Prehistoric Settlement and Agriculture on the Eastern Moors of the

Volume II Figures

Anne-Marie Heath

Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy

Department of Archaeology and Prehistory

June 2003 TEXT CUT OFF IN THE ORIGINAL Table of Figures

Figure 1 - Location of Peak District 2 Figure 2 - Location of the East Moors 3 Figure 3 - Simplified geology of the Peak District .4 Figure 4 - Peak District geology: cross section 5 Figure 5 - Scarps and dips 6 Figure 6 - Distribution of cairnfields on the Eastern Moors in relation to altitude 7 Figure 7 - Big Moor and Gardoms Edge - Location 8 Figure 8 - Big Moor - Geology 9 Figure 9 - Big Moor - Cairnfield Areas 10 Figure 10 - Gardoms Edge - Location 11 Figure 11 - Gardoms Edge - North and South Cairnfields 12 Figure 12 - Gardoms Edge - Geology 13 Figure 13 - Gardoms Edge Northern Cairnfield & Location of Trenches 14 Figure 14 - Big Moor - location of trenches 16 Figure 15 - Fan and Nick Point.. 17 Figure 16 - Nick Point Monolith 18 Figure 17 - Paleodose Probability Plots 19 Figure 18 21 Figure 19 - Nick Point Lithology and Smoothed Data 22 Figure 20 - Chronology of Sedimentation Units at the Big moor Nick Point.. 23 Figure 21 - Nick Point Sedimentary Rate..· 24 Figure 22 - Big Moor Trench 1 - Alluvial Fan 25 Figure 23 - Big Moor Alluvial Fan. Lithology and Data 26 Figure 24 - Big Moor Trench 2. West Facing Section 27 Figure 25 - Big Moor Trench 2. Phases of Bank Formation 28 Figure 26 - Big Moor Trench 2. Lithology And Data 29 Figure 27 - Big Moor Trench 2. Inner Stone Phases of Bank 30 Figure 28 - Big Moor Trench 3. North Facing Section 31 Figure 29 - Big Moor Trench 3. "Revetment" 32 Figure 30 - Big moor Trench 3. Lithology and Data 33 Figure 31 - Big Moor Trench 4. South Facing Section 34 Figure 32 - Big Moor Trench 4. Lithology and Data 35 Figure 33 - Big Moor Trench 5. North Facing Section 36 Figure 34 - Big Moor Trench 5. Lithology and Data 37 Figure 35 - B~gMoor Trench 6. North Facing Section 38 Figure 36 - Big Moor Trench 6. Lithology and Data 39 Figure 37 - Gardoms Edge Trench 5. East Facing Section 40 F~gure38 Gardoms Edge Trench 5. Data Plots :: 41 F~gure39 - Gardoms Edge Trench 9. East Facing Section 42 Figure 40 - Gardoms Edge Trench 9. Lithology and Data 43 F~gure41 - ~ig Moor Presumed Areas of Soil LOss...... ~.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::44 Figure 42 -Big Moor Trench 2 Soil Accumulated behind Bank 45 F~gure43 - Big Moor Packhorse Route Holloway. Cross Secti·~·~·~·:::::::::::::::::::::::::46 Figure 44 - Gardoms Edge Trench 2. Pit Alignment .47 Figure 45 - Big Moor Nick Point Pollen diagram .48 Figure 1 - Location of Peak District

"'. . ; - , . .~~-s > _' - : v ,_. >,;'V , .'1r"\ -.of -_

'-..- ,- / Nortt.u.berland

North York Noors

~ 11a1.,. ".ID\ • .fllSn • :.nn;LD • Ilhtnd

.-. !-- 'l-~ (.

