Samoa Und Fiji
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Establishing a Holocene Tephrochronology for Western Samoa and Its Implication for the Re-Evaluation of Volcanic Hazards
ESTABLISHING A HOLOCENE TEPHROCHRONOLOGY FOR WESTERN SAMOA AND ITS IMPLICATION FOR THE RE-EVALUATION OF VOLCANIC HAZARDS by Aleni Fepuleai A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Copyright © 2016 by Aleni Fepuleai School of Geography, Earth Science and Environment Faculty of Science, Technology and Environment The University of the South Pacific August 2016 DECLARATION Statement by Author I, Aleni Fepuleai, declare that this thesis is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published, or substantially overlapping with material submitted for the award of any other degree at any institution, except where due acknowledge is made in the next. Signature: Date: 01/07/15 Name: Aleni Fepuleai Student ID: s11075361 Statement by Supervisor The research in this thesis was performed under my supervision and to my knowledge is the sole work of Mr Aleni Fepuleai. Signature Date: 01/07/15 Name: Dr Eleanor John Designation: Principal Supervisor ABSTRACT Samoan volcanism is tectonically controlled and is generated by tension-stress activities associated with the sharp bend in the Pacific Plate (Northern Terminus) at the Tonga Trench. The Samoan island chain dominated by a mixture of shield and post-erosional volcanism activities. The closed basin structures of volcanoes such as the Crater Lake Lanoto enable the entrapment and retention of a near-complete sedimentary record, itself recording its eruptive history. Crater Lanoto is characterised as a compound monogenetic and short-term volcano. A high proportion of primary tephra components were found in a core extracted from Crater Lake Lanoto show that Crater Lanoto erupted four times (tephra bed-1, 2, 3, and 4). -
Invasive Alien Species Survey Aleipata Islands, Samoa September-December 2015
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES SURVEY ALEIPATA ISLANDS, SAMOA SEPTEMBER-DECEMBER 2015 GEF-PAS Invasive Alien Species project/Samoa Gianluca Serra and Faleafaga Toni Tipama’a New Eden Samoa Environment Consultants on behalf of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MNRE), Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC) 1 Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION 2. METHODOLOGY 2.1 NU’UTELE Rats Yellow Crazy Ants Other fauna (IAS and native) Flora (IAS and native) 2.2 NU’ULUA 2.3 NAMUA 2.4 FANUATAPU 2.5 BIOSECURITY 2.6 TEAMS 2.7 SCHEDULES 3. RESULTS 3.1 NU’UTELE 3.2 NU’ULUA 3.3 NAMUA 3.4 FANUATAPU 3.5 TRAINING 3.6 BIOSECURITY ASSESSMENT 4. DISCUSSION 5. ACNOWLEDGEMENTS 6. REFERENCES ANNEX 1 – TEMPLATE DATA LOG FOR RAT TRAPPING ANNEX 2 – PREVIOUS RAT SURVEYS IN NU’UTELE AND NU’ULUA ANNEX 3 – BIRD CHECKLIST ANNEX 4 – DIURNAL BUTTERFLY CHECKLIST ANNEX 5 -- CHECKLIST OF KEY FOREST TREES Photo on the cover: Nu’utele island (Credit: G. Serra). 2 1. INTRODUCTION Samoa is part of the Polynesia-Micronesia Biodiversity Hotspot, one of 34 regions of the world where extraordinary levels of biodiversity and endemism are coupled with extremely high levels of threat (Mittermeier et al. 2004). The four Aleipata islands (Photo 1), holding a high percentage of representative and threatened species of Samoa, certainly represent a key site in the Polynesia-Micronesia biodiversity hotspot. In a 1986 review of 226 islands in the South Pacific region, these islands together rated 30th in importance for biological diversity (Vanderwoude et al. 2006). They were also more recently included in the list of the 7 Key Biodiversity Areas of Samoa (Conservation International et al. -
Aleipata Itupa I Luga District Interventions
