e ut re part cip al noun , neut r

i u e d n an d gender , s sometimes s to introduce a sente ce ,

n E may then be tra slated by the nglish word thus . When

h tt d t i . t us used , it is a ache to a neu er partic pial noun As

- a 1 air He h h e ¢ s/ spoke t us or , What said w as

90 a r 5 . 6 h ( ) The relative participle ag . w en added to S ee an abstract noun , transforms it into an adjective .

9 m Q nrbu frs m . 193 . para Thus p , beauty, / a

f t Lit h . be auti ul garmen . ( . garment whic is beauty )

m u t 5 1 . th c 9 In e same manner a (or c , ano her t wh E h form of the rela ive participle) is used , ere in nglis one noun stands in apposition to another noun . (It is

c . however , often omitted in the common diale t ) Thus i gzsu szir m 1r7 @1u m szir . His R . ro c / @ @ e son ama g

G e r/r u air @u_1 i N h cg % K ng ala , t e per n iﬁc ti s o a o n of justice . — B . N . I t will be observed that in the above examples g ear has the meaning of w h o is or who was (587 b) ; — and that the literal translation would be R ama w ho is h i s son .

f a es i (7) Some uses o g have been expla ned in paras . 233 246 373 528 f , , , , and also its use in orming an opta

2 . tive in para . 5 9

592. a The word .g is also used idiomatically for summing up ; and may then be expressed in E nglish by altogether , or in all , or total . Thus 7— — 4 59 5 ; g onad) a mcaj u raé; s w i g 5 ; g as

9_ —9_Lb m m J l d ifiilfi eiQ Q J/ DGJBT 204 , Q fi g /Q cg ( , Q 5

’ g m av is for Q ﬁ air 9_1_a31 — I have herewith sent the original petition 1 the ac count —1 —2 of the estimate d cultivation ; in all .

e ; ) 593 a. to . A form made by adding ag or .g a neuter participial noun , is often used to connect a subordinate v many cases this form is equivalent to a ﬁnite erb fol u 532. lowed by as explained in para . Th s

' b a é lu m 6 r6 zrr <2m a gg cg a )

G mairn g ﬁ '

w d w as . It appears as if your favour to ar s me failing

6 29 5: m fi /G u frubeflmm WWD L’S 1 0 555 11 63) 671 119 fig c raniu m. Q ( 7 ' 8“ O u y m frm G ITLD/T65f 5 671 a b ( q ,

’ nr sfﬂ 226 577 r / m m m G e ezh , , G a g mu L CQL/ G u ﬂ g q gg (

- th t h He said that three four s part of he said place ad been

burnt up and that owing to it , he had lost property of ,

s rairy mmight be used .

m a uﬂ ub 145 e m ss w ﬁ eu or c g ( ) and g g 8 c 594. ( ) g g ® e; n u c m se m i) the instrumental cases of the verbal o ns a ,

and literally mean by it being so . They are con t E s tan tly used in the sense of he nglish words therefore

or wherefore . 9 f ( 595. ( ) The conditional orm or which t o is literally means if i be s , constantly used in the sense

of th e E nglish words but or if . m uﬁl im y c 10 c g , and g g , and 59 6 . ( ) The forms g gg ’ w — s o 525 zs mb hich literally mean although it be ( ) are c g lg , constantly used in the sense of the E nglish word nevertheless . 1 . 79 —Fo r w , , N B . other uses of the above ords see paras . 4 242 and 2 3 .

‘ 11 w the emphasiz ed form of 597 . ( ) The ord — s t s o I t. the inﬁnitive mood , literally mean as i is

E . is used in the sense of the nglish word therefore

P—eir 5) A N D O N T HE R O O T S , Q ,

t a sir t . 598 . The roo expresses exis ence It appears in

rrm ev e m . . the expressio n rs rrs zir g e y as long as I live See para 160

46 I n 0. the poe tical di alect only the re is a full ten se

I exist . The following parts derived from this i c root , are n ommon use

m a ﬁ a hic is x i 6 , w h e pla ned in para . 3 5. m ain -mg ) hich i i h f i i i , w s used n t e sense o t s true , . a. xi it really e sts .

th e iv ic relat e part iple .

sa t irm a i air a sh 577 611571 m dra r c , , g et . , the participial nouns . “ 9 59 . The relative participle is sometimes used in

f t is sn akes essa the sense o i true ; as ys a true story . The same meaning is also sometimes attached to the

9 . 677 G neuter participial noun ; as n a ming . Speak the

truth .

2 . e 6 00. The most common use of is to express H i p ossession . ence when it s added to an abstract noun it transforms it into an adjective Thus 59

qiu fru fr u Li He is a 11 s t . e . He . .) ﬁ ﬁ is a just judge (

judge po ssessing [to whom there is] justice . ) 6 1 t h 0 . The par icipial nouns frequently take t e same

1 57 as in . 4 611 6 meaning , explained the last paragraph Thus 1

’ ‘ Q QG FQ I T LI) a drm sv szir . n E He is a trustworthy m a .

2 B - h f a mber is 0 N . 6 . . T e negative o expressed by

st 11 é t h e past relative participle of e /4 as ﬁ cg a refuge , ' a wretch Without any refuge ; Q a asasm/jgp

' 67J 65T a merciless man .

3 F t t t , . . 60 . rom he roo which denies exis ence i e h t th t i w hic nega ives e subjec , are derived the follow ng

p arts

’

axﬂm w . 3 66 . Q , hich is explained in para

snm t t . Q g j , a singular hird person neu er

M W LM H) at ar/7 azi fl Q J , (or Q ) and Q w , verbal par

t iciple s .

7 amwr ﬁ m . ® § (and Q ) , a relative participle

162

fl . azi fism eb sun m si) d ru a mu ag é a m m g g l u e m/ , fi g

i . (Here before J /eb avﬁ m si) the word is impl ed ) i

t r s ult b u t fl t . Happiness will n o e , af ic ion (will result)

’ mr rr 67 6755527 0 6 1 5 537 69113 e eb summ ai) G w G m a m a} ma rm avr g 1 c l , p

’ ‘ at awrm si) w i G m G u Q fij m u ma i /reir Q , y fi q fi N ’ Without any other word except the word King ala , she had h e r thoughts fixed upon him alone .

b e s sb swrm si) e go a r ? d 608 . ( ) Secondly, / (or / m) is use , Where in E nglish we use the expre ssion not only

ap 6375517 10 5) but also . In this case the word preceding c / takes

a m t h w the afﬁx In his idiom , t e ord preceding

eimwrm ci) t . .gy is usually a neuter par icipial noun Thus

al 6 57' u L arm mim) G u ﬁ sw m sb swrm m J / g ,

No t h e f h only did e sp ak avourably , but e also gave some alms .

