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The Tur Imdai Rockshelter: Archaeology of Recent Pastoralists in Jordan Maney Publishing Trustees of Boston University Tur Imdai Rockshelter: Archaeology of Recent Pastoralists in Jordan Author(s): Steven R. Simms and Kenneth W. Russell Source: Journal of Field Archaeology, Vol. 24, No. 4 (Winter, 1997), pp. 459-472 Published by: Maney Publishing Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/530677 Accessed: 03-12-2015 16:29 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/ info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Maney Publishing and Trustees of Boston University are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of Field Archaeology. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 129.123.24.14 on Thu, 03 Dec 2015 16:29:45 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 459 Tur Imdai Rockshelter: Archaeology of Recent Pastoralists in Jordan Steven R. Simms Kenneth W. Russell Utah State University Logan, Utah Excavation of a rockshelterin southernJordan yielded a recordof habitation bypastoral- ists beginning about A.C. 1650 and continuing to the present.Ethnography and oral his- tory associatethe site with the Bedul Bedouin ofPetra over the past century. The 3.6 m deep depositsyielded seven radiocarbon dates, microbotanical remains,goat and sheep bones,and a variety of artifacts. Therewas a shift in use of the shelterin the late 17th centuryfrom relativelystable residential occupation, including the use of coarseware ce- ramics, tofrequent short-term use. The depositsalso indicate a cooland/or moistperiod in the late 17th century,providing evidencefor local expressionof the "LittleIce Age." Introduction and the Archaeology of understood archaeological patterns of mobile peoples. Pastoralists This problem has been noted in several regions of the world Adams Freidel Rosen Excavated as part of a multifaceted project on the eth- (see 1978, 1984; 1983; 1993; and Eric has observed that the noarchaeology of the Bedul tribe of Bedouin at Petra, Upham 1984), Wolf(1982) theoretical of the is the creation of Jordan, Tur Imdai Rockshelter offers a glimpse of pastoral consequence problem without Much recent attention has been activity in the area over the past three centuries. A fine- "people history." to this issue in the American where the grained stratigraphic sequence yielded evidence of change paid Southwest, weak of is now seen as crucial to under- in occupational intensity related to the nature of mobility pattern foragers the of settled life and and evidence for climatic change in the late 17th and early standing dynamics (Rushforth Sullivan 18th centuries A.C.A variety of artifacts, including lithics, Upham 1992; 1994; Upham 1988, 1994a, coarseware ceramics, and other debris was recovered that 1994b). The of holds the correlates closely with a suite of radiocarbon dates. Oral emerging archaeology pastoralists po- tential not to better in the histories and genealogies of Bedouin informants link the only recognize pastoralists but also to enable the weak site to Bedul Bedouin occupants in the 19th century. The archaeological record, pattern- of mobile to be elevated from the status of excavation, analyses, and ethnographic information per- ing peoples to more assess the of life- taining to the site of Tur Imdai contribute to the emerging epiphenomena fully variability and focus on behavioral rather than on the study of pastoralist archaeology of sw Asia. ways, dynamics behavior of bounded historical Pastoralists have long been recognized as a significant archaeological and/or We aim to contribute to the component of life in the region, but have been cast in the types. emerging archaeology of in sw Asia and categorical terms of the "desert and the sown" (Bell pastoralists (e.g., Banning 1993; Chang Koster Cribb Bar-Yosefand Khazanov 1985). The notion that there are issues here beyond mere 1986; 1991; 1992). typology has directed attention in recent symposia away Site and Ethnohistorical from conceptualizing the continuum as an ebb and flow Description Setting among polar opposites and toward the dynamic relation- Tur Imdai is located in sw Jordan in the foothills of the ship between nomadic and settled populations in sw Asia. Wadi 'Araba, about 5 km Nw of Petra (FIG.i). It is situated The problem is both historiographic and archaeological, on the north side of the Wadi Musa/Wadi Siyagh drainage, and in terms of the latter, it amounts to a situation where at an elevation of 470 m asl, just west of the debouchment the "strong patterns" (Plog 1984: 218) of settled peoples of the stream from the mountains into the Wadi 'Araba. shape the interpretation of the weak and more-poorly Tur Imdai is an expansive south-facing alcove 40 m long x This content downloaded from 129.123.24.14 on Thu, 03 Dec 2015 16:29:45 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 460 Pastoralists