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Britannicité SRILATA RAVI Et CLAUDE COUTURE Sont Professeurs Titulaires À L’Université Présence Française Dans L’Empire Britannique Au De L’Alberta À Edmonton

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Britannicité SRILATA RAVI Et CLAUDE COUTURE Sont Professeurs Titulaires À L’Université Présence Française Dans L’Empire Britannique Au De L’Alberta À Edmonton CLAUDE COUTURE SRILATA RAVI SRILATA RAVI CLAUDE COUTURE Ce livre est un essai dans lequel les deux auteurs, dans un cas né au Québec, dans l’autre en Inde, cherchent simplement à explorer la signification de la présence permanente dans leurs vies, malgré la distance considérable qui sépare leurs origines, d’un ensemble, l’Empire britannique. C’est que cet siècle empire n’a pas été un empire comme les autres, avec une période d’apogée et e de déclin. L’Empire britannique a laissé des traces et ces traces ont encore une XIX grande influence dans le monde d’aujourd’hui, y compris, sinon surtout, au Canada. Quelle a été la relation de cet Empire britannique avec l’Empire français de la période 1815-1920 ? Cette relation a-t-elle eu, justement, des conséquences au Canada ? Dans ce livre, les auteurs proposent, dans une perspective non pas transnationale mais transcoloniale, quelques pistes de réflexion sur l’Empire britannique, sa structure, enfin l’enchevêtrement de ses différentes sections. Depuis les années 1960, dans le contexte canadien, la grande noirceur de la période antérieure associée trop souvent au seul Québec était en fait la grande noirceur globale d’un monde colonial occidental définitivement dominé par les Britanniques après 1815. Britannicité SRILATA RAVI et CLAUDE COUTURE sont professeurs titulaires à l’Université Présence française dans l’Empire britannique au de l’Alberta à Edmonton. Présence française dans l’Empire britannique au XIXe siècle Illustrations Couverture avant : Imperial Federation Map of the World Showing the Extent of the British Empire Science politique in 1886. Walter Crane. Courtesy of Cornell University Library Digital Collections. Couverture arrière : La Martiniere College in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India, during the 1890s, vintage engraving, Alamy Stock. Britannicité Presses de l’Université Laval www.pulaval.com Couture et Ravi-2205C.indd 1 20-05-28 13:29 Dirigée par Claude Couture La collection « Perspectives de l’Ouest » est consacrée à la publication d’écrits sur l’Ouest, de préférence dans une perspective comparative avec le Québec ou le Canada, ou par des auteurs de l’Ouest travaillant dans ce sens. Elle sera consacrée à des ouvrages multidisciplinaires qui font appel à la collaboration de plusieurs auteurs, intégrant des concepts dans une approche originale, incluant l’étude des francophonies canadiennes. En diffusant des ouvrages sur la culture et les institutions en relation avec les conflits sociopolitiques, les contextes historiques et sociaux, nous espérons ainsi contribuer à une meilleure compréhension de l’Ouest et de ses auteurs, notamment au Québec et dans la francophonie internationale. Britannicité Présence française dans l’Empire britannique au XIXe siècle Claude Couture Srilata Ravi Britannicité Présence française dans l’Empire britannique au XIXe siècle Nous remercions le Conseil des arts du Canada de son soutien. We acknowledge the support of the Canada Council for the Arts. Les Presses de l’Université Laval reçoivent chaque année de la Société de développement des entreprises culturelles du Québec une aide financière pour l’ensemble de leur programme de publication. Les auteurs remercient l'Université de l'Alberta pour son soutien financier et le Secré- tariat provincial francophone de l'Alberta. Maquette de couverture : Laurie Patry Mise en page : Diane Trottier Dépôt légal 2e trimestre 2020 ISBN 978-2-7637-2205-4 PDF 9782763722061 Les Presses de l’Université Laval www.pulaval.com Toute reproduction ou diffusion en tout ou en partie de ce livre par quelque moyen que ce soit est interdite sans l’autorisation écrite des Presses de l’Université Laval. TABLE DES MATIÈRES Introduction ........................................................................... 1 PREMIÈRE PARTIE EMPIRES, HISTORIOGRAPHIE, INSTITUTIONS ANNÉES 1830 ET 1860 Chapitre 1 Empires ................................................................................... 39 L’Empire britannique ........................................................... 43 L’Empire français ................................................................. 48 Trois autres Empires : ottoman, russe et autrichien ................. 51 L’Empire russe ..................................................................... 54 L’Empire autrichien ............................................................. 55 L’Empire allemand .............................................................. 56 Chapitre 2 Historiographie de l’Empire .................................................... 61 Les travaux historiques contemporains de l’Empire ............... 