PROCEEDINGS OF THE

HAWAIIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE • • •

THIRTY-SIXTH ANNUAL MEETING . 1960 - 1961

Published by the University of Hawaii Honolulu, Hawaii, 1961

CONTENTS

Page

Presidential Address ______3

Annual Report ______7

Program ______15

Abstracts ______16

First Session ______16

Final Session ______18

Constitutional Amendment ______24

Necrology ______25

Contributors ______.. ______27

Membership ______29

THE HAWAIIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE WAS ORGANIZED JULY 23, 1925. ITS OBJECTS ARE "THE PROMOTION OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND THE DIFFUSION OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE, PARTICULARLY AS RELATED TO HAWAII AND THE PACIFIC AREA."

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS 1961

PLANT BREEDING TODAY

John N. Warner!

Five years ago, as his presidential address before store agricultural surpluses. Offhand this appears to this Academy, Dr. Willis Gortner delivered a memo­ be a curious anomaly and, as taxpayers, we have a rable message entitled "Biochemical Pathways to the right to raise questions as to the soundness of trying Infinitesimal." In his address, Dr. Gortner described to increase yields in an era of overproduction. It is new methods of biochemical analyses which enable only when we examine the world requirements for scientists to recognize and study minute quantities of increased food production today and, in fact, the pre­ matter and to relate them to their function in complex dictable needs of our own country in the years just biological systems. ahead, that the activity in question becomes justified. If we were going to dwell on the subject of modern In the first place it is impractical to consider cessation genetics this evening, we might well have considered of plant breeding until the need is more apparent and a title_similar to Dr. Gortner's. Recent advances in then step up the activity to meet a new demand. This genetics, in the area of chromosome and gene structure course of action is impractical both from the stand­ and gene action, might well have been described under point of maintenance of breeding stocks and main­ the title "Infinitesimal Pathways to Biochemical Func­ tenance of an adequate number of trained plant breed­ tions." For, indeed, modern geneticists are making ers. Also it is impossible from the standpoint of the tremendous strides in gaining an understanding of the time lag between the initiation of crossing work in a complex pathways through which the genes control breeding program and the final release and utilization life in all of its diverse forms. of improved varieties, often 10-20 years, or longer. The gene, a hypothetical unit of heredity, was well But consider for a moment the question of food understood, we thought, at the end of the first four deficits-or the problem of feeding the world. It is decades of this century. It was just that-a hypothetical said that over a third of the world's population of unit of heredity-which caused predictable things to three billion people is undernourished. Consider the happen in plants and animals. Today, modern geneti­ rate of world population increase-more than forty­ cists are no longer as sure of what the ultimate gene five million people per year. The world's population is or how it functions. Nevertheless, the classic con­ has approximately tripled in the last 110 years. In cept of a gene is useful, and is satisfactory from an other terms, it has been estimated that of the total operational standpoint. number of human beings born since the beginning of This divergence between those who are working to the Christian Era, and who survived to the age of five understand the gene and those who accept the opera­ years, one-half of this total population is alive today. tional concept of the gene is, in effect, the divergence So there doesn't seem to be room for dissension from between the geneticists and the breeders, both plant and the argument that the problem of feeding the world animal. Similar divergences have developed in other today, and in the future, is of vital concern. Even in disciplines between the fundamental and the applied the United States, with our current overproduction of scientists; between biochemistry and biophysics on the farm products, the population is increasing at the rate one hand and physiology on the other; between the of 1.7 per cent per year. This means our population, nuclear physicists on the one hand and the applied and presumably our consumption, will double in less chemists and physicists on the other. Those working than 44 years. At the same time we are currently losing on basic questions in their respective fields lead the a million acres, or 1,600 sq. mi. per year, to urban way to providing new insights into fundamentals, while expansion and associated highway construction, air­ on the operational level the applied scientists put to ports, reservoirs, etc. While not all of this area is practical use the new discoveries for the more direct farm land, something over half, say, 800 sq. mi. per benefit of mankind. year, represents agriculturally useful land that is being This evening we will focus for a short while on diverted to nonagricultural uses. one of these operational areas, that of plant breeding, Returning to the area of plant breeding, we might and explore briefly its present status and its future briefly review what has happened since the rediscovery prospects. of Mendel's laws in 1900 put plant breeding on a First of all we might raise the question as to why scientific basis. This is not to belittle the progress we should be devoting millions of dollars and preci­ made by plant breeders, or plant selectors, prior to ous scientific man-hours in this area of plant breeding lSenior Geneticist, Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association while we spend billions of dollars to accumulate and Experiment Station.

3 4 HAWAIIAN ACADEMY OF SCIE NCE

1900. Progress made by prehistoric man in domesti­ divided into two major areas :· first, those concerned cating crop plants from their wild relatives makes with maintaining present production levels and, sec­ the total crop improvement in historic times seem in­ ond, those concerned with achieving a break-through significant. To illustrate, consider the tremendous prog­ to new and higher levels. ress made in prehistoric times in the domestication Offhand, the first problem, that of maintaining pres­ of the small grains, maize, and sugar cane. In the ent yield levels, would seem to be out of the realm latter two cases the wild relatives are so different from of the plant breeder's concern, but not so. Having the domesticated forms that we are not even sure by produced an acceptable high-yielding variety, the plant what route domestication took place. Certainly, mod­ breeder must continue to work to keep production high em plant breeders would find it very difficult to create because of the constantly changing environment. The Zea mays and Saccharum ofJicinarum from the wild changing environment has many aspects: economic, species available today. agronomic, and biologic, to mention a few. Increasing Since the advent of Mendelism, the examples of crop economic pressures dictate constantly changing farm­ improvement in terms of yield, quality, disease resist­ ing methods and these, in tum, dictate new and specific ance, and agronomic suitability are many. Perhaps the requirements for crop plants. Here we might mention classic example is maize, where the adoption of hybrid the necessity to improve quality and to create plant corn not only increased per acre production by about types better adapted to more efficient kinds of mech­ 20 per cent over adapted open-pollinated varieties, anization. The agronomic environment also changes. but also reduced man-hour requirements per acre Urban and industrial requirements for land dictate through improvements in resistance to lodging and the shifting of farm areas to different environments stalk-rot, in ear placement and plant type, and in and to less productive soils, or at least different soils, adaptation to mechanized agriculture. Grain sorghum and this often requires new varieties. Depletion of is another spectacular example. When first introduced soil nutrients due to long-continued cropping, loss of into the United States about a hundred years ago, this topsoil or degradation of soil structure due to in­ tropical grass was confined to the warmer parts of the creased mechanization, may also dictate new varietal South and Southwest. The originally introduced forms requirements. These changing environmental factors grew taller than a man's head and had to be harvested present new challenges to the plant breeder even if he by hand. During the past forty years earlier and shorter is just to retain present yield levels, but perhaps the (dwarf) strains were developed with the help of new most important aspect of the changing environment germplasm from temperate areas of Asia, so that today is biological. sorghum is grown successfully as far north as South The biological environment is, to a large extent, Dakota and stands only 3-4 feet high at harvest. The influenced by the genotype of the crop plant. The latter characteristic has been extremely important in problem arises from the fact that there is a myriad the success of sorghum as a crop plant in the United of organisms--viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, in­ States because it has permitted harvest by combine. sects-which are parasitic on crop plants. These or­ Comparable improvements have been made in small ganisms have a great deal of genetic variability within grains, vegetable and fruit crops, and, in fact, in their various species and, under the selection pressure almost every plant cultivated by man. exerted by the host crop plant, more virulent strains are bound to emerge as predominant. Several examples Before going any further, let me dispel any im­ will serve to illustrate the problem. pressions that crop improvement can be attributed In oats, in the 1930's and 1940's great progress was solely to the plant breeders. Such is certainly not the made in breeding for resistance to crown, leaf and case. Modern crop improvement has resulted from stem' rust, and smut. Among each of these species of the close cooperation of people in many related dis­ pathogens are various physiologic races to which re­ ciplines--agronomists, pathologists, entomologists, ne­ sistance was obtained from a number of parents and matologists, plant physiologists, and agricultural en­ combined into several resistant varieties. As it turned gineers, to name a few. In many cases substantial out, most of these new resistant varieties had a com­ improvements have come from a single discipline, but mon ancestor, the Victoria variety of oats, which con­ more frequently they have come from interdisciplinary tributed needed genes for resistance to specific rust cooperation. In general, the plant breeders provide races. Shortly after the varieties derived from Victoria populations of seedlings, or lines, which include as had virtually taken over the midwest oat acreages in high a proportion as possible of genetically desirable the late 1940's, a previously unknown Helminthospo­ forms. Selection is then based on requirements set by rium appeared and caused almost catastrophic losses. the environment, by the other disciplines, and by the Unrecognized by breeders and pathologists, the Vic­ over-all economics of crop production. However, plant toria derivatives carried a gene for susceptibility to breeding is basic to almost all crop improvement pro­ the new Helminthosporium. This gene was closely grams merely because the plant breeder provides the linked to one of the desirable genes for resistance to plants. crown rust. The new disease, called "Victoria. blight," If we can assume, then, that plant breeding, in was unknown until susceptible hosts were widespread cooperation with other disciplines, has made progress and exerted extreme selective pressure on a rare during the past half-century (and I'm sure there is organism. little room for argument in this . statement) , what then In our work with sugar cane, we are only beginning does the future hold ? The problems can logically be to appreciate the significance, and the potency, of the PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS 5

genetic variation in the pathogens. We are particularly tions in crop plants mrough irradiation with gamma concerned with the complex of pathogens in dIe soil. rays, X-rays, and neutrons. This enmusiasm has been With sugar cane we plant a genetically uniform host attributable, in large part, to the millions of dollars plant over thousands of acres and its roots are active of research grants available from the Atomic Energy in the soil for 6-10 years without benefit of crop rota­ Commission. Radiation-induced genetic variability may tion or fallow. We thus create a near-ideal situation find useful application in crops with limited available for the selection and multiplication of a rare specific natural variability, and in creating unusual horticul­ pamogen capable of attacking the particular variety. tural forms where novelty is an important objective. The pathogen may be rare, or it may be nonexistent, In general, though, I believe mat the usefulness of when the variety is first planted. In the latter case this approach has been greatly oversold as a panacea it may appear through mutation, or through genetic for plant breeders. The utilization of existing genetic recombination and segregation, and be selected by the variability found in nature, wim classical teclmiques host. The result is that the host loses vitality and of breeding and selection, seems to be a much sounder lower yields result. approach. This is especially true in most of the under­ The genetic mobility of the pamogen complex under developed areas of the world where me United States the influence of me host plant has serious implications has installed nuclear reactors and gamma ray facilities, for the plant breeder. Keeping abreast of this dynamic in part as a reputed tool for plant breeders, under the pathogen complex and maintaining yields at present "atoms for peace" plan. levels will require concerted effort on the part of the In me area of manipulation of genetic variability, plant breeders. While this type of problem has been i.e., the creation of hybrids and segregating popula­ widely recognized among those working on small tions, and the understanding of the mechanisms of grains, potatoes, citrus, and bananas, the implications heredity, me geneticists and cytogeneticists continue with respect to other crops are widespread. to make significant progress. As genetic mechanisms, Let us now switch briefly to me' other, and perhaps including gene action and interaction, are better under­ more romantic, goal of the plant breeder. I refer to stood, the plant breeders can capitalize on the ad­ me possibility of increasing yields into a new order vances. In mis connection, radiation-induced chromo­ of magnitude. How, or where, can we expect major somal translocations may permit gene recombinations break-throughs from the yield levels currently real­ involving nonhomologous chromosomes in wide hy­ ized ?' Parenthetically I might say that there are some brids and thus lead to significant break-throughs. people who have expressed me opinion that the plant The outstanding example of this technique comes breeders have gone about as far as they can go and from the wheat breeders where the object was to in­ now will be hard put merely to hold their own. corporate a desirable gene for leaf rust resistance The bases for any breeding and selection program from the related genus Aegilops umbellulata. The gene are threefold : first, me genes available to the breeder; in question was closely linked with undesirable genes second, his ability to manipulate them into favorable for plant type. Selection in hybrids and backcrosses combinations; and, finally, his ability to recognize and to common wheat was unsuccessful in breaking the select superior new genetically stable forms. Fortunate­ linkage. Selections fell into two categories: mose wim ly, for the plant breeder, there are unexploited areas the desired gene for resistance and undesirable plant in all three of these aspects of a breeding program. type and mose with desirable plant type but lacking A new awareness of me importance of genetic diver­ the gene for resistance. A monosomic derivative of sity is becoming more prevalent among plant breeders. the intergeneric hybrid whim had one Aegilops chro­ For example, corn breeders, long content to work with­ mosome, containing the desired gene, and 42 Triticum in the limited genetic diversity available in the corn chromosomes was irradiated. In one progeny plant, an belt, are now looking to the West Indies, Central and intercalary translocation occurred where it was found South America for new breeding materials. Wheat that the gene for rust resistance had been inserted in breeders are exploring intergeneric hybridization and a normal wheat chromosome while the rest of the exchanging unadapted varieties on a larger scale than Aegilops chromosome, wim its undesirable genes, had ever before in the hope of uncovering superior new been lost. gene combinations. Even the peanut breeders are ex­ ploring for wild relatives which might carry desirable In addition, the statistical geneticists, armed with genes. electronic computers, are helping define the most I say "even the peanut breeders" because mis is a efficient breeding schemes in terms of maximizing crop where radiation-induced genetic variability has genetic progress. An interesting recent development been reported to be of some potential value in breed­ is the use of an Arabadopsis species as a laboratory ing improved varieties. Anomer example comes from plant to study breeding and selection methods. This Sweden, where stiff-strawed barleys have been devel­ tiny self-pollinated plant can be cultured in test tubes oped from radiation-induced mutants. However, diffi­ under controlled environments (temperature, light, culties in stabilizing this character in combination nutrient media) by applying temniques similar to those with other necessary traits have precluded the com­ used in me classic genetic studies with Drosophila mercial adoption of varieties with this stiff-strawed melanogaster, Neurospora crassa, and Bscherischia coli. character. Wim regard to improving selection temniques, again In recent years there has developed a great enmusi­ the statistical geneticists are making significant prog­ asm for me possibilities of inducing desirable muta- ress mrough study of the interactions between geno- 6 HAWAIIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