B - am m a ay 9 . . . 60 N Instead of g , the words m and 9 491 1 are sometimes used in sentences like those explained h in t e preceding paragraph .

6 10 sb ewrm si) . The words c s/ and take the afﬁx a m , and are then used as conjunctions at the beginning f v S t o sentences , in the sense of besides , moreo er . ome imes

i i h g l also t ey are added to /g or Q 5 , in which case the

24 13 siisuﬂ m m is attached to them ; as J / g y . or g a m é w frm sb h /g j besides t is .

ol sm 6 1 1 . v is h i The word / ug sometimes used , w ere n E h nglish t e word or is used . Thus

J ear /79 gz ab su a d/ 19 5 113 ®§ , . / g r , . hi th i T s is (ei er) , r ght or wrong . CHA P TE R X I

S upplementary Information

O N THE ALPHABET AND O RTHO G RAPHY

e a 612. db a m is The letter (also written ), called mad , inserted by Tamil grammarians between the vowels an d

h c . h t e onsonants It is only used in poetry , and as a ch ‘ t o t f is sound ; hus Q g , a poetical form or @g , pronounced ichdhu . 1 i h 6 3 . In ordinary nat ve writing t e dot over a con sonant is often omitted .

14 i the s 6 . Tamil grammarians d vide eighteen consonant into three classes as follows

1 iz as 5 6 r) . v . ( ) or strong class , , , ( , f

b 1m 6557 15 2 G m s sﬁ w m f viz . Lo 6 57 ( ) , or so t class , , , , , .

m iz 111 a a ) 611 677 3 m m iﬁ m v . o . ( ) Q , or middle class , , , , , g , i u 6 15. Abbreviat ons are sed in Tamil ; and a list of

u se those most commonly in are given in the appendix .

O N THE lNS E RTlO N AND CHANG ES O F LETTE RS

R . 93 f 616 . With reference to ule VI , para , it is use ul

th h a 5 u to remember at t e letters , , g , are never inserted , w t hen the ﬁrst word is a relative participle , a ﬁni e verb , v G a ocative case , a word ending in emphatic , or inter r iv 2 h t sGl ogat e g , or 3 , or t e postposi ions , g ,

M i a ﬂeﬁ . Q a g , Q uy 1 64

1 e e i h 6 7 . Th se lett rs are always nserted when t e ﬁrst

i 6 14 171131 l i i word s , or or verba participle end ng n Q or ending in e_ preceded by a double consonant ; as

' Q u adsO a /ra w m /m zin

618 . h h f f Wit regard to c anges o letters , as or instance

be v i . 94 95 those gi en n paras and , many more will found in th e poetical dialect . With regard to them R h e n iu s in h is Tamil grammar says It is evident that these changes form a part of that s artiﬁce s w h i H ystem of , by hic the anc ent indoo literati excluded th e common people from understanding their

W e ritings , making them too perplexing to be studi d by everyone ; hence it is that they are not strictly observed in the common intercourse of life ; and it is to he wished

’ that they were altogether banished from the langu age .

619 . As some of these changes have found their way i h i f w f h nto t e ordinary d alect , a e o t em are added as illustrations

62 a 6 57 63) 3 0. ( ) When ﬁnal and are followed by 5 , the t w o letters become Thus ® u 17 6 57 gold and a c plate , be ome a gold plate ; the sea and

m w a m i ﬂm s Q a wave , become ng a sea wave .

621 b 67T . ( ) When ﬁnal is followed by {5 the two b h 1517 6117 (5 517 2153 16 17 0 1_1r ecome T us a day and 6 4 , become

daily .

0 61) 5 22. h f w 1 h ch 6 ( ) W en ﬁnal is ollo ed by , t ey ea

7 6 57 . 156) 77 61) 15657 become Thus good and 45 a rule , become

17 6i> . c@ a good rule

d 6557 is 15 623 . ( ) When ﬁnal followed by the latter

6557 45 6557 h 7517 a lso becomes ; thus t e eye and water, become 9 9 5 6551 1? 5 65577 151? 57 17 6551 c w . e 5 65 6 755 tears ; r old and ater becom 9

c e . t w c o o i c old wat r These o mpounds are b th n ommon use .

1 66

626 h h in ﬁe ctio n al i . In t e igher dialect , the base s some

i c i ca t mes used as a lo at ve se . Thus

' ’ ’ q qy ars ar ﬁ wg g Q p /EJ

36 1119 ) 66 1 1 Q 611 61 . 1 m , 4

n h v O hearing this , all t e do es went , and alighted on

h w r i h . t e ground , and e e caught n t e net

2 . t f 6 7 In he higher dialect , some nouns admit o a kind

f i. e i o conjugation , besides declension , they change n form , when connected with a pronoun of the ﬁrst or second pe r

h c z son . T e Telugu student will at once re ogni e this as t w il the universal rule in hat language , hereas in Tam it

i h h . c s only used in t e igher dialect Thus , for instan e , ail/611 657 means He is a sinner but if the s u b

c 1517 6 57 h f : 1517 6 77 j et be , then t e form would be as ollows u meQ CPuJ aiT ﬁ a . These forms are made by af xing the perso n l

260 inﬁe cti n terminations of the verbs ( ) to the o al base of 9.

110 11 11 .

2 al 11. 0 11. 16 57 6 8 . In the common dialect the word c / 5 is

ed h h h frequently us , w ic is formed as above from t e word — r L . I a f h . e / 9 a oot , and means , your umble servant Thus

’ g i w s fi fi w s 1 _@u 657 s e a m /7 1121 é fi .gg n g fi gg c / 9 Q g 168 ( , B h w y your blessing , I your umble servant am ell .

629 . i f Sometimes n Tamil two or more nouns , instead o taking the conjunction are formed into a compound f f expression , with the sign o the plural a ﬁxed ; as a m a dr n pots and pans .

630. In very colloquial Tamil , a noun is sometimes

lica i i redup ted , to give t a kind of comprehensive mean ng .

