Prehistoric Settlement and Agriculture on the Eastern Moors of the Peak District Volume II Figures Anne-Marie Heath Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy Department of Archaeology and Prehistory June 2003 TEXT CUT OFF IN THE ORIGINAL Table of Figures Figure 1 - Location of Peak District 2 Figure 2 - Location of the East Moors 3 Figure 3 - Simplified geology of the Peak District .4 Figure 4 - Peak District geology: cross section 5 Figure 5 - Scarps and dips 6 Figure 6 - Distribution of cairnfields on the Eastern Moors in relation to altitude 7 Figure 7 - Big Moor and Gardoms Edge - Location 8 Figure 8 - Big Moor - Geology 9 Figure 9 - Big Moor - Cairnfield Areas 10 Figure 10 - Gardoms Edge - Location 11 Figure 11 - Gardoms Edge - North and South Cairnfields 12 Figure 12 - Gardoms Edge - Geology 13 Figure 13 - Gardoms Edge Northern Cairnfield & Location of Trenches 14 Figure 14 - Big Moor - location of trenches 16 Figure 15 - Fan and Nick Point.. 17 Figure 16 - Nick Point Monolith 18 Figure 17 - Paleodose Probability Plots 19 Figure 18 21 Figure 19 - Nick Point Lithology and Smoothed Data 22 Figure 20 - Chronology of Sedimentation Units at the Big moor Nick Point.. 23 Figure 21 - Nick Point Sedimentary Rate..· 24 Figure 22 - Big Moor Trench 1 - Alluvial Fan 25 Figure 23 - Big Moor Alluvial Fan. Lithology and Data 26 Figure 24 - Big Moor Trench 2. West Facing Section 27 Figure 25 - Big Moor Trench 2. Phases of Bank Formation 28 Figure 26 - Big Moor Trench 2. Lithology And Data 29 Figure 27 - Big Moor Trench 2. Inner Stone Phases of Bank 30 Figure 28 - Big Moor Trench 3. North Facing Section 31 Figure 29 - Big Moor Trench 3. "Revetment" 32 Figure 30 - Big moor Trench 3. Lithology and Data 33 Figure 31 - Big Moor Trench 4. South Facing Section 34 Figure 32 - Big Moor Trench 4. Lithology and Data 35 Figure 33 - Big Moor Trench 5. North Facing Section 36 Figure 34 - Big Moor Trench 5. Lithology and Data 37 Figure 35 - B~gMoor Trench 6. North Facing Section 38 Figure 36 - Big Moor Trench 6. Lithology and Data 39 Figure 37 - Gardoms Edge Trench 5. East Facing Section 40 F~gure38 Gardoms Edge Trench 5. Data Plots :: 41 F~gure39 - Gardoms Edge Trench 9. East Facing Section 42 Figure 40 - Gardoms Edge Trench 9. Lithology and Data 43 F~gure41 - ~ig Moor Presumed Areas of Soil LOss..........~.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::44 Figure 42 -Big Moor Trench 2 Soil Accumulated behind Bank 45 F~gure43 - Big Moor Packhorse Route Holloway. Cross Secti·~·~·~·:::::::::::::::::::::::::46 Figure 44 - Gardoms Edge Trench 2. Pit Alignment .47 Figure 45 - Big Moor Nick Point Pollen diagram .48 Figure 1 - Location of Peak District "'. ; - , . .~~-s > _' - : v ,_. >,;'V , .'1r"\ -.of -_ '-..- ,- / Nortt.u.berland North York Noors ~ 11a1.,. ".ID\ • .fllSn • :.nn;LD • Ilhtnd .-. !-- 'l-~ (. 