2 Figure 2 - Location of the East Moors

Gritstone

Limestone -•

After Barnatt & Smith, 1997

3 Figure 3 - Simplified geology of the Peak District

CASTLETON

Triassic Namurian o Dl!l!p o boreholes ~ Wcstphalinn ~ Dinantian ~

After Wolverson Cope 1998

4 Figure 4 - Peak District geology: cross section

'fIlii' \IIest East W L"'rfIll1mQ fCoal Me.w.tre_·;I ~nmlltljJn ('~hll:\tonc Gm' M"~"if.Imw , 101::\ Bn ..il\ hlflC~t'llU"" N. ,ta.. I~ Om Recr ImlC..tnQ nuan 'Prc·D~\finIDII

DIag,.m showing ..c:1Ion thro JIMk DlIIbtct fnHn .. C h.,. Pla'n 1!atwIuda. The IIngIb .. approx. 40 1he vertical scali Is g......

After Wolverson Cope 1998

5 Figure 5 - Scarps and dips

- \. ",

..-..--7: -...:" " ,"" :...[-:'. < -:~.-: ~.. ' ...... -,._r ~::.,. ... _.---- .. _-....::....

c y e Sandstone I o o t Scale h Mudstone and Shale in e Metres r 30 m 50

After Wolverson Cope 1998

6 Figure 6 - Distribution of cairnfields on the Eastern Moors in relation to altitude.

" Caimfields

{'1h Altitude 400m +

Cl 350-400m

C: 300-350m

After Barnatt & Smith 1998.

7 Figure 7 - Big Moor and Gardoms Edge - Location

8 Figure 8 - Big Moor - Geology

t Scale 1:50,000 78

Pleistocene and Recent

77 PNt ARuYlum

.. ad

Simplified Vertical Section

76 Loxley Edge Rock lower SIIaI. Coal C.-11M Slndatono Shole Rough Rod< 375 s""'- .000 MillStone Redml .... Flags Grit n.N. SerIea Shale Chatsworth or Ri.tin Grit

Shal. 426 27 .000 m.E.

9 Figure 9 - Sig Moor - Cairnfield Areas

-----~ \ \

__ - __ , I\ ~ ~ BIG __ ... ., .. 1\ ~.\f-~ .~' MOOR _--\ .,~. .~ w: /'" /"

, --- I ..

\ " . 1 . , ', .,\ i- , . ,, . " ' ", '.* . , ", \ ,. / ....

I-"- Ir-: ;. ..: J:' .' 1)--- »;.' I 1..··'··...,---' .. " ,.....( .A ,• " / . __ --,.,. " .,. " , r~J; . ..~.., \'.-,..;"--1"'1 ,-;!._,. 4'" '\ ' \ .... \

~ Cairnfields

10 Figure 10 - Gardoms Edge - Location

27 28 74

...... _, ... ,. .3ystfm GatdlOIl1$E. u-nl""",_ 0 : .. 1;:>. !" .rairns t .",<:'

11 Figure 11 - Gardoms Edge - North and South Cairnfields

N J"re~'orcC"""'5.Y"CiI_, ... kt

'.ono"W,l.,.,~dGu:K"dlf~~

M"<;k"lntI'tJ.¥f<"

Pre·l~h Ctl"'.lu'V'ca wll"!i

l~l.echlury 'ltld ..... ,~

OoJ~Dd or unfw.J,....:I DCa.H"d.ltlc:s -_ Ou.:ImOI Dc_ pIh...o "J\I(t t..:.'oSP!' : -_ ," !\ l' ..--::. ".-=:':..:-.. .~..: ..- ._:-_ -:~-...... ~~ -:-:-:- - ".. .,' .. ~.-.. c BmnlO~b:lITO\Io I ...... '

.-...... ' ..

::=~.~l.i1.\.\ ~ .., .... y. .,

I G ,"P " 'AClpt -eee ""'jII'''~'''''er hoIhw ""Y\

Tho 1801lUfl1)lk1J I~

Hurl4ld,...od ....~i'tIOltKIrt1f'1O:.t· lI'It)dof!"all:llll1~ntJ~ -- ....-= .. "or·1 lnOOtC'"fill Wmto..~.c ..net ..... OLIItU:or.o:; .,.~- flu,nod I!JU\~~ hl!ldlUU'I\ ,lAd ,~ " SLlt"'~I:lI~ ,;,.."--~../. o Lll....I(· ....ll c. ~·rtlUdwr\l' ••lld:1 . '/" wit.,~ &ncJ Iull0W .._ ...-.~.. ;",. i . 'Inlll\6h«1 "~·(,ul"'.'0I,.o51 mU(lICII';l1b:'I'* :lId Clth bOJrKS.ny -....--..--~ .' /' .. --..-~ , / 0