types and environments, the efficiency of selection cri­ possible, uQderstand the manifold effects of the en­ teria, and many related subjects. However, in using vironment and genotype-environment interactions in this approach the statistical geneticists have had to order to make intelligent decisions. We are a long make certain simplifying assumptions in setting up way from being able to standardize and categorize the their genetic models. In many ways these assumptions many plant characters used in selection to the extent have fallen short of reality when related to actual necessary to turn decision-making over to a computer. genetic complexities in nature. With the adoption of We have seen that temporary agricultural surpluses highly complex statistical designs, and with the in­ in the United States should not be used as an argument creased computational capabilities of new electronic to reduce activities in the field of plant breeding. With computers, fewer unr.ealistic assumptions are necessary widespread undernourishment prevalent in the world and the results are becoming more meaningful. today and with the present rates of population growth, the problem of producing foodstuffs, and the agri­ Several weeks ago I had the privilege of. participat­ ing in a symposium on statistical genetics and plant cultural products for industry, will become increas­ ingly acute. In the United States, population growth breeding sponsored by the National Academy of Sci­ and associated reduction of present farm areas due to ences in Raleigh, North Carolina. The sessions were urban development dictate a need for greater efficiency very productive and much excellent work was reported, in the use of crop acres. Changing environment�co­ but there seemed to be a hope among some of the nomic, agronomic, and, especially, biologic-will re­ plant breeders present that an infallible system of selec­ quire continuing varietal replacements. Plant breeders tion might be formalized with the aid of statistical are necessary and vital members of the teams of techniques. At present, this possibility seems to me scientists needed to insure the future well-being of to be very remote. The statisticians can provide power­ our civilization. Armed with a better understanding ful tools for the plant breeders, but to make selections of genetics and related disciplines, the plant breed­ a plant breeder must have an intimate, first-hand famili­ ers are confident that significant advances can, and arity with his plants in the field. He must, as far as will, be made for the benefit of mankind. ANNUAL REPORT 1960-61

The thirty-sixth year of the Academy ended with a Student Science total membership of 845. There were four Council Seminars (to be meetings during the year at which the chairmen of the refunded) ...... 60.00 special and standing committees were in attendance. Third Annual We record with regret the death of seven members Science Fair during the past year : Dr. C. E .. K. Mees, Mr. R. E. banquet tickets Doty, Mr. H. S. Iwata, Mr. F. W. Walek, Mr. E. (refund) ...... 91.00 422.54 24,389.01 Coleman, Mr. C. K. Humphries, and Dean A. R. Keller. Balance March 31, 1961...... $ 1,339.35 The Secretary wishes to extend the thanks of the Academy to Mrs. Shizuno Ebisuzaki for her unstinting Balance on hand March 31, 1961 efforts in assisting him with his duties. Bank of Hawaii ...... $ 749.12 First Federal Savings & Loan 620.23 Donald P. Gowing, Secretary 1,369.35 Less checks outstanding...... 30.00 $ 1,339.35

FINANCES Status of Dues Payments: April 1960 March 1961 Balance on hand April 30, 1960 Advance ...... $163.00 $161.00 Bank of Hawaii (4/27/60) ....$ 2,475.07 Arrears ...... 300.00 296.00 Cash not deposited...... 11.00 Applications _...... 20.00 First Federal Savings & Loan 596.15 Complimentary Memberships...... 17 Audited and found correct April 10, 1961. 3,082.22 Less checks outstanding...... 100.00 $ 2,981.37 (s) Chester A. Wismer (s) Beatrice H. Krauss Receipts Dues ...... 1,396.00 ' TEACHERS SCIENCE SEMINARS AAAS Grant ...... 43.26 Annual Dinner, 1960, 81 (Administered by Hawaiian Academy of Science) reservations ...... _...... 263.65 National Science Foundation Grant--G8432 Dividends, First Federal Amount of grant...... $ 4,160.00 Savings & Loan...... 24.08 Expended prior to 4/30/60...... 2,051.87 National Science Foundation Grants

G12407, Teachers' Science Balance 4/30/60...... $ 2,108.13 Seminars ...... 1,370.00 G 12446, Hawaiian Science Disbursements Clubs' Service...... 19,650.00 22,746.99 Travel and per diem ...... 1,547.57 Refund to NSF ...... 560.56 2,108.13 $25,728.36 Disbursements Balance February 28, 1961...... 0000 Annual Dinner, 1960, 79 National Science Foundation Grant-G12407

reservations ...... 264.65 Amount of grant, June 7, 1960 $ 1,370.00

HAS-Hawaii Division ...... 22.25 Disbursements Mailing Expenses...... 377.15 Honoraria and per diem...... 555.00 NSF Grants Travel ...... 129.96 684.96 Teachers' Science Seminars 2,793.09

Hawaiian Science Clubs' Balance March 31, 1961...... $ 685.04 Service-to University ' of Hawaii ...... 19,650.00 HAWAIIAN SCIENCE CLUBS SERVICE Printing-Proceedings, 1959/ (Administered by the University of Hawaii)

60 ...., ...... 639.57 National Science Foundation Grant-G8871

Supplies ...... 219.76 Amount of grant...... $22,000.00 Miscellaneous Expended prior to 4/30/60...... 12,777.40 AAAS Grant-Donald

Chipp ...... $ 43.26 Balance 4/30/60 ...... $ 9,222.60 P. O. box rentaL 9.00 Disbursements

Refreshments •..... 19.28 Communications ...... $ 213.26

Science Education Equipment ...... 449.91

Fund ...... 200.00 Printing ...... , ...... 59.00

7 8 HAWAIIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

__ Repairs, maintenance, etc. ___ _ 783.73 Pineapple Research Institute 1,195.53

Rentals ______14.69 Watumull Foundation ______100.00

Salaries & wages ______1,622.01 West Honolulu Rotary______100.00 Shipping and freight charges 2.13 Alexander Young ______100.00

______Supplies ______974.37 von Hamm Y oung 100.00

Travel ______1,317.35 Miscellaneous Contributions __ 581.25 8,872.31 Miscellaneous (indirect cost

allowance) ______1,730.21 $20,209.91

Refund to NSF______2,055.94 $ 9,222.60 Disbursements

Printing & Publicity______115.60

Balance September 16, 1960______0000 Science Fairs National Science Foundation Grant-G12446 Third Annual Science Fair 4,395.01 Amount of grant, June 7, 1960 $19,650.00 Fourth Annual Science Fair 500.00 Disbursements Student Science Seminars______823.04

Communications ______308.97 Supplies ______222.48

Equipment ______165.55 Miscellaneous ______206.06 6,262.19

Rentals ______150.67

Repairs, maintenance, etc. ______1,419.03 Balance March 30, 1961..______$13,947.72

Salaries & Wages______5,031.59 Shipping and freight charges 230.89 THIRD ANNUAL SCIENCE FAIR

Supplies ______1,158.16 (Administered by Cooke Trust Co., Ltd.)

Travel ______1,262.75 Balance April 30, 1960______(Debit) $ 4,076.07 Miscellaneous (indirect cost Receipts allowance) ______1,459.14 11, 186.75 Banquet Tickets______$ 91.00

Science Education Fund______4,385.01 Balance February 28, 1961..______$ 8,463.25 Travel refunds ______610.00

Miscellaneous ______60.00 $ 5,146.01 MUSEUMS IN MINIATURE (Administered by the Bishop Museum) Disbursements

Insurance ______17.50 National Science Foundation Grant-G8494 Supplies & Incidentals______18.96 Amount of grant______$ 3,500.00 Travel & Transportation ______808.00 Expended prior to 4/30/60______100.00 Miscellaneous ______225.48 $ 1,069.94

Balance 4/30/60______$ 3,400.00 Balance July 26, 1960______0000 Disbursements

Equipment ______298.47 FOURTH ANNUAL SCIENCE FAIR Salaries, Wages & Honoraria 1,975.84 (Administered by Cooke Trust Co., Ltd.)

______2,349.77 Supplies 75.46 Receipts

Banquet Tickets______$ 435.15 Balance March 31, 1961.. ______$ 1,050.23 Science Education Fund______500.00 $ 935.15

SCIENCE EDUCATION FUND Disbursements (Administered by Cooke Trust Co., Ltd.) Awards ______177.83

Insurance ______75.00 Balance April 30, 1960______$11,337.60 Supplies & Incidentals ______50.34 Receipts Publicity & Posters ______25.00 American Chemical Society__ $ 100.00 Science Service Entry Fee______100.00 F. C. Atherton Trust______250.00 Travel & Transportation ______10.81 Juliette M. Atherton Trust ___ _ 1,500.00 Miscellaneous ______42.67 481.65 Bank of Hawaii______100.00 S. N. & Mary Castle Foun- Balance March 31, 1961..______$ 453.50 dation ______1,000.00 Eleanor S. Anderson, Treasurer Charles M. & Anna C. Cooke MEMBERSHIP Trust ______500.00

First National Bank______100.00 This year 41 applicants were elected to membership.

Frear Eleemosynary Trust ______250.00 Eight science teachers who were, and 25 teachers who Hawaiian Academy of Science 200.00 were not already members were offered honorary mem­

H. C. & D.______100.00 bership because of their successful guidance of students

Hawaiian Electric Co., Ltd. __ 200.00 who won awards at the Hawaiian Science Fair.

HSPA Experiment Station___ _ 1,195.53 The membership roll now shows 845 names, of

Hawaiian Telephone______200.00 which 38 have achieved life-time membership status.

McInerny Foundation______1,000.00 Albert J. Bernatowicz, Chairman ANNUAL REPORT 9