5 The latter word generally takes the consonant < . Thus

’ : (2 : 6 6 57 : Q LD EZDJ 15 679 6 6 c . C a table , a table , et ompare the

E l h h o k u s ok u s h e le d . ng is expressions p , g g y piggledy 67

O N VE RBS

th e h a f Q )! 631 . In igher dialect , inste d o the medials 4

57 19 1 2 Q a r ffla u ~ and 49 ( 57) the forms t a and .g u are some times used in the present tense and present relative parti

’ U L éiQ Q GYBT é ﬁ airc msir LI /T i l D . u c L J c e . p ; as g / , etc , or m f , et , or n

xﬁairGPmaéT r , etc . O N V ULG ARIS MS

3 2 6 . In common conversation several vulgarisms are i h th used , which will be easily learnt by familiar ty wit e

colloquial language . The following are illustrations

63 3 a 1} f_'5 . ( ) The letters and , are sometimes inter m changed . The letters m are sometimes changed into

6 fr a rr 3 1 5 1 1 w . t ( 5; as § g for / 4 ind The let er is some

ch 677 (u i M times anged into in Tinnevelly , and into n adras ;

G as/m i? G as/rail G am l 6 5 as or for bé a fowl . The letters e are sometimes changed into warm ; as grazin g ); for 9 63MB! one

4 b y 63 . ( ) The termination n of the third person neuter of the present tense is changed into as

isQ D is m aicg g for wm gf / g ; @@ é @ g for

5 c h 7 h 63 . ( ) T e medial 5 9 of the past tense is c anged

f ar é c e azir o a as u . f H int ; m , etc , or ence for the verbal participle w ast e ; is used for

d r l19 268 f h 636 . ( ) The te mination n ( ) o t e third i person neuter of the past tense is changed into s a g or

G n a G ITGES P CP ” ﬁ m as as } u é U L/ . é ; as g or , for l y ; g g

é ﬁ ﬁ b or c g . for .g f y O N SYNTAX

3 h i m w szir w w ﬁ 6 7. c T e past part cipial nouns g , {é ’ etc

f c h f t o m it rom g to become , and t e uture par icipial nouns u a mit m airu cv air f 67 6737 are i , , etc . , rom to say , somet mes 168 added to noun s (and specially when they are the subject s f i o sentences) without any actual mean ng , but merely to throw emphasis upon them . The present participial nouns

él f aj sir m‘ fﬂiT Q a l aiT n . a n d D . a i c th e g r , etc , ﬂ , etc , are lso used n same manner in colloquial Tamil . Thus

' ' azr a m rm er s zrr g m a l air c g sm g g Q cj g y g ‘ g ,

Lit O n e w so n . etc . ( . who as the of a king )

A certain prince called his prime minister , and etc .

u air m anu w usmm tu g nu /mi a g (

i . Li n h The mother of a certain k ng died ( t . O e w o w as

r an named I ay . ) t f 638 . In Tamil , when here are a series o nouns of the

. 6 n same class (i . all rational beings , or all euters) instead f f x t h f t o a ﬁ ing o eac o them , i is common to put them h h all in the nominative case , and t en to add t e words

' m ain/g ! Q ty /fawn (these namely) or crair u a niasair (those

' h s e rie s o f named) , if t e nouns denote rational beings , and

' ‘ aiT em a ir c rsér v assir G r u aJ e f . c w c or i they be neuters These ﬁnal words alone are put in the case required by the construction of the sentence . Thus ' ? /r szir (d a m szir m céru cw f5 5 c a Q QL/ Q u séT g g , mp /ﬂ r g @ @ K Li w h o ttan t . I ill inform Sat an and . ( I will cause it to be made known to S . and K . )

O u /rsziT (aw aim rﬂ mu m s m azh u m sv a %7r a aj j é , , , gag ” , c l g

h . They gave im gold , silver , lead , and iron i 639 . Where the whole of a series of nouns is not spec

‘ ’ d E e t ﬁe , in nglish the expression cetera or and others ,

’ ‘ is or and the rest is used . The same meaning expressed in Tamil by the use of the relative participle

as /rm 3 5 6191 1. h (sag or (9 2 T us

G’ Q Q J/fj v sér o g es /rear G w i esair ﬁ ﬁ (g r g

h h . Indra , and t e ot er gods rose up

1 70

644 B . esides the form of compound expressions explain ed

i . 190 h hich n para , t ere is another form w is occasionally

h h i e Th e used , and of w ic the construction s v ry peculiar .

natural order appears to be reversed , and the ﬁrst noun ' — m m u /r i as stands in the nominative case. Thus @Q§ (5 g g

G W/f £ 6779 QL GWD LO . O n e drop of sour buttermilk to

f . P a pot o milk robably this is a case of apposition , and — the sentence literally translate d would b e sour butter — — m ilk one drop , to milk one pot . 4 6 5. The dative case is sometimes used in the sense f E w t f o the nglish expression i h re erence to , or regard ing Thus

1 m m G e r mt u mi a /rLLCD/éz 1. gu

5 m .

h h i h th e Wit regard to t e money not pass ng , t ere is

h w . merc ant , sho it to him

6 7 6 81 6711 Q G UZI GU Q 7 Lit What must I do about this ? ( . That which one will do about this what [is it]

646 . The Inﬁnitive mood and the verbal participle are sometimes idiomatically repeated to express a contin u ous

u action . Th s — u /r/iésésd u rrfiésas G er/L éscmesu ra' a 373 , a @ ( ,

t zi t As a person kep ga ng upon i , it was a pleasing

Spectacle .

’ G a ri rg j cg mﬁ gal l /m ad) mega /rain

He Li H w t t . e kept sobbing and weeping unceasingly . ( ep ,

sobbing , sobbing and not ceasing . )

64 . th f w h t re 7 In e case of a e words , t e ﬁrs part is

/ 3 duplicated to intensify the meaning ; as pig 56 .1565 to tremble t gre a ly .

i ch in A pecul ar idiom is occasionally used , whi form is equivalent to 0 651 why ? atta ched to the third person 1 71

c h i h c f mas uline of t e future tense , but used w t a subje t o

f 9 ? anmu . © 6u rr any gender , number or person ; as c / m Q5q ? 696 01 6737 Wh y do you wish thus ? It is probably some t contraction , and may possibly be a roo noun , followed by

w ? m if s a ( a )

06 5 it s 649 . The word (9 before and equivalents (234) are sometimes afﬁ xed to a negative relative participle w t 5 to hich in his case drops the ﬁnal , ; and sometimes the dative case of a negative participial noun See 3 4 4 9 . paras . and 59 Thus

’ “ l m c O a h u /1 0 6 t a§7 @5 611 /T g Q ﬁ é (5 @ . B f . e ore you do it , come here

’ IE sm éc O ar aﬁu fr siirch m féJG as 611 /r Q g g ﬁ mcg ep Q .