-: ./ "

.. ,,'. ..'.,

"', ,. ..: ... ',"- B

".,

After Bamatt & Smith 1991

12 Figure 12 - Gardoms Edge - Geology

27 28 t Scale 1:50,000 374 .000 m.N Drift D Hill Peat

Simplified Vertical Section

Lower Crawshaw Sandstone Coal 73 M.asu .... Shale Rough Rock

Millstone Shale Gr~ Series Redmires Flags

Shale Chatworth Grit

B 72 E

13 Figure 13 - Gardoms Edge Northern Cairnfield & Location of Trenches

N

...... 4. _ -... _ _...4...... -...... "...... - .a...... - ~...... - ...at .. ." ...... ,\" ~... ·f i;~ .- . "....'- , .....\\. ..a .. ," ", -_ -, .. .\\" ...... & ~i.\ ~ ...... ~ ... .._.-. , "" ._- .. " .. ..

...-

19 Trench 9 Trench 5 Neolithic enclosure Barrow Rock art o Standing stones E Cross bank F Pit alignment • Cairns Unear clearance Earthen banks/lynchets ..... Boulder scarps/cultivation 0 M 200 edges ~:~Boulder-strewn ground »: Later field walls

After Barnatt et al. 1999-2000 (unpub)

14 Figure 14 - Big Moor - location of trenches

15 Figure 15 - Fan and Nick Point

'...... \' .. :?~~>·>t.' .=:...... , I •.. ', ...... _--- ~."'" ':;, / j< .. .: Packhorse. . routes

(,.

16 Figure 16 - Nick Point Monolith cm 0-...------, root mat .Indy I'IIdiocarbon dirk Simples loos.fin. OSL 10 - _II humified undy umpl .. 15 _ dirk COlI.... lighter COlI.... org.nlc rich 20 - dlrk.r coa,.. Sind 25 _ ~~~~§.§$.~~lltem.tlng fin••• nd Ind orglnlcs 30 - lighter coa,.. humlfied 35 - not _II humlfNtd

COl.... loos. brown

humlfled .11ty fin. 55 - ~~~~!.I!!~undyCOlI.... organic bllck COl..... organics If ba •• orglnlc .Iit + fine •• nd len... fin. und + org.nlc I.naes ~I~~~~~~~undy organic .Iit ~ COl.... oxidised 80 - derk org.nlc silt 85 _ with und len_ 90 _ COl.... oxldlned org.nlc silt 95 - "pe.ty mud" 100 - COl.... oxldls.d

105 - pelty mud 110 - co..... y.llow bl.ck 115 - ~~~$i"~ co..... d.rker 120 - ~I~~~II~lighter 125 - br.ck

130 - lighter 135- d.rker pe.ty mud 140 - 145- . 150 - lighter 155 - 160 - COl .... bl.ck 165-e~~~~~~ oxidised peaty mud 175 -

180 - pelty mud 185 - Slndy 190 - oxidl•• d Slndy 195 - 200 - . bllck 205- COl .... Slndy 210 - smooth Slndy COl .... oxidised 215-111_1220- silty 225- silty pelt with fin•• Ind 230-

17 Figure 17 - Paleodose Probability Plots.

OSL Sample from 98 em (Shfd01 011 ) 0.30

0.25

0.20 n. 0.15

0.10

0.05

o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Palaeodose (Gy)

OSL Sample from 77 em (Shfd01 01 0)

0.35

0.30

0.25

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00 f---!~_ ...... ~ ...... ,...... ,.._---,----.--,-,-----.---.- o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Palaeodose (Gy)

18 PAGE MISSING IN ORIGINAL Figure 20 - Chronology of Sedimentation Units at the Big moor Nick Point

Chronology of Sedimentation Units at the Big Moor Nick POint

Phase VI ?

Phase V

...... Phase IV . . . " .' .