AAAS FELLOWS The Water Committee was most active in 1960 and culminated its work with a lecture at the Annual The individuals nominated for Fellowship in the Meeting of the Council, February 10, 1961, by Dr. AAAS were: Edward J. Britten, A. H. Cornelison, L. S. Lau of the University on "The Effect of Sea Dan A. Davis, John Digman, Gerald G. Dull, John A. Water Intrusion on the Fresh Water Lens" explaining Easley, Jr., H. Wayne Hilton, Alison Kay, Curtis A. his theoretical and model studies on Oahu's basal Manchester, John C. Marr, James c. Moomaw, Loren water table made for the Board of Water Supply. F. Steiner, Sterling Wortman. R. H. Cox, Representative The names of the nominees were submitted to Dr. Dael WoHle, Executive Director of the AAAS, in April, 1961. INDEX Doak C. Cox, Chairman The questionnaire concerning information and ac­ PROGRAM tivities of the membership was sent out. About one­ third of the questionnaires have been returned, and The thirty-sixth Annual Meeting of the Academy the results are now ready for tabulation. was held in two sessions, the first on November 9-10, Eleanor S. Anderson, Chairman 1960, and the second on April 20-22, 196 1. A sym­ posium on "The Origin of the Hawaiian Islands-the Land, Plants and Animals" by seven members of the INTER-SOCIETY SCIE NCE EDUCATION COUNCIL Academy, and six professional papers were presented at the first session. An invitational paper on "Natural The Inter-Society Science Education Council, during Products from Hawaiian Plants" by Paul J. Scheuer, its third year, not only expanded its activities on Oahu two scientific papers written by high school students and the Neighbor Islands, but improved the quality and eight professional papers were presented in the of services offered. final session. At the Annual Banquet, which was held at the Hawaiian Village Hotel, the retiring president Organization. Three organizations were added to gave his address. those already associated with the Academy in ISSEC. Three special sessions were held-one on October The societies now included in the membership, their 25, 1960, to hear J. B. Harrar, Vice-President of the presiding 'officers, and their representatives on the Rockefeller Foundation, speak on "American Science ISSEC Council are as follows : Abroad"; the second on February 9, 1961, to hear American Association of University Women, Hono­ Dr. R. T. Overman, Oak Ridge Institute for Nuclear lulu Branch-Florence Hodgson, Leonora Bilger; Studies, speak on "Modern Concepts in Nuclear Sci­ American Chemical Society, Hawaiian Section - ence"; and the third on February 23 to hear A. J. Charles E. Mumaw, L. J. Rhodes, John H. Payne Eames, Professor Emeritus of the Department of Bot­ (alternate); American Society of Agronomy, Hawaii any at Cornell University, speak on "Changes in Theo­ Chapter-E. J. Britten, Goro Uehara; American Statis­ ries of Evolutionary Relationships Among Flowering tical Association, Hawaii Chapter-Keith Wallace, Plants in Recent Decades." A joint session was held Otto Orenstein, Richard Takasaki (alternate); Anthro­ with the Geophysical Society of Hawaii on February pological Society of Hawaii-Samuel Elbert, Robert 28 to hear "Volcanoes in Japan," by Dr. Hisashi Bowen, H. Ivan Rainwater (alternate); Engineering Kuno, Geological Institute, University of Tokyo. Association of Hawaii-Robert Britten, Doak C. Cox; Gerald G. Dull, Chairman Geophysical Society of Hawaii-Saul Price, Walter Steiger, Thomas S. Austin (alternate) ; Hawaii Dietet­ CONSERVATION COUNCIL FOR HAWAII ic Association-Nobuko Shiraki, Boletha Frojen; Ha­ waii Medical Association-T. H. Richert, Nils P. The Conservation Council for Hawaii, now in its Larsen, Clarence E. Fronk (alternate) ; Hawaii Psycho­ eleventh year, continues to bring many public and logical Association-David Crowell, A. Leonard Dia­ private organizations, as well as individuals, interested mond, Edgar Vinacke (alternate); Hawaii State Dental in conservation together to share their knowledge and Association-F. A. Sandberg, Manuel C. Kau, Ralph coordinate their efforts. Akamine (alternate) ; Hawaiian Astronomical Society Council officers for 1961 are : C. E. Pemberton, -Robert G. Jack; Hawaiian Botanical Society-E. J. President; L. J. Watson, Vice-President; H. R. Welder, Britten, Charles Lamoureux; Hawaiian Entomological Jr., Secretary; and Agnes Conrad, Treasurer. Work of Society-J. H. Beardsley, Dale Habeck; Institute of the Council is organized through five committees, Food Technologists, Hawaii Section-Ralph M. Hein­ chaired this year by Robert Nelson for Land Con­ icke, Ray Mod; Society of Naval Architects & Marine servation; Robert Chuck for Water Conservation; Engineers, Hawaii Section-Alvin T. Hansen, Guy Charles Lamoureux, Flora Conservation; William Slaughter; Society of the Sigma Xi, Hawaii Chapter­ Smythe, Fauna Conservation; and Colin Lennox, Sites Donald C. Matthews, George C. Chu. Conservation. Having produced two issues in 1960, the Council Meetings. ISSEC meetings were held whenever the will continue publishing a Bulletin on an intermittent need for them arose to hear progress reports of com­ experimental basis to keep the conservation commu· mittee chairmen and budget requests, to formulate nity abreast of developments this year. general policies and to initiate new projects. 10 HAWAIIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Activities. The services which ISSEC has been able One set circulated among four large public schools to offer the young people of the community were re­ on Oahu and one set went to Oahu parochial schools. ceived with such enthusiasm by them, their parents By the end of this year nearly all public and parochial and teachers that it is most gratifying and very hum­ schools will have had them although several non­ bling. This has been possible only through the con­ Catholic schools have not. certed effort of members of the scientific community, This year Hawaii received two sets of Traveling scientific instirutions, organizations and business firms Elementary School Science Libraries of 160 books which have given so freely of their time, money, and each which are being used only in well-established materials. The brief account below gives no real idea centralized school libraries, preferably where special of the tremendous amount of work done, nor does it science programs are in progress. Eighty books were credit many of the people. who gave so generously left at each school for one semester and then ex­ of their time. changed. The Science Book List for Children (1,105 tides) 1. Science Fair was published by the American Association for the An estimated 15,000 people viewed the 129 Science Advancement of Science and the National Science Fair exhibits at the Dome, Hawaiian Village, during Foundation this year. ISSEC financed the purchase of the Fourth Annual Hawaiian Science Fair, March 24- 200 copies of this list for all elementary schools. 26. These exhibits were selected from more than 5,000 projects as reviewed by some 90 judges in public and 3. Teachers' Science Seminars private school fairs throughout the state. Twenty ex­ This series is intended to keep science teachers and hibits each were selected by the Hawaii and Maui others informed of current developments in a variety County Fairs from school fairs held on those islands; of scientific disciplines and to provide useful classroom 15 exhibits from Kauai and 74 from Oahu came materials. direcdy from school fairs. Scientific reports, an inno­ The program of seminars, with subjects ranging vation this year, were used to check the accuracy of from anthropology through zoology, on Oahu (rural on-site judging. This system also encourages srudents and Honolulu) and the Neighbor Islands was carried to learn the techniques of concise and logical scientific out through the help of a National Science Founda­ reporting. At the Awards Banquet, 78 awards were tion grant. Through the use of local scientists, careful presented in recognition of 43 exhibits. These were scheduling of travel on grant funds, and use of speakers in addition to 31 Grand Pacific Life Science Awards traveling on other funds who volunteered their time given to the most meritorious project in each high and services for the series, extra seminars were offered school. More than 300 persons in attendance at the on the islands of Hawaii, Maui, and Kauai. In all, 46 banquet enjoyed a talk by President Laurence SnIder seminars were given, or two more than the schedule of the University of Hawaii, entided "Framing Sen­ of 44 called for in the grant. sible Questions of Nature." Top awards went to Ron­ Teachers' response to the seminar series has been ald Sakimura, University High School (Sugar Award, overwhelmingly favorable. Many letters of apprecia­ presented by the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Associa­ tion were received and helpful suggestions offered as tion), Cynthia Rolfes, Kailua High School (Pineapple well as requests for specific topics or speakers. These Award, presented by Pineapple Research Institute), were met a high percentage of the time. Attendance Dale Yamamoto, Hilo High School (IRE Award, pre­ depended primarily on the teacher population in the sented by the Institute of Radio Engineers, Hawaii area and on the publicity effectiveness for the program. Chapter), and Randall Ho.and Frederick Mark, Wash­ Cooperation was given to srudent groups by offering ington Intermediate School (Clayton J. Chamberlain the services of most of the scientists for talks to Stu­ Memorial Award). dent Science Seminars and Science Clubs wherever The two finalists, Cynthia Rolfes and Ronald Saki� convenient. The State Department of Public Instruction mura, took their projects to the National Science Fair, offered a 1/4 B credit to teachers attending five or held in Kansas City, May 9-12. They were accompanied more seminars in a series. by Mrs. H. Ivan Rainwater, Chairman of the Exhibits Committee, and Dr. Gerald G. Dull, Associate Direc­ 4. Counseling and Scholarships tor of this year's Fair and Director of the Fifth Annual Activitie� of this committee included (1) acqumng Hawaiian Science Fair, to be held early in 1962. They speakers for "Career Day" at McKinley High School also accompanied Mrs. Rainwater to Washington, D.C., and (2) developing a list of counselors to be circulated where she attended the National Science Foundation by ISSEC to local high school counselors, Conference of Directors of State Academies of Science Educational Programs. In Beltsville and Bethesda they 5. Science Clubs Service had the opportunity to consult with scientists working The program of the Hawaiian Science Clubs Serv­ in their fields of interest. ice, supported by a grant from the National Science 2. Science Library Resources Foundation, was concentrated in the following areas. a. Arranging field trips for science clubs. This service Three sets of the Traveling High School Science is the most popular of the program. On Oahu, Library were circulated this year. One set went to about fifty trips were provided with fewer on schools on Hawaii where they had not been previously. Neighbor Islands. ANNUAL REPORT 11

b. Providing guest speakers for science clubs. Talks development of content for the seminar sessions was and presentations were given by 20 speakers, to determined by the participating students in coopera­ more than 45 schools. Usage was about equal on tion with the director of the project. Twenty-six meet­ Oahu and the other islands. ings were held on Oahu and 15 meetings on Maui. The c. Distribution of science literature to all secondary average attendance at meetings was about 22 out of schools. More than 125 science project ideas, club 25 on Oahu and 25 out of 27 on Maui. The director demonstrations, industrial brochures and science of the program has made arrangements to hold sem· leaflets from many sources were distributed. inars on Hawaii and Kauai during the coming school d. Circulating science films and filmstrips, either bor­ year. rowed or purchased, to both science clubs and schools. About 50 loans were made each month, 7. Museums in Miniature with each loan being viewed by 15 to 1,500 students. The first increment of the Museum in Miniature e. Conducting workshops for science club advisors project, financed by a grant from the National Science and science teachers. The workshops were attended Foundation and administered jointly by the Academy by an average of 100 teachers. Their purpose is to and Bishop Museum, was completed during the year. provide science teachers and science club advisors This project involved the planning and construction with practical, useful information on types of proj­ of exhibits emphasizing the local application of gen­ ects possible and methods to use. The three sum­ eral scientific principles. The exhibits were first shown mer workshops and the most recent, held in con­ to the public at the Open House at Bishop Museum nection with the Fourth Hawaiian Science Fair, in February, before being sent out for use in the were all enthusiastically received. A great deal of schools. Invaluable help was given by members of credit goes to the scientists who put so much effort the Museum staff and by persons in the local scien­ into the preparation for these programs. tific community. f. Arranging science camps and cruises. New to this program this year was the arrangement of an Ha­ 8. Teachers' Coordination and Science Talent Search waiian Science Navy Cruise, a science-oriented two­ In addition to being responsible for the dissemina­ day cruise for outstanding boys from each of the tion of information to all Oahu schools regarding science clubs. The first 20 boys went from March the various activities of ISSEC, this committee also 27-28, 1961; the remainder (about 40) will go this assumed the responsibility of conducting the Science summer. A "Science Camp" is planned for the last Talent Search for Westinghouse Science Awards. weekend in April, 1961. About 150 students will Twelve students, eight from Oahu, three from Maui attend two days of lectures and demonstrations by and one from Kauai, submitted personal data, took 30 scientists. the Scientific Aptitude Tests in December, 1960, and g. Assisting with the Teachers' Science Seminar Series. wrote on "My Scientific Projects." Though none of Frequent use was made of the Science Clubs Service these students won national honors, it is felt that they communication with schools and scientists. benefited from the experience. The papers were re­ h. Conducting a loan program of surplus electronic turned to Hawaii, where they were judged for state material. A supply of military surplus electronic recognition. Three awards, consisting of Handbooks material was obtained and is available on a loan of Chemistry and Physics by Chemical Rubber Com­ basis for science clubs. pany, were given to David Crozier of Roosevelt High i. Produced a weekly science television program from School, and to Martha Masaki and Carolyn M. Dote, October, 1959 to February, 1961. The weekly sci­ of McKinley High School. ence TV show was seen in 4,500 homes, and gained some notice among mainland education TV sta­ 9. Elementary Science Texts tions. The show, named Science in Hawaii, was In 1955, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu suspended temporarily when a reduction of activi­ initiated the publication of a series of supplementary ties became mandatory. science texts designed to guide elementary school chil­ The Science Clubs Service has been immensely suc­ dren in the study of plants and animals of Hawaii cessful. More schools have science clubs now than ever and other local phenomena not usually covered in before in Hawaii. One major contribution was quite school texts of the temperate zone. The title of the unexpected. Teachers seem a little prouder to be teach­ series is EXPLORING NATURE IN HAWAII. ers. Recognition of the importance of their work has Books I, II, and III, published in 1955, 1956, and brought about an improvement in science teaching 1958 respectively, are directed to children in primary through the indirect route of improving morale among grades, They emphasize observation and identification the teachers themselves. of approximately fifty of the most common plants and animals of Hawaii plus a few fundamental science 6. Student Science Seminars concepts. Book IV, published in 1959, introduces the The Student Science Seminars program was designed study of plants by family groups, the maintenance of to offer a select group of students of exceptionally tropical aquaria and terraria and suggestions for stu­ high ability, instruction in scientific concepts, methods dent projects suitable at this level. Books V and VI and applications, more advanced, rigorous and indi­ are in process, with publication expected in August, vidualized than can at present be offered under the 1961. Book I is under revision to include more color regular high school curriculum. The organization and plates and the ISSEC approval on the title page. 12 HAWAIIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Books VII and VIII, with reVlSlOns of Book II and ments possible. The coming year should see the com­ possibly Book III, are planned for 1962. Teachers' pletion of such projects as Museum in Miniature, Manuals accompany each text. though others will continue. Our emphasis in the ISSEC agreed to endorse the books officially early past has been placed entirely on the training of future in 1959, and a statement of this fact was placed on scientists. This was justified logically on the basis of the title page of the next volume published. Members the Academy's interest. The time has come when the of the Academy contributed their aid and criticisms Academy should look to the development of future of the manuscripts. citizens who, though they may not be potential sci­ In 1959, the texts were included in the list of books entists themselves, will have a greater understanding about Hawaii recommended for children by the Hawaii of what science is, what it can and cannot do, and Library Association. In 1960, the DPI placed the what it needs. series on the list of approved texts for use in the ISSEC Council public schools. Distribution of these supplementary Dorothy T. Rainwater, Chairman texts is spreading through the schools, not only in H. Wayne Hilton, Vice-Chairman Hawaii, but also on the mainland, New Zealand, the Patricia Golden, Secretary Philippines, the Marshall Islands, and Central America. Dwight H. Lowrey, Treasurer

10. Public Relations and Community Participation Community support was generally very good. Pub­ ISSEC COMMITTEES licity releases to all media totaled about 150. This included newspaper coverage of local and county Budget fairs as well as the state fair. Radio and television John H. Payne, Experiment Station, HSPA coverage was helpful in promoting attendance at the Community Participation fair. Other science education activities throughout the C. E. Nolan, Hawaiian Electric Company year were given excellent press coverage. The bro­ Student Science Seminars chure explaining ISSEC activities was revised and Albert B. Carr, University of Hawaii circulated throughout the community and a start Michael Hazama, Office of District Superintendent, was made toward national publicity of ISSEC activ­ DPI (Maui) ities. There is a need for much more publicity, both Elementary Science Texts locally and nationally, for the very important role Sister Mary St. Lawrence, Catholic School Depart­ ISSEC is playing in science education in Hawaii. Many ment people are not aware that these activities place our Museum in Miniature Academy among the top states in the nation in the Wilfrid Greenwell, Punahou School promotion of science education. Though many acad­ Science Teacher Coordination emies of science offer science education programs to Edwin Y. H. Chinn, Office of District Superin­ augment those of the schools, the scope and depth of tendent, DPI the ISSEC program is probably unique. Public Relations By action of the Council of the Hawaiian Academy Robert E. Coleman, U.S.D.A., Crops Research Di­ of Science, the office of Public Relations was given vision a position on the Council in order to serve more Science Library Resources adequately the needs of the Academy. Carolyn Crawford, Department of Public Instruction Teachers' Science Seminar Series 11. Allied Activities James C. Moomaw, University of Hawaii Of interest to ISSEC and the Academy, though not Counseling and Scholarships one of its own programs, is the Hawaii Junior Science Arthur H. Lange, Pineapple Research Institute Apprenticeship program sponsored by the University Science Clubs of Hawaii with the assistance of a National Science Donald C. McGuire, University of Hawaii Foundation grant. Research organizations participating Donald Li, University of Hawaii are : Bishop Museum, Hawaiian Sugar Planters' As­ Science Fair sociation, Honolulu Biological Laboratory of the U. S. Director, J. B. Smith, University of Hawaii Fish and Wildlife Service, and Pineapple Research Associate Director, Gerald G. Dull, Pineapple Re- Institute, in addition to the University. Sixty-five stu­ search Institute dents, chosen on the basis of scholastic standing, Secretary, Setsuko Nakata, Bishop Museum vocational aptitudes, interests, previous achievements, Treasurer, Dwight H. Lowrey and personality, will devote seven weeks during the Awards, Charles Lamoureux, University of Hawaii summer to study and work with scientists on pre-select­ Exhibits, Dorothy T. Rainwater, Bishop Museum ed problems and preparation of reports. Sites and Props, Howard McAllister, University of The enthusiasm with which members of ISSEC have Hawaii approached not only the projects which were their Judging, Jules Fine, U.S.D.A., Agricultural Research own concern, but also accepted additional responsi­ Service bilities, has been most gratifying. Members of the Hospitality, Frances Davis, University of Hawaii scientific community, by their willingness to give every Public Relations, Robert E. Coleman, U.S.D.A., form of assistance, have made greater accomplish- Crops Research Division ANNUAL REPORT 13

NOMINATIONS HAWAII DIVISION The following officers were elected for the year The Nominating Committee nominates the follow­ 1961-62 : ing as candidates for office for the 1961--62 Academy Dr. James Mitchell, Chairman year : Dr. Kaoru Noda, Secretary-Treasurer Mrs. Ruth Wong, East Hawaii Representative President Elect : Dr. Leonard D. Tuthill, Dr. A. J. Mr. Mark Sutherland, West Hawaii Representative Bernatowicz Dr. Chester Wentworth, Council Representative Secretary : Dr. Donald P. Gowing Membership Committee : Violet Hansen, Chairman Matthew Chow Treasurer: Mrs. Eleanor .Anderson Richard Penhallow Councilor : Dr. Samuel Allison, Dr. G. G. Dull Harold R. Warner President for 1961--62 will be Dr. Alexander Spoehr. There were 15 new members elected in 1960-61, r Dr. John N. Warne will be a councilor, and Mr. bringing the total membership to 88. William M. Bush will continue as a councilor. The Hawaii Division conducted and co-sponsored a series of lectures in Hilo and Kona which served as R. L. Cushing, Chairman Science Seminar for the teachers on Hawaii. Speakers and topics were : Mr. Harold Krivoy : The Measurement and Use of Tilting of the Earth at Kilauea. OFFICERS Mr. Michio Takata : Recent Developments in Fish- eries Management. 1960-1961 Dr. Earl Linsley : You Are a Space Traveller. Dr. T. Murashige: Plant Tissue Culture. John N. Warner...... President Dr. A. Abbott : Geothermal Steam for Power.

