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Bbm:978-1-59745-385-1/1.Pdf INDEX A information bias .........................................................29 loss to follow-up bias ....................................... 175, 181 Accuracy minimizing methods of ................................... 181–182 clinical research data ................................................309 nonresponse bias ..............................................175, 181 diagnostic tests .................................................132–133 overmatching bias ....................................................176 Additive models, interaction in. See Interaction recall/memory bias ...........................................176–177 Address transparency .....................................................256 sampling bias ......................................................... 6, 29 ADL and Barthel index .................................................156 types of Alignment of research questions .................................... 300 confounding bias ................................................180 Allele-sharing method ...........................................191–194 information bias .........................................176–179 Allocation concealment ............................................... 6, 98 intervention (exposure) bias ................173, 179–180 Allocative efficiency ........................................237–239, 241 selection bias ...................................24, 25, 173–176 Alpha spending.............................................................. 117 Biomarkers Analyses confounding ..................................................... 144–145 hypothesis-generating ...................................... 125–126 continuous ....................................................... 147–148 interim..... ........................................................ 117–119 defined ..................................................................... 138 planned .................................................................... 105 diagnostic ..........................................140–141, 146–147 subgroup .................................................................. 106 sample size ...............................................................148 ANOVA........... ......................................................... 65, 91 dichotomous ............................................................ 147 Appraisal of Guidelines, Research, and Evaluation generalizeability of ...........................................148–149 (AGREE) Collaboration ............................. 258 HMG-CoA inhibitors ............................................ 141 Argument... ..................................................................... 40 in interventional studies ...........................................141 Ascertainment bias ................................................ 173–174 prognostic ........................................................ 139–140 Association studies, for genetic identification ........ 195–199 cohort study of ...........................................142–143 Audit trail .............................................................106–107 sample size .................................................145–146 survival analysis of ..................................... 143–144 B risk factors, relationship with ...........................138–139 Bare metal coronary artery stents (BMS) ......................276 surrogate outcomes .......................................... 149–153 Belmont Report .............................................................286 Biospecimen collection ..................................................309 Berlin Code of 1900 ......................................................285 Blinding...... ........................................................... 100–101 Bias, in clinical epidemiologic studies........................ 3, 173 Blocking........................................................................... 98 ascertainment bias ..................................................... 23 Budgets Case-mix bias ............................................................ 24 direct costs .......................................................302–304 competing risk bias .......................................... 174, 175 indirect costs ............................................................304 compliance bias ........................................................179 C contamination bias ...........................................179, 180 diagnostic bias ................................................. 177, 178 Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies family information bias ............................................179 in Health (CADTH) ...................................265 leak time bias ...........................................................177 Canadian health care system ......................................... 300 length time bias ....................................................... 177 Canadian hypertension education program ...................259 volunters bias ................................................... 174, 175 Canadian institutes of health research in clinical studies ....................................................... 13 (CIHR) ........................................................ 300 in different designs .......................................... 180–181 Canadian Research Ethics Boards .................................287 dose-targeting bias .....................................................25 Candidate surrogate outcomes........................................... 8 by indication ..............................................................25 Case-control design, in association studies ............196–197 313 CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 314 Index Case–control studies ..................................................12, 27 period prevalent cohort ........................................26 advantages of ............................................................. 28 prevalent vs. incident cohorts .........................25–26 design of .............................................................. 28, 30 disadvantages of ...................................................22–25 selection of controls .............................................30 of prognostic biomarkers ................................. 142–143 problems associated with design ................................28 Collaborative health research projects (CHRP) of information bias ............................................... 29 program ............................................... 300–301 issue of confounding variables ............................. 29 Colorectal cancer ................................................... 174, 179 sampling bias ....................................................... 29 Common rule, United States .........................................287 Case study Competing risk events. See Competing risks bias diagnostic tests .................................................129–130 Competing risks bias .....................................................174 health technology assessment .......................... 276–279 Complex genetic diseases Censoring... ..................................................... 74, 119–120 determination of .............................................. 188–189 Children, ethical research on ................................. 295–296 gene identification strategies Chronic kidney disease (CKD) ......................................... 5 association analysis in ................................ 195–199 CI. See Confidence intervals linkage methods in .....................................190–195 CINAHL. See Cumulative Index to Nursing mode of inheritance, determination of............. 189–190 and Allied Health Literature Compliance bias ............................................................ 179 Classical test theory ...............167. See also Patient-reported Composite outcomes ............................................. 120–121 outcomes Confidence intervals .......................................34, 35, 60, 66 Clinical practice guidelines ............................................251 Confidentiality committee ................................................................ 253 data...... .................................................................... 288 evaluation of .................................................... 258–259 privacy and ...............................................................293 guideline and target audience .......................... 252–253 Conflict of interest................................................. 256–257 implementation strategy .................................. 257–258 Confounding bias .................................................. 173, 180 legal issues ............................................................... 260 minimizing methods ........................................182–184 principles of development ........................................252 Confounding biomarkers .......................................144–145 revision .................................................................... 259 Confounding variables .....................................................29 Clinical relevance ..................................2, 11, 145, 172, 184 CONSORT trials (Consolidated Standards Clinical research of Reporting Trials) ..................................... 110 budget estimation ............................................ 302–304 Construct validity .....................................................
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