. , > :. Phase III . ..

Phase II

Phase I

o ~~~~~~~r-~~~~~~~~~~ o 500 1000 1500 2000

22 Figure 21 - Nick Point Sedimentary Rate

Years AD

o 500 1000 1500 2000 o ~ Radiocarbon Dates b. OSL Dates + 50

-5100 =" f;; c, Q) ::J 150

200

250

23 "'0 :T o o 3- o III III n'

......

"T1 cC' e ~.. N N

DJ cC' s: c o..

ngtl~~o'1 centimelers »>Lloi[f()"" ... ~~~[IJil.al:rr"" ..,Sc:r;g §l >~ OCD"0

0 > CO (C. ·'7.~,] (( ~ :lC:I ~ ~ ~ [ ~ 0 ~. ;:,- 0 f 0" -"""'I ~ 0' _, ~ m ::T :::J • • • • ••• ...... ~- o "T1 ~ S ! IS e ::::l 0 zr cO' ~ ~ ~e l$ ~ "0 0 N ~ ~ s- w - CD ~i cC' & ~ 3: 8~ C ~C 8 ~ I\J ~ ~ 01 < § I! e ~ s IS & 1:1 ~ l$ C> ~ :. "T1 .. I» ::I \rVr .. r- ,,~ ;:;' ~ :r Q e ..· (I) 0' • 1> cc .. "I < • ..:f I» ::I '" Co l$ :: C I» 13 ... § I» IS e ~ ! IS & 1:1 ~ IS e .. ~ ~ & ~ S 0 -er.r iii ~ a ~ '< +

cS'" ...e CD N 01:1>

to cS' os: o...

CD:e ..en nQI" S· cc (I) CD ..n :;,er

o o (" 3 3 "'0 ::r Cl en (1) III S- al Cl ~::::s ." o... 3 ~. o ::::s

c:: "Cen 0" "C CD (J) !e. ~ 6' 0 9: :::l :::l 3 <» <» <» sr III er a :::l III ,.. ,..:::l J OJ ...,(j) _. et- cc to'..., nl s: "'0zr 0 '< 0 ...~ --f 0- fg ($ ~ 8 s 8 ~ !! A ~ tg 0 0 0 CD ." b ::3 cC' VI e VI ~ 0 , o CD 0 0 ::r ::3 enN tg , 0 <9: ro ca ~ ~ ::s 0 '0' ._...~ =E~ A CD ~ 0 en ~.... .-+ CD I\J ;:, co n 0 :::r $l) N ~ " 1\,)- _.0 !:: ..... ::J :::r... q... 0 .. 0) CC 0" cc 3w & .0,- =E; ..::I' tu 5. ~ c - ...I» I»

0

~ ('J) c..s ~ , ~ s "T"' ~ -e '0' ! -~ L_. 8- Figure 27 - Big Moor Trench 2. Inner Stone Phases of Bank

7.00 6.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 O.OON + + + + + + + + O.OOE Plan No. 207 Bank after the removal of outer stones which N+--- appeared to be piled up against an inner core

+ 1.00

+ 2.00

+ 3.00

o ._._ ...... _._._ • ._.-. ._. __ .j

View B View A +------2.5m ------4

Sketch (not to scale) of the south facing Sketch (not to scale) of stones on the innner part of the bank, north facing side side of the inner stones

29 + + + zm 0-·..,co S:s: + + ,,0 PlO C"'.) ~.., 5·-1 + + cc'"CD ~:::J PlC"'.) _:::T W + +

." cS' ...C + ID N 00 to cS' + + 3: 0 ...0 -I... ID + ;:, w + (') 0 ;:," W

iii!! 0 '"0 ;::l '" ;:,- ." CII (') 5' + eQ CA ID ...(') 0' ;:, + + +

CXlO~ OUl3 J;a.r"2,. ...."'0°.,15 ~;~ w I\) (J1 Figure 29 - Big Moor Trench 3. "Revetment"