B f . e ore you do it , come here

’ G u /rsu 650. The word like or as (236) is frequently added to a neuter participial noun ; as O ar uJn c u frw like the doing . Sometimes also it is added to the condi tio n al form Thus

Ln/r&u556ir a i /é m G u /rsu g i szirm fij u Q fi m , . / aafia dr

' fm ﬂé)' 611 113 6 67 Q r 5 d i f The swans descended like the ropp ng o pearl garlands , B — N . . a h 651 . Sometimes also such forms s t e following

G J L WQ G U /reu are used , Q , an d

Lo n i/ (Bu rma wh h v c , ich are composed of t e relati e parti iples ,

f w G u n s . ollo ed by .g and 52 w 6 . In Tamil , an ans er is usually given by repeating the verb of the question ; or by repeating the noun of the

f t th e t predicate , i the ques ion be in form of a sen ence in which there is no verb , the copula being understood Thus

a iair a nt /r ? Has c ? sw i /rah A . Y Q . ml s eg he ome g e s

6117 59 65961) N Li H H o t . e h co (Lit . e has come) ; ( as not me 1 72

? 474 . C Q m u n/r h ? m crmssrrszir { ] Q /g Is t at a tree A . r Yes

Lit . i m a m m s e al No Lit . t e ( It a tre ( It is not a re ) .

653 . a rr/E G as/f air c The verbs gg and mean to re eive , and the person from whom anything is received takes the post

» : G u a position The verbs c am and y me n to o a ‘ n ru e n alit bt in , and the person through w h o s e i s t m t y any th is i t l S ee ing obtained , s put in the ins rumenta cas e . l e x . 6 ast ample in para 5 6 . Thus

u /rm m sir 9 Q a fi a flz é fi m $ l_6 &f w rrxé Q (g n 3 35 m fl ‘ 560 ( , A certain householder had received a loan from a certai n merchant .

e sv au m m m rée aér . c n g g g / g — — I obtained it through him o r by his means .

54. f t w h 6 Verbs signi ying o give , to make kno n , to teac ,

t t an ' t c v and o consent, in addi ion to object in he ac usati e

c t th . h ase , take also a da ive case of e person T us

p rrsafla é mw m sd G u n md r. c /g g eg g g g fl fig fi

He taught wisdom to the ignorant .

c al san a xéJa as g ag lj/ u rrair / g s ﬁ g c yﬂ . — — He will make this known to you o r He will inform you of this .

9 am . 5 &3a 655 t t . The in ransi ive verbs to be obtained , t o I /é e u ln ar/ C9 happen , Q gj to be merciful , to be afraid , govern a dative case . Thus

m m é éi Q m J g ] a m ﬁ . i cj ﬁl g

. Lit I have got it ( . That has been obtained to me .)

’ “ sw i g @M ﬂ@ m

B e merciful to me .

' a a / l ai d u J L'u Q Q G l g g Q w asar h f i f’ T ey are a ra d o him .

174

v v 0 5 67} ccu 661 . Th e erb to ask may take a double a sati e u v . Th s

Q ésa as é am' g & rés (Ps al m /refit m a r . — — He aske d a miser for a loan or He asked a loan of a miser .

‘ 2 s h w h th e s 6 6 . Sometime , o ever , t e person takes po t

m é} p osition Q ﬁ ﬁ .

Th e t t h t t k 6 63 . s uden s ould carefully en er in a no eboo ,

all t idi matic ex essions i and commit to memory , he o pr w th which he may mee t in reading and conversation . Being t f m h p eculiarities of expression and no o gra mar , t ey

5c h f annot be dealt with in a grammar , and t erefore a ew illustrations only are added .

‘ (3 5 5 611 5 63T J /Q J%UT 67 6 57n 6 r65ra r a r fsmés d ﬁ rséT / sir ﬁ f Cy

wi w h o h i The servant not kno ng e was , sa d Why are k ? Lit you loo ing at the tree ( . The servant not knowing him ’ ‘ h c ’ saying e is su h an one , said What are you looking at the tre e !)

6m 509 {5 g ( ,

O n e t f must no go near a tiger , as it is a great risk o l Li t . ife ( Which is a place for death) . ' 7 m f m f i és ma ma arm m IL Lb 61 1 . s g 6 21 7. r cg / 5 a side)

t t . Li h We are exposed o dea h on all sides ( t . T ere is a w a y to death on the four sides . )

' ai a suai f é) m sara rraf g mu /ra éieam Q j fi fi g r fi fl r ? mb a r/735 11) 67 Lo ser fig ag , g ( g h t i w W at grea er pleasure is there n the orld , than co n v w t co f ? Lit h w w ersing i h a ngenial riend ( . In t is orld , hat is t w f w ano her pleasure , than conversing ith a riend hose mind agrees . ) 1 75

al 671 57 6 7 6 57 u céJ Q CPa ) u aaiirm ﬂ c /

J L Q JM S (2611 @Lb Q 6657 .

e so You must prot ct me , and show favour to me , that s h e f may all to my lot .

Here g as is affi xed to g ee the neuter participial f h c 5 noun formed rom t e past relative parti iple of , @ to be is fit . When this expression added to the infinitive of a x nother verb , it e presses purpose . CHI A J TP E HR IKI I

A p p e n d i c e s A P P E N DIX I ABBREVIATIO NS i i Abbrev ations are frequently used in Tamil , spec ally in business and legal papers . The principal of these are give n in the following table E nglish Tamil word A bbreviation A R upee ( g u ru)

An anna (f; o f a rupee) J ]@

l f anu s /r A pie (r s o an anna) Total (592) g as A measure (wet or dry) 66 6m};

500 lb u tru b A weight of . A yard A square yard (5 567

N F umbe r s mu rf (E nglish word) a . A year a l Q5as Lb A month Lnfrén b

- D e . . D a f h h (Ba at (i e y o t e mont ) r Q

Current 11577 6775 i Aforesa d i u m. Wet cultivation 5 6 57n

D ry cultivation 41 5 694 113

Long - lived (a polite title to 5 a junior) 9 1 6556 9

M h u a r a ost onourable Q e s i /ﬁ M

1 78

t . h u h t in ﬁ ni ( defec ) T is term incl des t e condi ional , the

th w i h 6 9 3607 tive , e verbal participle ( h c are all called because they require a ﬁnite verb to complete the m eaning) —and the relative participles (which are called

67 5 5 123 , because they require a noun to complete t h is e meaning) . The imperative mood called the

69 111 67 9 5 17 57 Gi /7 57 0 14 6 O ptative mood , a verbal noun g 51 5 ,

m rfm e m /r l a n d the negative form ﬁ m gé .

