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Home , Ambiguity effect, Apophenia, Availability cascade, Clustering illusion, Halo effect, Lead time bias

Index

A panic value, 504 ABCDE mnemonics, 403 Proposition 65, 505 Abdominal trauma, 170 side effects, 505 Abilene paradox, 31 sleep disruption, 504 Abnormal blood vessel, 397 Alcohol intoxication, 57 Abnormal signal in hippocampi, 410 AllTrials, 561, 566 Absent-mindedness, 255 Alternative medicine, 9 Absolute risk, 435, 436 Alzheimer’s disease, 388, 433 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Amaurosis fugax, 89 Education (ACGME), 97, 98 Ambiguity effect, 15–19 Accurate diagnosis, 182 American Association of Neurological Acetaminophen, 46 Surgeons, 22 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome American Medical Association (AMA), (AIDS), 190, 429 84, 179 Actinic keratoses, 150 American Medical Student Association Active poison, 482 (AMSA), 131 Actor-observer asymmetry, 188 American Psychiatric Association (APA), 317 Acute heart attacks, 35 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 166 Acute metabolic complications, 178 Anatomical models, 123, 130 Acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 512 Anchoring bias, 157, 379–386, 525 Acute spinal cord injury, 21 function of time, 381 methylprednisolone, 22 peak–end rule, 381 steroids in, 22 primacy effect, 380 Acute stroke, 407 recency effect, 381 Adaptogenic herbs, 139 serial position effect, 380, 381 Addiction/mental illness, 177 von Restorff effect, 382–384 Adkin vitaopathic treatment, 216 Anchoring effect Adrenal fatigue, 139, 142 anchoring bias, 156–158 The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, 121 Ebbinghaus illusion, 156 Affective error, 173, 182 social security number, 157 Alarm fatigue, 501 zero-risk bias, 162 drug–drug interactions and patient Anecdotes, 212 allergies, 504 hasty generalization, 212 extinction, 502 limits of, 213 false alarms, 503 Anti-doctor memes, 114 Joint Commission’s Sentinel Event Anti-epileptic medications, 265 database, 504 Anti-hypertension medications, 369 monitor alarm systems, 502 Antineoplastons, 487, 491 nausea, 504 Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, 312

Anti-psychotic medication, 41 definition, 430 Antisepsis, 468 herpes encephalitis, 429, 430 Anti-smoking medication, 184 Lipitor, 437 Anti-vaccine book, 61 pill scare, 436 Anti-vaccine commentators, 226 relative risk, 435, 437 Anti-vaccine crusaders, 51, 83 similarity group, 431 Anti-vaccine doctors, 51, 116 statistics, 430 Anti-vaccine movement, 50, 558, 559 taxi cab problem, 432 Anti-vaccine pediatrician, 119 Bayer HealthCare, 550 Anxiety, 171, 174 Bayesian statistics, 206 Apology laws, 510 Bedside manner, 182 Apophenia, 277 Belief bias, 75–77, 79, 83, 85 Appearance-based traits, 175 Bell’s palsy, 398 Area postrema, 411 Beneficence, 121 Argumentative theory, 39 Benjamin Franklin effect, 175, 176 Arthroscopy, for degenerative knee disease, 336 Benzodiapines, 390 Ashwagandha, 139 Benzodiazepines, 57, 171, 409 Assurance medicine, 507 Bias(es), 431 Asymmetric information, 110 Bi-directional correlation (X causes Y and Y Attitude polarization, 59 causes X), 268 Attitude strength effect, 59 Big Pharma, 490 Attribution biases, 187, 189, 196, 197 Bilateral thalamic lesions, 58 Attribution error, 186 Biomarkers, 547 Attrition bias, 232 Black and Hispanic women Authority bias, 24, 29 discrimination, 290 Autistic enterocolitis, 559 Black holes, 438 Autoimmune disorder, 203 Blind analysis, 563 Automatic reflex, 287 Blind spot bias, 526 Availability bias, 392, 393 behavioral decision, 526 Availability cascade, 