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Identify GEO Objects #5
Identification of UI Objects in Classification of Geosynchronous Objects Issue 11 Ted Molczan 2010 Jan 31 Revision 2, 2010 Feb 02 Abstract Sixty-seven (67) objects reported as unidentified in Classification of Geosynchronous Objects, Issue 11, have been newly correlated with launches, and identified as a specific piece from their launch. Corrections of 5 previous independent identifications are proposed. This increases the total number of identified objects to 140, out of 152 originally reported as unidentified. 1. Introduction The European Space Agency’s European Space Operations Centre reports annually on the status of objects in geosynchronous orbit, via the Classification of Geosynchronous Objects (COGO) series, produced by the Space Debris Office of the Ground Systems Engineering Department. COGO Issue 11, Section 4.7, reports 152 objects tracked by the International Scientific Optical Network (ISON), classified as unidentified, because they could not initially be correlated with a specific launch. They receive permanent IDs of the form UI.nnn, in which UI denotes unidentified, and nnn is a serial number. Objects that are eventually correlated to launches retain their UI designation, but are also listed in Section 4.7 with their COSPAR designation. The launches expected to account for most of the 152 UI objects are the 77 which placed a total of 153 officially catalogued objects into geosynchronous orbit, for which orbital elements are not available from official sources. COGO Issue 11, identifies 40 objects that had been correlated with their launches, and independent researchers have correlated an additional 33 objects. All belong to the 77 known launches. The present study originates within the small community of hobbyists who observe objects in orbits for which official orbital elements are not available, and analyze their orbits, optical characteristics and radio transmissions. -
Smithsonian Institution Archives (SIA)
SMITHSONIAN OPPORTUNITIES FOR RESEARCH AND STUDY 2020 Office of Fellowships and Internships Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC The Smithsonian Opportunities for Research and Study Guide Can be Found Online at http://www.smithsonianofi.com/sors-introduction/ Version 2.0 (Updated January 2020) Copyright © 2020 by Smithsonian Institution Table of Contents Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 How to Use This Book .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Anacostia Community Museum (ACM) ........................................................................................................................................................ 2 Archives of American Art (AAA) ....................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Asian Pacific American Center (APAC) .......................................................................................................................................................... 6 Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage (CFCH) ...................................................................................................................................... 7 Cooper-Hewitt, -
Space Almanac 2007
2007 Space Almanac The US military space operation in facts and figures. Compiled by Tamar A. Mehuron, Associate Editor, and the staff of Air Force Magazine 74 AIR FORCE Magazine / August 2007 Space 0.05g 60,000 miles Geosynchronous Earth Orbit 22,300 miles Hard vacuum 1,000 miles Medium Earth Orbit begins 300 miles 0.95g 100 miles Low Earth Orbit begins 60 miles Astronaut wings awarded 50 miles Limit for ramjet engines 28 miles Limit for turbojet engines 20 miles Stratosphere begins 10 miles Illustration not to scale Artist’s conception by Erik Simonsen AIR FORCE Magazine / August 2007 75 US Military Missions in Space Space Support Space Force Enhancement Space Control Space Force Application Launch of