+

+1

I I Plan 308 I After removal of contexts \ 3015 and 3019 \ \

View A

_4-:"'--""\ Revetment . 3018

Sketch profile (not to scale) of revetment, east side

+ +

31 Figure 30 - Big moor Trench 3. Lithology and Data. Big Moor Trench 3 Sample Column 310 Stratigraphy Loss-on·1gl1Cll (%) S;nj·Sit·Clay (%)

·2 ~. 1:)1123»:0 OIO:I):ll

I

'-Clay

Silt

.110.J ~ Sample Column 309 Stratigraphy ~I I'CTBm~9·') Loss·orHlploo (%) Sald- BItt·Clay (%)

I "-Clay J Sit Sample Column 311 Stratigraphy Loss-on--giton (%) Sa'd-Silt-Clay (%) 10 ·10 10 :ll SI lO '10 0 20 '10 eo 80 100

• 5 10 OSLDot. 9C17~.I..o tti:_-__~• 1~ Clay

"""'-T""T""o-.J : 10

• 25 30 ·~ Sit ·~ ·~ • 60 I

• 55 I '-"'--II __ ...J ~ 1...... •...... _ •.. .._...... __ _ __ ._..l

32 0 c.n ..... 0 3 3 oC/)lJJ_. 0 cCO .,,0::fS: (")~mQ 0, _. --I c.n :::J~ 3 COco ~g m:::r- ..... -~ 'TI cC' 3 c: ~... w _"

IXJ cC' s: 0 ...0 -f ~.. w ::::s w / (") en ) ::::s- ~ en i['1/ 0 ...e t ::::s- 'TI Cl s·(") CC en ~ ...(") cS' ::::s Figure 32 - Big Moor Trench 4. Lithology and Data. Big Moor Trench 4 Sample Column 401 Slratigrapny ,Meon-~ (111"'.) 0

10 IQ ., " ., ., ...... " so• .:~ " ., """"' '".. '",. '",. ,.'" ,." ,. ,. 30 .. ,. '" .. ,. .. ..'" ..'" .. .., ...... f 5. ; ~ " " .. i -, .. .. ID ? ID ------_j eo Sample Column 402 ~sar.g (111.,;.) Slrallgrapny ~('IO) ~1f " ...... -~ S!nd·SII-Clay (%) ,. .., •oo to It ,. ,. .., ID ID .oo •• ID ID •• '"

10 to 10 •• ., .. to 00, " " : ,. o <:lay ~ .." ,." ,." ,. ,.'" ,. ,. " " ,.'" " .. ,. ,. ., .., ., OJ ...... 50 eo ...... 51 ...... eo eo / eo .. Sample Column 400 403 Stratigraphy Loss·IJ\.q;1Ia1 ~.) ~ "...... -~ SIrO·SIt·Clay ('10) MeM-~ (1YI",1s) 0 ,. .00 ,. ,. ,...... ,. ,...... oo 0 r-··...... ------0 • 0 '" 0 i 400l [ -oot to [40t5. " " 10 40t '5 .. / .., ,." " S

34 o

." cC' ..e CD CA) CA,)

OJ cO' !: 0 ...0 :J ~ ..-t CD W ::l (J1 n ';S" (J"I

2: 0 ), ;l ';S" l ) ~. ." .)t.' I» n 5' f.-" co .a; en \' ...nCD 0' \ ::l ) \ \ \ \ Figure 34 - Big Moor Trench 5. Lithology and Data

Big Moor, Trench 5 Sample Column 504

X pcr8mlo.9-'J S1ra1.grapny l1 Me

0 ().1 OA 0_' 0.1 o 10 ZIO 10 C) $0 lO 40 ID 10 1CO o 0 0

10 10

11

10 " >0

II 11 Sli 10 lO

II " «> 40 .. ., '" to " " Sample Column 506 Xn (,cr8"'''9-'J Stratigraphy ~.4 ~u 0 0.1 OA OJ 0.1 1 0

10 10 " 11 '" ." .. 11 lO 10 " " .,40 ..«> IQ to II " ..00 ..10 10 10 " " IQ , 10 .. "