407 cognitive forcing strategy, 529, 530 Availability heuristic, 391–395 critical thinking skills, 533 Avoidance medicine, 507 failure-to-close error, 528 formal feedback mechanisms and conferences, 531 B interventions, 528 Baader-Meinhof phenomenon, 392 PAT criteria, 529 Backfire effect, 70–73 “time-out” procedure, 530 Bandwagon effect, 23, 24, 26–29, 32 type II to type I thinking, 532 and authority bias, 36 VINDICATE mnemonic, 529, 530 coronary artery stents, 35 Bonferroni correction, 562 harm of, 32 Boomerang effect, 71 lobotomists, 34 Brain cancer, 166, 436 medical care improvements, 40 Brain fog, 150 medical practice, 35 Brain inflammation, 410 Bariatric surgery, 339, 430 Brainstem syndromes, 308 Barnum statements, 139, 140 Brand-name medication, 127 Bartonella infections, 142 BRCA mutation, 193, 405 Basal ganglia, 247 Breast cancers, 193, 433–435, 447 Base rate neglect, 427 Breastfeeding, 80 absolute risk, 435, 436 British Medical Journal (BMJ), 1 base-rate group, 431 Bronchoscopy, 430 breast cancer, 433–435 Burden of proof (onus probandi), 237 conjunction fallacy, 433 Bystander effect, 43, 44 Index 579

C Clustering illusion, 275, 277, 279 Canadian Association of Emergency Cognitive biases, 4–6, 39, 507, 525–529, 532 Physicians, 21, 22 in medicine, 7–9, 11 Canadian National Breast Screening Study, 447 minimization, 224 Cancer, 216 Cognitive disposition, 188 clusters, 279 Cognitive dissonance theory, 72, 73 remission from, 228 Cognitive errors, 2, 3, 433, 527, 532, 537 survivors, 228 Cognitive forcing strategies, 529, 530 Cancer-screening, 445 Cognitive processing capacity, 346 Cardiogenic shock, 512 Cognitive reflection test, 39 Cardiovascular disease, 291 Coincidental correlation (X and Y), 270 Cardiovascular medicine, 112 Cold reading, 141 Carotid artery, 89 Cold-to-hot empathy, 96 Carotid endarterectomy, 89, 369 Colon cancer, 436 Catastrophic seizure, 90 Commission bias Causative virus, 321 diagnosis test, harm patient, 331 Center for Open Science’s Open Science medicare, 338 Framework, 561 misdiagnosis, 331 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in over-confident clinicians, 329 (CDC), 214, 259, 280, 316, 332, over diagnosis, 331 357, 490, 554 over treatment, 330 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid over-prescription, medication, 332, 333 Service, 112 patient factors, 329 Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy polypharmacy, 334 with subcortical infarcts and test costs, 338 leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), Complementary and alternative 388, 439–440 medicine (CAM), 9, 36, 50, Cerebral hypotension, 304 66, 128, 141, 190, 192, Cervical spine, 103 194, 195, 215, 356, 393, 471, Cesarean delivery, 508 565, 567 Change blindness, see Inattentional blindness belief bias, 77 Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease, 311 Galileo fallacy, 475, 486, 487, 489, 490, Chemotherapy, 15, 111, 113 492, 495 Chlamydia pneumoniae, 475 practitioners, 11, 67, 79, 80, 82, 83, 113, Choice blindness, 196 115–117, 119, 133 Choice-supportive bias, 153, 154, 465 screening error, 452, 453 Chronic alcoholics, 57 selection bias, 462, 465 Chronic cerebrospinal venous semmelweis reflex, 471 insufficiency (CCSVI), Computed tomography (CT), 379, 380, 402, 473, 474 415, 430, 506 Chronic fatigue syndrome, 394 Concierge medicine, 374 Chronic Lyme disease, 64, 142 Confabulation, 255 Chronic sinusitis, 398 Confirmation bias, 59, 60, 62, 63, 68, 72, Citation plagiarism, 549 74, 229 Clinical inertia, 329 in action, 60 Clinician(s), 107, 175, 183, 194 CAM, 66 care, 180 four-card selection task, 61 characteristics, 177 in medical diagnoses, 62 perception, 179 motivated reasoning, 64 ratings, 376 on internet, 63 Clinician–patient dynamics, 177 Congress of Neurological Surgeons, 22 Clinician–patient relationship, 124 Conjunction fallacy, 433 Clostridium difficile colitis, 467, 471 Contract research organizations (CROs), 555 580 Index