satellites and other Provide satellite communica- Ensure freedom of action in space Provide capabilities for the ap- high-value payloads into space tions, navigation, weather infor- for the US and its allies and, plication of combat operations and operation of those satellites mation, missile warning, com- when directed, deny an adversary in, through, and from space to through a worldwide network of mand and control, and intel- freedom of action in space. influence the course and outcome ground stations. ligence to the warfighter. of conflict. US Space Funding Millions of constant Fiscal 2007 dollars 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 Fiscal Year 59 62 65 68 71 74 77 80 83 86 89 92 95 98 01 04 Fiscal Year NASA DOD Other Total Fiscal Year NASA DOD Other Total 1959 1,841 3,457 240 5,538 1983 13,051 18,601 675 32,327 1960 3,205 3,892 -
Uk-Menwith-Hill-Lifting-The-Lid.Pdf
Lifting the lid on Menwith Hill... The Strategic Roles & Economic Impact of the US Spy Base in Yorkshire A Yorkshire CND Report 2012 About this report... Anyone travelling along the A59 to Skipton demonstrations, court actions and parliamentary cannot fail to notice the collection of large white work. Similar issues have been taken up by spheres spread over many acres of otherwise various members of the UK and European green fields just outside Harrogate. Some may Parliaments but calls for further action have know that these ‘golfballs’, as they are often been smothered by statements about concerns called, contain satellite receiving dishes, but few for security and the importance of counter will know much more than that. In fact, it’s terrorism. extremely difficult to find out very much more because this place – RAF Menwith Hill – is the However, it is not the purpose of this report to largest secret intelligence gathering system write a history of the protest movement around outside of the US and it is run, not by the RAF the base. The object was originally to investigate (as its name would suggest) but by the National the claims made by the US and UK govern- Security Agency of America. ments of the huge financial benefits (rising to over £160 million in 2010) that the base brings Such places always attract theories about what to the local and wider communities. In doing so, they are involved in and Menwith Hill is no it was necessary to develop a clearer under- exception – but over the years it has also been standing of what the base does, how it operates the subject of careful investigation and analysis and how much national and local individuals, by a number of individuals and groups. -
Development of Surveillance Technology and Risk of Abuse of Economic Information
∋(9(/230(172)6859(,//∃1&( 7(&+12/2∗<∃1∋5,6.2)∃%86( 2)(&2120,&,1)250∃7,21 9ΡΟ 7ΚΗςΗΡΙΚΗΥΛΘΦΡΠΠΞΘΛΦΛΡΘς ,ΘΗΟΟΛϑΗΘΦΗ&20,17ΡΙΞΡΠ∆ΗΓΣΥΡΦΗςςΛΘϑΙΡΥΛΘΗΟΟΛϑΗΘΦΗΣΞΥΣΡςΗς ΡΙΛΘΗΥΦΗΣΗΓΕΥΡΓΕΘΓΠΞΟΛΟΘϑΞϑΗΟΗςΗΓΡΥΦΡΠΠΡΘΦΥΥΛΗΥ ς∴ςΗΠςΘΓΛςΣΣΟΛΦΕΛΟΛ∴Ρ&20,17ΥϑΗΛΘϑΘΓςΗΟΗΦΛΡΘ ΛΘΦΟΞΓΛΘϑςΣΗΗΦΚΥΗΦΡϑΘΛΛΡΘ :ΡΥΝΛΘϑΓΡΦΞΠΗΘΙΡΥΚΗ672∃3ΘΗΟ /Ξ[ΗΠΕΡΞΥϑ2ΦΡΕΗΥ 3(9ΡΟ &ΟΡϑΞΛΘϑΓ 7ΛΟΗ 3∆Υ7ΚΗςΗΡΙΚΗΥΛΘΦΡΠΠΞΘΛΦΛΡΘς ,ΘΗΟΟΛϑΗΘΦΗ&20,17ΡΙΞΡΠ∆ΗΓΣΥΡΦΗςςΛΘϑΙΡΥ ΛΘΗΟΟΛϑΗΘΦΗΣΞΥΣΡςΗςΡΙΛΘΗΥΦΗΣΗΓΕΥΡΓΕΘΓΞΟΛ ΟΘϑΞϑΗΟΗςΗΓΡΥΦΡΠΠΡΘΦΥΥΛΗΥς∴ςΗΠςΘΓΛς ΣΣΟΛΦΕΛΟΛ∴Ρ&20,17ΥϑΗΛΘϑΘΓςΗΟΗΦΛΡΘ ΛΘΦΟΞΓΛΘϑςΣΗΗΦΚΥΗΦΡϑΘΛΛΡΘ :ΡΥΝΣΟΘ5ΗΙ (3,9%672∃ 3ΞΕΟΛςΚΗΥ (ΞΥΡΣΗΘ3ΥΟΛΠΗΘ ∋ΛΥΗΦΡΥΗ∗ΗΘΗΥΟΙΡΥ5ΗςΗΥΦΚ ∋ΛΥΗΦΡΥΗ∃ 7ΚΗ672∃3ΥΡϑΥ∆ΠΠΗ ∃ΞΚΡΥ ∋ΞΘΦΘ&ΠΣΕΗΟΟ,379/ΩΓ(ΓΛΘΕΞΥϑΚ (ΓΛΡΥ 0Υ∋ΛΦΝ+2/∋6:257+ +ΗΓΡΙ672∃8ΘΛ ∋Η 2ΦΡΕΗΥ 3(ΘΞΠΕΗΥ 3(9ΡΟ 7ΚΛςΓΡΦΞΠΗΘΛςΖΡΥΝΛΘϑ∋ΡΦΞΠΗΘΙΡΥΚΗ672∃3ΘΗΟ,ΛςΘΡΘΡΙΙΛΦΛΟΣΞΕΟΛΦΛΡΘΡΙ672∃ 7ΚΛςΓΡΦΞΠΗΘΓΡΗςΘΡΘΗΦΗςςΥΛΟ∴ΥΗΣΥΗςΗΘΚΗΨΛΗΖςΡΙΚΗ(ΞΥΡΣΗΘ3ΥΟΛΠΗΘ I nterception Capabilities 2000 Report to the Director General for Research of the European Parliament (Scientific and Technical Options Assessment programme office) on the development of surveillance technology and risk of abuse of economic information. This study considers the state of the art in Communications intelligence (Comint) of automated processing for intelligence purposes of intercepted broadband multi-language leased or common carrier systems, and its applicability to Comint targeting and selection, including speech recognition. I nterception Capabilities 2000 Cont ent s SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................................................................. -