C t is l stigm i fb l onjuga ion ca led cg r m , a root a per

' s 25 m m /ﬁgeu5 O 5 rr6u onal termination a medial ( 7) Q , t h e three tenses (913 55 17 611123 the present tense {55 59

5 7 6m l) é a rreum , the past tense m a the future tense

' G TQ I Q ITGV LD h DﬁQ L Lb t I I , t e three persons CS , he ﬁrst person

6 57 6 6 110 u57m m 0 6 57 6aﬂavu57m m h h 5 , the second person (5 , t e t ird

l rr56 m5 119 pe rson u _ 1_ 1b . (VI) Insertion of letters transmutation of letters omission of letters

A P P E N DIX III

O N DA MO NTH AND EA YS , S , Y RS

i h f i L15 5) The day , d stinguis ed rom the n ght , is called ,

arr an d the night Q .

- 5 17 57 A day consisting of twenty four hours is called , when c as h Q BYDLD whe onsidered a part of the mont ; but HQ , n it is considered as a part of the week . n ﬁ or m th e th i eans day or date of e month , marked t is c i h f Th e alled Qﬁ , w th respect to t e age o the moon . d a t 15/7 l6m5 v 1517 9 y is divided into six y parts , called 55 , ulg . 54 ,

- w hi is f . h viz . f ch equal to twenty our minutes T e night , rom s t v f 5 17 m m unset o sunrise , is di ided into our parts , called

o r Syn o d) .

i 9 m m c s The week s called 59 or It onsi ts , like o f h h c i h i s f h urs , o seven days , w ic re e ve t e r name rom t e seven 179 p lanets called in which the Hindus include th e s u n : the emw as : to these names , term n is added ;

rmﬂ r z S S . g c g , the un , unday

591615 677 M 57/61 5 L Q 6mm M . ( , the oon , 9 , onday . 5

695 611 611 a 1 51 695 . , M ars , Tuesday

f 57 M ﬁ m eag d . , ercury , q f b We nesday Q Q IU /T QLD J agilu fr éiﬁ e ol m . b , upiter , bg g , Thursday

9 611 677 6 67611 677 679557 6 61 719 10 F . , Venus , 59 , riday

5 6 69 . , Saturn , Saturday The month is called or and marked

Th e t f fi em r v firs month o the year is g fi . They are twel e

as f in number , ollows :

1 M a half of April and y . 2 . M ay and June . 3 . June and July . 4 . July and August . 5 . ev m ﬁ q g , Au gust and September . 6 . September and O ctober .

7 . (vulg .

4 151 O ctober and November .

8 . November and December .

9 . December and January . 1 0 —m . 5 , January and February . — 1 1 . Lo e M c . , February and ar h 1 2 . M arch and April .

B - w a m N . . The year is called cg s and marked

h f is n o t W en the age o a person meant , is used , but m u g ? or 611 111 5 o r 19 1 17 11 1 123 ; which literally signiﬁes a e f c n e g : or instan e , I am ten years old , must be re der d

° 6 7 5 17 5 0 5 7 w ru mfarCD u 5 7 by 65 4 9 g , not r g but ,

b te n w a -Lb I was orn years ago , must be expressed by cg ﬂ ;

' ' fE /T65T fi fi L 5 } ev a m rrufil aa/ j viz . g m 4 5 cg s r c p 180

. “ H h o f ch f w c The indus ave a cycle sixty years , ea o hi h

' A n E D . is w has its own peculiar name . The nglish date o t t iv so generally used in India , ha it is not necessary to g e H the names of the indu years .

A P P E N DIX IV O N THE PO O F TH CO M PA INTS E SS , AND SIG NS O F THE Z O DIAC

A region or point in the hori zon is called £ 6111 5 or

Q 5 Q55. The four chief points are

' as a cg The east . sw h ag T e west . h The sout .

The north . The four intervening angles are called

0 Q - 5 6 57 9 5 . , 5 C5 South east

- South west .

- North west .

- 611 n 9 565 North east .

n g The signs of the Z odiac are called g o . Their names are these

’ G m m m i s $ G57 Q H . or , Ar e . , Virgo

Ili /r b L d: m m ov i . as u u . / or Q , Taurus g , ibra

619 5 Q 5 L21 c 119 m G . 5 , emini . q5 , S orpio

5 155 _5 Lb 57 . 1 C . , , ancer 5 9 , Sagittarius

9 167 5 121 L o , e .

A P P E N DIX V TABLE O F RE LATIO NSHI PS

° Th f 5 LJu 6137 it 11114 537 5 165 1 5 e ather is called § , c / , ( 5 or h f h ’ T e at er s brothers .

Bu t h th f t (Du /19111 13 1 1 6 57 . t e elder bro er of the a her, Q ai nd u é r. younger f g

1 82

h w h c e P ersons w o have married t o brot ers , are all d

11111119 1 1 1u 17 17 1 7 5 5710 17 17. 9 5 , 9 5

h h r Several women , married to one man , call eac ot e

- ih - 10 17 10 657 . A father law ,

- - 1 t in 10 7 1 19. A mo her law ,

’ - ln - w LD / 11 6 56 57 h A son la , C5 , also t e son of a man s sister

’ or of a woman s brother .

- in - law 10 1 0 5 6117 h h f a A daughter , g5 , also t e daug ter o

’ ’

i t w . man s s s er, or of a oman s brother

(3 11 7 657 G u mj ﬂeiram A grandson , , .

’ 0 1 1 17 9 6 . A granddaughter , 55 , also a sister s granddaughter — . B . h f h f R e N T is is taken rom t e grammar o the v .

h n iu s . R e . C . T

A P P E NDIX VI O N THE S PECIA L US E O F CERTAI N WO RDS

(1) The Tamil language has several nouns to denote f f w h the infancy o men , or of animals , or o trees , hic must not be used promiscuously . Thus infants and children

0 15601 197677 9077 is are called 655 5 and , which last also used of young palm trees ; as Q5 6 576 117 1019757 %17 . The word

3 ; f i f ln (565 is used of birds , o m ce , of ﬁshes , and o sects ; thus q @ 5@ @5 a young pigeon ; a chicken ; etc . The common

th - L L . appellation for e young of four footed animals is @ 9 .