Contrast effect Diethylstilbestrol (DES), 105 lacunar stroke, 164 Diffusion of responsibility, 43–46 medication side effect, 166 Direct-to-consumer advertising, 132 optical illusions, 165 Disconfirmation bias, 59 Conus medullaris, 285 Disease-mongering, 313 Conventional anti-epileptic medications, 90 characteristics, 312 Conventional medicine, 50 modifying definition of disease, 314 Coronary artery bypass grafting, 511 Dispositional attribution, 186 Coronary artery catheterization, 111 Dr. Asch’s conformity study, 26 Coronary artery disease (CAD), 336 Doctor–patient relationship, 173, 181 Coronary heart disease (CHD), 291 Dollar bill, 152 Correspondence bias, 186 Downing effect, 352 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), 393, 433 Dravet syndrome, 275 Culture-bound syndrome, 316 Dual process theory, 7, 323 Curse of knowledge, 89–91 Dunning–Kruger effect, 353, 354, 356, 359, 435 Cyberchondria, 52 Cyclic vomiting syndrome, 411 Cyclophosphamide, 15 E Ebbinghaus illusion, 157 Ebola, 391 D EHR, 518, 519 Data collection, 557 Electrical remedy, 480, 483 Data dredging, see P-hacking Electronic medical record (EMR) error, 501, Date-rape drugs, 58 515–518, 520 Debiasing strategies, 533 clinician burn-out, 519 Decision avoidance, 347 clinician–patient relationship, 517 Decision fatigue, 93, 95, 100 information easily copied, 519 Decision-making/behavioral biases, 4 IPatients, 517 Deep vein thrombosis, 388 malfunctions, 519 Defensive medicine, 501 verbal communication, 518, 520 apology laws, 510 Elevator experiment, 26 assurance medicine, 507 Ellsberg paradox, 17 avoidance medicine, 507 Emergency Care Research Institute (ERCI), Disclosure, Apology and Offer, 510 502, 503 malpractice suit, 507–509 Emotional problems, 174 medical standard of care, 509 End-of-life care, 337 Deficiency of vitamin C, 469 Endowment effect, 153, 464 Degree of bias, 252 Enhanced interrogation techniques, 28 Delusional parasitosis, 316 Entitled demanders, 173 Delusive quackery, 478 Errors in medicine, 2 Demyelinating lesions, 251, 307 ET scan, 305 Dense middle cerebral artery, 94 Ethmoid sinus, 398, 399 Dependent clingers, 173 Evidence-based medicine (EBM), 537, 538, Depression, 99, 174, 457, 460 565 Detoxes, 467, 471 Expectancy effect, 289 Detoxification, 464, 486 Expectation bias, 538–541, 563 Diagnosis momentum, 408 Extended radical mastectomy, 335 availability cascade, 407 Extensive study, 549 definition, 407 Extinction, 502 illusory truth effect, 407 Diagnostic errors, 2 Diagnostic interest blank, 140 F Diagnostic overshadowing, 296–297 Factual information, 259 Diarrheal illnesses, 219 Failure-to-close error, 419–421, 528 Index 581

False causation, 266, 275 electrical remedy, 480, 483 False correlation, 274 Gall, Franz Josef, 477, 478 False memories Hygeian system, 481 absent-mindedness, 255 mesmerize, 477 belief perseverance, 260 Morison’s vegetable pills, 485 blocking, 255 Morison’s vegetable universal confabulation, 255 medicine, 485 recovered memories, 256 ‘orthodox’ medicine, 482 rich false memories, 257 Perkins tractors, 477, 479 suggestibility, 255 pseudo-profound bullshit, 493–495 transience, 255 Pulvermacher electric belt and several Fatal hemorrhage, 253 competitors, 481 Fearmongering and advertising, 222 Spurzheim, Johann Caspar, 478 Fecal transplants, 471 treating diabetes