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Fiðrildaathugun Á Hvanneyri Árin 2010-2015 Áhrif Veðurfars Á Tegundir, Flugtíma Og Fjölda Fiðrilda

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Fiðrildaathugun Á Hvanneyri Árin 2010-2015 Áhrif Veðurfars Á Tegundir, Flugtíma Og Fjölda Fiðrilda BS – ritgerð Ágúst 2016 Fiðrildaathugun á Hvanneyri árin 2010-2015 Áhrif veðurfars á tegundir, flugtíma og fjölda fiðrilda Hallfríður Guðný Ragnarsdóttir Umhverfisdeild BS – ritgerð Ágúst 2016 Fiðrildaathugun á Hvanneyri árin 2010-2015 Áhrif veðurfars á tegundir, flugtíma og fjöldi fiðrildi Hallfríður Guðný Ragnarsdóttir Leiðbeinandi: Anna Guðrún Þórhallsdóttir Meðleiðbeinandi: Ásta Kristín Davíðsdóttir Landbúnaðarháskóli Íslands Umhverfisdeild II Yfirlýsing Hér með lýsi ég því yfir að verkefni þetta er byggt á mínum eigin athugunum, er samið af mér. Hluti af gögnum var nýtt í annari Bs ritgerð. ________________________________ Hallfríður Guðný Ragnarsdóttir III Ágrip Loftlagsbreytingar og aðrar breytingar á veðurfari hafa mikil áhrif á lífríkið. Fiðrildi eru talin góður vísir á breytingar í lífríkinu og er bæði ódýrt og einfalt að nota ljósgildru til að vakta breytingar á fjölda og flugtíma þeirra á hverjum stað. Fiðrildavöktun hófst hér á landi árið 1995 að frumkvæði Náttúrufræðistofnunar Íslands. Síðan bættust Náttúrustofur og áhugamenn víða um land smám saman í hópinn. Þessir aðilar hafa sameinað krafta sína og safnað miklu gagnasafni sem gerir það mögulegt að vakta áhrif loftlagsbreytinga á lífríkið. Landbúnaðarháskólinn hóf þátttöku í fiðrildavöktuninni árið 2010. Gögn fyrstu þriggja áranna, 2010-2012 voru greind til tegunda í lokaverkefni Ástu Kristínu Guðmundsdóttur vorið 2013. Í þessari ritgerð eru gögn áranna 2013-2015 tegundagreind en jafnframt er heildarsýnasafnið 2010-2015 skoðað. Teknar voru fyrir sex algengustu tegundirnar og skoðaðar sveiflur milli ára, einnig voru þær bornar saman við þrjá veðurfarsþætti, hitastig, vind og úrkomu. Skoðað var hvaða áhrif breytingar á þessum þáttum hefðu á flugtíma og fjölda fiðrildanna. Tegundirnar þola mismiklar breytingar í veðurfari á mismunandi þroskastigum og á mismunandi tímum árs en sumar þola vel breytingar nema þegar veðrið versnar talsvert. Aðrar tegundir þoldu litlar breytingar ílla. Hitastig og úrkoma virðast vera meiri áhrifaþættir en vindur, einnig er kjörhitastig misjafnt milli tegunda og þola þær mismikið úrkomu, þar sem mikil aukning var í fjölda fiðrilda þá vikuna þrátt fyrir talsverða úrkomu, en öðrum tegundum fækkaði alltaf við mikla úrkomu og jafnvel stoppaði flugtímann það árið. Lykilorð: Fiðrildi, loftlagsbreytingar, lífríki, skordýr, veðurfar. IV Þakkir Ég vil þakka Önnu Guðrúnu Þórhallsdóttir leiðbeinanda mínum fyrir leiðbeiningu við skrif á ritgerðinni. Einnig vil ég þakka Ástu Kristínu Davíðsdóttir meðleiðbeinanda mínum fyrir að hjálpa mér og kenna mér að greina fiðrildin. Jófríður Leifsdóttir á rannsóknastofu Hvanneyrar fyrir að leyfa mér að nýta mér rannsóknarstofuna eins og ég vildi. Erlingi Ólafsyni og samstafsmanni hans að greina fiðrildin og setja þau upp í Microsoft Excel skjali til frekari úrvinnslu. Grétu Magnúsdóttur frænku minni og Jónu Heiðdísi Guðmundsdóttur fyrir að lesa yfir ritgerðina. Fanný Lilju Hermundardóttur fyrir að fara yfir tæknilegu atriðin í uppsetningu ritgerðarinnar. Ég vil líka þakka fjölskyldunni minni fyrir að sýna mér mikla þolinmæði og skilning meðan vinnu stóð á verkefninu. V Efnisyfirlit 1. Inngangur ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Almennt um fiðrildi .......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Fiðrildi sem vísihópur til vöktunar á umhverfi. ................................................................ 2 1.3 Áhrif loftlagsbreytinga á fiðrildi....................................................................................... 3 1.4 Íslensk fiðrildi ................................................................................................................... 5 1.5 Fiðrildi á Hvanneyri.......................................................................................................... 5 1.5.1 Tígulvefari (Epinotia solandriana) ............................................................................ 6 1.5.2 Barrvefari (Zeiraphera griseana) .............................................................................. 6 1.5.3 Grasvefari (Eana osseana) ......................................................................................... 7 1.5.4 Haustfeti (Operophtera brumata) .............................................................................. 7 1.5.5 Víðifeti (Hydriomena furcata) ................................................................................... 8 1.5.6 Brandygla (Euxoa ochrogaster) ................................................................................. 8 1.5.7 Flækingar á Íslandi ..................................................................................................... 