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A Review of Flotation Separation of Mg Carbonates (Dolomite and Magnesite)
minerals Review A Review of Flotation Separation of Mg Carbonates (Dolomite and Magnesite) Darius G. Wonyen 1,†, Varney Kromah 1,†, Borbor Gibson 1,† ID , Solomon Nah 1,† and Saeed Chehreh Chelgani 1,2,* ID 1 Department of Geology and Mining Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Liberia, P.O. Box 9020 Monrovia, Liberia; [email protected] (D.G.W.); [email protected] (Y.K.); [email protected] (B.G.); [email protected] (S.N.) 2 Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-41-6830-9356 † These authors contributed equally to the study. Received: 24 July 2018; Accepted: 13 August 2018; Published: 15 August 2018 Abstract: It is well documented that flotation has high economic viability for the beneficiation of valuable minerals when their main ore bodies contain magnesium (Mg) carbonates such as dolomite and magnesite. Flotation separation of Mg carbonates from their associated valuable minerals (AVMs) presents several challenges, and Mg carbonates have high levels of adverse effects on separation efficiency. These complexities can be attributed to various reasons: Mg carbonates are naturally hydrophilic, soluble, and exhibit similar surface characteristics as their AVMs. This study presents a compilation of various parameters, including zeta potential, pH, particle size, reagents (collectors, depressant, and modifiers), and bio-flotation, which were examined in several investigations into separating Mg carbonates from their AVMs by froth flotation. Keywords: dolomite; magnesite; flotation; bio-flotation 1. Introduction Magnesium (Mg) carbonates (salt-type minerals) are typical gangue phases associated with several valuable minerals, and have complicated processing [1,2]. -
Heart of Gold Lesson Plan Year 7
Heart of Gold Lesson Plan Year 7 Lesson 1 Separation of Gold Curriculum Links: (ACSSU112) / Year 7 / Science / Science Understanding / Chemical Sciences (ACSSU222) / Year 7 / Science / Science Understanding / Earth and Space Sciences (ACSHE119) / Year 7 / Science / Science as a Human Endeavour / Nature and Development of Science (ACSHE121) / Year 7 / Science / Science as a Human Endeavour / Use and Influence of Science Background Information: It is actually quite unusual to find large nuggets of gold and most gold prospectors actually need to separate gold out from lots of other material. Depending on where the gold is found, this may be done by panning or through dry blowing. Each of these methods relies on the property of density. As gold has a very high density compared to the rock, soil and sediments it is contained in, it can be separated out by exploiting this property as it will fall to the bottom of mixtures that are allowed to settle out. The process of panning is used when small pieces of gold are found in creeks and rivers. It involves using a large shallow dish (pan) to scoop out some of the sediments in the riverbed and a small amount of water. You use a swirling motion with the pan tipped away from you and allow small amounts of the sediments and water to spill over the edge of the pan. When you have only a small amount of the sediments remaining in the pan, you will be able to see any gold particles that remain at the bottom of the pan. During the West Australian gold rush, most of the gold was being found in dry areas and water was a scarce commodity. -
Effects of Varied Process Parameters on Froth Flotation Efficiency: a Case Study of Itakpe Iron Ore
Nigerian Journal of Technology (NIJOTECH) Vol. 39, No. 3, July 2020, pp. 807 – 815 Copyright© Faculty of Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Print ISSN: 0331-8443, Electronic ISSN: 2467-8821 www.nijotech.com http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v39i3.21 EFFECTS OF VARIED PROCESS PARAMETERS ON FROTH FLOTATION EFFICIENCY: A CASE STUDY OF ITAKPE IRON ORE S. Akande1, E. O. Ajaka2, O. O. Alabi3 and T. A. Olatunji4,* 1, 2, DEPARTMENT OF MINING ENGINEERING, FEDERAL UNIV. OF TECHNOLOGY, AKURE, ONDO STATE, NIGERIA 3, 4, DEPT. OF MET. & MATERIALS ENGINEERING, FEDERAL UNIV. OF TECHNOLOGY, AKURE, ONDO STATE, NIGERIA Email addresses: 1 [email protected], 2 [email protected], 3 [email protected], 4 [email protected] ABSTRACT The dire need for Itakpe iron ore concentrates of appreciable iron content meets for smelting operation necessitated this study. Core samples of the iron ore sourced from Itakpe, Kogi State, Nigeria were prepared for petrological analysis followed by chemical and particle size analyses. Froth flotation was done using different collectors at varying particle sizes and pH values. Characterization studies carried out revealed that Itakpe iron ore is a lean ore assaying 36.18% Fe2O3 and contains predominantly quartz, sillimanite, and haematite. Its liberation size lies favourably at 75 µm. Processing the ore by froth flotation yielded appreciable enrichment. Optimal recovery (~92%) was achieved using potassium amyl xanthate (PAX) at pH 11 for fine feed sizes (<125 µm) yielding iron concentrate assaying 67.66% Fe2O3. Thus, processing at this set-of- conditions is recommended for the industrial production of more enriched Itakpe iron ore concentrates. -