with electricity, 483 Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 552, 564 vaccine-preventable diseases, 484 Feedback sanction, 104–107 vegetable universal medicine, 481, 484 Fee-for-service model, 110, 113 Velno’s vegetable syrup, 480, 485 Felt stigma, 289 Gall, Franz Josef, 477, 478 5th vital sign, 128 Gambler’s fallacy File drawer effect, 546 hot hand fallacy, 207, 209 Finance-based medicine, 538 instances, 206, 207 Financial bias, 109, 110, 112, 115, 120 Gastric ulcers, 470 Financial remuneration, 335 Gastroenteritis, 219 Fingolimod, 155, 156 Gender bias, 291 Fishing expeditions, 439, 441 Genetic traits, 193 FLAIR MRI, 303 Germ theory, 468 Flapemia, 304 Ghostwriting, 555, 556 Fluoride toxicity, 142 Glatiramer acetate, 155 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Glioma, 312 322, 333 Globoma, 304 Forer, Bertram, 139 Globus pallidus, 390, 391 Forer effect Gluten intolerance, 142 descriptors, 140 Glyphosate, 271 HS, 141 Gonzalez protocol, 229 identical symptom checklist, 142 Graded clinician error, 501, 511, 514 purification package, marketing, 144 AMIs, 512 selection bias, 141 law of unintended consequences, 512, 513 Fourfold pattern, 148 patient outcomes, 512 Framing effect primary care provider, 513 custody, parent, 149 Group decision making, 39 endowment effect, 153 Group polarization, 30 negative framing, 146 Groupthink, 29 positive framing, 146 Freeman, Walter, 33 Frequency illusion, 392 H Fulminant neuro-inflammatory diseases, 15 Halo effect, 182 Fundamental attribution error, 187, 188, 198 Hasty generalization, 212 Health care workers, 179 Healthcare delivery models, 374 G Healthcare system, 508 Galileo fallacy, 488, 489, 493, 497 Helicobacter pylori, 470 antineoplastons, 487, 491 Herniated discs, 169 CAM, 487, 489–492, 495 Heroin overdoses, 390 electric belt, 480 Herpes encephalitis, 204, 429, 430 582 Index

Heuristics, 4, 5, 7 Information avoidance, see Motivated High-quality professional supplements, 117 ignorance Hill criteria, 281 Information bias Hindsight bias diagnosis, extra information, 304 impact, 252 ET scan, 304 two aspects, 248 worthless test, 304 HIV Information cascade, 27 infection, 189 Information deficit model, 70 vaccine, 556 Information overload, 346 Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), Infused medications, 345 275, 471 In-group favoritism, 289–295 Hormone therapy (HT), 556 conus medullaris, 285 Horner’s syndrome, 414, 415 in-group bias, 288 Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program, gender bias, 291–293 513 obesity, 293–295 Hospitalization, 185 prisoners, 294–295 Hostile/aggressive manner, 182 racism, 289–291 Hot–cold empathy, 96 Injectable medications, 345 Hot hand fallacy, 207, 209 Institute of Medicine, 114 Hot hand phenomenon, 208, 209 Integrative medicine, 119 How Doctors Feel, 178 Intensive care unit (ICU), 1 Howard’s syndrome (HS), 141 Intention-to-treat protocol, 231, 232 Howard™ Protocol, 462 International Archives of Medicine, 551 Human memory, fallability of, 260 International Statistical Classification of Humanism, 178 Diseases and Related Health Hygeian system, 481 Problems, 308 Hyperintense lesions, 387 Internuclear ophthalmoplegia, 303 Hypertension, 388 Intoxication, 57 Hyperthermia, 258 Intracerebral hemorrhages, 205 Hypoparathyroidism, 451 Intracranial hemorrhages, 352 Hypothesizing After the Results are Known Intravenous methylprednisolone, 15, 21 (HARKing), 544, 545, 560 Intravenous steroids, 307 Isolation effect, see von Restorff effect IV steroids, 386 I Iatrogenesis, 329 Identity threat, 289 J Illusion of asymmetric insight, 197 Jenner, Edward, 469, 470 Illusionary