Community Integrated Management Plan Aleipata-Itupa I Luga - Upolu Implementation Guidelines 2018 COMMUNITY INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES Foreword It is with great pleasure that I present the new Community Integrated Management (CIM) Plans, formerly known as Coastal Infrastructure Management (CIM) Plans. The revised CIM Plans recognizes the change in approach since the first set of fifteen CIM Plans were developed from 2002-2003 under the World Bank funded Infrastructure Asset Management Project (IAMP) , and from 2004-2007 for the remaining 26 districts, under the Samoa Infrastructure Asset Management (SIAM) Project. With a broader geographic scope well beyond the coastal environment, the revised CIM Plans now cover all areas from the ridge-to-reef, and includes the thematic areas of not only infrastructure, but also the environment and biological resources, as well as livelihood sources and governance. The CIM Strategy, from which the CIM Plans were derived from, was revised in August 2015 to reflect the new expanded approach and it emphasizes the whole of government approach for planning and implementation, taking into consideration an integrated ecosystem based adaptation approach and the ridge to reef concept. The timeframe for implementation and review has also expanded from five years to ten years as most of the solutions proposed in the CIM Plan may take several years to realize. The CIM Plans is envisaged as the blueprint for climate change interventions across all development sectors – reflecting the programmatic approach to climate resilience adaptation taken by the Government of Samoa. The proposed interventions outlined in the CIM Plans are also linked to the Strategy for the Development of Samoa 2016/17 – 2019/20 and the relevant ministry sector plans. -
Report on the Status of the Rights of the Child in Samoa 2005
REPORT ON THE STATUS OF THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD IN SAMOA 2005 INITIAL REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD The Government of Samoa with assistance from UNICEF and Government of Australia through the Pacific Children’s Program TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword 3 Introduction 4 Acknowledgements 5 Glossary 6-7 Abbreviations 8-9 Executive Summary 10-14 Recommendations 15-17 Section 1: Facts and Figures about Samoa 18-25 The Land 18 The People 19 Language and Religion 19 Historical background 19-20 Demography 20-21 The Economy 21-22 Constitutional background 22 The Executive 22-23 Parliament 23 Judiciary 23-24 Fundamental Rights 24 Political parties 24 Public service 24-25 Legal System 25 Section 2: General Measures of Implementation 26-32 Section 3: The Definition of a Child 33-37 Section 4: General Principles 38-43 Section 5: Civil Rights and Freedoms 44-50 Section 6: Family Environment and Alternative Care 51-67 Section 7: Basic Health and Welfare 67-81 Section 8: Education, Leisure and Culture Activities 82-95 Section 9: Special Protection Measures 96-102 References 102-105 2 FOREWORD 3 INTRODUCTION Samoa ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child, hereinafter referred to as the CRC, on 11 November 1994. The following is the initial report submitted by Samoa to the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child. The compilation of the initial report was funded by UNICEF. A number of consultative processes on the report was made possible with assistance from the government of Australia through the Pacific Children’s Program. -
Vegetation and Flora of the Aleipata Islands, Western Samoa1
Pacific Science(1983), vol. 37, no. 3 © 1984 by the University of Hawaii Press. All rights reserved Vegetation and Flora of the Aleipata Islands, Western Samoa 1 W. ARTH UR WHISTLER 2 ABSTRACT: The botany offour small, relatively undisturbed tuff cone islands offthe east coast ofUpolu, Western Samoa, is examined. During a series ofvisits to the islands, the vegetation was studied in nine sample plots, and a checklist of the 260 species comprising the flora was compiled. Six types ofnative vegetation are recognized, one of which (Diospyros coastal forest) appears to be unique to tuff cone islands. Casual observations were made on the avifauna and turtle species, and the ecological significance of the islands is discussed. LYINGJU ST OFF TH EEAST coast ofthe Aleipata mind. The results ofthese visits culminated in district ofthe island ofUpolu, Western Samoa a checklist ofthe flora ofthe islands (Table 5). (Figure 1), is a chain of four small islands Dur ing the visits, voucher specimens were col (totaling about 1.7 krn") , which is known as lected and vegetation surveys carried out. The the Aleipata Islands. Although the coastal voucher specimens are in the author's personal and lowland area of the Aleipata coast adja collection at the Uni versity of Hawaii, with cent to the islands is almost entirely covered duplicates at the Smithsonian (us), Bishop with coconut plantations and villages, the Mu seum (BISH), Kew (K), Berlin (B), and islands are uninhabited and their plant com elsewhere. munities are relatively undisturbed. Because To determine species composition of the of the extensive disturbance to the vegetation forests, nine vegeta tion plots were sampled of the Aleipata coast, these islands serve as a six on Nu 'utele, two on Nu 'ulua, and one refuge for native plant communities as well on Namu 'a, No vegetation was sampled on as native plant and animal species (Whistler Fanuatapu due to the limited extent of that 1981). -