Petrology of Ore Deposits
Petrology of Ore Deposits An Introduction to Economic Geology Introductory Definitions Ore: a metalliferous mineral, or aggregate mixed with gangue that can me mined for a profit Gangue: associated minerals in ore deposit that have little or no value. Protore: initial non-economic concentration of metalliferous minerals that may be economic if altered by weathering (Supergene enrichment) or hydrothermal alteration Economic Considerations Grade: the concentration of a metal in an ore body is usually expressed as a weight % or ppm. The process of determining the grade is termed “assaying” Cut-off grade: after all economic and political considerations are weighed this is the lowest permissible grade that will mined. This may change over time. Example Economic Trends Economy of Scale As ore deposits are mined the high-grade zones are developed first leaving low-grade ores for the future with hopefully better technology Since mining proceeds to progressively lower grades the scale of mining increases because the amount of tonnage processed increases to remove the same amount of metal Outputs of 40,000 metric tons per day are not uncommon Near-surface open pit mines are inherently cheaper than underground mines Other factors important to mining costs include transportation, labor, power, equipment and taxation costs Classification of Ore bodies Proved ore: ore body is so thoroughly studied and understood that we can be certain of its geometry, average grade, tonnage yield, etc. Probable ore: ore body is somewhat delineated by surface mapping and some drilling. The geologists is reasonably sure of geometry and average grade. Possible Ore: outside exploration zones the geologist may speculate that the body extends some distance outside the probable zone but this is not supported by direct mapping or drilling. -
Principles of Extractive Metallurgy Lectures Note
PRINCIPLES OF EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY B.TECH, 3RD SEMESTER LECTURES NOTE BY SAGAR NAYAK DR. KALI CHARAN SABAT DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING PARALA MAHARAJA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BERHAMPUR DISCLAIMER This document does not claim any originality and cannot be used as a substitute for prescribed textbooks. The information presented here is merely a collection by the author for their respective teaching assignments as an additional tool for the teaching-learning process. Various sources as mentioned at the reference of the document as well as freely available material from internet were consulted for preparing this document. The ownership of the information lies with the respective author or institutions. Further, this document is not intended to be used for commercial purpose and the faculty is not accountable for any issues, legal or otherwise, arising out of use of this document. The committee faculty members make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this document and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. BPUT SYLLABUS PRINCIPLES OF EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY (3-1-0) MODULE I (14 HOURS) Unit processes in Pyro metallurgy: Calcination and roasting, sintering, smelting, converting, reduction, smelting-reduction, Metallothermic and hydrogen reduction; distillation and other physical and chemical refining methods: Fire refining, Zone refining, Liquation and Cupellation. Small problems related to pyro metallurgy. MODULE II (14 HOURS) Unit processes in Hydrometallurgy: Leaching practice: In situ leaching, Dump and heap leaching, Percolation leaching, Agitation leaching, Purification of leach liquor, Kinetics of Leaching; Bio- leaching: Recovery of metals from Leach liquor by Solvent Extraction, Ion exchange , Precipitation and Cementation process. -
Corrosion of Refractories in Lead Smelting Reactors
CORROSION OF REFRACTORIES IN LEAD SMELTING REACTORS By LINGXUAN WEI B.Sc, Wuhan University of Science & Technology, China 1986 M.Sc, University of Science & Technology Beijing, China 1997 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF APPLIED SCIENCE in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF METALS AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH .UMB1A DECEMBER 2000 ©Lingxuan Wei, ZO0O UBC Special Collections - Thesis Authorisation Form http://www.library.ubc.ca/spcoll/thesauth.html In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. v 3 The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Date lof 1 3/19/01 2:36 PM ABSTRACT Corrosion of refractories by slag is a complex phenomenon which, depending on the particular system, involves many processes, such as chemical wear (corrosion) and physical or mechanical wear (erosion), which may act synergistically. No single model can explain all cases of corrosion nor can it explain all corrosion mechanisms of a particular refractory in different environments, but the knowledge of the microstructure combined with the chemistry of the systems are necessary to understand the corrosion mechanism of a refractory material. -
Chapter 11: Beneficiation
