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Mungana and the Mungana Hospital

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Mungana and the Mungana Hospital Journal of Rural and Tropical Public Health 80 COMMENTARY MUNGANA AND THE MUNGANA HOSPITAL PETER STRIDE Redcliffe Hospital, University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia. Corresponding author: Dr. Peter Stride ([email protected]) ABSTRACT The charred and sun-bleached stumps, the sole remnant of the Mungana Hospital stand quietly, enigmatically under the vivid blue North Queensland sky in the ghost town now reclaimed by the bush. The stories of that vibrant, often violent, short lived mining town with its frequently insolvent mining companies and its medical problems are tantalizingly close and distant at the same time. The background and available details of its medical history are related, and the hypothesis that town demographics posed public health issues that persist today in remote and isolated towns in rural Queensland is proffered. KEY WORDS: Mungana Hospital, Mary Jane and Girofla Mines, North Queensland, Remote Medicine, Chillagoe, Mining Towns. SUBMITTED: 5 March 2011; ACCEPTED: 17 July 2011 RESEARCH METHODS Armstrong and had three daughters, one of whom, Josephine, Information about the Mungana Hospital is elusive and limited. born 25/6/1895, died on 15th January 1949, was buried on 16th Primary sources of information are found in the Queensland January 1949 in Chillagoe Cemetery. Her grave can still be State Library, the Queensland Archives (QSA), the Chillagoe found as one of few remaining links with the past. Atherton was Museum and local newspapers archived at the Trove website for many years a member of the local hospital committee, as (Trove), plus biographies and autobiographies of significant well as being the Mungana town butcher and owning property local personnel and other citizens of the area. Comparisons in the town. with the present day are taken from the extensive literature on the problems of rural medicine as published by the Medical The Chillagoe smelter was opened on 12th September 1901 by Journal of Australia. John Moffat's Chillagoe Company to treat copper, and later lead ore. Up to 1000 men worked in the incredible heat PREHISTORY extracting minerals, and the area had a population of around The Mungana and Chillagoe region, a coastal area with a coral 10,000. 15 km to the north-west, the township of Mungana reef in the Devonian period 400 million years ago, has changed sprang up near the famous Lady Jane and Girofla copper with the passage of time and geological processes, through the mines. The Chillagoe Company built a private railway line from reign of the Dinosaurs, when giant marine reptiles swam in the Mareeba to Mungana. Two trains a week arrived in Mungana warm waters of the Apian Sea, through the isolation of the from Cairns and the young miners were said to have come to Australian land mass, with its unique marsupial fauna, to the meet and greet any young ladies arriving at a town event landscape of today with caves and rich mineral deposits. (Gliddon, 1981). MINING ERA Chillagoe and Mungana experienced boom and bust cycles of Chillagoe, named originally from the chorus of an old sea mining and the Chillagoe Company went broke, leaving the shanty, is located in Northern Queensland 141 km west of miners without a smelter for their ore. In this period State Mareeba, 205 km west of Cairns, at 352 metres above sea government enterprises were begun including cattle stations, level. Gold was discovered nearby at the Palmer River and butchers’ shops, timber and sugar mills, banking and insurance Hodgkinson Goldfields in the 1870's attracting prospectors who services to curb private monopoly. From 1914 when the spread out over North East Queensland finding many small smelters closed, the Queensland Government slowly acquired goldfields. The area was also good cattle country and ownership of the railway, smelters and two Mungana mines, pastoralists followed to the area (Queensland Government, claiming the maintenance of regional production and 2006). employment was a consideration (Kennedy, 1978). The Mungana mines closed again in 1926 and Mungana Township Chillagoe was first settled as a pastoral property by William slowly declined, surviving only on the railway traffic. In 1943 Atherton who lived on the Atherton Tableland with his father Chillagoe smelters and therefore most of the mines finally John and his brother Edmund, and subsequently played a large closed, having produced over 9.778 tonnes of gold, 184.36 part in the development of Mungana and Chillagoe. Following tonnes of silver, 60 963 tonnes of copper and 5080 tonnes of the discovery of copper, lead, gold and silver deposits in the lead. The population dwindled with the closure of the mines, area in 1887 and 1888, the mining baron John Moffat opened down to about 150 in 1940 (QSA, 1940), and only a few mines, while Atherton became the owner of Chillagoe Station, residents by 1959. about 250 square