Alexander Spoehr...... _____ ._.______President-Elect Dr. Wayne Ault : Volcanic Gases from Kilauea.

Donald P. Gowing.. _. __ ...... _._ ...... _ ..______.. _.______Secretar y Dr. Jerry Eaton : Mechanics of Hawaiian Eruptions. Mr. William Mileski : Introduction to Space Ve- Eleanor S. Anderson. ______Treasurer hicles. William M. Bush. ______Councilor (2 years) Dr. David Crowell : Behavioral Studies in the Neo­ Gordon A. Macdonald. ______. ______. ___ ... Counruor (1 year) . natal Period.

Vernon E. Brock ______Councilor (ex officio) The Hawaii Division joined the Department of Pub­ lic Instruction and other community organizations and individuals in sponsoring a Hawaii County Science 1961-1962 Fair with over a hundred exhibits. Twenty-six wiuners were sent to Honolulu. Dr. Kaoru Noda was the Alexander Spoehr. ______. ______President Academy representative on the joint committee organ­ Leonard TuthilL______President-Elect izing this activity.

Donald P. Gowing .. ______. ______. ______Secretary Expenditures for 1960-61 were $27.51 for postage and office supplies. Income from membership dues was Eleanor S . .Anderson______. ______. ______.Treasurer $22.25, and about $10.00 additional was donated, Samuel D. Allison.______Councilor (2 years) bringing the bank balance to $37.02. The budget for William M. Bush.______Councilor (1 year) 1961--62 is $50.00.

John N. Warner.______Councilor (ex officio) Chester K. Wentworth, Chairman

The 36th ANNUAL MEETING 1960.61

Program

SPECIAL SESSION I SPECIAL SESSION III

October 25, 1960, University of Hawaii, Honolulu February 23, 1961, Experiment Station, HSPA, Hono­ J. G. Harrar : American Science Abroad lulu Arthur J. Eames : Changes in Theories of Evolutionary Relationships Among Flowering Plants in Recent FIRST SESSION Decades.

November 9, 1960, Experiment Station, HSPA, Hono­ SPECIAL SESSION IV lulu

1. Warner Wilson: Correlates of Avowed Happiness. Sponsored jointly with the Geophysical Society of Hawaii. 2. Gilbert Sax and Albert Carr: An Empirical Evalu­ February 28, University of Hawaii, Honolulu ation of the Spiral-Omnibus Form of Item Ar­ Hisashi Kuno : Volcanoes in Japan. rangement. 3. Donald L. Plucknett : Concentration of Aluminum in Various Plant Parts of Rhodomyrtus tomen­ FINAL SESSION tosa. April 20, 1961, Experiment Station, HSPA, Honolulu 4. Chan Street : Bellamy Drift Indicator. 1. Paul Scheuer: Natural Products from Hawaiian 5. Robert H. Riffenburgh : On Estimation Errors in Plants. Distribution Extremes. 2. Robert H. Riffenburgh: A Sociometric Identifica­ tion of Hawaiian Stereotypes on the Basis of 6. Harry L. Arnold, Jr., and Frank H. Haramoto : Multiple Measurements. Skin Eruption Caused By Pyemotes boylei Krczal Following Fumigation of Dwelling for Ter­ 3. John M. Digman : Dimensions of Childhood Per­ mites. sonality Emerging from Teachers' Judgments. November 10, 1960, Experiment Station, HSPA, Hono­ 4. Alan Rixon and G. Donald Sherman : Calcium lulu Aluminum Relationships Resulting from Liming Soils . of Hamakua Coast. A Symposium 5. Robert G. Rigler : Radioiodine Therapy of Hyper­ thyroidism. The Origin of the Hawaiian Islands-The Land, Plants, and Animals. April 21, 1961, Experiment Station, HSPA, Honolulu 6. Cynthia Rolfes : Can the Dog Tick Act as Inter­ 7. Agatin Abbott : Formation of the Islands. mediate Host to Heartworm ? 8. Vernon E. Brock : Ocean Currents. 7. Ronald Sakimura : Nematode-Trapping Fungi. 9. Alison Kay : Shellfish. 8. E. H. Bryan, Jr. : The Pacific Scientific Informa­ tion Center. 10. William A. Gosline: Marine Vertebrates. 9. Ruth Sherman and Arthur A. Dole: Determinants 11. Maxwell S. Doty : Establishment of a Primary of the Choice of a Science Program by Sixth Community. Grade Boys. 12. James Moomaw : Origin of Land Plants. 10. Carey D. Miller and Nao S. Wenkham : Effect of Diet on Blood Pressure of Rats. 13. Ryoji Namba : Origin of Terrestrial Animals. 11. Robert A. Nordyke : Individual Kidney Function Testing with Radioactive · Tracers.

SPECIAL SESSION II April 22, 1961, Hawaiian Village Hotel, Honolulu Banquet February 9, 1961, Experiment Station, HSPA, Honolulu Introduction of New Officers Ralph T. Overman : Modern Concepts in Nuclear Presidential Address Science. John N. Warner : Plant Breeding Today.

15 16 Abstracts

FIRST SESSION To reduce practice effects, approximately half of the group took the spiral-omnibus form first, followed by the subtest form, whereas the procedure was re­ 1. CORRELATES OF AVOWED HAPPINESS versed for the other half of the group. The directions The avowed happiness of 329 college students was and time limits were the same for both groups. measured with a questionnaire and correlated with a An analysis of the results indicated that students large number of other variables. Among the positive attempted significantly more items on the spiral-omni­ correlates were: energy, health, social adjustment, fam­ bus form than they did on the subtest form. ily adjustment, success in dating, estimated happiness Students also attained significantly higher scores on of parents, and conservatism in attitudes toward sex the spiral-omnibus form. The differences in the num­ and religion. The reported discrepancy between need ber correct were greater than one could explain by for achievement and actual achievement, sensitivity, differences in the number attempted. and a desire for a high grade average were negative No statistically significant differences were found correlates. Rank in high school class, college board between the two forms on Kuder-Richardson Formula scores, college grades, spending money, family in­ 20 reliabilities or on validity coefficients found by come, occupation and education of parents, and need correlating test scores with grade-point averages. for achievement did not prove to be significant cor­ In summary, evidence as to the presence of a re­ relates. The data suggest that, in the case of the sponse set was indicated, inasmuch as students at­ population in question, social and family adjustment tempted significantly more items and obtained signifi­ and the adoption of a realistic and moderate attitude cantly higher scores on the spiral-omnibus than on the toward achievement are important determinants of subtest form of item arrangement. At least on the happiness, whereas intellectual ability, material cir­ mathematics items, students tended to eliminate a sig­ cumstances, and actual level of achievement seem nificantly larger number of items at the end of the unimportant. subtest form than they did on the spiral-omnibus form. No differences in reliability or in validity could be WARNER WILSON University of Hawaii found. Honolulu, Hawaii GILBERT SAX ALBERT CARR University of Hawaii 2. AN EMPIRICAL EVALUATION OF THE Honolulu, Hawaii SPIRAL-OMNIBUS FORM OF ITE M ARRANGEMENT

At least two ways exist in which items may be 3. CONCENTRATION OF ALUMINUM IN VARIOUS presented to an examinee. Traditionally, all of the PLANT PARTS OF Rhodomyrtus tomentosa items measuring the same subject matter, such as mathematics, were grouped together to form separate Rhodomyrtus tomentosa was introduced on Kauai subtests. However, in the spiral-omnibus form of or­ about 50 years ago and since that time has become ganization, different types of items (such as math­ dominant on and around Kilohana Crater. Since field ematics, vocabulary, etc.) are intermixed and are placed observations indicate an association of Rhodomyrtus in increasing order of difficulty. It was believed that with the bauxitic soils of Kauai, it was decided to an analysis of the spiral-omnibus and the subtest form study the relationship of Rhodomyrtus and soil alu­ of item arrangements would not only help fill a gap minum. in the theory of measurement, but would also con­ One phase of the study was designed to test alu­ tribute to an understanding of response sets if sub­ minum uptake by Rhodomyrtus from soils of bauxitic jects respond differentially on two forms of the same areas. Preliminary field samplings of leaves from vari­ test where one form is in spiral-omnibus arrangement ous soils were made with two samples taken from each and the other is in a subtest organization. plant, old leaves and young leaves. Young leaves were Three hundred thirty-five freshmen in an introduc­ sampled as the second pair of new leaves of the shoot, tory course in education at the University of Hawaii while old leaves were sampled as the fourth to sixth were given forms A and B of the Henmon-Nelson pair of leaves of the shoot. Analysis of these leaves Tests of Mental Ability. These tests are arranged in indicated that old leaves contain higher concentrations spiral-omnibus form and contain vocabulary, math­ of aluminum than young leaves. Average concentra­ ematics, amI spatial relationship items. Forms A and tion for old leaves was 132 ppm, while the average B had both been equated so that a student obtaining concentration for young leaves was 33 ppm. There a given score on one form would obtain a similar score was no difference statistically between areas sampled. on the other form. On one form of the Henmon-Nelson A pot experiment was established using five soils Tests items were cut and reorganized into separate with six replications. Three months after Rhodomyrtus subtests and placed in increasing order of difficulty; seedlings were planted the seedlings were harvested on the other form the items were presented in the and aluminum analysis was run on the roots, stems, original spiral-omnibus form. and leaves. The concentration gradient of plant parts FIRST SESSION 17 was as follows : roots> stems> leaves. The differences The data so recorded will show the presence of in concentration between plant parts were found to "shear" winds that would otherwise go unnoticed by be highly significant statistically, although there was the spot-check method. In addition, it gives a con­ no statistical differencebetween concentrations of plant tinuous detailed check on the pressure pattern over parts from different soils. Average values for two the oceans that are now known only in their broad representative soils were as follows : Hanamaulu soil patterns. Another advantage of this instrument is that series : roots, 1951 ppm, stems, 879 ppm, leaves, 435 by observing the pattern recorded, it is possible to ppm; Kapaa soil series : roots, 1501 ppm, stems, 674 find and hold the jet streams at high altitude and thus ppm, leaves, 289 ppm. shorten the flight time to the most efficient pattern. Since the concentration gradient in Rhodomyrtus plant parts follows the relationship roots>stems> CHAN STREET leaves, it is suggested that aluminum precipitates in Street Laboratory of plant tissues and is relatively immobile in the plant. Applied Physics It seems possible that aluminum could precipitate Honolulu, Hawaii as aluminum phosphate, which could explain some of the problems of phosphate nutrition in tropical soils. In view of the concentration differences in plant parts of Rhodomyrtus it is suggested that the tissue sampled as a basis for aluminum accumulation is of 5. ON ESTIMATION ERRORS IN DISTRIBUTION the greatest importance. Conventionally, a plant with EXTREMES 1000 ppm or more of aluminum is considered an aluminum accumulator. By this standard, Rhodomyrtus In many cases data are observed which are approxi­ would not be an accumulator if aluminum is meas­ mately normally distributed in the region about the ured in leaves; however, if root measurements are mean, but which become impossible rather than highly used, it would be an accumulator. Since leaf samples improbable when quite deviant from the mean. If the are most often used, perhaps aluminum accumulation probabilities at the end points of the closed interval should be based on leaf concentration. defining the possibility range are nonzero, truncation is appropriate, and the theory is well known. How­ DONALD L. PLUCKNETT ever, if the probabilities approach zero as a limit at University of Hawaii the end points, truncation is inappropriate. This paper Honolulu, Hawaii presents a transformation to a quasi-normal probability function with finite range. Such a transformed func­ tion will usually be an approximation to the popula­ 4. BELLAMY DRIFT INDICATOR tion function, but an approximation better than the original normal approximation. However, sometimes This device makes a continuous recording of data it will be an exact distribution, and an example of this from which the cross-wind component affecting a plane case is given. in flight may be determined. Its function depends on Some uses for the quasi-normal transformation fol­ the pressure changes to be found wherever there are low : Where the transformation is appropriate, the geostropic winds. The term "geostropic wind" actually power functions of tests associated with the distribu­ applies to all winds. The motion of air in the atmos­ tions will be markedly altered. By the same reasoning, phere blows along the isobars and the strength of the two types of errors are affected in making tests of the wind is a function of the pressure gradient. If this hypotheses, with resulting alteration in sample size gradient can be determined, then the cross-wind com­ required or alternatively in significance level. When ponent may be calculated. there are desired estimates of probabilities associated A plane in normal flight flies at a constant-pressure with values of the independent variable in the vicinity altitude; that is, it always maintains an altitude so of the ends of the range, a very large improvement in that the atmospheric pressure is constant. Thus, as it the accuracy of the estimate follows the transformation. moves into regions of higher or lower pressure it ascends or descends to follow this plane of constant Under the assumption of the variate x standard­ pressure. By determining the change in altitude thus normally distributed, the theory for the transforma­ produced, the change in pressure may be determined. tion to x is a subset of [-c,c], c a constant, and From an equation developed by Dr. John C. Bellamy, lim f(x) = 0 and lim f(x) = 0, is worked out the lateral drift may be calculated if the differences x� -c+ x� c- between the pressure and absolute altitude are known for the cases : the variance known, the variance un­ for two different points in a flight. known. In the first case, the transformed probability The instrument under discussion measures the ab­ function and its mean and variance are obtained. solute altitude with a radar altimeter and the pressure E(x) = 0 and E(x2) is given as a function depending altitude with a very sensitive pressure transducer. The on the incomplete gamma distribution. It is shown resulting "D" value is then continuously recorded on that E (x2) < 1, the variance of the normal prior to a small portable recorder that can sit on the navigator's the transformation, and E(x2) is tabulated for 38 table. The precision of measurement is to the order of values of c. Similarly, when the variance is unknown, 10 feet up to an altitude of 40,000 feet. Student's t-distribution is assumed and the transforma- 18 HAWAIIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