CHAPTER 11 Beneficiation – Comminution Sponsored by: SPONSOR PROFILE Through pioneering the introduction of modern process • project controls and reporting plants and associated technologies to remote and logistically • contract management challenging locations, Lycopodium Minerals Pty Ltd has • procurement and logistics management developed a successful track record in developing and • inspection and expediting commissioning major resource projects worldwide. • quality assurance/quality control Since its establishment in 1992, Lycopodium has become a • financial evaluations leading international engineering and project management • client representation. consultancy, with an enviable reputation for providing Engineering technically innovative and cost-effective engineering solutions. They are focused on the evaluation and development of projects • Conceptual through to detailed design in the fields of minerals processing, materials handling and • across all disciplines: earthworks, civil infrastructure. • structural, mechanical, piping • electrical, instrumentation, control Lycopodium Minerals has undertaken studies and projects across a broad range of commodities including gold (free, • systems, automation and infrastructure. gravity, refractory, preg robbing), base metals (concentrators, Process hydrometallurgy), iron ore, uranium, rare earths and industrial minerals. Their resume of projects reflects diversity in not • Metallurgical test work design only commodity, but client background, technology, scale of • management and interpretation -
Challenges Related to the Processing of Fines in the Recovery of Platinum Group Minerals (Pgms)
minerals Review Challenges Related to the Processing of Fines in the Recovery of Platinum Group Minerals (PGMs) Kirsten C. Corin 1,* , Belinda J. McFadzean 1, Natalie J. Shackleton 2 and Cyril T. O’Connor 1 1 Centre for Minerals Research, Chemical Engineering Department, University of Cape Town, P Bag X3, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7700, South Africa; [email protected] (B.J.M.); [email protected] (C.T.O.) 2 Minerals Expertise Tech Pty Ltd., Germiston 2007, South Africa; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: In order to increase the recovery of PGMs by flotation, it is necessary to optimise the liberation of the key minerals in which the platinum group elements (PGEs) are contained which include sulphides, arsenides, tellurides, and ferroalloys among others, while at the same time ensuring the optimal depression of gangue minerals. In order to achieve this, comminution circuits usually consist of two or three stages of milling, in which the first stage is autogeneous, followed by ball milling. Further liberation is achieved in subsequent stages using ultra-fine grinding. Each comminution stage is followed by flotation in the so-called MF2 or MF3 circuits. While this staged process increases overall recoveries, overgrinding may occur, hence creating problems associated with fine particle flotation. This paper presents an overview of the mineralogy of most of the more significant PGM ores processed in South Africa and the various technologies used in comminution circuits. The paper then summarises the methodology used in flotation circuits to optimise recovery Citation: Corin, K.C.; McFadzean, of fine particles in terms of the collectors, depressants, and frothers used. -
A Critical Review of Suitable Methods to Eliminate Mercury in Indonesia's Artisanal Gold Mining
[Type here] The University of British Columbia Norman B. Keevil Institute of Mining Engineering 6350 Stores Rd., Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4 ph: (604) 8224332, fax: (604) 8225599; [email protected] Report to UNDP Indonesia A Critical Review of Suitable Methods to Eliminate Mercury in Indonesia’s Artisanal Gold Mining: Co-existence is the Solution Marcello M. Veiga, PhD, PEng Professor For UNDP - United Nations Development Programme, Indonesia − March 2020 – A Critical Review of Suitable Methods to Eliminate Mercury in Indonesia’s AGM i Report to UNDP, March 2020, by Marcello M. Veiga _____________________________________________________________________________________ Table of Contents SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................................................... 1 1. MERCURY POLLUTION FROM ARTISANAL GOLD MINERS ..................................................................... 2 1.1. Some Definitions ............................................................................................................................ 2 1.2. Mercury in AGM in Indonesia ........................................................................................................ 3 1.3. Summary of the Main Problems of Mercury in AGM in Indonesia ............................................... 7 2. SOLUTIONS TRIED TO REDUCE/ELIMINATE MERCURY .......................................................................... 8 2.1. Environmental and Health Approach ........................................................................................... -
Effect of Comminution Method on Particle Damage and Breakage Energy