Climate of Samoa
DaDatata CCoollecllectiotionn aanndd mmodeodellillinnggffoor ar adadaptaptationtion Nusipepa Lepale Samoa Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline Background info Geography Climate of Samoa Impacts of Climate Change (CC) in Samoa CC Adaptation in Samoa Data Observation Network (Data collection) Modeling used in Samoa Responses to Climate Change in Samoa Samoa Climate Early Warning System (CLEWS) Background InformationBackground Information Samoa, officially the Independent State of Samoa (formerly known as Western Samoa and German Samoa), is a country governing the western part of the Samoan Islands in the South Pacific Ocean. It became independent from New Zealand in 1962. The two main islands of Samoa are Upolu and one of the biggest islands in Polynesia Savai'i. The capital city Apia and Faleolo International Airport are situated on the island of Upolu. The 1960 Constitution, which formally came into force with independence from New Zealand in 1962, is based on the British pattern of parliamentary democracy, modified to take account of Samoan customs The unicameral legislature (Fono) consists of 49 members serving 5-year terms. Forty-seven are elected from territorial districts by ethnic Samoans; the other two are chosen by non-Samoans with no chiefly affiliation on separate electoral rolls GeographyGeography The country is located east of the international date line and south of the equator, about halfway between Hawai‘i and New Zealand in the Polynesian region of the Pacific Ocean. The total land area is 2934 km² -
The Rare Plants of Samoa JANUARY 2011
The Rare Plants of Samoa JANUARY 2011 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION LESSONS LEARNED TECHNICAL SERIES 2 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION LESSONS LEARNED TECHNICAL SERIES 2 The Rare Plants of Samoa Biodiversity Conservation Lessons Learned Technical Series is published by: Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) and Conservation International Pacific Islands Program (CI-Pacific) PO Box 2035, Apia, Samoa T: + 685 21593 E: [email protected] W: www.conservation.org Conservation International Pacific Islands Program. 2011. Biodiversity Conservation Lessons Learned Technical Series 2: The Rare Plants of Samoa. Conservation International, Apia, Samoa Author: Art Whistler, Isle Botanica, Honolulu, Hawai’i Design/Production: Joanne Aitken, The Little Design Company, www.thelittledesigncompany.com Series Editors: James Atherton and Leilani Duffy, Conservation International Pacific Islands Program Conservation International is a private, non-profit organization exempt from federal income tax under section 501c(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. ISBN 978-982-9130-02-0 © 2011 Conservation International All rights reserved. OUR MISSION Building upon a strong foundation of science, partnership and field demonstration, CI empowers societies to responsibly and sustainably care for nature for the well-being of humanity This publication is available electronically from Conservation International’s website: www.conservation.org ABOUT THE BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION LESSONS LEARNED TECHNICAL SERIES This document is part of a technical report series on conservation projects funded by the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) and the Conservation International Pacific Islands Program (CI-Pacific). The main purpose of this series is to disseminate project findings and successes to a broader audience of conservation professionals in the Pacific, along with interested members of the public and students. -
The Influence of Religion and Culture on Planning and Decision-Making Processes in Samoa