tion is effected. The functional form of x is rather chemical constituents since most of them are physiolog­ intractable mathematically, but not too restrictive con­ ically active and they can be isolated without resort ditions covering most applications are specified under to a bioassay. Plant species may be selected for study which a simplification may be made. on several grounds : they may belong to a family Tests of hypotheses on the mean and variance are which has never been studied chemically; they may set up for both cases. be botanically related to plants which have produced An example is given in which the transformed func­ interesting substances elsewhere; or they may have tion is the exact distribution related to the schooling found application in folk medicine. strategy of fish. An example is also given in which Hawaii has over 1,200 endemic plant species. Only the probabilities of a type I error and a type II error one of these, Erythrina sandwicensis, had been studied in a t-test are evaluated more accurately, the applica­ chemically when the present research was initiated in tion being a comparison of the mean percentage pres­ 1954. We began a systematic survey of the Hawaiian ent of an erythrocyte antigen in sardines in two geo­ flora for alkaloids. To date, 180 species have been graphical regions. It is pointed out that in quality tested of which 42 have been shown to contain al­ control the transformation, if appropriate, permits the kaloids. probability of accepting a defective item to be esti­ Five new alkaloids have been isolated from four mated more precisely and hence improves the control species in Apocynaceae. The structures of two of these, system. sandwicine and holeinine, have been completely elu­ cidated. Holeinine, which was isolated from Ochrosia ROBERT H. RIFFENBURGH sandwicensis, represents the first example of a quater­ Honolulu Biological Laboratory nary ammonium base to have been found in Apocyn­ Honolulu, Hawaii aceae. The crude alkaloid mixture from O. sandwicen­ sis has hypotensive activity. The structures of two new alkaloids from two endemic species of Rutaceae have 6. SKIN ERUPTION CAUSED BY Pyemotes boylei KRCZAL been determined. One of these, 6-methoxydictainnine, FOLLOWING FUMIGATION OF DWELLING FOR TERMITES which was isolated from the bark of Platydesma cam­ A family was observed, all the members of which panulata, is one of two "missing" dimethoxyfuroquino­ were afflicted with a generalized intensely itchy erup­ line alkaloids. tion apparently due to insect bites. The persistence Part of our research effort has been devoted to a of these suggested mites as the cause, but no source study of nonalkaloidal constituents. We have investi­ was apparent. The home had been fumigated about 2 gated the essential oil of Pelea anisata (Rutaceae), weeks before to kill termites. It was learned through which was shown to contain anethole as its major the fumigating company that they had found that the constituent; the bitter principle of Tacca Leontopet­ grain mite Pyemotes boylei Krczal might leave its aloides (Taccaceae), which is a complex anhydride haunts on the coleopterous larvae in the beans on any of composition ClSH2607; a minor constituent of of various trees (in this instance, a large monkeypod Piper methysticum (Piperaceae) ; and the bark of Eu­ tree) and live on the bodies of dead termites in fumi­ genia malaccensis (Myrtaceae) , which has been re­ gated houses. This phenomenon is described in some ported to have been used as an antidote against fish detail. Spraying the home with a miticide stopped the poisoning. eruption promptly. One of our investigations has dealt with the volatile constituents of an economic plant, Passiflora edulis H ARRY L. ARNOLD, JR. (Passifloraceae). We have established that 95 per cent FRANK H. HARAMOTO by weight of the volatile oil consists of only four Straub Clinic compounds, all of them unbranched aliphatic esters. Honolulu, Hawaii One of these, n-hexyl caproate, was isolated for the first time from a natural source. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the collaboration THE ORIGIN OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS-THE LAND, of the following graduate students and postdoctoral PLANTS, AND ANIMALS fellows : M. Y. Chang, D. N. Hiu, 1. P. Horigan, J. T. Horigan, W. R. Hudgins, 1. A. Madamba, A Symposium J. T. H. Metzger, C. E. Swanholm, and F. Werny, as well as financial assistance by the following agen­ No abstracts available. cies: University of Hawaii Research Committee, Re­ search Corporation of New York, National Institutes of Health, National Science Foundation, Eli Lilly and Co., Smith, Kline, and French Laboratories, Abbott FINAL SESSION Laboratories, Mead Johnson and Co., and the Western Regional Laboratory through a grant to Professor 1. NATURAL PRODUCTS FROM HAWAIIAN PLANTS G. D. Sherman. The major emphasis of our research program has been placed on the isolation and determination of PAUL J. SCHEUER molecular structure of alkaloids from endemic Ha­ University of Hawaii waiian plants. Alkaloids are an attractive class of Honolulu, Hawaii FINAL SESSION 19

2. A SOCIOMETRIC IDENTIFICATION OF HAWAIIAN 3. THE PRINCIPAL DIMENSIONS OF CHILDHOOD STEREOTYPES ON THE BASIS OF MULTIPLE PERSONALITY AS INFERRED FROM TEACHERS' MEASUREMENTS JUDGMENTS

The problem is to characterize groups by summaries A total of 102 first- and second-grade children, all (mean vectors and dispersion matrices) of sets of meas­ enrolled in grades I and II at the University of Hawaii urements of some sociological event for each member Laboratory Schools, were judged by their teachers of each of a set of groups and thence to compare with respect to 38 characteristics, using the method and establish "distances" among the groups on the of successive categories as the scaling procedure. Sex basis of these summaries. "Distances" are measured by was added as a dichotomized variable, and all vari­ Mahalanobis' D2 statistic. Topics investigated are : the ables were intercorrelated. establishment of presence or absence of significant dis­ A factor analysis of the resulting matrix indicated tances, simultaneous confidence intervals, diagrammatic the presence of 11 factors. These were identified as : representation, reduction of variables, and identifica­ Superego Strength, Aggressive Hostility, Cheerful Ex­ tion of sociological factors involved. An example is troversion, Aesthetic Sensitivity, Intelligence, Status given of racial stereotyping in Hawaii. The sample Concern, Social Confidence, Neuroticism, Sex, Parental consisted of 266 students from University of Hawaii Attitude, and one unidentified minor factor. elementary sociology classes. A forced ranking on a Considerable correspondence with the results of I-to-5 basis was required on 7 questions involving similar studies at the adult level was noted, suggesting (1) study effort, (2) wealth, (3) sex, (4) imagina­ that the phenomenon of personality undergoes its prin­ tion, (5) happiness, (6) political opportunity, and cipal elaboration during the very early childhood years. (7) responsibility, where the choice to rank groups were Chinese, Filipino, Haole, Hawaiian, and Japan­ JOHN M. DIGMAN ese. These choices were presented in randomized order University of Hawaii for each question. Only Chinese, Japanese, and Haole Honolulu, Hawaii appeared in numbers adequate for statistical inference, but male and female differences appeared, so the seven judging groups were male and female of these three 4. CALCIUM ALUMINUM RELATIONSHIPS RESULTING ethnic groups, plus a pooling of all students. FROM LIMING SOILS OF THE HAMAKUA COAST, HAWAII Some of the great many inferences made from the Soils of the Hamakua and Hilo coasts on the island study follow. of Hawaii are derived principally from volcanic ash. 1. Females are much more sensitive to stereotyped In a humid climate this material has altered rapidly differences than are males for all groups. with a heavy loss of bases and silica. Highly amorphou.s 2. Japanese females are the most sensitive of all. soils having a considerable aluminum content have 3. Haole males are the most accepting (i.e. least been produced. These soils are highly acidic. Sugar sensitive to differences) of all. cane is grown on these soils and the possibility of aluminum toxicity is considered. Thus, any modifica­ 4. Any group will agree to another group's being tions of the forms of this element in these soils is more desirable on some characteristic or other, but thought to be of importance. place themselves second; no one is willing to take worse than second place. A series of replicated applied lime experimental plots are being conducted on soils of the Hilo, Akaka, 5. Each of the Chinese, Japanese, and Haole groups and Kaumoali series. Lime in the form of crushed saw themselves as different from the other two, coral stone was used. Rates of 4,000, 11,000, and but saw little difference between the other two. 22,000 pounds lime per acre were applied to the 6. For the pooled set of groups, the Chinese and Hilo series, Hilo Plantation, and to the Akaka series, Japanese were thought to be more alike than any Hakalau Plantation. Rates of 4,000, 19,000, and 34,000 other pair. pounds lime per acre were applied to the Akaka series, ' 7. Filipinos were almost universally ranked in the Pepeekeo Plantation. Rates of 12,000, 30,000, and least desirable position. 46,000 pounds lime per acre were applied to the 8. Females of all groups exhibited a tendency to Kaumoali series of Paauhau Plantation. Soil samples regard their own group as more desirable than were taken approximately 5 months after the plots did the males of that group. were established. 8. Comments 1, 2, 3, and 8 and several other cues Soil pH and exchangeable calcium values were ob­ offer a suggestion (but not a conclusion) that tained. Ammonium acetate, barium chloride solution University of Hawaii females are more self-im­ buffered to pH 4.8, was used to extract aluminum. portant and class-conscious than males. Ammonium aurine tricarboxyllate was used in the colorimetric determination of aluminum. The soils 10. Highly correlated were questions 1 with 6, 1 with were kept in firmly tied polyethylene bags to retain 7, 2 with 6, 5 with 7 (negatively), and 6 with 7. field moisture, and for each sample a moisture factor

ROBERT H. RIFFENBURGH was determined. University of Hawaii Applications of crushed coral stone resulted in in­ Honolulu, Hawaii creased exchangeable calcium accompanied by de- 20 HAWAIIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

creased extractable aluminum. This situation was con­ 3. Five of our patients, or 8 per cent, became per­ sistent for the four experimental areas. The soil pH manendy hypothyroid and 11 patients, or 17.5 per values increased with each addition of crushed coral cent, required an additional therapeutic dose. Radio­ stone. There were no examples where the soil reac­ iodine therapy causes permanent hypothyroidism in tion had attained the neutral value of pH 7. about 9 per cent of patients treated for unknown reasons. Linear relations btween exchangeable calcium and extractable aluminum for the four investigated areas 4. The higher incidence of hyperthyroidism among have been established. Exchangeable calcium and ex­ patients of Japanese and Chinese ancestry in our series tractable aluminum values are represented by X and Y, above the general population may be significant and respectively. For the Hilo series the equation was needs further study. Y = -0.253X + 10.25. For the Akaka series, Hakalau Plantation, the equation was Y = -0.368X + 15.17 5. Hyperthyroidism can be controlled with reliance, and for Pepeekeo Plantation it was Y = -0.223X + economy, and safety and without pain by radioiodine. 15.72. For the Kaumoali series the equation was Y = -0.267X + 21.46. R. G. RIGLER Straub Clinic A highly significant negative correlation between Honolulu, Hawaii exchangeable calcium and extractable aluminum has been obtained for soils belonging to the Hilo, Akaka, and Kaumoali series on the island of Hawaii. 6. CAN THE DOG TICK ACT AS INTERMEDIATE HOST TO HEARTWORM ? ALAN RIXON G. DONALD SHERMAN University of Hawaii The heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis, is a white, vivi­ Honolulu, Hawaii parous nematode which attains a . length, in the adult stage, of 6-12 inches. It inhabits the right ventricle and pulmonary artery of the dog host's heart, and produces young called microfilariae which migrate to 5. RADIOIODINE THERAPY OF HYPERTHYROIDISM the peripheral blood vessels to facilitate ingestion by an intermediate host in which three stages of the life Hyperthyroidism, or increased activity of the thyroid cycle occur. Several species of mosquitoes have been gland, produces signs and symptoms of nervousness, established as suitable intermediate hosts to D. immitis tremor, weight loss, intolerance to heat, exophthalmos, but evidence is lacking of any extensive investigations gastrointestinal symptoms, muscular weakness, rapid of other blood-sucking arthropods such as fleas or pulse, cardiac arrhythmias, heart failure, and even ticks. The latter was of particular interest to me be­ death if uncontrolled. cause I possessed a dog diseased with heartworm that was also heavily infested with the brown dog tick, Iodine is stored in the thyroid gland and incorpor­ Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Although ticks are not ated into thyroid hormone. The avidity of the thyroid equipped with wings and could not therefore transmit for iodine is roughly proportional to its activity and D. immitis widely as do the mosquitoes, it seemed the concentration of a radioactive iodine tracer or possible that they could be responsible for the con­ therapeutic dose enables accurate diagnosis and treat­ stant reinfestation of the dog upon which they were ment. feeding. While hyperthyroidism may be temporarily con� In order to establish whether or not the brown dog trolled by stable iodine or antithyroid drugs, cure is tick could act as an intermediate host to heartworm, best accomplished by surgical resection of part of the the following procedures were utilized: 1. Blood gland or intensive selective irradiation by P3I. samples were taken from the dog and upon examina­ tion were found to contain a large number of micro­ In a study of all cases of hyperthyroidism treated filariae, indicating a heavy infestation of the animal by radioiodine at the Straub Clinic over a 4·year with D. immitis. 2. Ticks were removed from the period, the following results and conclusions have dog and the examination of smears of their bloodmeal been reached : indicated that microfilariae had been ingested. 3. The 1. The results of this series parallel and compare same ticks were dissected to determine whether or favorably with other published series. not the microfilariae had migrated to other organ areas as they would in a suitable intermediate host. 2. At the time of this writing, 61 of 63 patients None were observed, indicating that they had either treated, or 97 per cent, are clinically well from a been digested, autolyzed, or overlooked. 4. The re­ thyroid standpoint with two patients exhibiting per­ mains of the dissected ticks were run through the sistence of disease which will require re·treatment. Baermann apparatus to insure against oversight. Water Five patients are taking thyroid extract. A completely samples from this apparatus did not contain micro­ euthyroid state was achieved in 56 patients, or 89 filariae, strengthening the idea that they had been per cent. digested or autolyzed. 5. Interval blood samplings FINAL SE SSION 21 from the tick were examined to determine how long 8. THE PACIFIC SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION CENTER the ingested microfilariae remained in the tick. After 1 hour, none was observed. A clearinghouse for information about the geog­ raphy, natural and social sciences of the oceanic Pacific On the basis of this evidence, I would conclude islands has been established at Bishop Museum, made that the brown dog tick does not act as an intermediate possible by a grant from the National Science Founda­ host to heartworm. tion. Its first undertaking has . been to try to learn