miles of good cattle country (Pike, 1976). Atherton erected the present Chillagoe homestead, a quaint In today’s post-mining era the soil of the Mungana area comfortable Queenslander in 1890, married Josephine contains high levels of copper and zinc, though the natural rich JRuralTropPublicHealth 2011, VOL 10, p. 80 - 86 copyright Published by the Anton Breinl Centre of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University Journal of Rural and Tropical Public Health 81 vein of minerals found between the limestone and the Once the mines were opened, alcohol followed soon after the metamorphic rocks cannot be distinguished from tailings left miners and the town boomed. The first period was from 1894 to from the mining era. The Girofla was primarily a lead mine, so 1914, when the town rapidly acquired services and businesses. pollution with copper would not have come from its ore dust. Three hotels, the Royal, the Cosmopolitan and the Girofla There was also a small smelter at Girofla for a few years but opened between 1897 and 1900. Until the 1910s, pubs tended given its short working life it is unlikely to have contributed to to serve hard liquor more than beer, causing problems for both the environmental copper. health and public order (Bolton, 1998). General stores, a bakery, a restaurant, a drapery and a butcher’s shop soon The 'copper plant' grows in the area which is a sure sign that followed. On 1st January 1897 the first races at the amateur the copper has always been in the soil. It would be interesting turf club occurred and by 1901 the town had a cricket club, a to speculate on the health problems possibly caused by high Progress Association, a Court House, and a library with a soil concentrations of copper when the water supply was taken reading room. Divine Services were initially held in a store with partly from wells, though perhaps with sufficient tungsten to be Catholic and Anglican Churches built in 1908 and 1913, a health hazard today. Pyatt analysed the flora and fauna at respectively. three mining sites in North Queensland including Mungana for copper and tungsten discovering copper concentrations in the Abdul Wade’s camel teams provided transport to more remote flora and fauna of Mungana up to ten thousand times greater mines till 1907, when traction engines took over. Aborigines than in a nearby coastal area (Pyatt, 2004). were now controlled by the restrictive 1897 Protection of Aborigines Act and required an employment permit. Without Copper and Zinc are usually perceived as being relatively one, townspeople could be accused of the crime of 'harbouring' harmless in moderate excess, but high levels of intake, can any Aborigines living with them. Aborigines in town were cause acute abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhoea, then employed as servants and labourers while others were stock indistinguishable from typhoid and other causes of workers on the surrounding cattle stations. gastroenteritis. It is possible that the water supply in Mungana contained high levels of metals which may have been further Mungana soon acquired a reputation as a rowdy town with enhanced by metallic fluid containers used by the miners and gambling and fights stimulated by the abundant alcohol. other inhabitants. Dempsey described Mungana as “one of the wildest towns in Australia.… On pay nights it was not unusual for two or three fights to be going on simultaneously in the main street” (Pike, POLITICAL SCANDAL 1972). Alcohol precipitated the one murder in the town in The name Mungana became nationally famous during the October 1901, a barmaid, named Hannah Treacy was shot by 1920s because of the “Mungana Affair”, a scandal that erupted a drunken miner, Richard Henderson, after she refused to give over the Queensland government's purchase of the mines in him a meal. He shot himself in the street soon after, and is 1919 (Kennedy, 1978). ‘Red Ted' Theodore and William believed to occupy one of at least three graves rumoured to McCormack, former ministers in the government at the time of exist at the end of Main Street (Hooper, 1993). purchase, had failed to declare their shareholdings in the mine. Both went on to become Queensland Premiers and when the It is interesting to note that one of the doctors in Chillagoe, Dr shareholdings became public knowledge, Theodore was McLaughlin, himself an amateur boxing champion, had an Federal Treasurer in the Scullin government. A Royal exhibition bout outside a Chillagoe pub with Tommy Burns, the Commission found both Theodore and former premier World Heavy Weight Boxing Champion of 1908, when Burns McCormack were guilty of fraud, dishonesty and abuse of visited with a travelling vaudeville show in 1909 (Hooper, ministerial position. However a civil court cleared both men of 1993). The medical perception of boxing has changed charges in 1931, and Scullin restored Theodore to his former drastically over the last century from a “noble art” to the cause cabinet position.
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