63 La littérature de l’Empire « créé par inadvertance » ou de l’Empire sans impact sur la métropole ......................... 67 La littérature associant l’histoire de l’Empire à la modernité et à la mondialisation ........................................................... 71 La mondialisation et le seul monde anglophone ..................... 75 La littérature définissant l’Empire comme un « réseau » économique, culturel, social et la littérature définissant l’Empire comme un web ou toile d’araignée .......................... 78 La littérature définissant l’Empire comme une réalité transocéanique .................................................................... 81 Official Mind, Gentleman Capitalist et postcolonialisme ......... 86 Les travaux des deux dernières décennies cherchant à relativiser l’impact de l’Empire et la riposte au cours de la même période d’auteurs dressant un bilan très critique ... 90 VIII BRITANNICITÉ – PRÉSENCE FRANÇAISE DANS L’EMPIRE BRITANNIQUE AU XIXE SIÈCLE Chapitre 3 Les institutions de l’Empire, le Rule of Law et les textes clés .... 95 La Compagnie britannique des Indes orientales ..................... 96 La Compagnie de la Baie d’Hudson ...................................... 103 Les institutions de gouvernance : le Board of Control, le Colonial Office, l’India Office ............................................. 110 Colonial Service .................................................................. 111 Statistiques sur les colonies ................................................... 113 Cartographie : Rennell et Des Barres ..................................... 115 Alexander Dalrymple (1737-1808) et James Cook (1728-1779) ....................................................................... 117 Le droit et le Rule of Law ..................................................... 119 Dominions et droit constitutionnel ...................................... 121 Religion : le groupe de Clapham et la London Missionary Society ................................................................................ 125 Armée, marine et prostitution .............................................. 129 La place de l’imprimé dans le système impérial ...................... 133 DEUXIÈME PARTIE CLAUDE MARTIN, LE PÈRE LAVAL ET LE PÈRE LACOMBE Chapitre 4 Claude Martin (1735-1800) et la présence française en Inde au début de la domination britannique .................................. 153 Courte biographie ............................................................... 153 Les Français avant Martin .................................................... 154 Le contexte immédiat avant l’arrivée de Claude Martin : le déclin des Empires moghol et séfévide et la rivalité entre Britanniques et Français au XVIIIe siècle ....................... 159 L’empire Moghol au XVIIIe siècle et les principautés régionales ............................................................................ 161 L’arrivée de Claude Martin en Inde ....................................... 163 Awadh ................................................................................ 167 Benoît de Boigne et Antoine Polier ....................................... 175 Martin dans ses propres mots ............................................... 180 TABLE DES MATIÈRES IX Chapitre 5 Le père Jacques-Désiré Laval et la présence catholique francophone dans l’océan Indien. Le rôle des spiritains ........... 187 Courte biographie de Jacques-Désiré Laval (1803-1864) ....... 187 Les prédécesseurs : Gaston-Laurent Cœurdoux (1691-1779) et son ami Anquetil-Duperron (1731-1805) .......................... 188 Jean-Antoine Dubois (1765-1848) ....................................... 195 L’océan Indien franco-britannique au XIXe siècle .................. 201 Le père Laval dans l’Empire britannique. Les spiritains à l’île Maurice ..................................................................... 209 Le père Laval par lui-même .................................................. 215 Le père Laval aujourd’hui ..................................................... 220 Chapitre 6 Le père Albert Lacombe et la présence catholique francophone dans l’Ouest canadien. Le rôle des oblats ................................. 225 Courte biographie ............................................................... 225 Les oblats de Marie Immaculée et l’historiographie canadienne .......................................................................... 231 Les traités numérotés ........................................................... 236 Les écoles résidentielles ........................................................ 245 La rébellion des Métis de 1885 ............................................. 251 Lacombe par lui-même ........................................................ 260 Conclusion .............................................................................. 265 Bibliographie .........................................................................
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