53151 5 5 L 1 1 5 7 135 L 1 Thus , C5 5, <5 q ,

etc . It is also used of serpents ; as The calves of cows and buffaloes cannot be called simply

L 1 1 t 5 6 574 5 6574 5 L : h (5 1 , but we mus say or C§ 4 t us ,

619 1 1 5 6 57 or 1 15 6196 57 5 6574 5C§ L 19. ; m cg emm é; 5 6 57411

6 7 651 10 5 5 6 57 15 1 1 or Q5 3 C51 1 9 . But of horses and asse s we 183

h 10 1fl fi m r m 5 16111 may say eit er or , thus, (fi fl, 3 5 O f harts , camels and elephants , we may say either

L 6 6717 11 1 017 657 5 57 01 L 6mm 5 5 65r C5 T or 4 ; 4 , 9 y ,

5 6 57 11 . L all n h t t 4 astly , of pla ts , w ilst they are li tle ( h e

t w 5 657 11 : 10 17 1757 palm tree excep ed) , e must use the word 4

5 6 57 1 G Q J Q U /E S d f / I 1 5 91 115 5 6 57 0 157 6515 55 57 m c Q 4 6 . c , , 4 , (5 Q5 4 , etc

2 h s e x ( ) In order to denote t e male and female , th e

6 117 Tamil people use the words 4 5 and and thi s s can be said of every creature , al o of animals and birds

is however , if it said absolutely , it is supposed on ly o f

l9 677 , f h %77 . h men or whom they also add t e word T us ,

611517 19 6778317 671 161157 19 61173677 4 , ; yet this does not signify f a male or a emale child , but absolutely , a man or a

W : w 19 6773617 oman and hen is thus added , it cannot be said of other animals .

Th e f 5 17 611611 f (3 1 1m male o birds is called , the emale , and these two words are placed before or after the speciﬁ c

f : t 5 17 611 13 5 fr name o every bird hus , 5 bﬁ or

’ O u m 5G 5 1r él 9 5 17 671 36911 L 6mm a cock ; g or 5 , a hen ; a male pigeon ; a fem ale pigeon ,

’ t - te t t etc . With regard o four foo d beas s hey vary : the male

f 5 17 857 75 5 657 Q m mﬁ eieg cal of oxen is called 4 , the female , aﬂw,

v t I If they be greater than cal es , he male is simply calle d

5 17 3677 Bu t n , the female whe they are ﬁt for work »

m ﬂ 1 15 then the ox is called gg g , the cow . The hull is called

The male of buffaloes in every age is called

w 5 6 {Q M /7 5 to hich , if it be small , they add mm, 5 6 574 11 ;

the female they always call and1 if' it be small ,

5 5 6 57 h Th m ® 6 m1 0 42 e male of hor ses an d asses is called

57 03 e a (565 thus , the f m le

6 111 5 h (25 17 67 775 115 5 7 5 7 651 (3 5 17 6779 ; 5 651 C35 7 6179651 5 5 5 , t us , 65 , £9 , The female of other quadrupe ds are called with one common

G u m@ © 1 1 w t m 11. ord hus , , 1 84 m m d m B u t r gﬂ , etc . with egard to the male h : f h f f x m o n kie s ch t ey vary or t e male o dogs . cats , o es , and su

i 41509611 657 6 3a) f h l ke , th ey call ; of harts ; o s eep and

Q m mb .

B — . h t N . T is is taken from he grammar of the

E s . J . sebi

F I N r s

186

1 0 5 C 9 E 3 6 . ompound expressions , , xistence , 6 644 1 85. 9 . E etc . , 2 , ach ,

f E 242. orms of tenses , ither ,

63 . 560 . E t 9 etc . , , etc cetera ,

C i 186 3 70 E 240 243 . ompos te nouns , , . ven , ,

26 E w c . 38 6 . 74 4 . 3 , , etc ver , ho ever , et ,

1 5. C 4 . 7 04 525. E oncession , , verywhere , always , etc ,

C 49 . 9 . E t 607 ompulsion , xcep ,

C 516 t . onditional , , e c , nega 521 tive , , etc . C 627 onjugation of nouns , , F 99 eminine , , 628 . F 502 512. itness , , f 28 2 o verbs , , etc . F uture tense , general r u l e , C 23 c 9 . 606 onjun tions , , etc , , 276 .

0130 638 C 5 . G t 226 F c . ra tions , Ce 3 6 . pula verb to be , 7 , etc

C a l e onsonants ( ﬁ n chang d), G 9 4 18 . 6 , etc , , etc . G 99 101 C enders , , , Appendix onstruction of sentences , VI 343 5 . 68 . , etc , , etc G 109 1 20 1 46 3 54 8 enitive , , , , , C 3 3 . ontrast ,

643 . 2 C 5 7 . ursing , , etc G 542 rammatical terms , Appendix C . alled , II . Can , 505 H D

H 70. D I I represented in Tamil , ates , Appendix I . H 3 76 i 1 10 144 ave , D v 356 . at es , , , , etc ,

H w 386 . o ever , 3 76 , 645, 654. D ays of week , Appendix III . 1 1 6 5. D 5 . eclensions , , etc , 2 D t 532 . x 6 63 . irec narration , , etc Idiomatic e pressions , D 357 3 60. , 252 . istance , Imperative mood , , etc , D 1 4. ouble consonants , 393 476 . , 1 D 38 . , 387 . oubt Inﬁnitive mood , , etc

ﬁ cti n al 108 1 13 125 I n e o base , , , , E 1 2 1 30, 47 , 6 6 .

E w 88 t 86 . lision of vo els , , etc . Inser ion of letters , , etc ,

E h 29 378 . 616 mp asis , , , etc . 187

I 1 11 363 . N as i nstrumental case , , ouns , u s e d adject ves ,

t 574 . 190 . In ensive verbs , , etc , etc

248 . N c Interjections , , etc umerals , adje tival forms , 21 538 . 2. Inverted commas ,

0 220. 1 0. v Irrationals , ad erbial forms , 204 2 95 . 5 . 6 5 1 . i If , 51 , etc . , , etc , card nals, , etc ,

444 4 7 458 . 22 c . Immediately , , 4 , , et

. iv 216 . In order to , see purpose distribut e , f 226 ractions , . L 21 8 . ordinals , , etc 215 personal nouns , f 82. Letters rom Sanskrit ,

. N 542 amed , . l io n 0 h S usert a n g e s N 596 . evertheless , 61 . . 86 . 6 etc , , etc , , etc 0 13 bu t 60 8 . nly . L 461 . imit , £O Wi 2 2 ere , never , no one , etc . , L as 11 1 36 6 6 . ocative c e, , , 1 5 7 . 514 Le t . , 0

M O c 350 . bje t , , etc

O i . blique narrat on , 538 M 448 452. anner , , O n 8 pe syllables , 7 . M i 99 . ascul ne , 52 O 7 . ptative , , etc M 257 . edials in verbs , O M rder of words in a sentence . onths , Appendix III . M 2 343 . f 37 . otion to and rom , , etc r 2 O , 42, 61 1 .