EFFECT OF COMMINUTION METHOD ON PARTICLE DAMAGE AND BREAKAGE ENERGY Michael Moats, Jan Miller, Chen-Lun Lin and Raj Rajamani Department of Metallurgical Engineering University of Utah Outline • Our Department • High Pressure Grinding • Particle Damage Characterization • Breakage Energy • Application to Simulant Development Department of Metallurgical Engineering • University of Utah is located in Salt Lake City along the Wasatch Mtns. • Only stand alone Metallurgical Engineering department remaining in the U.S. • Traditional curriculum with critical mass of professors – Mineral Processing – Chemical Metallurgy – Physical Metallurgy High Pressure Grinding Rolls (HPGR) HPGR consists of a pair of counter rotating rolls, one fixed and the other floating. The feed is introduced to the gap in between the rolls and they compress the bed of particles. The grinding force applied to the crushing zone is controlled by a hydro-pneumatic spring on the floating roll. Speeds of the rolls are also adjustable to obtain optimum grinding conditions. Comparison of HPGR and AG/SAG Mills Aspect HPGR AG/SAG Mill Grinding Mechanism Inter-particle compression Impact, attrition and compression Residence Time Low-single pass High (feed migrates through length of mill) Wet/Dry Grinding Dry-Low moisture Predominantly wet milling Availability >90% -2-4 change outs pa >90% -1-2 change outs pa Size regulated feed Required Yes-strongly affects stud breakage AG-No, SAG-Sometimes Critical material size Not required Required Product particle Yes (beneficial for downstream Negligible micro-cracking processes Maximum Throughput 2000tph 4000tph Footprint Small Large Specific power 1-5kWh/t 5-12kWh/t Operating cost Overall plant 20% lower Overall plant 20% higher Capital Cost 25% lower 25% higher Delivery time Substantially faster Substantially longer Variation in feed hardness Single parameter variable High losses •Reference: Koenig, R.L. -
Occurrence and Extraction of Metals MODULE - 6 Chemistry of Elements
Occurrence and Extraction of Metals MODULE - 6 Chemistry of Elements 16 Notes OCCURRENCE AND EXTRACTION OF METALS Metals and their alloys are extensively used in our day-to-day life. They are used for making machines, railways, motor vehicles, bridges, buildings, agricultural tools, aircrafts, ships etc. Therefore, production of a variety of metals in large quantities is necessary for the economic growth of a country. Only a few metals such as gold, silver, mercury etc. occur in free state in nature. Most of the other metals, however, occur in the earth's crust in the combined form, i.e., as compounds with different anions such as oxides, sulphides, halides etc. In view of this, the study of recovery of metals from their ores is very important. In this lesson, you shall learn about some of the processes of extraction of metals from their ores, called metallurgical processes. OBJECTIVES After reading this lesson, you will be able to : z differentiate between minerals and ores; z recall the occurrence of metals in native form and in combined form as oxides, sulphides, carbonates and chlorides; z list the names and formulae of some common ores of Na, Al, Sn, Pb ,Ti, Fe, Cu, Ag and Zn; z list the occurrence of minerals of different metals in India; z list different steps involved in the extraction of metals; * An alloy is a material consisting of two or more metals, or a metal and a non-metal. For example, brass is an alloy of copper and zinc; steel is an alloy of iron and carbon. -
Treatment and Microscopy of Gold
TREATMENT AND MICROSCOPY OF GOLD AND BASE METAL ORES. (Script with Sketches & Tables) Short Course by R. W. Lehne April 2006 www.isogyre.com Geneva University, Department of Mineralogy CONTENTS (Script) page 1. Gold ores and their metallurgical treatment 2 1.1 Gravity processes 2 1.2 Amalgamation 2 1.3 Flotation and subsequent processes 2 1.4 Leaching processes 3 1.5 Gold extraction processes 4 1.6 Cyanide leaching vs. thio-compound leaching 5 2. Microscopy of gold ores and treatment products 5 2.1 Tasks and problems of microscopical investigations 5 2.2 Microscopy of selected gold ores and products 6 (practical exercises) 3. Base metal ores and their beneficiation 7 3.1 Flotation 7 3.2 Development of the flotation process 7 3.3 Principles and mechanisms of flotation 7 3.4 Column flotation 9 3.5 Hydrometallurgy 10 4. Microscopy of base metal ores and milling products 10 4.1 Specific tasks of microscopical investigations 11 4.2 Microscopy of selected base metal ores and milling products 13 (practical exercises) 5. Selected bibliography 14 (Sketches & Tables) Different ways of gold concentration 15 Gravity concentration of gold (Agricola) 16 Gravity concentration of gold (“Long Tom”) 17 Shaking table 18 Humphreys spiral concentrator 19 Amalgamating mills (Mexican “arrastra”, Chilean “trapiche”) 20 Pressure oxidation flowsheet 21 Chemical reactions of gold leaching and cementation 22 Cyanide solubilities of selected minerals 23 Heap leaching flowsheet 24 Carbon in pulp process 25 Complexing of gold by thio-compounds 26 Relation gold content / amount of particles in polished section 27 www.isogyre.com Economically important copper minerals 28 Common zinc minerals 29 Selection of flotation reagents 30 Design and function of a flotation cell 31 Column cell flotation 32 Flowsheet of a simple flotation process 33 Flowsheet of a selective Pb-Zn flotation 34 Locking textures 35 2 1.