Commercial Spacecraft Mission Model Update
Commercial Space Transportation Advisory Committee (COMSTAC) Report of the COMSTAC Technology & Innovation Working Group Commercial Spacecraft Mission Model Update May 1998 Associate Administrator for Commercial Space Transportation Federal Aviation Administration U.S. Department of Transportation M5528/98ml Printed for DOT/FAA/AST by Rocketdyne Propulsion & Power, Boeing North American, Inc. Report of the COMSTAC Technology & Innovation Working Group COMMERCIAL SPACECRAFT MISSION MODEL UPDATE May 1998 Paul Fuller, Chairman Technology & Innovation Working Group Commercial Space Transportation Advisory Committee (COMSTAC) Associative Administrator for Commercial Space Transportation Federal Aviation Administration U.S. Department of Transportation TABLE OF CONTENTS COMMERCIAL MISSION MODEL UPDATE........................................................................ 1 1. Introduction................................................................................................................ 1 2. 1998 Mission Model Update Methodology.................................................................. 1 3. Conclusions ................................................................................................................ 2 4. Recommendations....................................................................................................... 3 5. References .................................................................................................................. 3 APPENDIX A – 1998 DISCUSSION AND RESULTS........................................................ -
Limits of the Chinese Antisatellite Threat to the United States
Limits of the Chinese Antisatellite Threat to the United States Jaganath Sankaran Abstract The argument that US armed forces are critically dependent on satel- lites and therefore extremely vulnerable to disruption from Chinese anti- satellite (ASAT) attacks is not rooted in evidence. It rests on untested assumptions—primarily, that China would find attacking US military satellites operationally feasible and desirable. This article rejects those assumptions by critically examining the challenges involved in executing an ASAT attack versus the limited potential benefits such action would yield for China. While some US satellites are vulnerable, the limited reach of China’s ballistic missiles and inadequate infrastructure make it infeasible for China to mount extensive ASAT operations necessary to substantially affect US capabilities. Even if China could execute a very complex, difficult ASAT operation, the benefits do not confer decisive military advantage. To dissuade China and demonstrate US resilience against ASAT attacks, the United States must employ technical innova- tions including space situational awareness, shielding, avoidance, and redundancies. Any coherent plan to dissuade and deter China from em- ploying an ASAT attack must also include negotiations and arms control agreements. While it may not be politically possible to address all Chinese concerns, engaging and addressing some of them is the sen- sible way to build a stable and cooperative regime in space. ✵ ✵ ✵ ✵ ✵ In May of 2013, the Pentagon revealed that China had launched a suborbital rocket from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center in southwest Sichuan province that reached a high-altitude satellite orbit. According Jaganath Sankaran is a postdoctoral fellow at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government and was previously a Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow at the RAND Corporation. -