M a 508 515 529 . y , , , , etc O 4 9 6 12 h 9 50 5 . M ug t , , , 610. oreover , M 49 506 512 9 . ust , , , P P 2 43 4 6 c . 6 N articipial nouns , , et , , 4 80. etc . , N iv 2 5 1 . 44 i i 0 . egat e conditional , , etc P art c ples , afﬁxes to , , etc

C 369 . 405 . opula , relative , , etc , 4 0 4 forms of verbs , 7 , 79 .

c . 3 4 l 9 . et verba , , etc , t 1 53 . 477 56 6 . op ative , , , etc t 10 N 0. P 485 c . eu er gender , assive verb , , et N 8 9 . P 278 . ouns , classes of , ast tense , general rule , 62 1 4 7. P 468 508 . 5 conjugation of , ermission , , , etc , , i f 98 145 P 154 declens on o , , , lural used as singular, ,

625. 261 . 188

102 112 R x V . Plurals of nouns, , , elationships , Appendi “

3 8 t . 629 . R iv i i 405 . 121 . , etc , , e c , elat e part c ples , , etc P i f A fﬁ t 440 o nts o the Compass , p a xes to dit o , ,

e n dix . . 481 . p IV etc ,

P i 354 374. R i i 630 646 647 ossess on , , epet t on , , , , also

P bi s e e i . 2 16 . ossi lity, ab lity 185,

P i 229 c . R 251 ostposit ons , , et oot , .

P 229 . R s 185 repositions , , etc e pective, . P 547 rincipal parts of ve rbs , , 4 5 9 . S

P 509 . rohibition , S c 624. anskrit ompounds ,

P f 187 . ronominal a ﬁxes , 2 8 . letters ,

P t 1 71 t . S f w ronouns , adjec ives , , e c econdary form o vo els , 6 t 156 1 . demonstra ive , , , etc

c 408 . Senten es , adjective , 1 71 . , etc 442 v . ad erbial , i iv 1 8 5. distr but e , 385 noun , . h n o riﬁc 154 c . o , , et , f h Z c Signs o t e odia , Appen 160, 1 62, 168 .

dix IV . it 1 9 . indeﬁn e , 7

i 102 154 209 . i 164 S ngular , , , nterrogative , ,

6 640 . 34 . Subject , , etc , , etc etc .

201 . Superlatives , , etc 152 . personal , , etc

343 c . 637 e tc . 1 Syntax , , et , , 0. possessive , 7 1 5 8 . 1 Several , reﬂexive , 68 .

h hi . iv 184 Somew ere , somet ng , etc , relat e , .

384. P 1 5 ronouns , universals , 7 ,

390 438 449 454. 18 So that , , , , . 0 c . etc , , et 3 c 17 174. P 499 506 508 512 Su h , , ropriety , , , , . P 390 438 449 454 urpose , , , , . T

256 c 2 6 c Q Tenses , , et . , 7 , et . t f 560 combina e orms , , i 380 c . 588 652 Quest ons , , et , , . etc .

554 . R meanings , , etc 4 0 . negative . 7 , etc R i 3 0 11 11 8 99 at onal , . f 63 1 poetical orms , . R 1 2 , 85, 16 , 630, i 364 402 444 446 44 eduplications T me , , , , , 7,

646 647 . 453 4 55 . 4 8 4 4 , , , etc , 5 , 59 , 60. R v 489 . , T i 56 . eﬂexive erbs ranslat on , 7, etc

TA M I L I N D E X

444.

A J GYTQ Lb / I , 445. d 1 2 7 . O y pronoun , 300 2 6 8 . s i ) 602 w g , . Cbl b L L 51 4 t . g y , , e c i 158 m 2 part cle , . a mtr m 23 . c y , 605 6 6 1 0 6 0. 1 , to v 46 . geniti e ending , 610 . 1 77 5 6 159 . 4 15 ,

z Ll u ru ﬁu nl m 1 73 . .g / g ,

oxQ u méu 233 c / , . 0 24

rb 2 Q n 33 . . /q , G f t 3 80. 3 sign o a ques ion . 232 . 266 336 388 g or , , ,

605 . , etc 83 3 . , etc ol 6316 0 3 4 c 369 . 7 / , , etc , , 5 233 246 372 373 528 £5 , , , , , ,

605 611 . 2 2 , 5 9 , 59 , 593 .

émua ur 2 9 5 1 c g 49 . 5 . 597 . y , £5

Q Gb éwr ’ﬁb w fr es j 471 c c g c 508 . / g : l é b g mg , ,

605. @1u GUT % see % . él év/TLDGD 6 6 6 J , 05, 0 610. 51 5 520 95. / to c , , mw mm rh 6 10 , . 1 g g 79 , 596 . 605 . D ev air 63 c / , 7 . ao eb g mrr 249 , 6515 1 117 31 , 1 6 594. / 3 ,

ol 6 1 75 677” H v o n f. 57 162. 65 / afﬁx , 1 35 , Appendix VI

1 61 . a n d) 594. declined , w , al 2 v p , 98 . b 266 468 508 /(5 c , , , , 588 . 191

1 a ﬂai 2 11575 1 m 37 . 1 336 . ﬂ 0 25 1 5 , Q ,

6 57 145 158 . 596 . @ particle , ,

374 genitive e n d i n g , ,

20 1 28 . 93 . 1 396 , 5 ,

612.

ﬁn b u 222. c g , 7 1 1 f 50. 3 25 a ﬁx to nouns ,

m ﬂ 17 17 f 1 0 c 5 . g g , ; with numer a ﬁx to nouns ,

220. als ,

6 57 193 590 59 1 . 1 3 , , ,

m w szir 63 7 . c g , 2 . 21 pronunciation , ; elided ,

é) 520 595. c , , 88 g gg .

‘ rh 9 c y 179 5 6 . 4 , , 23 4 . g gg g 0, 7

g m m ut 1 3 09 74. Q , , 5 62157 3 10 , , 3 88 .

172. pronoun , 3 3 65, 76 , 598 . m s 238 g sfi , , 94 13 539 w h , , it con lé fi g 233 . ditio n al 525 w t n fi cg , , , i h interro

ti n a o s 175 t . w g , , e c , ith

f é/ u rci) 233 . 21 w t 7 . Q , numerals , , i h ver

Q D m 23 artic . 404. 3 . Q q / , p , a 29 U E , 8 . Q 655. qp

° e_6rr 23 2 8 3 4 43 , 3 , 598 . 9 6 . 376 3 , 3, etc , , ,

523 . 598 599 , ,

6797 13 7 600. 5 5 5 ,

2 . 677 6rr 5) 7 598 . 603 . g Q , , etc ,

5 6 7 603 .9 25 , .