correlation, 266–269 Joint Commission’s Sentinel Event clustering illusion, 275 database, 504 correlation with, two variables Just-world hypothesis, 189, 190 X and Y (coincidental correlation, 269 X causes Y (true causation), 266 X causes Y and Y causes X K (bi-directional correlation), 267 Key opinion leaders (KOLs), 126 Y causes X (reverse causation), 266 Z causes, X and Y (third cause fallacy), 267, 268 L Illusory truth effect, 124, 407 Lack of replication, 549, 550 Immune to bias, 526 Lacunar stroke, 164 Inappropriate medicalisation, 313 Lamotrigine, 163 Inattentional blindness, 401–403 Landmark study, 549 Incidentalomas, 331 Large enhancing lesion with edema, 426 Infant mortality rates, 289 Law of parsimony, 388 Index 583

Law of unintended consequences, 512, 513 Menopause problems, 190 Lead time bias, 448, 449 Mere exposure effect, 122–125, 132, 133 Leaky gut syndrome, 142 Mesmerism, 485 Length bias, 449, 450 Mesmerize, 477 Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (LGBT), 295 (METRICS), 566 Leucotome, 32, 33 Methylprednisolone, 15, 21 Leukoencephalopathy, 388 Microbiome, 467, 489 Liberation procedure, 473, 474 Microvascular disease, 151 Limbic encephalitis, 203, 410 Middle cerebral artery (MCA), 406 Lipitor, 437 Migraine, 93, 390 Lobotomobile, 32 headaches, 190 Lobotomy, 34 Mild depression, 461 Long-term side effects, 105 Milgram’s authority experiment, 25, 28 Lorazepam, 515 Misattribution, 255 Loss aversion, 147 Miscarriage, 191 Lumbar spinal cord, large signal abnormality, Misdiagnosis, 416, 448 396 Misinformation effect, 255 Lumpers and splitters, 311 Modern medicine, 13 Lung cancer, 227 Mononucleosis, 191 Lyme disease, 64, 393, 394, 486 Monte Carlo fallacy, 206 awareness page, 395 Mood stabilizer, 163 checklist, 394 Moral foundations theory, 73 symptoms, 393 Moral reasoning systems, 323 Lyme literate practitioners, 117 Morality rate, 339 Lymphocytic adenohypophysitis, 166 Morbid poison, 468 Lyrica, 122 Morbidity and mortality (M&M), 107, 108 Morgellons disease, 315 Morison’s vegetable pills, 481, 485 M Morison’s vegetable universal medicine, 485 Major depression, 460, 461 Moses illusion, 403 Malaria, 190 Motion sickness, 191 Malfunctions, 519 Motivated cognition, 72, 74 Malingering, 294 Motivated ignorance, 68 Malpractice suit, 507–509 Motivated reasoning, 64–66, 68, 72, 73 Mammography, 434, 435, 448, 453 Motivated skepticism, 69 Mandela effect, 258 Mouth, 191 Manipulative help-rejecters, 173 MR venogram, 390 Marijuana, 57, 58 MRI, 169, 172, 183, 379, 380, 385–388, 396, Marshall, Barry, 475 398, 405, 406, 409, 411, 415, 418, McNamara fallacy, 548 426, 427 Measles, 281 Multiple alternative bias, 346 Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR), 267 Multiple chemical sensitivity, 142 Medical conspiracies, 241 Multiple demyelinating lesions, 303, 321 Medical errors, 2, 3, 252, 253 Multiple herniated discs, 169 Medical ghostwriting, 555–556 Multiple inflammatory lesions, 16 Medical malpractice lawsuits, 251 Multiple patient testimonials, 34 Medical mavericks, 475 Multiple sclerosis (MS), 7, 15, 65, 105, 143, Medical science liaisons (MSLs), 132 151, 172, 191, 303, 386, 389, 408, Medical standard of care, 509 427, 438, 440, 441, 460, 462, 471, Medicare payments, 111 473, 475, 476, 560 Medicine, 32, 108 medication, 148 Memory errors, 4 subtypes, 310 Meningioma, 328 Multiple system atrophy, 311 584 Index

