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Chinese National Day Civilian Parades and the Signaling of Policy Change in the Reform Era

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Chinese National Day Civilian Parades and the Signaling of Policy Change in the Reform Era Chinese National Day Civilian Parades And the signaling of policy change in the Reform Era 改革开放后的中国国庆群众游行 与其传播的政策改变信号 A Thesis by Jiahao Liu Submitted to The University of Michigan In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of HONORS BACHELOR OF ARTS Department of Political Science March 26, 2021 1 Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................5 Acknowledgements ...........................................................................................................6 Author’s Note ...................................................................................................................7 Introduction .....................................................................................................................8 Why study these parades? ...................................................................................................... 8 Research Question ................................................................................................................ 10 Outline:................................................................................................................................. 11 Chapter 1: Existing Research and Theoretical Framework .............................................. 12 Section 1: Functions of state propaganda in China ............................................................... 12 Establish a leader’s image and an ideological stance: .................................................................................12 Different functions of state propaganda in different eras ...........................................................................16 Section 2: Functions of state propaganda elsewhere in the World ......................................... 20 Creation and consolidation of a national identity: .......................................................................................20 Social Engineering, Social Control, and Outside Image ................................................................................21 Section 3: A more stable and systematic representation of policy ......................................... 24 Peaceful succession and institutionalization:...............................................................................................24 Atrophy and Adaptation: ..............................................................................................................................27 Cultural Governance: ....................................................................................................................................29 Section 4: Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................ 32 Chapter 2: Methodology ................................................................................................. 36 Step 1: Quantitative Data Collection: ................................................................................... 36 Step 2: Qualitative Data Collection: ...................................................................................... 38 Step 3: Comparative Analysis: .............................................................................................. 40 Parade Terminology and Parade Structure .......................................................................... 42 Chapter 3: Results and Analysis (Descriptive Statistics) ................................................... 43 Civilized Village and Agricultural Reforms: ......................................................................... 43 Qualitative Analysis: .....................................................................................................................................43 Quantitative Analysis of Government Work Reports: ..................................................................................51 Quantitative Analysis of Party Congress Reports: ........................................................................................55 Anti-Corruption and Rule of Law: ....................................................................................... 59 Qualitative Analysis: .....................................................................................................................................59 Quantitative analysis of Government Work Reports: ..................................................................................66 Quantitative analysis of party congress reports: .........................................................................................69 Ethnic Policy: ....................................................................................................................... 71 Qualitative Analysis: .....................................................................................................................................75 Quantitative analysis of Government Work Reports: ..................................................................................81 Quantitative analysis of party congress reports: .........................................................................................83 Hong Kong and Trade War: ................................................................................................. 85 Qualitative Analysis of the “One Country, Two System” formation（一国两制方阵）: ...........................86 Qualitative Analysis of the “Master of the Country” formation（当家作主方阵）: .................................89 Chapter 4: Conclusion .................................................................................................... 93 2 Discussion of Theoretical Framework ................................................................................... 93 Discussion of Findings .......................................................................................................... 94 Limitations and Future scholar work possibilities ................................................................ 99 Final Thoughts .................................................................................................................... 100 Appendix: ..................................................................................................................... 102 Data Source ........................................................................................................................ 102 Data Format and Code Book .............................................................................................. 103 Section: Parade Formation Data ................................................................................................................103 Section: Political Term Usage in Government Work Reports ....................................................................108 Section: Political Term Usage in Party Reports ..........................................................................................109 Section: Parade Qualitative Information ....................................................................................................110 References.................................................................................................................... 114 List of Figures: Figure 1: The “Household Responsibility” formation in the 1984 National Day Civilian Parade ....................................................................................................................................... 44 Figure 2: The “Constructing a Civilized Village” formation in the 1984 National Day Civilian Parade ....................................................................................................................................... 45 Figure 3: The “Agriculture” formation in the 1999 National Day Civilian Parade ................. 46 Figure 4: The “Agricultural Development” formation in the 2009 National Day Civilian Parade ....................................................................................................................................... 47 Figure 5: The “Constructing a New Socialist Countryside” formation in the 2009 National Day Civilian Parade ................................................................................................................. 48 Figure 6: The “Rural Rejuvenation” formation in the 2019 National Day Civilian Parade .... 49 Figure 7: The “Eliminate Poverty” formation in the 2019 National Day Civilian Parade ...... 50 Figure 8: Trend of Frequency of usage of Agriculture-related terms in Government Work Reports (1954-2019) ............................................................................................................... 51 Figure 9: The “Hopeful Fields” formation in the 2019 National Day Civilian Parade ........... 55 Figure 10: Trend of Frequency of usage of Agriculture-related terms in Party Reports (1954- 2019) ....................................................................................................................................... 55 Figure 11: A sheep-shaped float in the “Great Leap Forward” achievement section in the 1959 National Day Civilian Parade ......................................................................................... 58 Figure 12: The “Democratic Politics” formation in the 2009 National Day Civilian Parade.. 60 Figure 13: The “Rule of Law” formation in the 2009 National Day Civilian Parade ............. 62 Figure 14: The “Strict Governance of the Party” formation in the 2019 National Day Civilian Parade
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