in Jordan/Simms and Russell LEBANON, Kilometers...i: SYRIA * Damascus Jerusalem L Amman MEDITERRANEANSEA ISRAEL *, .. ... .. Beersheba \ j JORDAN N""Negev a Shobak m S Petra* WadiMusa Maan " SINAI Aqaba . " SAUDI ARABIA Figure 1. Map of the study area. Tur Imdai Rockshclter is near Petra, located at the center of the map. 12 m wide x 30 m high situated in a quartz-porphyry datingto the earlyto mid-19thcentury indicate that a local massif (FIGS.2, 3). The site was recorded in June 1988 and tribe of Bedouin,the Bedul, often moved their goat herds test excavated in February 1990. A problem-specific analy- out of the highlandssurrounding Petra to the lowereleva- sis of lithic debitage from the site has been reported (Kuijt tions of the Wadi'Araba to exploitthe local wintervegeta- and Russell 1993). Cultural deposits 3.6 m deep provide a tion and to escapethe cold of the plateau. detailed stratigraphic sequence with excellent correlation The Bedul presentlynumber about 1,000 individuals between material culture change and a sequence of seven and continue to reside at Petra.They were the tribe en- radiocarbon dates beginning in the mid-17th century A.C. countered by the Swiss explorerJ. Burckhardtin 1812 Sterile deposits were not reached in the test excavations. upon discovery of the ruins of the ancient capital of Tur Imdai, which may be translated as "spacious" or NabataeanPetra (Russell 1993). Oral historyand archae- "perpetual shelter," is said by informants to have been a ology indicate continuityprior to that time, but the ab- preferred site for winter encampments. Direct informant sence of direct testimony makes it impossible to assign accounts from the early 20th century and oral history specific claims for earlierperiods. The ethnohistoryand This content downloaded from 129.123.24.14 on Thu, 03 Dec 2015 16:29:45 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Journal of Field Archaeology/Vol.24, 1997 461 :: -~--- ::::~ ?: i-- :::::_~~-~~ :~:::i:; Figure 2. Tur Imdai Rockshelter (left center) and the floodplain of Wadi Musa looking Nw. recent circumstances of the Bedul have been documented standing the post-urban history of the Petra region was (Russell 1993; Simms and Kooring 1996), and documen- apparent when it was recorded. A flash flood through the tation of the archaeological presence is in preparation. Wadi Musa drainage in 1963 killed several French tourists Small-scale agriculture was also undertaken on the allu- in the famous Siq of Petra (Starcky 1965: 95-97) and vial terraces of the Wadi Musa drainage in the vicinity of altered the course of the stream at Tur Imdai to expose a the rockshelter. A small water diversion dam and irrigation 2 m high x 18 m long profile of the archaeological depos- canal had been built or refurbished in the 1930s and 1940s its (FIG.3). We suspected there were additional deposits on the south side of the former channel of the Wadi Musa, below the exposed profile. Informants stated that the flood but only remnants of the clay-lined canal exist today. had washed away much of the site, and reported that the According to multiple Bedul informants, the al-Fuqarah broad sandy plain that formerly extended from the front of subtribe of the Bedul hold traditional rights of cultivation the alcove was a favored location for often large camps in the immediate vicinity of the site, while the al-Muwasa employing black, goat-hair tents. and al-Ajdilat subtribes hold similar rights further down- stream (Russell 1993). In recent years, Tur Imdai has been The Excavation used by the Sa'idiyin tribe. Contemporary use of the site was documented in 1988: Methods the site contained features common to other Bedouin Three interconnected, 1 m wide trenches (F2-F4) were rockshelters in the area, including fire hearths, a semicircu- sequentially opened in the interior of the shelter. The lar rock enclosure for goats, a short, low rock dividing wall, excavation began at the profile exposed by the 1963 flood- a stone platform of flat slabs used to store goatskin bags of ing and expanded horizontally as the depth of the deposits dried yogurt (laban), and recent artifacts. By 1990, only became evident (FIGS.3, 4). Excavation and provenience the trash, hearths, and the dividing wall at the rear of the recording proceeded by natural strata. In the upper 15 cm shelter remained, showing that modification of such sites is of the deposits, however, some strataidentified here for the continuing. purposes of artifact and sample provenience contain several The archaeological potential of the site for better under- very thin layers of goat dung that could not be traced This content downloaded from 129.123.24.14 on Thu, 03 Dec 2015 16:29:45 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 462 Pastoralistsin Jordan/Simms and Russell lm contoumr O 5 10 *H*earthe wall n"Atm 1"morW"Rock -Test trench Mag.
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