MUM effect, 371 Occam’s razor, 388 Munchausen syndrome, 194 Ocrelizumab, 560 Muscles, 191 Oligoclonal bands, 303, 304 Muscular dystrophy, 191 Olivopontocerebellar atrophy, 311 Myasthenia gravis (MG), 413, 501 Omics, 564 Myocardial infarctions (MI), 291 Omission bias non-maleficence, 322 organ donation, 326 N studies of, 323 Naltrexone, 57 to stop unnecessary medications, 326 Narcolepsy, 308 zero-risk bias, 324 Natalizumab, 155, 172 One-size-fits-all approach, 452 treatment, 321 Ophthalmic artery, 89 Natalizumab-induced PML, 322 Opiate soporific effects, 57 National Cancer Institute, 228, 229 Opioid(s), 130 National Institutes of Health (NIH), 234, 547, epidemic, 334 551, 564 pain medications, 128, 179 National MS Society, 234 Opiophobia, 129 National Rifle Association (NRA), 554 Optic neuritis, 307, 460 Natural herb, 324 Optical illusions, 165 Natural immunity, 75 Oral medications, 345 Naturalness bias, 324 Orthodox’ medicine, 482 Negative framing, 146 Orthorexia, 223 Neonatal mortality rates, 290 Osteoarthritis, 347 Neurasthenia, 316 Ostrich effect, 68 Neuro-Behçet’s disease, 441 Outcome bias, 248 Neurocysticercosis, 425, 426, 428 evaluation, violent patient, 251 Neurodegenerative diseases, 311 serious errors, 250 Neuro-inflammatory disorder, 215 Ovarian cancers, 193 Neurologists, 180 Overchoice payments received in 2015, 127 in clinicians, 347 Neuromuscular electrical stimulation, 216 multiple potential diagnoses, 347 Neuromyleitis optica (NMO), 104, 223 patient with MS, 348 diagnostic criteria, 308 Overconfidence bias, 329 immunosupressive treatment, 308 illusion of control, 362 inflammatory disease, 308 illusory superiority, 352 Neuropathic pain, 346 in medical treatments, 354 Neurosarcoidosis, 441 self–serving bias, 363 Nevacizumab, 547 Overdiagnosis, 416, 446, 448, 450, 453 No-fault errors, 2 Overjustification effect, 121, 122 Non-federal organizations funded trials, 553 Oxycodone, 46 Non-maleficence, 322 Oxycontin, 128, 129 Non-physician mothers, 110 Non-procedure-related services, 114 Nonspecific white matter lesions, 419 P Non-vaccinating families, 372 Paradoxical effect, 70 Nosology, 308 Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration, 405 N-rays, 539, 540 Paraneoplastic disorder, 405 Null hypothesis, 541 Pareidolia, 275 Nystagmus, 303 Parkinson’s disease, 311, 413, 463, 465, 471, 557 Paroxetine, 555 O PAT criteria, 529 Obesity, 293 Patient satisfaction error Occam’s error, 388, 389 inappropriate care, to patient, 370 Index 585

satisfying, anti-vaccine patients, 372 Occam’s error, 388, 389 Patient satisfaction scores, 371, 373 search satisficing, 404 Patient satisfaction surveys, 370 definition, 400 Peer-review committees, 107 inattentional blindness, 401–403 Personality-style, of patient, 177 Moses illusion, 403 P-hacking, 545, 560, 562, 563 triage cueing, 411–413 definition, 542 unpacking failure, 415, 416 problem of, 543 yin-yang error, 405, 406 p-value, 541, 542 Primacy effect, 380 p-values, 543 Primary care provider, 513 subgroup analysis, 543 Primum non nocere, 322 vaccines and several neuropsychiatric Principles and Practice of Screening for conditions, 542 Disease, 445 Pharmaceutical companies, 116 Prior attitude effect, 59 Pharmaceutical representatives, 124 Progression-free survival (PFS), 548 PharmedOut at Georgetown University Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy Medical Center, 490 (PML), 105, 155, 160, 172, 321 PharmFree campaign, 131 Propaganda, 554 Physician mothers, 110 Prostate specific antigen (PSA) test, 446–448 Physician-induced demand hypothesis, 109, Pseudodisease, 448, 450 110 Pseudo-profound bullshit, 493–495 Physician’s Belief Scale, 177 Psychiatric diagnosis, 290 Pill scare, 436 Psychiatric evaluation, 185 Pinched nerve, 303 Psychiatric medications, 269 Platelet-rich therapies (PRT), 34 Psychiatric parlance, 173 Pluralistic ignorance, 30–32 Publication