The Influence of Religion and Culture on Planning and Decision-making Processes in Samoa Ekrina Melenuutausi Iose A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Master of Planning at the University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand November 2nd 2018 i ABSTRACT Culture and religion form the foundation for all political, economic and social organisations in the Pacific Island nation of Samoa, and are inextricably linked (So’o, 2008). They are two of the most fundamental aspects present in the everyday lives of Samoan people. Both aspects dictate the day to day routines and practices of Samoa’s people whether it is in the home, workplace, or social setting. The importance of religion is reflected in the national emblem which states ‘E faavae I le Atua Samoa’ which translates to ‘Samoa is founded in God’. Culture is also important and this is highlighted in the way Samoan people are determined not to abandon their customs and traditions and so, instead of evolving into a government based completely on western democracy, the two world views were combined. It was a case of western democracy meets Samoan customs and traditions, and this is how Samoa has been governed ever since. The overall aim of this study was to establish the extent to which religion and culture influence planning and decision-making processes in Samoa. To answer this aim, four key questions were established. These questions looked at the significance of religion in Samoa, the nature of the relationship between religion and government, the influence religion has on planning and decision-making processes, and lastly, the hierarchy of importance in government of religion and culture. -
Butler, D.J.And Wylie, M. 2009. Aleipata Islands, Samoa
ALEIPATA ISLANDS, SAMOA OPERATIONAL PLAN: ERADICATION OF PACIFIC RATS OCTOBER 2006 Last updated 29 July 2009 IMPLEMENTING AGENCY Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) Prepared by Dave Butler (Technical Adviser – TA), Malcolm Wylie (Aerial Drop Adviser – ADA) This project is supported by the Australian government’s Regional Natural Heritage Program through the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund. CONTENTS Operational Summary .................................................................................................... 3 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 4 2. Outcomes & Targets .............................................................................................. 6 2.1 Overall Goal ........................................................................................................ 6 2.2 Conservation Outcomes ...................................................................................... 6 2.3 Socio-economic Outcomes ................................................................................. 6 2.4 Targets................................................................................................................. 6 3. Consultation, Consents & Notifications ................................................................ 7 3.1 Consultation ........................................................................................................ 7 3.2 Consents & Notifications ................................................................................... -
Birds of the Aleipata Islands, Samoa
153 Notornis, 2012, Vol. 59: 153-162 0029-4470 © The Ornithological Society of New Zealand, Inc. Birds of the Aleipata Islands, Samoa RICHARD PARRISH* 7B Kent Road, Whangarei 0112, New Zealand GREG H. SHERLEY United Nations Environment Programme, Private Mail Bag, Apia, Samoa Abstract: An annotated checklist of birds recorded or reported on the Aleipata Is, Samoa is presented. Nu’utele and Nu’ulua Is were the focus of an attempt to eradicate Pacific rats (Rattus exulans) in 2009. The data presented are from bird surveys intended to provide baseline information to determine the effect of rodent eradication on the bird fauna. Fanuatapu or Namu’a Is were surveyed as experimental controls. A total of 42 species were recorded or reported, comprised of 24 species of land birds (including 3 introduced species) and 18 species of seabirds and shorebirds. Morphometric data are also presented from Friendly ground-doves (Gallicolumba stairi) that were removed from Nu’utele I and held in captivity during the rat eradication attempt. Parrish, R.; Sherley, G.H. 2012. Birds of the Aleipata Islands, Samoa. Notornis 59 (3&4): 153-162. Keywords Aleipata Islands; Samoa; ecological restoration; bird fauna, Friendly ground-dove INTRODUCTION We visited both these islands together with In Aug 2009 an attempt was made to eradicate Fanuatapu I and Namu’a I before the eradication Pacific rats (Rattus exulans) from both Nu’utele I attempt, to provide a pre-eradication survey of the and Nu’ulua I, 2 of the Aleipata Is in Samoa, by the bird faunas that could be used to compare with Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environmental later surveys once the rats were removed. -