9 1.6 Moth Monitoring Scheme (MMS) .................................................................................... 9 1.6.1 Ljósgildrur ................................................................................................................ 10 2. Efni og aðferðir .................................................................................................................... 11 2.1 Gildran á Hvanneyri ....................................................................................................... 11 2.2 Söfnun sýna .................................................................................................................... 11 2.3 Greining .......................................................................................................................... 11 2.4 Veðurgögn ...................................................................................................................... 12 2.5 Úrvinnsla ........................................................................................................................ 12 3. Niðurstöður ........................................................................................................................... 13 3.1 Heildarfjöldi og fjöldi einstakra tegunda fiðrilda. .......................................................... 13 3.2 Flugtími .......................................................................................................................... 15 3.2.1 Tígulvefari (Epinotia solandriana) ......................................................................... 16 3.2.3 Barrvefari (Zeiraphera griseana) ........................................................................... 20 VI 3.2.4 Víðifeti (Hydriomena farcata) ................................................................................. 22 3.2.5 Grasvefari (Eana osseana) ..................................................................................... 24 3.2.6 Brandygla (Euxoa ochrogaster) ............................................................................. 26 4. Umræður ............................................................................................................................... 28 5. Lokaorð ................................................................................................................................ 32 6. Heimildir .............................................................................................................................. 33 7. Viðauki ................................................................................................................................. 36 VII Myndaskrá Mynd 1: Túnfeti (Xanthorhoe decoloraria) ............................................................................... 5 Mynd 2: Birkivefari (Acleris notana) ......................................................................................... 5 Mynd 3 Gulygla (Noctua pronuba) ............................................................................................ 5 Mynd 4: Tígulvefari (Epinotia solandriana) ............................................................................ 6 Mynd 5: Barrvefari (Zeiraphera griseana) ................................................................................ 6 Mynd 6: Grasvefari (Eana osseana) .......................................................................................... 7 Mynd 7: Haustfeti (Operophtera brumata) ................................................................................ 7 Mynd 8:Víðifeti (Hydriomena furcata) ...................................................................................... 8 Mynd 9 Brandygla (Euxoa ochrogaster) ................................................................................... 8 Mynd 10: Sýnir staðsetningu á ljósgildrum á Íslandi sem eru í gangi og þeirra sem hafa verið aflagðar. .............................................................................................................................. 9 Mynd 11: Sýnir inn í ljósgilduna.............................................................................................. 10 Mynd 12: Gildran á Hvanneyri ................................................................................................ 10 Mynd 13: Gróðurfar í kringum gildruna á Hvanneyri. Ljósgildran sérst hægra megin á myndinni. .......................................................................................................................... 11 Mynd 14: Umhverfið í kringum ljósgilduna ............................................................................ 11 Mynd 15: Verið að greina úr einu plastboxi til tegunda. ......................................................... 11 Mynd 16: Vinnusvæði fyrir greiningu í rannsóknarstofu LBHÍ .............................................
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