A Constellation Architecture for Monitoring Carbon Dioxide and Methane from Space
A CONSTELLATION ARCHITECTURE FOR MONITORING CARBON DIOXIDE AND METHANE FROM SPACE Prepared by the CEOS Atmospheric Composition Virtual Constellation Greenhouse Gas Team Version 1.0 – 8 October 2018 © 2018. All rights reserved Contributors: David Crisp1, Yasjka Meijer2, Rosemary Munro3, Kevin Bowman1, Abhishek Chatterjee4,5, David Baker6, Frederic Chevallier7, Ray Nassar8, Paul I. Palmer9, Anna Agusti-Panareda10, Jay Al-Saadi11, Yotam Ariel12. Sourish Basu13,14, Peter Bergamaschi15, Hartmut Boesch16, Philippe Bousquet7, Heinrich Bovensmann17, François-Marie Bréon7, Dominik Brunner18, Michael Buchwitz17, Francois Buisson19, John P. Burrows17, Andre Butz20, Philippe Ciais7, Cathy Clerbaux21, Paul Counet3, Cyril Crevoisier22, Sean Crowell23, Philip L. DeCola24, Carol Deniel25, Mark Dowell26, Richard Eckman11, David Edwards13, Gerhard Ehret27, Annmarie Eldering1, Richard Engelen10, Brendan Fisher1, Stephane Germain28, Janne Hakkarainen29, Ernest Hilsenrath30, Kenneth Holmlund3, Sander Houweling31,32, Haili Hu31, Daniel Jacob33, Greet Janssens-Maenhout15, Dylan Jones34, Denis Jouglet19, Fumie Kataoka35, Matthäus Kiel36, Susan S. Kulawik37, Akihiko Kuze38, Richard L. Lachance12, Ruediger Lang3, Jochen Landgraf 31, Junjie Liu1, Yi Liu39,40, Shamil Maksyutov41, Tsuneo Matsunaga41, Jason McKeever28, Berrien Moore23, Masakatsu Nakajima38, Vijay Natraj1, Robert R. Nelson42, Yosuke Niwa41, Tomohiro Oda4,5, Christopher W. O’Dell6, Leslie Ott5, Prabir Patra43, Steven Pawson5, Vivienne Payne1, Bernard Pinty26, Saroja M. Polavarapu8, Christian Retscher44, -
Appendix 15B. Tables of Operational Military Satellites TED MOLCZAN and JOHN PIKE*
Appendix 15B. Tables of operational military satellites TED MOLCZAN and JOHN PIKE* Table 15B.1. US operational military satellites, as of 31 December 2002a Common Official Intl NORAD Launched Launch Perigee Apogee Incl. Period name name name design. (date) Launcher site (km) (km) (deg.) (min.) Comments Navigation satellites in medium earth orbit GPS 2-02 SVN 13/USA 38 1989-044A 20061 10 June 89 Delta 6925 CCAFS 19 594 20 787 53.4 718.0 GPS 2-04b SVN 19/USA 47 1989-085A 20302 21 Oct 89 Delta 6925 CCAFS 21 204 21 238 53.4 760.2 (Retired, not in SEM Almanac) GPS 2-05 SVN 17/USA 49 1989-097A 20361 11 Dec 89 Delta 6925 CCAFS 19 795 20 583 55.9 718.0 GPS 2-08b SVN 21/USA 63 1990-068A 20724 2 Aug 90 Delta 6925 CCAFS 19 716 20 705 56.2 718.8 (Decommissioned Jan. 2003) GPS 2-09 SVN 15/USA 64 1990-088A 20830 1 Oct 90 Delta 6925 CCAFS 19 978 20 404 55.8 718.0 GPS 2A-01 SVN 23/USA 66 1990-103A 20959 26 Nov 90 Delta 6925 CCAFS 19 764 20 637 56.4 718.4 GPS 2A-02 SVN 24/USA 71 1991-047A 21552 4 July 91 Delta 7925 CCAFS 19 927 20 450 56.0 717.9 GPS 2A-03 SVN 25/USA 79 1992-009A 21890 23 Feb 92 Delta 7925 CCAFS 19 913 20 464 53.9 717.9 GPS 2A-04b SVN 28/USA 80 1992-019A 21930 10 Apr 92 Delta 7925 CCAFS 20 088 20 284 54.5 717.8 (Decommissioned May 1997) GPS 2A-05 SVN 26/USA 83 1992-039A 22014 7 July 92 Delta 7925 CCAFS 19 822 20 558 55.9 718.0 GPS 2A-06 SVN 27/USA 84 1992-058A 22108 9 Sep 92 Delta 7925 CCAFS 19 742 20 638 54.1 718.0 GPS 2A-07 SVN 32/USA 85 1992-079A 22231 22 Nov 92 Delta 7925 CCAFS 20 042 20 339 55.7 718.0 GPS 2A-08 SVN 29/USA 87 1992-089A -
China Dream, Space Dream: China's Progress in Space Technologies and Implications for the United States