2 Figure 2 - Location of the East Moors Gritstone Limestone -• After Barnatt & Smith, 1997 3 Figure 3 - Simplified geology of the Peak District CASTLETON Triassic Namurian o Dl!l!p o boreholes ~ Wcstphalinn ~ Dinantian ~ After Wolverson Cope 1998 4 Figure 4 - Peak District geology: cross section 'fIlii' \IIest East W L"'rfIll1mQ fCoal Me.w.tre_·;I ~nmlltljJn ('~hll:\tonc Gm' M"~"if.Imw , 101::\ Bn ..il\ hlflC~t'llU"" N. ,ta.. I~ Om Recr ImlC..tnQ nuan 'Prc·D~\finIDII DIag,.m showing ..c:1Ion thro JIMk DlIIbtct fnHn .. C h.,. Pla'n 1!atwIuda. The IIngIb .. approx. 40 1he vertical scali Is g......... After Wolverson Cope 1998 5 Figure 5 - Scarps and dips - \. ", ..-..--7: -...:" " ,"" :...[-:'. < -:~.-: ~.. ' ....... ..-,._r ~::.,. ... _.---- .. _-....::.... c y e Sandstone I o o t Scale h Mudstone and Shale in e Metres r 30 m 50 After Wolverson Cope 1998 6 Figure 6 - Distribution of cairnfields on the Eastern Moors in relation to altitude. " Caimfields {'1h Altitude 400m + Cl 350-400m C: 300-350m After Barnatt & Smith 1998. 7 Figure 7 - Big Moor and Gardoms Edge - Location 8 Figure 8 - Big Moor - Geology t Scale 1:50,000 78 Pleistocene and Recent 77 PNt ARuYlum .. ad Simplified Vertical Section 76 Loxley Edge Rock lower SIIaI. Coal C.-11M Slndatono Shole Rough Rod< 375 s""'- .000 MillStone Redml .... Flags Grit n.N. SerIea Shale Chatsworth or Ri.tin Grit Shal. 426 27 .000 m.E. 9 Figure 9 - Sig Moor - Cairnfield Areas -----~ \ \ __ - __ , I\ ~ ~ BIG __ ... ., .. 1\ ~.\f-~ .~' MOOR _--\ .,~. .~ w: /'" /" , --- I .. \ " . 1 . , ', .,\ i- , . ,, . " ' ", '.* . , ", \ ,. / .... I-"- Ir-: ;. ..: J:' .' 1)--- »;.' I 1..··'··...,---' .. " ,.....( .A ,• " / . __ --,.,. " .,. " , r~J; . ..~.., \'.-,..;"--1"'1 ,-;!._,. 4'" '\ ' \ .... \ ~ Cairnfields 10 Figure 10 - Gardoms Edge - Location 27 28 74 ........._, ... ,. .3ystfm GatdlOIl1$E. u-nl""",_ 0 : .. 1;:>. !" .rairns t .",<:' 11 Figure 11 - Gardoms Edge - North and South Cairnfields N _,J"re~'orcC"""'5.Y"CiI ... kt '.ono"W,l.,.,~dGu:K"dlf~~ M"<;k"lntI'tJ.¥f<" Pre·l~h Ctl"'.lu'V'ca wll"!i l~l.echlury 'ltld ..... ,~ OoJ~Dd or unfw.J,....:I DCa.H"d.ltlc:s -_ Ou.:ImOI Dc_ pIh...o "J\I(t t..:.'oSP!' : -_ ," !\ l' ..--::. ".-=:':..:-.. .~..: ..- ._:-_ -:~-.. ....... ~~ -:-:-:- - ".. .,' .. ~.-.. c BmnlO~b:lITO\Io I .. .. ...' .-........ ' .. ::=~.~l.i1.\.\ ~ .., .... y. ., I G ,"P " 'AClpt -eee ""'jII'''~'''''er hoIhw ""Y\ Tho 1801lUfl1)lk1J I~ Hurl4ld,...od ....~i'tIOltKIrt1f'1O:.t· lI'It)dof!"all:llll1~ntJ~ -- ....-= .. "or·1 lnOOtC'"fill Wmto..~.c ..net ..... OLIItU:or.o:; .,.~- flu,nod I!JU\~~ hl!ldlUU'I\ ,lAd ,~ " SLlt"'~I:lI~ ,;,.."--~../. o Lll....I(· ....ll c. ~·rtlUdwr\l' ••lld:1 . '/" wit.,~ &ncJ Iull0W .._ ...-.~.. ;",. i . 'Inlll\6h«1 "~·(,ul"'.'0I,.o51 mU(lICII';l1b:'I'* :lId Clth bOJrKS.ny -....--..--~ .' /' .. --..-~ , / 0 -: ./ " .. ,,'. ..'