CYNTHIA ROLFES "who knows what" about these subjects regarding Kailua High School Polynesia, Micronesia, Melanesia, New Guinea, and Kailua, Hawaii closely related areas; to begin to abstract the bibliog­ raphy; to accumulate and file notes, maps, and air photographs of the area; and to investigate ways and 7. NEMATODE-TRAPPING FUNGI means for reproducing graphic materials. Most of all, the Center seeks the cooperation of all persons The nematode-trapping fungi are part of the general intersted in the Pacific area, believing that the objec­ group of predacious fungi which kill and consume tives can be attained best through their cooperative microscopic animals. Since Zoph in 1888 first recog­ efforts. Its information is being timed to serve the nized Arthrobotrys oligospora as a trapping fungus Tenth Pacific Science Congress and to seek the assis­ of nematode, a few more species were described, but tance of its delegates. it was not until 1935-37 that Drechsler described and redescribed 20 to 25 species of the fungi, bringing E. H. BRYAN, JR. this interesting microorganism into the spotlight. Lo­ Bishop Museum cally, the late Dr. Linford, in 1936-1937, observed Honolulu, Hawaii numerous local species of the fungi and carried out 9. DETERMINANTS OF THE CHOICE OF A SCIENCE some experiments or, utilization for biological control. PROGRAM BY SIXTH GRADE MALES Twenty years later, Dr. Klemmer worked on the pre­ dacious activity in relation to pineapple trash de­ Twenty-three per cent of all sixth grade males (1,322 composition. pupils) enrolled in public schools in Hawaii, were The objective of my project was collection and par­ surveyed on a permissive basis to discover what inter­ tial identification of the nematode-trapping fungi, pres­ ests, values, and external influences they would report ent in Hawaiian soil. This was necessary for a thor­ as determinants of their choice of one of five secon­ ough understanding of the organisms in order to con­ dary school study programs. This paper was concerned tinue more complex experimentation in the future. with identifying distinctive determinants of the choice The first method used was a simple sprinkling of of the college preparatory science program. A sec­ a few grams of soil on water agar (2 per cent) plates ondary purpose of the study was to determine whether and incubating for a short period. Since this method certain personal and socioeconomic attributes were was found unsatisfactory, another method developed related to the reported determinants of science pro­ by Dr. Klemmer was used. In this method a soil-agar gram choice. suspension strip was placed on corn meal agar adjusted The population was separated into two groups, dif­ to 10 per cent nutrients to keep down more vigorous fering in school district. A "local" group consisted growth. Free-living nematodes obtained by Baermann of 574 males drawn from schools located in urban apparatus were inoculated and the plates were incu­ Honolulu and the neighbor islands. Fifty per cent of these boys were of Japanese parentage; 9 per cent bated at 25-26°C. In all 250 to 275 aliquots were · made out of 80 different soil and root samples during were of Caucasian background. Thirty per cent, the the past 5 months. The species recognized were Stylo­ largest single percentage, reported they were sons of page hadra Drechs., Arthrobotrys musiformis Drechs., skilled workers. A. oligospora Fres., A. dactyloides Drechs., Dactylella A "military" district group included 748 males en­ rolled in schools in rural Oahu. Approximately 53 asthenopaga Drechs., D. ellipsospora Grove, and Dac­ tylaria psychrophila Drechs. Of these seven, S. hadra, per cent were sons of civilian or uniformed military personnel, as contrasted with 10 per cent of the "local" D. asthenopaga, and D. psychrophila were unrecorded locally. group. Forty-two per cent were of Caucasian parent­ Individual conidia of the various trappers were age; 19 of Japanese. Other ethnic groups were repre­ picked off and transferred to nutrient agar (corn sented by comparatively equal proportions in both meal agar 10 per cent, modified malt agar 10 per cent, districts. agars adjusted to pH 4-c-5, beef agar, and water agar Within the local group, 153 boys who indicated a 2 per cent) plates and slants, and broth of similar preference for a college preparatory science secondary nutrients. In this way five isolates were obtained. A school study program were compared with all boys. sixth species, S. hadra, being an obligate parasite, was Two hundred sixty-three boys within the military not isolated successfully. group who elected science from among the five possi­ ble secondary study programs were similarly separated RONALD SAKIMURA for comparison. University High School Significantly more sons of Japanese ancestry in the Honolulu, Hawaii local group planned to elect a science program, and 22 HAWAIIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

significantly fewer of Filipino ancestry in both groups. sake" (10-20 per cent alcohol solution, sweetened) Other personal and socioeconomic attributes'measured 5 mI. A variety of cooked vegetables were used, but were not associated with science program choice. only two salt-pickled vegetables were given alternately, In both the military and local groups the boys who green mustard cabbage and takuwan (salt-pickled tur­ planned on a college preparatory science program dif­ nip). Undiluted evaporated milk was given for 5 fered significantly from their peers in that they : (1) weeks, starting with 1 mI. daily and increasing to were strongly interested in science; (2) were little 2 ml. daily. At the 11th week, the "synthetic sake" interested in art and music; and (3) attributed the was given starting with 5 mi. of a 10 per cent solution greatest value to obtaining satisfaction from their field of alcohol with a little added sugar and increasing to of study. 10 cc. containing 20 per cent alcohol by the 21st week. The scientifically inclined boy from the military The young rats placed on this diet at 3 weeks of age district was more likely to be sure of his plans and rather quickly adjusted to it, grew well, and accumu­ less likely to think of himself as changing than the lated large stores of fat. The stock diet was a semi­ scientifically inclined boy from the local district. natural one composed largely of whole wheat flour . Significant correlations were found between the .mili· and skim milk powder, with smaller amounts of corn­ tary and local scientific groups on interests (rho = meal, white flour, brown rice flour, soybean flour, +.89) and external influences (rho = +.83), sug­ and a small amount of cotton seed oil. To this mix­ gesting that these determinants are largely independent ture, small quantities of yeast, salt mixture, and cod of socioeconomic and ethnic defferences for the sixth liver oil were added, as this diet is used for the breed­ grade male in Hawaii. ing colony. Mter approximately 42 weeks on the The rank order correlation between the two sci­ diets, the mean systolic blood pressure of 190 for entific groups on values determining their study choice the 24 rats on the Japanese diets, both males and was smaller (rho = +.63) although significantly posi­ females, was in striking contrast to the value of 118 tive. It was concluded that teachers, counselors, and for the rats on the stock diet. Some aspects of the scientists should be sensitive to these distinguishing problem that should be investigated were suggested. determinants in discussing science as a specialization with young boys. CAREY D. MILLER NAO S. WENKAM

RUTH SHERMAN Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station ARTH UR A. DOLE Honolulu, Hawaii University of Hawaii Honolulu, Hawaii 11. INDIVIDUAL KIDNEY FUNCTION TESTING WITH 'RADIOACTIVE TRACERS

10. EFFECT OF DIET ON BLOOD PRESSURE OF RATS In the clinical practice of medicine, it is often im­ portant to determine the function and excretion of each There is the impression among laymen, borne out kidney separately. Although examination of the urine by Department of Health statistics, that cancer of the and blood tells us much about the combined function, stomach is more prevalent in men of Japanese an­ it tells us nothing about the proportion provided by cestry than those of other ethnic groups in Hawaii. each side. Because some people had questioned if diet might be The value of obtaining this information is illustrated a factor, 28 rats of two strains were first used in 1956 by the problem of high blood pressure. The most for a pilot experiment. After about a year, the rats common curable cause of high blood pressure is a showed no ulcers or tumors, but those of one strain decreased arterial blood flow to one kidney. Such a fed the Japanese diet showed evidence of hypertension decrease stimulates release of the hormone "angio­ and enlarged kidneys. Histological examination of tensin" which produces spasm of the arterioles and the kidneys of several indicated arteriolosclerosis. Later consequent hypertension. Removal of the offending when a Photoelectric-tensiometer became available for lesion often eliminates the high blood pressure. How­ the determination of blood pressure in small animals, ever, since fewer than 5 per cent of persons with it was decided to continue the experiment and study elevated blood pressure have a unilateral kidney lesion the problem of blood pressure instead of possible as its cause, a simple screening technique would be tumor formation. Forty rats of both sexes from seven useful to separate out this group of curable individuals. litters of the susceptible strain were divided into two Heretofore three approaches to the evaluation of groups of litter mates; one was fed the stock diet separate kidneys have been used : the X-ray pyelogram, , and one the Japanese diet. When there was an extra which demonstrates excretory passage structure but rat from a litter, we put it in the group for the Japan­ is relatively insensitive to functional differences; the ese diet and ended with 24 rats on the Japanese diet X-ray aortogram, which localizes lesions in major and 15 rats on the stock diet. For the Japanese diet arteries but is an involved hospital procedure; and the proportions of foods given daily for a medium­ the "Howard test," which provides a comparison of sized rat were as follows : rice 40 gm. ; fish, raw or function but may injure the patient and is time-con­ cooked, 10 gm.; cooked fresh vegetable 7 gm.; salt­ suming and technically difficult. pickled vegetable 5 gm.; shoyu 4 gm.; miso or abu­ A new approach using radioactive tracers gives us rage 2 gm.; tofu, Saturdays only, 10 gm.; "synthetic information on each kidney more simply and more FINAL SESSION 23 sensitively than the previous techniques. The pro­ In addition, it may be used for serially following many cedure is as follows : A substance which is extractable kinds of kidney disease. from the blood by the kidneys is tagged with a gamma­ Since the radiation involved in the test is low (0.05 emitting radioisotope (sodium iodohippurate tagged rads to the bladder wall, much less elsewhere in the with P31). After the intravenous administration of this body), it can be used in the pregnant state with trace material, scintillation detectors placed externally greater safety than other X-ray procedures. to ·the body over the kidney areas graphically record The simplicity, sensitivity, and safety of the reno­ the rate of each kidney uptake and excretion individu­ gram thus make it useful for rapid screening of uni­ ally. This allows comparison of the function and the lateral urinary tract disease. excretion of each kidney. It therefore provides a rapid ROBERT A. NORDYKE screening technique for kidney-caused high blood pres­ Straub Clinic sure as well as for diagnosing obstruction of the ureter. Honolulu, Hawaii CONSTI'rUTIONAL AMENDMENT

HAWAIIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE "A Regional Division may receive a portion of the ADOPTED MAY 26, 1960 Annual Academy dues paid by its members, the Amend ARTICLE X (REGIONAL DIVISIONS), Sec­ amount to be set annually by the Council." tion 5, to read as follows :