36 'T1 cC" ..c + I'D Cl.) U1

tD cC" :s: 0 I ..0 ..-t I I'D :l w I + n -...J ;;r I 0')

i 2 0 \ ::1 ;;r I ." i nI» :r I CC + \ Cl) I'D \ ....n i cS' ) :l

+

o 3 oM

mCi) tutu CfJ"", -0. -nO tu3 C")_.CJ)- <.Om::l cnQ. co<.O oCO ...... o·- co :::::sCO co

co~ :::::s C) C") ...Cl C- :::r O C11 3 (II m ccCo I'D w -i c.o CD :::I n :r Ut m Cl ...(II ~ s·n IQ (I) I'D g. o :::I 8

tV 01 <5 ~ 1l: l': t'l 0 0 '" '" 0 .... '" tV - i '" '"0 <5 '" g IQ '" N III 3 8 C I» III IQ I/) \ <5 c 8 I/)

tV 0 "T1 cS' ~ ~ eN eN I\) I\) ...... 01 0 01 0 01 0 01 0 01 0 C g "'I 0 tV ~ CD .... '" 0 <5 0 -;;e. '" '" '" 0 g Co) N co Xl -;;e. 01 ~ C) ~ 0 Q, Xl D» !!!. ______, ~ s Q, a. .. I/) C'I 0 iii l'i' 0 '< C'I 3 0 rn 8 ~ m -I:» Q. 0 cc ~ ~ eN eN I\) I\) ...... 01 Cl 01 Cl 01 Cl 01 0 01 0 CD N tV ~ :".. '" '"0 <5 0 g tV... Cil .... '" j !V g n 01 N !4. tV ~ !1 Q, '" ~ ~ I\) Q, en ~ '" CD C '" :< D» I\) it ~ tV '-' "'tI 0' fir ~ ~ eN eN I\) I\) ...... I\) I\) ...... 01 0 01 01 01 0 0 0 01 0 ~ 01 0 01 0 UI 0 u, ~ Cl s N ~ 3 3 01 CD 01 ~I» 2:~ 01~ 01 U, ." cS' e ~.. CA) CD

C) ..Cl Co o 3 en m Co IQ CD ..-t CD ::I n ::r CD m Cl ...en ." nCl 5' CQ en CD...n / I· 0' ::I "0 C· .. I l

!,,+o

c;.o 0)"" Z m Figure 40 - Gardoms Edge Trench 9. Lithology and Data.

Gardom's Edge 1999, Trench 9 Profile 901

Slrangraphy Sand-Sill-Clay (%) Mean-sorting (phi units)

o II) 40 ., 10 IIX) 0

y

sarg: I

Sit

-,

42 Figure 41 - Big Moor Presumed Areas of Soil Loss

I .. .. " J ,I I I , +N ,, ,, ,I I • ., l ; , I·-,...---'. 18.~

I II' I I t • I # I " • , ,I S

" • I • " , " • ..",.'~.a.'~.'.' ....., ...~m Analof 1 • r....u"",_ ~ polin llOil to '" I Route ,'J , , , J #. , I ,t t I , I I f I t t

f link ,f

43 o +

"T'I cS' ~c C'D ~ N I aI cS' s: o ~o

.... 3

o 01 ' 3

o + o ~ 01 3 3 Figure 43 - Big Moor Packhorse Route Holloway. Cross Sections

Big Moor Cross-sectional area profiles for hollow-way near Trench 2

Profile 1

Profile 2

45 Figure 44 - Gardoms Edge Trench 2. Pit Alignment

Gardom's Edge 1999, Trench 2 Drawing No. 208 East Facing Section S

:t 43 years BP cal 210 BC • 10 AD AA-43264

Gardom's Edge 1999 Trench 2 Plan Site l

Gardom's Edge 1999 Trench 2 Drawing No. 222 Fills of 2012 and 2035 2097%44 years BP cal210 BC - 10 AD Drawing 208 AA-43265 o

46 _Clo"m-

." cC· c:.. CD ~ C1I

IXI cC· ~ 0 ..0 z er '"~ ...:i"0 ~ 2- ;- ~ Q. iii· .. cc.. I» 3 2 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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