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Chapter 8: the American Revolution: 1776-1783

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Chapter 8: the American Revolution: 1776-1783 UNITUNIT THREETHREE A NEW NATION 1776–1791 ####################################################################################### CHAPTER CHAPTER CITIZENSHIP HANDBOOK 8 9 AND The American Revolution Creating a Nation UNITED STATES 1776–1783 1776–1791 CONSTITUTION ᭤ QUILL PEN AND INK HOLDER History Molly Pitcher at the Battle AND of Monmouth ART by Dennis Malone Carter, 1854 Women helped in the fighting of the Revolution- ary War. Molly Pitcher took the cannon from her fallen husband at the Battle of Monmouth, New Jersey, in 1778. 208 SETTING THE SCENE Why It’s Important Colonial objections to British law could no longer be settled by protests or petitions to the king. Colonists in Massachusetts had ᭢ STATEHOUSE, already rebelled. War and the thirteen colonies’ final break with PHILADELPHIA Britain soon followed. When the fighting ended, a ragtag band of rebels claimed victory. From there, the new United States went on to build a representative government that became a lasting model for democracy and freedom. Today, we live under the same government that this courageous band of rebels created. To learn more about the colonists’ struggle to found a new nation, view the Historic America: Electronic Field Trips Side 1, Chapter 7 video lesson: • Independence Hall Themes # American Democracy # Conflict and Cooperation # Civil Rights and Liberties # The Individual and Family Life Key Events # Revolutionary War # Colonists declare independence from Great Britain # Treaty of Paris # Constitutional Convention # Ratification of United States Constitution ᭡ UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION PRIMARY SOURCES See pages 754–755 for the primary source readings to Library accompany Unit 3. Por tfolio Pro Imagine yourself jein ct George Washington’s place during the Revolu- tionary War, the Confed- eration, and the years ᭣ GEORGE WASHINGTON when the Constitution AT YORKTOWN was written and ratified. Write a diary that you might have kept. Record your opinions and feelings about the major events of the time. HANDS-ONHANDS ON HISTORY LAB ACTIVITY The Paper It’s Printed On Background The American colonists had many uses for paper, but what was paper like in the 1700s? Government documents were written on parchment while newspapers, pamphlets, and personal letters were written on paper of lesser quality. Fibers from linen and cotton rags were pounded and pressed together to make this paper used by early Americans. Modern paper is made from wood pulp. You can make your own paper and recycle at the same time. Believe It OR NOT! Important government documents, including the Declaration of Independence, were writ- ten on parchment. Parchment was made from the skins of animals. A high-quality parchment called vel- lum was produced in Europe after the 1400s; it was made from the skins of calves, goat kids, or lambs. Materials I 2 full pages of newspaper torn into small pieces I 2 to 3 cups of water I kitchen blender or electric mixer (Safety Note: Do not take lid off blender while it is operating or put hands near blades.) I 2 tablespoons of school glue I dishpan I one woman’s nylon stocking I wire clothes hanger I bowl (if using a mixer) I pen or pencil 210 UNIT 3 A New Nation: 1776–1791 What To Do A. Untwist the clothes hanger and form it into a 6-inch square. B. Carefully slip the wire square into the nylon stocking. Make sure the stocking is tight and flat. Tie each end of the stocking in a knot. C. Put some torn paper and water into the blender (or bowl). Close the lid and turn it on high. Add more paper and water until the paper disappears and the mix- ture turns into a large ball of pulp. Then let the blender (or mixer) run for two or more minutes. D. Put about 4 inches of water into the dishpan and add the glue. E. Add the pulp to the water and mix well. While stirring, quickly slip the wire frame under the pulp and let it rest on the bottom of the dishpan. Then lift the frame slowly as you count to 20. F. Let the pulp on the frame dry completely. When it is totally dry, pull the paper sheet from the frame. G. If possible, use a hot iron to steam your paper as flat as possible. With a pen or pencil, try signing your name on your paper. Lab Activity Report 1. About how long did you have to mix the paper and water before it formed a ball of pulp? 2. Describe the texture of the pulp before you added it to the dish- ᭡ HANDMADE PAPER pan. GO A STEP FURTHER 3. How easy or difficult was it to write on your paper? ACTIVITY 4. Drawing Conclusions How do you The signers of the Declaration of Inde- pendence risked being charged with trea- think your paper compares to the son when they put their names on the paper made out of cloth rags by document. Who were these brave men? the colonists? Which type of Who was the oldest signer? Why was paper would be easier to use? Robert