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Saline-Water Resources of Texas

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Saline-Water Resources of Texas Saline-Water Resources of Texas By A. G. WINSLOW and L. R. KISTER GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1365 One State's reserves of saline water a potential water resource UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1956 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fred A. Seaton, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. OovernmeBt Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. CONTENTS Page Abstract...................................................................................................................................... 1 Introductioa............................................................................................................................... 2 Purpose and scope................................................................................................................ 2 Acknowledgments................................................................/.'......,......................................... 3 Chemical analyses of water................................................................................................ 3 Definition of saline water.................................................................................................... 5 Occurrence of saline water.................................................................................................. 6 Ground water...................................................................................................................... 6 Surface water.................................................................................................................... 7 General geology and saline-water aquifers.......................................................................... 7 Cambrian system................................................................................................................... 12 Hickory sandstone member of the Riley formation...................................................... 12 Ordovician system................................................................................................................ 12 Ellenburger group.............................................................................................................. 12 Pennsylvanian system.......................................................................................................... 14 Permian system.................................................................................................................... 15 Wichita and Clear Fork groups........................................................................................ 16 San Angelo sandstone...................................................................................................... 17 Blaine gypsum.................................................................................................................. 18 Quartermaster formation.................................................................................................. 18 Bone Spring limestone...................................................................................................... 21 Delaware Mountain group................................................................................................ 21 Rustler limestone.............................................................................................................. 21 Triassic system.................................................................................................................... 23 Dockum group.................................................................................................................... 23 Cretaceous system................................................................................................................ 25 Trinity group...................................................................................................................... 25 Edwards limestone and associated limestones............................................................ 26 Woodbine sand.........;........................................................................................................ 27 Blossom sand................................................................................................................... 29 Navarro group undifferentiated and Nacatoch sand.................................................... 30 Tertiary system.................................................................................................................... 31 Eocene series................................................................................................................... 31 Wilcox group.................................................................................................................. 31 Carrizo sand................................................................................................................. 32 Mount Selman formation............................................................................................... 33 Sparta sand................................................................................................................... 34 Upper part of Claiborne group and Jackson group, undifferentiated.................... 35 Miocene and Miocene(?) series...................................................................................... 35 Catahoula sandstone, Oakville sandstone, and Lagarto clay, undifferentiated.. 35 Pliocene series................................................................................................................ 37 Ogallala formation........................................................................................................ 37 Tertiary and Quaternary systems....................................................................................... 37 Pliocene, Pliocene(P), and Pleistocene series........................................................... 37 Goliad sand, Willis sand, and Lissie formation, undifferentiated....................... 37 Quaternary system................................................................................................................ 39 Pleistocene series........................................................................................................... 39 Beaumont clay.............................................................................................................. 39 Pleistocene and Recent alluvial, eolian, and littoral deposits................................ 40 Saline surface water................................................................................................................ 42 Canadian River basin.......................................................................................................... 43 Red River basin.................................................................................................................... 44 Brazos River basin.............................................................................................................. 44 Colorado River basin........................................................................................................... 45 III IV CONTENTS Page Saline surface water Continued Rio Grande basin........................................................................................................ ...» 46 Saline lakes and reservoirs............................................................................................... 47 Salinity in tidal reaches of streams, bays, and estuaries............................................ 48 Conclusion.......................................................................".....- ............................................ 48 Literature cited....................................................................................................................... 48 Index....................................................................................................................................... 101 ILLUSTRATIONS [Plates in pocket] Plate 1. Map showing locations of wells sampled and principal areas of outcrop of the Trinity group. 2. Map showing locations of wells and springs sampled and areas of out­ crop of the Edwards limestone and associated limestones. 3. Map showing locations of wells sampled and areas of outcrop of the Wilcox group and Carrizo sand, undifferentiated. 4. Map showing locations of wells sampled and area of outcrop of the Mount Selman formation. 5. Map showing locations of wells and springs sampled and areas of out* crop of the Cook Mountain formation and Sparta sand, undifferentiated, Sparta sand, and Jackson group and upper part of Claiborne group, undifferentiated. 6. Map showing locations of wells sampled and area of outcrop of the Catahoula sandstone, Oakville sandstone, and Lagarto clay, undifferentiated. 7. Map showing locations of wells sampled and areas of outcrop of the Beaumont clay and of the Goliad sand, Willis sand, and Lissie for­ mation, undifferentiated. 8. Maps showing locations of wells tapping the Pleistocene and Recent deposits in parts of the Pecos Valley and trans-Pecos regions, Osage Plains, and lower Rio Grande valley. 9. Map of Texas showing locations where saline surface water was sampled. Page Figure 1. Map showing physiographic, structural, and geographic features referred to in text........................................................................................... 8 2. Map showing locations of wells sampled and areas of outcrop of Hickory sandstone member
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