bias, 546 Pneumococcal vaccine, 472 PubMed database, 564 Polypharmacy, 334 Puerperal fever, 468 Poor surrogate outcomes, 547, 548 Pulmonary embolism, 205 Popitis, 304 Pulvermacher electric belt and several Positive framing, 146 competitors, 481 Positive predictive value (PPV), 434, 435 P-values, 541–543, 562, 563 Post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy, 266 Pyridostigmine, 502 Posterior probability error, 206 Post-operative visits, 169 Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 255 Q Predatory publishers, 551, 552 Quacks, 474, 495, 496 Pre-dementia, 313 Quantitative fallacy, 548 Pre-diabetes, 313 Pregabalin, 122, 123 Premature closure, 380–382, 384, 400–403, R 407 Racism, 289 anchoring bias, 386, 525 Rare diseases, 388, 440, 441 function of time, 381 Rates of autism, 271, 272 peak–end rule, 381 Reactance bias, 48, 49, 52, 475 primacy effect, 380 Reasoners, 196 recency effect, 381 Recency effect, 381 serial position effect, 380, 381 Relapsing-remitting disease, 309 von Restorff effect, 382–384 Related cognitive bias, 433 availability heuristic, 391–395 Relative risk, 435, 437 diagnosis momentum, 408 Representativeness bias availability cascade, 407 AIDS, 429 definition, 407 base rate neglect, 427 illusory truth effect, 407 absolute risk, 435, 436 failure-to-close error, 419–421 base-rate group, 431 586 Index

Representativeness bias (cont.) Schizophrenia, 41, 287, 296, 312 breast cancer, 433–435 Science-based medicine, 50 conjunction fallacy, 433 Screening error, 445 definition, 430 CAM, 453 herpes encephalitis, 429, 430 disease, 446 Lipitor, 437 lead time bias, 448, 449 pill scare, 436 length bias, 449, 450 prediction group, 431 one-size-fits-all approach, 452 relative risk, 435, 437 overdisgnosis, 450 similarity group, 431 population, 446 statistics, 430 PSA test, 446, 448 taxi cab problem, 432 selection bias, 451 stereotypes, 427–429 test, 446 zebra retreat, 438–442 USPSTF, 447 Reproducibility Project, 550 Will Rogers phenomenon, 452 Research errors Screening tests, 446 citation plagiarism, 549 elderly people, 446 conflicts of interest, 553, 554 harms and limitations of, 448 conspiracy theory meme, 566 older people, 446 expectation bias, 538–541 progressive cancer, 447 file drawer effect/publication bias, 546 Search satisficing, 404 fraud, 556–559 definition, 400 ghostwriting, 555, 556 inattentional blindness, 401–403 guidelines for reviewers, 562–565 Moses illusion, 403 HARKing, 544, 545 Seizures, 460 lack of replication, 549, 550 frequency, 265 legal threats, 554, 555 medications, 265 non-representative study populations, 548 Selection bias, 451 p-hacking affects patients, 462 definition, 542 cost and perceived quality, 463 problem of, 543 definition, 460 P-values, 541–543 Howard™ Protocol, 462 subgroup analysis, 543 optic neuritis, 460 vaccines and several neuropsychiatric price of treatment, 463 conditions, 542 problem with treating poor surrogate outcomes, 547, 548 depression, 461 predatory publishers, 551, 552 psychiatrist, 460, 461 requirements for authors, 562 snob effect, 464 solutions, 559–562 “suffering-leading-to-liking” Restoring Invisible and Abandoned Trials phenomenon, 463 (RIAT), 561 Selective Attention Test, 401 Retrospectoscope, 253 Selective perception, 65 Reverse causation (Y causes X), 266, 267 Self-destructive deniers, 173 Rhodiola rosea, 139 Self–serving bias, 363 Rich false memories, 257 Semmelweis reflex, 472, 473 Ring-enhancing lesion with edema, 425 CAM, 471 Risk management, 47 deficiency of vitamin C, 469 Rofecoxib, 105 gastric ulcers, 470 Rosiglitazone, 547 Helicobacter pylori, 470 mainstream medicine, 471 pneumococcal vaccine, 472 S puerperal fever, 468 Sagan, Carl, 476 Senate Bill 277 (SB277), 119 Salami slicing, 543 Serial position effect, 380, 381 Index 587