24 NECROLOGY

HARRY SHIGEO IWATA a most interesting speaker, with a wealth of experi­ ence on which he drew freely in capturing both the Harry Shigeo Iwata died in Honolulu on January attention and imagination of his audiences. 14, 1961, following a heart attack. Dr. Mees' technical accomplishments will be the He was born in Hiroshima, Japan, on March 20, subject of many of the obituaries of societies privileged 1907, and was brought to Hawaii by his parents as to count him as a member. The Academy membership an infant. His only formal education was in the public will feel his passing as a personal loss no less im­ schools on Kauai. portant than his passing from the scientific scene. When not yet 17, on January 15, 1924, he joined the staff of the Sugar Technology Department of the RALPH E. DOTY Experiment Station of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association as a laboratory assistant. For many years Ralph E. Doty died on July 3, 1960, at his home in he was assigned to assist the team of technologists in San Anselmo, California. annual inspections of the sugar factories in the islands. Mr. Doty was born in Hastings, Nebraska, Decem­ In this work he made wide and lasting friendships ber 3, 1891. Upon his graduation from the University in the sugar industry. He became familiar with all of California in 1915 he joined the Experiment Sta­ phases of cane sugar factory operation and became tion, HSPA, as assistant agriculturist. He retired as particularly expert in the practice of sugar boiling. associate agronomist at the end of 1956 after 36 years In the thirties Mr. Iwata began assisting in the of dedicated service. research program on molasses exhaustibility and sugar During World War I, Mr. Doty served as an officer crystallization and continued in this activity until his in the U. S. Army, retiring at the end of the war with death. He made substantial contributions to these the rank of captain. studies which are well known throughout the sugar In 1923 in collaboration with Dr. Harold L. Lyon, world. His name appears as a contributor to many Mr. Doty initiated for the Pineapple Canners' Associa­ publications reporting the results of the work. tion a program of research in the culture and breeding of pineapples which eventually led to the establish­ Mr. Iwata was a painstaking experimentalist and ment of the Pineapple Experiment Station. an extraordinary technician. What he lacked in formal education he made up in continuous study. He kept Mr. Doty's interests in sugar cane agriculture cov­ careful and complete records and his final results left ered a wide field, including diseases, varieties, fertili­ no area doubtful. zation, and rodent control. His outstanding contribu­ tions in the latter field led to many requests for his advice from other regions, including Okinawa and CHARLES EDWARD KENNETH MEES Mexico, where he helped to initiate effective rat con­ trol measures. Upon his retirement he was retained On August 15, 1960, the Academy lost one of its as a consultant for the University of Vera Cruz in distinguished members in the death of Dr. C. E. K. Mexico. Mees. He was born in Wellingborough, England, on Mr. Doty will long be remembered, not only for his May 22, 1882. He received his B.S. degree from the valued contributions, but also for his friendly and University of London in 1903, and his Doctorate in helpful nature which endeared him to his fellow Science in 1906. His major contributions to science workers. were in the theory on photography. From 1912 to 1934 he was the Director of Research with the Eastman Kodak Company, and was Vice President in charge of ARTHUR RIPONT KELLER research from 1934 until his retirement. Arthur R. Keller, Dean Emeritus of the College He was also Chairman of the Board of Distillation of Applied Science of the University of Hawaii, was Products Incorporation, an Eastman subsidiary. In this born in Buffalo, New York, on July 28, 1882. He connection, it may be noted that he was instrumental graduated from Cornell University with the degree of in initiating the series of "Kodak Reports On :-" Civil Engineer in 1903, and later received an M.S. advertisements which are so widely and avidly read in Civil Engineering from Harvard and an M.S. from on their appearance in various scientific journals. the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He married Because of his accomplishments in research on the Lora Keegan in 1908. photographic process and in particular because of his He worked as an engineer in New York, Alabama, activities in the field of color photography, Dr. Mees and Washington, D. c., before coming to Hawaii in received many honors during his lifetime. He was a 1909 as Professor of Civil Engineering in the College member of many national and international scientific of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. He was a Captain societies and was a Fellow of the Royal Society of in the United States Army during World War I. London. In 1921, Arthur Keller became the first Dean of He had been living in Honolulu for several years the College of Applied Science at the University of and had addressed several local scientific societies in Hawaii and retained that position until his retirement the community on a number of su bjects. Dr. Mees was from the University in 1947. Concurrently, he was

25 26 HAWAIIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Vice President from 1932 to 1941, Acting President ning Commission and the Public Utilities Commission, in 1941-1942, and Vice President again from 1943 a secretary of the Hawaii Housing Authority, execu­ to 1947. He taught both engineering and mathematics, tive secretary of the Territorial Retirement and Pension laid out roads and utilities, designed many of the Committee, and a Director of Queen's Hospital. He earlier University buildings, and not infrequently su­ left his mark on the University of Hawaii, the city pervised their construction. of Honolulu, and the state of Hawaii. In Queen's Arthur Keller lived his career of a University pro­ Hospital, to which he had contributed a full measure fessor an d administrator with wisdom, foresight, ener­ of time and devoted service, he died on April 8, 1961. gy, and encouragement to those around him. To this For him Keller Road was named and Keller Hall work he added bounteous community service. He was dedicated, and in the minds of his many students, who a member of the Territorial Board of Health from over the past 50 years have studied at the University 1911 to 1915 and 1943 to 1947, and was its Acting to which he devoted his Hfe, his memory is enshrined. President in 1912. He was a member of the City Plan- CONTRIBUTORS

Earle M. Alexander, Ltd. Hawaiian Astronomical Society American Association for the Advancement of Science Hawaiian Botanical Society American Chemical Society, Hawaiian Section Hawaiian Electric Company American Society of Agronomy, Hawaii Chapter Hawaiian Entomological Society American Statistical Association, Hawaii Chapter Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association Anonymous Hawaiian Telephone Company Anonymous Hawaiian Village Hotel Anthropological Society of Hawaii Home Insurance Company Armed Forces Communications and Electronics As- Honolulu Construction & Draying Company, Ltd. sociation Honolulu Gas Company, Ltd. F. C. Atherton Trust Honolulu Iron Works Juliette M. Atherton Trust Honolulu Lions Club Bank of Hawaii Honolulu Orchid Society Harland Bartholomew and Associates Honolulu Rotary Club Bernice P. Bishop Museum Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Ltd. E. E. Black, Ltd. Institute of Food Technologists, Hawaii Section Brainard and Black Institute of Radio Engineers, Hawaii Chapter Braun-Knecht-Heimann Company International Business Machines Corporation S. N. and Mary Castle Foundation Kaimuki High School Science Club Central Pacific Bank Kaneohe Ranch Company, Ltd. Charles M. and Anna C. Cooke Trust Kodak Hawaii, Ltd. Clayton J. Chamberlain Memorial Fund Liberty Bank of Honolulu Cooke Trust Company McInerny Foundation Walter Dillingham The Medical Group Engineering Association of Hawaii Frank E. Midkiff First National Bank of Hawaii National Association of Naval Technical Supervisors New American Library of World Literature, Inc. Frear Eleemosynary Trust Oahu Orchid Growers' Association Geophysical Society of Hawaii Oahu Transport Company, Ltd. James W. Glover, Ltd. Pineapple Research Institute Grand Pacific Life Insurance Company, Ltd. Sears, Roebuck and Company Gray Line Hawaii, Ltd. Social Services Department of Hawaii H. S. Gray Company, Ltd. Society of Naval Architects & Marine Engineers, Ha- Grolier Society, Inc. ' waii Section Hawaii Chemical Company, Ltd. Society of the Sigma Xi, Hawaii Chapter Hawaii Dietetic Association R. M. Towill Corporation Hawaii Heart Association United States Air Force Hawaii Medical Association United States Army Hawaii Psychological Association United States Navy Hawaii Society of Professional Engineers Von Hamm-Young Company, Ltd. Hawaii State Dental Association Waterhouse Photo Company, Inc. Hawaii Weed Conference Watumull Foundation Hawaiian Academy of Science West Honolulu Rotary Club Hawaiian Association of Plantation Physicians Alexander Young Company, Ltd.

27

MEMBERSHIP May 1961

Abbott, Agatin T. "'Bryan, 1. W. Crosby, William Garcia, Raymond A. Ai, Raphael A. C. Bumanglag, Hilarion A. Crowell, David Gaston, John Z. tAkamine, Ernest K. Burgess, C. M. Curtis, Walter Gay, Frank E. Akamine, Ralph N. Burnett, Gilbert tCushing, Robert L. Gebauer, Paul Akau, Thelma I. tBurr, George O. Custer, Charles tGilbert, Fred I. Aldrich, W. W. Burr, Mildred Gilbert, James C. "'Alexander, Henry A. Bush, William M. Dalton, Charles Gima, Paul Alexander, William P. tBushnell, O. A. Dalton, Patrick D., Jr. "'Glass, Eugene E. t Alicata, J. E. *"'Buttles, W. William Davis, Clifton J. Glick, Clarence E. tAllison, Samuel D. Buzzard, Betsy *Davis, Dan A. Glover, Mary A. Amioka, Shiro Davis, David W. Glover, Myrtle H. tAnderson, Earl J. Campbell, R. B. Davis, Rose Golden, Patricia Anderson, Eleanor S. Campbell, Robert L. Davis, Walter E. woding, Reginald M. twrtner, Willis A. Anderson, James W. ' Canry, Daniel J., Jr. Deacon, Edward H. Andrews, Mrs. Joseph "'Carlsmith, Donn W. Defibaugh, Betry Lou Gosline, W. A. Aono, Laura F. :j:Carlson, Norman K. tDegener, Otto Goto, George ' Appleton, Vivia B. "Carr, Albert B., Jr. .Deibert, Austin V. twto, Shosuke Aragaki, Minoru Carr, Elizabeth B. Denison, F. C. Goto, Y. Baron Arkoff, Abe "'Carter, A. Hattwell Denison, Harry 1. tGowing, Donald P. tArnold, H. L., Jr. tCarter, Walter *Diamond, Aar{)n 1. Gray, Carol tArnold, H. 1., Sr. Carrwright, Juanita *Digman, John Gray, P. S. Arzadon, Rosalina V. Castle, Molly ' Doi, Asao Gray, Ross H. t Atherton, J. Ballard "'Castle, Northrup H. Doi, Mitsugi Greenland, Thomas C. Au, Stephen Caver, C. V. "Dole, Arthur A. "'Greenwell, Alice B. "'Ault, Wayne U. Chang, Jen·hu Doolittle, S. E. "'Greenwell, Aniy Aust, Ruth A. , "'Chang, Leon M. tDory, Maxwell S. Greenwell, Wilfrid A., Jr. Austin, Thomas Chapson, Harold B. Dow, Alfred J., Jr. Gregory, Christopher Ching, Arthur Downer, J. M. tGressitt, J. Linsley Babbitt, Howard C. Ching, Hilda *Dull, Gerald G. Grinder, Robert E. "Baker, R. J. Ching, Kim Ak "'Dunmire, William W. *Guillard, Robert "'Baldwin, Helen S. Chinn, Edwin Y. H. Durant, Richard C. Gustu5on, Donald I. "'Baldwin, Robert I. Chock, Alvin t Ballard, Stanley S. Chong, Mabel T. *"'Easley, John A., Jr. "'Hahn, Dorothy Ballie, David W., Jr. Chong, Ruth tEaton, Jerry P. "'Hahn, Henry tBalock, J. W. "'Chow, Matthew tEdmondson, C. H. Hall, Donald tBanner, Albert H. Christ, J. H. *Ego, Kenji Halperin, Sidney L. ",Barrel, Robert tChristenson, Leroy D. Ego, Winifred T. "'Halpern, Gilbert M. Bartz, Ellwood L. Christian, Eloise Eguchi, George Halsted, Ann L. Batten, Grover H. tChu, George W. tEhret, William F. Hamada, Dorothy K. I. tBaver, 1. D. "'Chuck, Harry C. tEkern, Paul C. tHamre, Christopher J. Baxter, Robert S. Chuck, Mrs. Harry C. Eller, Willard H. tHandy, E. S. C. Beamer, Martha F. Chun, Alice Y. Emery, Byron E. :j:Hansen, Violet Beardsley, John W., Jr. Chun, Edwin Y. Emory, Kenneth P. Hanson, Noel S. Beck, 1. Clagett Chun, Paul M. P. Emory, Tiare Harada, Glenn K. Bennett, Thomas S. Chun, Raymond K. *Enright, James R. Harada, M. B. Benson, Homer R. Chun, Sing K. Ewart, George Y. "Haramoto, Frank H. Berk, Morton Chun, Wallace K. C. "Harbinson, John A. Bernatowicz, A. J. :l:Chun, William H. Fairchild, William D. tHardy, D. Elmo tBess, Henry A. Chun·Ming, Archie Fankhauser, Adolph Hargrave, Vernon E. tBianchi, Fred A. Civin, Harold tFarden, Carl A. Harry, J. V. ' Bilger, Earl M. "Clagg, Charles F. Faye, Alexander Hart, William E. Bilger, Leonora N. Clark, H. B., Jr. Feiteira, Thomas M. t Hartt, Constance E. Bishop, Brenda tClements, Harry F. Feldwisch, W. F. ' Hartwell, Alfred S. Bonk, William J. Clopton, Robert W. Felton, George Haselwood, Edith 1: Bonsey, Edwin Cloward, Ralph B. Fernandez, Leabert R. Hata, Tadao Boone, Edward W. "Cobb, Estel *Fine, Jules Hayashi, Toshiichi Boroughs, Howard Coleman, Robert E. Florine, Charlotte M. tHeinicke, Ralph M. Bowers, Neal M. Collins, Wayne L. Fong, Francis Heisterkamp, Charles, III Bowers, Rohma L. Comba, Paul G. tForbes, Theodore W. Helfrich, Philip Bowles, Herbert E. Connor, Mary R. tFosberg; F. R. Henke, Louis A. Bowles, John Cooil, Bruce J. Fujii, Takeo Henry, G. W.