China Dream, Space Dream 中国梦,航天梦China’s Progress in Space Technologies and Implications for the United States A report prepared for the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission Kevin Pollpeter Eric Anderson Jordan Wilson Fan Yang Acknowledgements: The authors would like to thank Dr. Patrick Besha and Dr. Scott Pace for reviewing a previous draft of this report. They would also like to thank Lynne Bush and Bret Silvis for their master editing skills. Of course, any errors or omissions are the fault of authors. Disclaimer: This research report was prepared at the request of the Commission to support its deliberations. Posting of the report to the Commission's website is intended to promote greater public understanding of the issues addressed by the Commission in its ongoing assessment of U.S.-China economic relations and their implications for U.S. security, as mandated by Public Law 106-398 and Public Law 108-7. However, it does not necessarily imply an endorsement by the Commission or any individual Commissioner of the views or conclusions expressed in this commissioned research report. CONTENTS Acronyms ......................................................................................................................................... i Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................... iii Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 -
Walking the High Ground: the Manned Orbiting Laboratory And
Walking the High Ground: The Manned Orbiting Laboratory and the Age of the Air Force Astronauts by Will Holsclaw Department of History Defense Date: April 9, 2018 Thesis Advisor: Andrew DeRoche, Department of History Thesis Committee: Matthew Gerber, Department of History Allison Anderson, Department of Aerospace Engineering 2 i Abstract This thesis is an examination of the U.S. Air Force’s cancelled – and heretofore substantially classified – Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) space program of the 1960s, situating it in the broader context of military and civilian space policy from the dawn of the Space Age in the 1950s to the aftermath of the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster. Several hundred documents related to the MOL have recently been declassified by the National Reconnaissance Office, and these permit historians a better understanding of the origins of the program and its impact. By studying this new windfall of primary source material and linking it with more familiar and visible episodes of space history, this thesis aims to reevaluate not only the MOL program itself but the dynamic relationship between America’s purportedly bifurcated civilian and military space programs. Many actors in Cold War space policy, some well-known and some less well- known, participated in the secretive program and used it as a tool for intertwining the interests of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) with the Air Force and reshaping national space policy. Their actions would lead, for a time, to an unprecedented militarization of NASA by the Department of Defense which would prove to be to the benefit of neither party. -
The 2019 Joint Agency Commercial Imagery Evaluation—Land Remote
2019 Joint Agency Commercial Imagery Evaluation— Land Remote Sensing Satellite Compendium Joint Agency Commercial Imagery Evaluation NASA • NGA • NOAA • USDA • USGS Circular 1455 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover. Image of Landsat 8 satellite over North America. Source: AGI’s System Tool Kit. Facing page. In shallow waters surrounding the Tyuleniy Archipelago in the Caspian Sea, chunks of ice were the artists. The 3-meter-deep water makes the dark green vegetation on the sea bottom visible. The lines scratched in that vegetation were caused by ice chunks, pushed upward and downward by wind and currents, scouring the sea floor. 2019 Joint Agency Commercial Imagery Evaluation—Land Remote Sensing Satellite Compendium By Jon B. Christopherson, Shankar N. Ramaseri Chandra, and Joel Q. Quanbeck Circular 1455 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior DAVID BERNHARDT, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey James F. Reilly II, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2019 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit https://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS. For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit https://store.usgs.gov. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials JACIE as noted in the text.