Paying Attention to Public Readers of Canadian Literature
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PAYING ATTENTION TO PUBLIC READERS OF CANADIAN LITERATURE: POPULAR GENRE SYSTEMS, PUBLICS, AND CANONS by KATHRYN GRAFTON BA, The University of British Columbia, 1992 MPhil, University of Stirling, 1994 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (English) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) August 2010 © Kathryn Grafton, 2010 ABSTRACT Paying Attention to Public Readers of Canadian Literature examines contemporary moments when Canadian literature has been canonized in the context of popular reading programs. I investigate the canonical agency of public readers who participate in these programs: readers acting in a non-professional capacity who speak and write publicly about their reading experiences. I argue that contemporary popular canons are discursive spaces whose constitution depends upon public readers. My work resists the common critique that these reading programs and their canons produce a mass of readers who read the same work at the same time in the same way. To demonstrate that public readers are canon-makers, I offer a genre approach to contemporary canons that draws upon literary and new rhetorical genre theory. I contend in Chapter One that canons are discursive spaces comprised of public literary texts and public texts about literature, including those produced by readers. I study the intertextual dynamics of canons through Michael Warner’s theory of publics and Anne Freadman’s concept of “uptake.” Canons arise from genre systems that are constituted to respond to exigencies readily recognized by many readers, motivating some to participate. I argue that public readers’ agency lies in the contingent ways they select and interpret a literary work while taking up and instantiating a canonizing genre. Subsequent chapters examine the genre systems of three reading programs: One Book, One Vancouver , a public book club; Canada Reads , a celebrity “book brawl”; and The Complete Booker , an online reading challenge. Chapter Two explores how a reading public and canon are called forth by organizers and participants of the One Book, One ii Vancouver genre system. Chapter Three analyzes public readers’ collective literary selection within the canonizing genre of the Canada Reads brawl. Chapter Four investigates how participants in The Complete Booker genre system instantiate the canon of the Man Booker Prize in ways that construct distinct subject positions of public readers who can evaluate the Canadian Booker winners in meaningful ways for their imagined public. My conclusion proposes that paying attention to public readers offers us new insights into reading as shared practice and Canadian literature. iii TABLE OF COTETS Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………ii Table of Contents................................................................................................................iv Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………......v INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………...1 CHAPTER ONE A Genre Approach to Canonizations of Canadian Literature……………………………13 CHAPTER TWO The Popular Genre System, Public, and Canon of One Book, One Vancouver ………….43 CHAPTER THREE Canonical Selections by the Celebrity Readers of Canada Reads ………………………85 CHAPTER FOUR Canonical Agency of Public Readers in The Complete Booker ………………………..147 CONCLUSION “What Follows …?”…………………………………………………………………….202 BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………………....213 APPENDIX A UBC Research Ethics Board Certificate of Approval…………………………………..256 iv ACKOWLEDGEMETS To my friends and colleagues in the UBC Department of English, I thank them for their intellectual curiosity and good cheer over the years. I am particularly grateful to those with whom I shared many ongoing, engaging conversations about genre theory and Canadian literature: Sarah Banting, Jennifer Delisle, Glenn Deer, Maia Joseph, Shurli Makmillen, Elizabeth Maurer, Laurie McNeill, Bill New, Jaclyn Rea, and Katja Thieme. Thanks also to the participants of TransCanada: Literature, Institutions, Citizenship in 2005 and Canadian Literature: 50 th Anniversary Gala in 2009 for their insightful questions that enriched my thinking on this project. I am grateful, too, for the financial support I received from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC). I give particular thanks to my committee members, Janet Giltrow and Miranda Burgess, who first introduced me to genre theory and modeled ways to be more thoughtful and precise as a scholar. Most of all, I thank Laura Moss for her unwavering support and enthusiasm for my work, our many lively conversations about inspiring ideas and practical problems, and her shrewd questions and wise