émﬂf 2 5 2 60 . Q , , 3

‘ aw wr z 603 . 6 7 n 15 72 . Q g , pronunciatio , ,

am m a) 6 7 69 69 17 67 69 61117 123 180 g , , , etc . , ,

évmwrm m 183 . Q , 603 , to

36 298 . 6 . , etc ,

6 7 6 57 , 388 , 535. 192

518 545 546 . 617 , , 9

6 7 6 57 3 10 388 3 92, 656 . , , , 677 wi 4 61 3 @ r tten 7 1, 7 . 6 7 657Q D 42 / , 5 .

65769 544. 6 7 55 ,

6 7 57 9 43 611 657 . 637 . , etc , 5 c 68 pronun iation , , etc . In

L 7 543 . 49 , serte d 93 616 6 1 7 . , , , O p

' ‘ 637 . 671 6 5T . 6 T 6 5TU , etc , ative ﬂix 53 t a , 0.

44. 5 6 Q W 6 5T 2 L , 5 7 . ' 6 7 6-57 6u 545 546 gy , , , 266 29 , 3 , 388 .

6 7 6737 421 532 t 542. , o Appendix V I 67 6 57 1Lb 42 4 2 , 5 . 5 17 6557 , 3 10.

5 17 5 6 57 5 17 19 fﬁx 1 4 , a es , 9 .

Q eznm , 655.

57 i 8 15. Q L M pronunc ation , , , 232. h x 378 379 emp atic afﬁ , , . ﬁ m m A i g , ppend x III .

648 . 5 234 519, . Appendix VI x g c , Appendi VI 9 8 1 24 pronunciation , . 0 0155 7 101 x 655 5 , , Appendi VI 44 1 1 . in dative case , ( )

457 1 236 (5 515 , .

° g a g /7 7 03 04 c 5 . 9 9 , 5 , , et

® Lb a 56737 21 206 5 L 502 504 . g cg , 9 4 , . , , , etc

236 6 9 5 1 12119 09 , 0 . , 304.

5 517 3 661 (3 6 266 329 88 . , , , , ° 5 236 .

61 5 17 51 1 293 . f c 3 83 , a ﬁx of ontrast , .

9 5 17677 2 4 490 653 . 384 , 3 8 , 89 , , to interrogatives , . f 38 or question , 1 . 385 8 to sentence , , 3 6 . 69 232 496 , 5 , IE ! 32. 9 verb pronunciation , 9 557 i 188 95 £5 , term nations , . substituted , .

fr fr 5 85 1 1 e x o w m u 232. 19 , 0 , App ndi VI (g ,

4 - 453 23 . etc . , ,

O u g m g lU , Appendix VI

G u a iv V I , Appendix i t 15. nser ed in vowels , ‘ fﬁsv 23 2. G uru /796i) s u , i te or nser d between vowels,

G U M /i W i h 9 or t numer 0.

al s 210. , pronunciation , 79 .

293 . II 657 . m 1 u ll- 1 657 1 2 plural , ° [I 8 1 . not initial , G u rr 298 . , c t 28 . q5 pronun ia ion, m @ 4 G u L 23 2 45 . @ , , 5” ® u 1r G u m 455 456 . @ g or g , , 3 3 388 396 484 266 , 7 , , , , a ) t i 3 1 , no init al ,

524 579 581 . , , 3 i . pronunciat on , 6 G M T 471 t 4 620. substi ution , 9 , Q q , 306 , 576 . ( 2 06 4 Q ] 1. 1 3 f 55 n verb , ; a ﬁx , ,

456 .

61] t 89 90 1 72. inser ion , , , m c u 50 651 . , 236 , 6 , ro n u n mat l o n 45. p , 2 e tc . , 3 0, 4 6 0, LIJ 6 1 4 .

LIJ a 0 11 9 . 32. 95. t 2 ﬁn l dropped , 54 , e c ,

1 0 5 6 57 1 22 a w r plural , . y , 47 1 .

. 230 601 17 3 t 4 0. 6 266 3 8 88 578 . e c , , , , 3 , ,

/r é 475. cv f 653 g , .

5 909 1 6 . , 30 , 57

fﬁ Q QLl —JTGV 22 1 0 l 5 . a x to nouns , 5 . , 3 00. 3 29 .

m rm o 6 298 . g g or 39 .

. 219 23 0 611 . etc , , 1 . , 388

357 , G a wain—ru b c . 234 439 459 4 498 c ( 9 et , , , , 6 9 . , , et 195

9 5 1 653e 2) 498 . , , etc ;D m an , 294, 577 . D i i 80. ; not n tial , 49 58 59 pronunciation , , , ,

99 60. t 94 1 4 62 5 0. substitu ion , , , 8 ti 0. 59 not ini al , 4 6 . pronunciation ,

t 80. not ini ial , 3 6 44 pronunciation , , . t t 94 620 622 substi u ion , , , . 677 t 80. not ini ial ,

t 47 48 . g a pronuncia ion , , , ! ” '

F r th s e le tte rs a. 8 2 t 94 621 . o e substitu ion , , see par O PINIO NS O N A R DE N’S TELUG U G RAMMAR

E A D A E 122 . C I F TH M B S G V R T No . 6 P R O EED NGS O O E NM N ,

d A u s 9 1 o ta camu n u t 79 . O , g , 8

His G race in Council does not dou bt that a grammar which

h as m e t with such high approval from very competent

c i t u d f u — criti s w ll be adop ed by all st ents o Telug C . G .

AS E R hie S ecre tar to G overn men t . M T , C f y

It is in my opinion the grammar for an E nglishman — w ishing to learn Telugu R ight R ev ere nd Bishop

W D . D . CA LD ELL ,

o f u m t a Contains a large amount seful a ter , arr nged in a

- G . P P E R T . O E s . P H . D ci m . A very lu d anner , q , M , . P ro

S an s krit Te lu u Tran s la tor to v essar o G o ern m en t . j f , g

h th e wh an d h n w I ave gone through ole book , t i k your ork — a rea l w an t C o n . R . M . M AC A D D supplies DON L , irector d lic I n struc tion M a ra s . of P u b ,

I am able to speak from experience as to th e g rea t services

you hav e rendered to Telu gu students by its publica

- Y E s P ro e s o r o T u t T HO W E s e l u O x o rd . ion . . L , q f f g , f

Is decidedly calcu lated to su persede its predeces s ors h as — t th . M adra s M ail rendered a ma erial service to e public .

I n every respect an excellent work has supplied a public

— n m need M adras A the ce u .

— P R S V P RY mam a 1910. ES , E E , s

U N I V E R S IT Y O

T h is k is D U E o n th e last d a te s t m l w b o o a pe d b e o .

— F o rm L9 S e r ie s 444