., "', ,. ..: ... ',"- B "., After Bamatt & Smith 1991 12 Figure 12 - Gardoms Edge - Geology 27 28 t Scale 1:50,000 374 .000 m.N Drift D Hill Peat Simplified Vertical Section Lower Crawshaw Sandstone Coal 73 M.asu .... Shale Rough Rock Millstone Shale Gr~ Series Redmires Flags Shale Chatworth Grit B Birchen Edge 72 E 13 Figure 13 - Gardoms Edge Northern Cairnfield & Location of Trenches N .... ....4. _ -... _ _...4. .....-........ .... .. ... .... ". ............ ...- .a... .. .... ........- ~.......... - ...at .. ." .. ... .... ,\" ~... ·f i;~ .- . "....'- , .....\\. ..a .. ," ", -_ -, .. .\\" ....... .. & ~i.\ ~ ......~ ... .._.-. , "" ._- .. " .. .. ...- 19 Trench 9 Trench 5 Neolithic enclosure Barrow Rock art o Standing stones E Cross bank F Pit alignment • Cairns Unear clearance Earthen banks/lynchets ..... Boulder scarps/cultivation 0 M 200 edges ~:~Boulder-strewn ground »: Later field walls After Barnatt et al. 1999-2000 (unpub) 14 Figure 14 - Big Moor - location of trenches 15 Figure 15 - Fan and Nick Point '. ..... \' .. :?~~>·>t.' .=:..... .., I •.. ', . ..... _--- ~."'" ':;, / j< .. .: Packhorse. routes (,. 16 Figure 16 - Nick Point Monolith cm 0-...----------, root mat .Indy I'IIdiocarbon dirk Simples loos.fin. OSL 10 - _II humified undy umpl .. 15 _ dirk COlI.... lighter COlI.... org.nlc rich 20 - dlrk.r coa,.. Sind 25 _ ~~~~§.§$.~~lltem.tlng fin••• nd Ind orglnlcs 30 - lighter coa,.. humlfied 35 - not _II humlfNtd COl.... loos. brown humlfled .11ty fin. 55 - ~~~~!.I!!~undyCOlI.... organic bllck COl..... organics If ba •• orglnlc .Iit + fine •• nd len... fin. und + org.nlc I.naes ~I~~~~~~~undy organic .Iit ~ COl.... oxidised 80 - derk org.nlc silt 85 _ with und len_ 90 _ COl.... oxldlned org.nlc silt 95 - "pe.ty mud" 100 - COl.... oxldls.d 105 - pelty mud 110 - co..... y.llow bl.ck 115 - ~~~$i"~ co..... d.rker 120 - ~I~~~II~lighter 125 - br.ck 130 - lighter 135- d.rker pe.ty mud 140 - 145- . 150 - lighter 155 - 160 - COl .... bl.ck 165-e~~~~~~ oxidised peaty mud 175 - 180 - pelty mud 185 - Slndy 190 - oxidl•• d Slndy 195 - 200 - . bllck 205- COl .... Slndy 210 - smooth Slndy COl .... oxidised 215-111_1220- silty 225- silty pelt with fin•• Ind 230- 17 Figure 17 - Paleodose Probability Plots. OSL Sample from 98 em (Shfd01 011 ) 0.30 0.25 0.20 n. 0.15 0.10 0.05 o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Palaeodose (Gy) OSL Sample from 77 em (Shfd01 01 0) 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 f---!~_ .......~ .......,......,.._---,----.--,-,-----.---.- o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Palaeodose (Gy) 18 PAGE MISSING IN ORIGINAL Figure 20 - Chronology of Sedimentation Units at the Big moor Nick Point Chronology of Sedimentation Units at the Big Moor Nick POint Phase VI ? Phase V . ..... Phase IV . " .' . , > :. Phase III . .. Phase II Phase I o ~~~~~~~r-~~~~~~~~~~ o 500 1000 1500 2000 22 Figure 21 - Nick Point Sedimentary Rate Years AD o 500 1000 1500 2000 o ~ Radiocarbon Dates b. OSL Dates + 50 -5100 =" f;; c, Q) ::J 150 200 250 23 "'0 :T o o 3- o III III n' ...... "T1 cC' e ~.. 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