counsel. Finally, for their love and support I thank my family: Ethel, Judy, Gary, and Carolyn who were there at the start of this journey, and Jeff, Parker, and Clare who joined me along the way. My love and thanks to Jeff for somehow knowing when I needed comfort or prodding—or both. v ITRODUCTIO Paying attention to public readers of Canadian literature 1 Public readers of Canadian literature have demanded my attention. Persistently, they have insisted, Watch us. Listen to us. Read what we have to say. In this way, they have compelled me to consider the role they play in contemporary processes that canonize Canadian literature. I frequently encounter these readers, and perhaps you do as well. Public readers stand up to pose a question to Jen Sookfong Lee after an author reading at their local library. They direct a comment to a panel during Halifax’s The Word on the Street or Vancouver’s International Writers & Readers Festival . They post comments to CBC Radio One’s The ext Chapter after Shelagh Rogers interviews Russell Smith. Public readers post to-read lists on their book blogs when the shortlist for the Scotiabank Giller Prize is announced, and they publish their reviews of Laurence Hill’s The Book of egroes on Chapters.ca . Such readers often seek out other readers in person and online, searching for those who share their enthusiasm for reading more than their opinions about authors and texts. Reading for them is a social activity, a pleasure to be shared. They may describe themselves as ‘voracious readers’ or ‘book addicts,’ but not public readers. This is my term. By public readers, I mean a category of readers who have emerged in late twentieth-century Canada: readers acting in a non-professional capacity who choose to speak and write publicly about what they read, why they read, and what it means to be a reader. 2 What motivates some readers to engage in public talk about literature? What 1 This research study has been conducted under the approval of The University of British Columbia’s Behavioural Research Ethics Board. See Appendix A: UBC Research Ethics Board Certificate of Approval. 2 Heather Murray applauds the “current book-club phenomenon” (including public book clubs) as “a new and welcome return of the pendulum that swept literature into the lecture hall a century ago.” Heather 1 cultural work are they performing in the literary “sphere of activity” (Bakhtin 60)? These are the central questions that inform my project. Today, given the dramatic changes in how media inform the ways in which literature is circulated and discussed, we have an unprecedented opportunity to listen in on what public readers of Canadian literature have to say to one another. Readers most commonly discuss recent Canadian texts, but they discuss older works as well, as in the book blog, Roughing it in the Books (Alexis and Melanie "Roughing"), where Alexis and Melanie are publishing their reviews of the entire New Canadian Library (established in 1958). Elsewhere online, readers discuss Canadian literature and literary events on book blogs and You Tube , on bookseller websites like Amazon.com , and on social networking sites like the reading-focused Bookcrossing.com and the more general Facebook and MySpace . These popular locales, as Elizabeth Long observes, attest to “how tenacious the practice of gathering to discuss books remains, despite important changes in the universe of communications” (xviii). They also provide readers with the means to participate publicly in what M. M. Bakhtin calls the literary sphere. What is more, these locales offer us as scholars occasions to listen attentively to what they have to say and consider what this might contribute to our current understandings of Canadian literature. In studies of Canadian literature and Canadian canon studies more particularly, readers are an ongoing, implicit concern. Theorists who approach canons through the lens of print culture or postcolonial theory, through diasporic studies or queer theory do so on behalf not only of Canadian writers but Canadian readers. Readers are part of what motivates Terrie Goldie to approach canonization as “a balance of powers” (383) and Murray, Come, Bright Improvement! The Literary Societies of ineteenth-Century Ontario (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2002) 169. 2 theorists like Barbara Godard and Rinaldo Walcott to advance canons that are distinct from “the Canadian canon” as a means to, in Walcott’s words, “challenge the normative narratives of the nation” (19). Carole Gerson’s work on a canon of early Canadian women writers is concerned with the power of “canonical gatekeepers”—the publishers, media, and academy—in comparison to the power of “writers and readers” ("Anthologies" 56-57). Still, a concern on behalf of readers, while both necessary and generative,