Treat Paine known as the “Objec- tion Maker”? Find out more about the sign- ers of this document. Make a chart showing their names, where they came from, and any other information, such as their occupations, that you can discover. UNIT 3 A New Nation: 1776–1791 211 CHAPTER 8 ############################################## The American Revolution 1776–1783 SETTING THE SCENE Focus In 1776 many Americans already saw the colonies as independent states. Now, after years of bickering with King George III and the British Parliament, they were determined to establish their indepen- dence. Declaring independence would be easy. Achieving it would be much more difficult. Concepts to Understand # What steps the colonists took to secure and protect democracy # American Journal Notes How conflict and cooperation American Revolution Imagine you are contributed to the success of the responsible for raising money to help the Read to Discover . American troops in the # the weaknesses and strengths Revolution. As you read of the British and American this chapter, record military forces. what you think the # the outcome of the HISTORY soldiers might need to American Revolution. help them get through the war. Chapter Overview Visit the American History: The Early Years to 1877 Web site at ey.glencoe.com Chapter 8—Chapter Overviews and click on chapter information. to preview United States 1775 Congress names George Washington commander of Continental Army 1776 Declaration of Independence is signed 1773–1775 1777 Battles at Princeton and Saratoga 1774 Joseph Priestley World discovers oxygen 1776–1778 1776 James Watt improves the steam engine 212 UNIT 3 A New Nation: 1776–1791 History Washington Crossing the Delaware AND ART by Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze, 1851 Painted in Dusseldorf, Germany, this memorable painting shows General Washington and his troops crossing the Delaware River. Washington’s surprise attack allowed the Continental Army to have an easy victory over the British. ᭣ LIBERTY BELL 1779 John Paul Jones defeats British naval fleet 1781 British General Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown 1783 Treaty of Paris signed 1779–1781 1782–1784 1780 India’s first newspaper is 1783 Spain, Sweden, and Denmark published recognize the independence of the United States of America CHAPTER 8 The American Revolution: 1776–1783 213 SECTION 1 ########################################### Declaring Independence GUIDE TO READING Main Idea Read to Learn . As fighting erupted between British # why the Second Continental and colonial troops, the colonies Congress is considered to be the declared their independence. first government of the colonies. # how one person’s writing moved Reading Strategy Americans to support independence. # how the Declaration of Independence Taking Notes As you read about the divided the nation. colonists’ efforts to gain their freedom, describe the different parts of the Declara- Terms to Know tion of Independence in the outline form # shown here. Olive Branch Petition # Declaration of Independence Continental Army # I. Common Sense A. # Declaration of Independence II. # preamble A. III. # Loyalist A. # Patriot IV. A. ᭣ REVOLUTIONARY WAR DRUM # Mud-spattered and tired, Caesar The Second Rodney returned to Philadelphia on the Continental Congress afternoon of July 2, 1776. He arrived just in time for the vote. When the roll call Caesar Rodney had been elected a dele- reached his Delaware delegation, Rodney gate to the Second Continental Congress. stood up and said: The First Continental Congress had met in 1774 to protest the Intolerable Acts and As I believe the voice of other British policies that the colonists dis- my constituents [voters] liked. Then the delegates had hoped that “ and of all sensible and King George would receive their protests. honest men is in favor of They agreed, however, that if he did not independence and my own respond, a second congress would meet judgment concurs [agrees] the next spring. This congress would act with them, I vote for as a central government and put together independence. ” an army for the colonies’ defense. 214 UNIT 3 A New Nation: 1776–1791 The Olive Branch Petition survive in the wilderness and believed in their cause of freedom. Most importantly, As colonists had feared, King George Washington was a brilliant leader. He was ignored their protests. The Second Conti- America’s greatest asset, even though he nental Congress gathered as planned in lost more battles than he won. Philadelphia in May 1775. Most colonists and most members of the congress want- ed to remain part of Great Britain. They The British Army wanted to rule themselves through their Great Britain had an army of nearly own legislatures, however. 50,000 soldiers and the most powerful navy With little optimism left, the delegates in the world. Its soldiers were well trained drafted another letter to the king in one and led by officers with battle experience.
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