"'Bowman, Hannah K." Cooke, Richard A., Jr. Fujimoto, Giichi Herrick, Colin J. Boyle, Frank P. Cooksey, Lewis C. Fujita, Robert K. Herschler, Louis H. "'Britten, Edward J. Cooper, John W. Fujitani, Miharu Herrick, Raymond B. tBritton, ' John R. Corboy, Philip M. Fujiwara, Thomas F. Herter, Walter B. Broadbent, Frank W. "Cornelison, A. H. "'Fukuda, MitsUllo tHiatt, Robert W. tBrock, Vernon E. tCox, Doak C. Fnkui, Iris Higa, Hosi Brown, Charles S. tCox, Joel B. *:l:Fukunaga, Edward T. Higashi, Elver S. Brown, Robert P. Cox, Marjorie L. Fullaway, D. T. Hilker, Doris Bruce, Frank J. "Cox, Richard H. Furumoto, Augustine "'Hilton, H. Wayne Bryan, Edward C. Craig, Robert S. Furumoto, Howard H. :l:Hind, Robert 1., Jr. Bryan, E. H., Jr. Crawford, Carolyn Furumoto, Viola C. Hinrichsen, Erik C •

.. Member, American Association for the Advancement of Science t Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science '" Member, Hawaii Division, Hawaiian Academy of Science

29 30 HAWAIIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Hirokawa, Sueko Kent, Martha J. Low, Frank Y. F. Mottl, James R. Hitch, Thomas K. Kern, Charles I. Low, Warren Mount, J. O. Ho, Edward Y. T. tKerns, Kenneth R. Lowrey, John J. *Mumaw, Charles Ho, Elsie Kim, Youtaik Lowson, Betty B. Murata, K. J. :l:Ho, Sarah Lum Kimura, Nagato *Ludloff, Frances :l:Murphy, Hugh J. Holladay, Natalie "Kinch, D. M. Luke, Leslie Myers, William A. Holland, Maurice King, Gladys S. Lum, C. K. Holmes, Wilfred J. King, Mary E. Lyman, Clarence :j:Nagao, Wallace T. Holmes, William J. King, Maurice V. "Lytle, Hugh Naito, Wallace Holt, John W. King, Will N. Nakae, Haruko N. Holrwick, Chester B. *Kishimoto, Richard H. tMacdonald, Gordon A. :i:Nakagawa, Susumu Holtzmann, Oliver Kiuchi, Marian MacNaughton, Boyd Nakagawa, Yukio Honl, L. A. :j:Kiyosaki, Ralph H. MacNaughton, Malcolm Nakahashi, Clarence G. Honnert, Henry Kleman, John P. Mack, Merron H. *Nakamoto, Goichi Hood, Ernest L. tKlemmer, Howard W. Maeshiro, Melvin M. Nakamoto, Norman Hormann, Bernhard L. Kline, James W. "Manchester, Curtis A. *Nakamura, Eugene L. tHosaka, Edward Y. Klinkman, Helena tMangelsdorf, A. J. Nakamura, Robert M. Hoskins, Charlotta M. Klopf, Donald Manhoff, Mrs. Milton *Nakasone, Henry Y. tHosoi, Kiyoshi "Kohayashi, Clifford K. Mapes, Marion Nakata, Ayako *Hoyt, Simes T. "Kohn, Alan Marks, Robert H. tNakata, Setsuko tHsiao, Sidney C. Kohn, Mrs. Alan J. *Marr, John C. Nakata, Shigeru Hubbard, Howard tKoike, Hideo Marshall, Donald C. Namba, Ryoji *Hudson, Loring G. Kondo, K. C. Martin, D. J. Naquin, Walter P., Jr. tHumbert, Roger tKondo, Yoshio Martin, Joseph P. Naughton, John J. Hunter, Robert G. Kong, Richard Masa, George tNeal, Marie C. Hurdis, John W. Kong, Ronald *Masatsugu, Teruo Nelson, Myrtle Hutchison, Frieda May *Kopf, Kenneth Mason, George Nelson, Torlef Hylin, John W. Kortschak, Hugo P. tMason, Leonard Nemoto, Carl M. Koshi, James H. Masuda, Matsuko Newhouse, Jan Ihara, Tetuo tKrauss, Beatrice H. Masutomi, Doris Nicholson, James R. Ihara, Violet K. Krauss, F. G. :l:Matayoshi, Mary Nickerson, Lydia C. Ihrig, Judson L. tKrauss, Noel H. Matson, Q. Nickerson, Thomas lkawa, Haruyoshi *Krivoy, Harold L. Matsuda, Roy Nielsen, Jack R. :l:Ikeda, Warren Kruse, Arthur G. Matsumoto, Walter M. Nishibun, Joe lng, Lucille L. *Kuninobu, James T. Matsuoka, Shigeo tNishida, Toshiyuku Ishii, Mamoru Kuramoto, Kikuo Matsushima, Richard Nishihara, Mitsuo *lto, Kiyoshi Kurokawa, Edward S. Mau, Kong Tong Nishijima, Satoru Iversen, Rohert T. B. Mayo, Donald S. Nishioka, Yoshimi A. Iwanaga, Barney *Lachman, Roy Maze, W. J. =l=Noda, Kaoru Iwanaga, Isaac 1. La Fon, Fred McAllister, William C. Nolan, Esther C. :!=Iwane, John Y. Lam, Margaret M. McCleery, Walter L. Nonaka, Tatsuo Izuno, Takumi Lam, Robert L. :!:McCoy, Kid Notfeldt, Sam Lamoureux, Charles *McGary, James W. Nordyke, Robert N. Jackson, Dean C. Lange, Arthur H. tMcGuire, Donald C. Jacobson, J. Robert Larm, Edwin McGuire, Thomas R. L. Obata, J. Jacobson, W. N. Larrabee, L. M. McMorrow, Bernard J. Oda, Ethel A. Jenkins, Irving A. Larsen, Nils P. :j:McNicoll, Irene Oda, Tadashi * Johnson, David Lau, Elizaheth McRoberts, Mary A. O'Dea, Katherine Johnson, Harold M. Lau, Howard K. S. Mendiola, Ella W. Oguri, Mikihiko * Johnson, Nels E. Lau, Lawrence L. Meredith, Gerald Ohta, Ella M. *Johnson, Ralph B. :j:Lau, Nit Lin Middleton, Charles E., III Ohta, Margaret Johnson, Rockne Leak, Howard S. Midkiff, Frank E. :j:Okamura, Reginald T. Jones, Everet C. Lee, Bernard C. Millard, R. D. Okazaki, Kyuro Jones, Thomas S. Lee, Richard K. C. Miller, Carey D. Onizuka, Ralph Joyce, Charles R. tLeeper, Robert W. Miller, Harvey A. Onna, K. M. Judd, Charles S., Jr. Leffingwell, Roy J. Miller, P. T. Orr, Kathryn J. Lennox, Colin G. *Miller, Robert C. Otsu, Tamio :j:Kadota, Shizuto Leong, Elizabeth Mills, George H. Ozawa, Theodore Y. *Kagehiro, George tLevine, Max Milnor, John C. Kainuma, Richard T. Levine, Melvin L. :j:Minette, Henri P. * Palafox, A. L. tKamasaki, Hitoshi Li, Donald G. Y. Mitchell, Donald *Palmer, Clarence E. tKamemoto, Haruyuki *Li, Min Hin :l:Mitchell, Glenn G. Pang, L. Q. Kami, Harry T. Liljestrand, Howard :!=Mitchell, J. A. Pang, Morris S. Y. Kamsat, Abraham N. tLind, Andrew W. :j:Mitchell, Neva H. :]:Paris, Irvine H. Kanehiro, Y oshinori tLinsley, Earle E. Miyake, Iwao Payne, John H. *Kaneko, Yoshiyuki Littleman, Joe Miyasaki, Yuzo Pedley, Blanche A. Kato, Tadayuki *Littleman, Marian Miyatake, Yorio Peiler, Alice W. Katsuki, 1. Livingston, William H. Moberly, Ralph, Jr. Pell, Charles G. *Kau, Geraldine W. Lo, Pershing S. Moe, Clayton R. tPemberton, C. E. Kaulukukui, Felice W. Lodge, R. H. Moeller, Maximilian Penhallow, H. Chadsey Kawahara, Lloyd T. Lofgren, Laura A. Moir, W. W. G. :i:Penhallow, Richard Kawamura, Koshun Longley, C. P. Molyneux, A. V. Perry, Cortes L. Kawamura, Matsuyo Loo, Mabel N. K. *Moomaw, James C. Peters, Charles W. Kawamura, Setsuji Loo, Stanley Y. T. Mordy, Wendell A. Petterssoo, Hans Kawano, Henry Look, William C. Morgan, Edward J. Philipp, Perry F. tKay, Alison :j:Lothian, Christina Morgan, Eugene P. Pickering, Mrs. Gordon L. *Kealamakia, Anum Y. *Loucks, Burton J. Morgan, William A. Pietruszkiewicz, A. J. Keiser, Irving :j:Loucks, Ruth B. Mori, Raymond Piianaia, Abraham Kekauoha, Clifford Louis, James L. Morita, Kiyoichi Pilmer, Robert Kelly, Marion Louis, Lucille *Moritsugu, Toshio Pinkerton, F. J. MEMBERSHIP 31

Pinkerton, O. D. Shigeta. James Y. Takahashi, Makoto :j:Walter, WiIIiam B. Plucknett, Donald L. :j:Shigeura, Gordon T. Takasaki, Kiyoshi J. "'Waring, Gerald A. ""Poole, Charles F. Shim, NeIIie C. .Takata, Michio :j:Warner, Harold Powers, Howard A. Shimabukuro. Seiji Takazawa, Futoshi Warner. H. H. Price, Samuel Shimakawa, Michie "'Tam, Richard K. ""Warner, John N. ""Price, Saul Shiramizu, WiIIiam T. flanaka, Shuichi Watanabe, Edith Price, Sumner Shiroma, James Tanaka, Tokushi Watanabe, K. Puaa, Annie K. Shklov, N. .Tanimoto, Ralph H. Waterhouse, John T. Shoemaker, James H. Tanimoto. Tyrus T. :j:Waters, WiIIiam A. :j:Quaintance, D. C. ""Sia, Richard H. P. Tanoue, Roy T. Watkins, Charles N. "'Quate, LarryW. Sideris, C. P. :j:Tatsuoka, Maurice Watson, Leslie J. Simonolf, Jordan :j:Taylor, James M. Waugh. John L. T. Rainwater, Dorothy Simpich, Frederick, Jr. Terayama, Hajime ""Wayman, Oliver Rainwater, H. Ivan Sinclair, Gregg M. Theaker, M. L. Weaver, Herbert ""Rakestraw, Norris W. Singleton, Robert R. Thomas, Ernest H. :j:Weeks, John D. Ramage, Colin S. Sister Amata Marie Thomson, Donald A. Weller, D. M. Reid, DeIIa F, Sister Christina Francis Threlkeld, Garland M. Wells, Clinton H. "'Reppun, J. I. Frederick Sister Domenic Rosaire Tilden, I. L. :j:Welsh, Pearl H. Rhodes, Leon J. Sister Joseph Titcomb, Margaret Wendr, Dorothy :j:Richards, Herbert, Jr. Sister Mary St. Lawrence flogashi. Teruo :j:Wennerlund. Appoline B. Richert, T. H. Sister St. Thomas More "'Tom. Edward S. H. ",,:j:Wentworth, C. K. �ichter, Donald H. Sister Walter Damien Tom. Lorna :j:Wentworth, Juliette Rilfenburgh, Robert H. Slattery, Mabel Tom, Mee Lin "'Whang. W. Y. Riggs, Mary E. ""Sloan, Norman R. Tomita. Theodore Whiton, Nat Rigler, Robert G. Sloane, George E. Townes, Edith Wiley. Frank Rinkel, Maurice O. ""Smith, Donald H. Townsley, Sidney J. WiIIiams, J. Melvin Rixon, Alan J. Smith, Jimmie B. Trexler, Clarence W. :j:WiIIiams, Roger T. "'Roberts, Joyce O. ""Smith, Madorah E. Trouse, Albert C., Jr. Wilson, Warner Robinson, WiIIiam A. Smith. R. Q. ""Tuthill, Leonard ""Wismer, Chester A. Rockwood, Paul C. ""Smythe, WiIIiam R. Tuttle, Daniel W. Withington, Paul RoIlet, Charles ""Snyder. Laurence Tyau, Henry T. Y. Wittermans, Tamme :j:Roman, Helen L. Spalding, P. E. Tyau, Steven Wolbrink, Donald H. Rose, Bernard Spalding, Philip E., Jr. Tyler, Arthur R. :j:Wold, Myton L. Rose, Stanley J. Sparaga. Albert Wong, Erwin L. S. Rosenberg, Morton M. Spencer, Frauk C. Uchida, Richard N. Wong, Ruth E. M. Ross, Ernest Spencer, Robert S. Uohara, Mitsuko S. :j:Wong, Ruth O. T. Ross, Serge ""Spiegelberg, Carl H. Urabe, George :j:Wong, Sau Hoy :j:Ruddle, Annabelle Spiller, John H. Urata, Roruo Woo, Mabel Ryman, Eugene C. Spillner, Erich C. Uyehara, George K. Woody, Barbara R. Spoehr, Alexander Woolford, Ercell C. St. John, Harold Spring, Thomas Van Dyke, Fred Wootton, Richard T. Sakata, Seiji Stanford, George Van Landingham, John W. Sakimoto, Richard Y. :j:Stearns, Alvan C. ""Van Weel, Pieter Yabui, Kiyoshi ""Sakimura, K. Stelfee, Elizabeth Van Zwaluwenburg, R. H. Yamamoto. Earl S. * Sandberg, Floyd A. Steiger, Walter R. Vasconcellos, A. L. Yamamoto, Tatsuji ""Sanford, WaIIace G. * Steiner, Loren F. Vernon. Mabel D. Yamamoto, Thomas I. Sanford, Mary C. Stephens, EIla ""Vinacke, W. Edgar Yamane, Richard N. Sarles, WiIIiam B. :j:Stevens, William H. Vinacke, Winifred R. Yamauchi, Hiroshi Sato, Esther Stokes, J. F. G. Visher, Frank N. *Yamauchi, Shoyei Sayer, John T. Stone, Benjamin C. Vitousek, Martin Yamaura, Teruko S. Sax, Gilbert Stormont, John L. Vollrath, Harvey M. Yanagihara. llchi Scheuer, Paul J. Strasburg, Donald W. Yasunobu, Kerry ""Schmidt, Frederic C. Street, Chan ""Wadsworth, Harold A. Vee, Daniel Schrader, Phillip C. Stuhler, Louis G. Wagoner, Howard E. Yoshida, Howard O. Scott, Arlen M. Suehiro, Amy Wainwright, Stephen Yoshida. Thelma A. Scott, Frank S., Jr. Suenaga, Betty Wakatsuki, Helen Yoshimoto, Carl M. Seckel, Gunter R. Sunn, Franklin Y. K. Waldron, Kenneth D. Yoshina. Teruo Seeley, DeLos A. :j:Sutherland, Mark M. Walker, H. A., Jr. Yoshioka, Tad T. Sexton, Harold M. Suzuki, F. T. Walker, Hastings H. Young, I. Carson :j:Sharp, Frances Swanholm, Carl E. :j:Walker, Ronald L. Young, Dorothy N. Shaw, Thomas N. Wallace, Arthur F. Young, Hong Yip Sher, S. A. :j:Tabrah, Frank L. Wallace, Gordon D. Yuen, Heeny Sherk, Kenneth W. Tada, Yoshio D. Wallrobenstein, Paul R. Yuen, Quan Hong ""Sherman, G. Donald Takagi, Yoshie Walsh, William Sherman, Kenneth Takahashi, David Walsh, William J. *Zane, Lawrence