1. Background Information on Agriculture and Organizational Arrangements for Plant Protection and NPPO of Your Country (Less Than 200 Words)
1. Background information on agriculture and organizational arrangements for Plant protection and NPPO of your country (less than 200 words) a. Please provide macro data on your country (area, population, main production, main plant importations and exportation) and the structure, ports of entry and organigram of the NPPO. i. Independent State of Samoa formerly known as Western Samoa; became independent 1 January 1962 ii. Government type – mix of parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy iii. Area -2,944km2 iv. 2 Large Islands (Upolu and Savaii), 7 small islets (Apolima, Manono, Nu’ulopa, Nu’ulua, Namua, Fanuatapu, Nu’usafee) v. Population – 195,979 (SBS 2016) vi. Capital - Apia vii. Climate – Tropical, Rainy (November to April) and Dry Season (May to October) viii. Main Production – agricultural products (handicrafts, copra, plantain, taro, dried cocoa beans/pounded cocoa) ix. Main Plant Importation – Ornamental Plants, Vegetable seeds, flour, sugar, rice x. Main Exportation – fish, coconut oil, coconut cream, copra, noni juice (Morinada citrifolia), taro, dried cocoa beans/pounded cocoa, Tahitian lime (NZ), plantain (NZ/Aust) xi. Ports of Entry – 2 Airports (Faleolo International Airport, Fagalii International Airport), 3 International Wharfs (Apia Wharf, Satitoa Wharf, Salelologa Wharf) xii. Structure & Organizational diagram of NPPO (See additional word document) 2. Phytosanitary legal framework and list of regulated pests (less than 100 words) a. When available, please provide the phytosanitary legal framework of your country and the list of regulated pests. i. Phytosanitary Legal framework: 1. Quarantine (Biosecurity) Act 2005 (currently under review) a. 3 components i. Animal Health and Welfare Bill ii. Plant Protection Bill iii. Quarantine (Biosecurity) Bill 2. -
Review of Invasive Alien Species Management in The
REVIEW OF INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES MANAGEMENT IN THE ALEIPATA ISLANDS, SAMOA GEF-PAS Invasive Alien Species project/Samoa Gianluca Serra and Faleafaga Toni Tipama’a New Eden Samoa Environment Consultants on behalf of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MNRE), Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC) 1 Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION 2. AIM AND METHODOLOGY 3. KEY BIODIVERSITY ASSETS AND THREATS 3.1 Fauna 3.2 Flora 4. INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES 4.1 Inventory 4.2 Key species: knowledge & threats 5. CONSERVATION MEASURES 6. ATTEMPTS OF MANAGING IAS 7. KNOWLEDGE GAPS 8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 9. REFERENCES Photo on the cover: Nu’utele (foreground) and Nu’ulua island (background) (Credit: G. Serra). 2 1. INTRODUCTION Samoa is part of the Polynesia-Micronesia Biodiversity Hotspot (Fig. 1), one of 34 regions of the world where extraordinary levels of biodiversity and endemism are coupled with extremely high levels of threats (Mittermeier et al. 2004). Although 11 terrestrial and 65 marine species found in Samoa are listed as globally threatened on the 2015 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, the number of threatened species at a national level may be significantly higher than this, perhaps in the hundreds (Conservation International et al. 2010). Figure 1. Polynesia-Micronesia Biodiversity Hotspot (Map: Conservation International 2013). The Aleipata islands are composed of 4 small islands with an aggregate area of 1.68 km² (see Fig. 2 and 3): Nu’utele (1.08 km²) and Nu’ulua (0.25 km²) islands located outside the coral reef off eastern Upolu; Namua (0.20 km²) and Fanuatapu (0.15 km²) islands located at the edge of the coral reef.