Severe acute respiratory syndrome Symptomatic brain lesions, 308 (SARS), 312 System errors, 2 Severe depression, 461 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 307 Shy-Drager syndrome, 311 Silence, 106 Sinus venous thrombosis, 47 T Situational attribution, 186 Tachypneic (rapid breathing), 287 Situs inversus, 402 Taking Care of the Hateful Patient, 173 Sleep-deprived clinicians, 95 Teratomas, 410 Snob effect, 464 Teriflunimode, 148 Social biases, 4 Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 57 Social loafing, 42, 43, 46 Texas Health Resources (THR), 518 Social security number, 157 Texas Medical Board, 487 Somatic symptom disorder, 418–421 The trappings of science, 495 Sophistication effect, 59 Therapeutic illusion, 275 Special pleading, 231, 235 Thin-slicing, 174 steroids, 233 Third cause fallacy (Z causes, X and Y), 267 Spinal cord anti-psychiatry activists, 268 biopsy, 104 Third-person effect, 130 compression, 169 Thought leaders, 27, 126 injury, 21 Throbbing, 389 Spinal tap, 151 Thyroid cancer, 450 Sporadic diseases, 199 “Time-out” procedure, 530 Spurious correlations, 273 Tip-of-the-tongue syndrome, 255 Spurzheim, Johann Caspar, 478 Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), 145, 305 Stanford prison experiment, 27, 28 Top Ten Health Technology Hazards, 502 Stark laws, 117 Torcetrapib, 547 Statistical significance, 543 Toxic ingestion, 62 Stenosis, 89 Toxicology, 57 Stereotypes, 427–429 Transience, 255 threat, 289 Transorbital lobotomy, 32 Steroids, 21 Transverse myelitis, 396 Stevens–Johnson syndrome, 163 Treatment-resistant patients, 194 Stimulus-triggered acquisition of Triage cueing, 411–413 pluripotency, 557 True causation (X causes Y), 266 Strategic lawsuit against public participation (SLAPP), 555 Striatonigral degeneration, 311 U Stroke, 22, 183 Umphitis, 305 syndrome, 58 Unconscious biases, 538 Study 329, 555 Unintentional biases, 538 Sucker effect, 46 Unpacking failure, 415, 416 Sudden infant death (SIDS), 356 Urinary tract infection, 21 “Suffering-leading-to-liking” phenomenon, 463 Urine toxicology, 57 Sunk costs, 152 US Health and Human Services, 564 Supplement companies, 116 US Institute of Medicine, 1 Supplement-selling clinicians, 117 US National Library of Medicine, 564 Survival bias US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), average survival time, 230 447, 452 cancer remission, factors, 228 cancer testimonials, 230 standard chemotherapy, 231 V Sutton’s law, 440 Vaccine-hesitant parents, 119 Swiss cheese model of accident causation, 3 Vaccine-preventable diseases, 75, 484 588 Index

Vacuum electrode, 480 Wholeness quiets infinite phenomena, 493 Valium, 390 Will Rogers phenomenon, 452 Valproic acid, 163 Work-hour models, 98 Vegetable universal medicine, 481, 484 World Health Organization (WHO), 261, 333, Velno’s Vegetable Syrup, 480, 485 445 Vertebroplasty, 154 Trial Registration Data Set, 561 for vertebral fractures, 336 Veterans Affairs (VA) system, 97 Veterans Health Administration (VHA), 128 X VINDICATE mnemonic, 529, 530 Xanax, 390 Vioxx, 556 X-rays, 539 Visceral reaction, 170 Visual loss, 89 Vitamin-deficiency syndrome, 57 Y von Restorff effect, 382–384 Yentl syndrome, 291 Yin-yang error, 405, 406 You Can Heal Your Life by Louise Hay, 190 W Wason four-card selection task, 62 Watts, James, 33 Z Weber–Fechner law, 161 Zebra retreat, 438–442 Well-paid consultantships, 123, 130 Zebras, 440 White matter disease, 439 Zero-risk bias, 162, 324 White matter lesion, 307