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Ni Romain, Ni Arabe, Moundar Bar Hareth, Roi Des Tayyés. Quand L'arabie Était Chrétienne

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Ni Romain, Ni Arabe, Moundar Bar Hareth, Roi Des Tayyés. Quand L'arabie Était Chrétienne Ni Romain, ni Arabe, Moundar bar Hareth, roi des Tayyés. Quand l'Arabie était chrétienne Mémoire Nicolas Asselin Maîtrise en études anciennes - avec mémoire Maître ès arts (M.A.) Québec, Canada © Nicolas Asselin, 2020 Ni Romain, ni Arabe, Moundar bar Hareth, roi des Tayyés. Quand l’Arabie était chrétienne Mémoire Nicolas Asselin Sous la direction de : Paul-Hubert Poirier, directeur de recherche Résumé Ce mémoire porte sur celui que nous avons cru être le dernier roi des Arabes chrétiens du territoire romain, Moundar bar Hareth. En cours de route, nous avons redécouvert le dernier roi des Tayyés romains, un peuple oublié, dont l’histoire est essentielle pour bien comprendre les débuts de l’islam. À partir des œuvres des chroniqueurs syriaques, plus particulièrement de l’histoire de Jean d’Amida, nous avons remonté la piste afin de comprendre l’importance du dernier monarque de la famille de Gabala. Via cet examen des sources, nous analyserons également le corpus grec et arabe pour saisir les aléas de ce peuple d’Arabie, entraînant au passage, la redécouverte d’une polémique intra-chrétienne très ancienne, l’ismaélisme. L’ensemble de cette recherche se veut une étude originale et novatrice des événements entourant la fin de l’alliance traditionnelle entre les Romains et les Tayyés, une histoire singulière pavée de trahisons et d’une crise religieuse insoupçonnée. Ni Romain, ni Arabe, Moundar bar Hareth est figure incontournable du 6e siècle de notre ère. Le présent travail se propose d’analyser le règne du grand roi, plus particulièrement de son aspect religieux, et se divise en quatre parties, les deux premières portant sur les appellations anciennes et la redécouverte du peuple Tayyé. Les deux dernières parties seront consacrées à l’analyse de la carrière de Moundar, l’homme militaire, politique et religieux, en tenant compte de l’histoire des Tayyés de Saracène. ii Table des matières Résumé ............................................................................................................................................ ii Table des matières .......................................................................................................................... iii Liste des abréviation ........................................................................................................................ vi Remerciements .............................................................................................................................. vii Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Une destinée singulière .......................................................................................................... 3 2. Corpus et visée ....................................................................................................................... 5 3. Jean d’Amida et son oeuvre ................................................................................................... 6 4. Corpus secondaire ................................................................................................................ 10 Chapitre 1. L’origine incertaine des Arabes ................................................................................... 13 1. Que cache le patronyme de Ghassan ? ................................................................................... 14 1.1 Les tribus d’Arabie ......................................................................................................... 15 1.2 L’origine des noms de tribus : un cul-de-sac historique ................................................ 16 2. Le problème étymologique .................................................................................................... 18 2.1 Une origine étymologique complexe ............................................................................. 20 3. Les rois des Tayyés ............................................................................................................... 21 3.1 Le problème linguistique syriaque ................................................................................ 24 3.2 Une origine singulière .................................................................................................... 27 4. Comprendre l’Arabie ............................................................................................................. 32 4.1 Les Tayyés, un peuple connu des Grecs ......................................................................... 34 4.1.1 Corpus Uranius ......................................................................................................... 35 4.1.2 Corpus Bardesane ..................................................................................................... 35 4.1.3 Corpus Hippolyte ...................................................................................................... 36 4.1.4 Le cas d'Épiphane ..................................................................................................... 37 4.2 Les Tayyés, un peuple connu des auteurs latins ? .......................................................... 38 5. Les Tayyés, chrétiens depuis le 3e siècle ? ............................................................................ 41 6. L’événement phare : l’empereur Julien tué par un Tayyé ..................................................... 43 6.1 Le « J’accuse » de Libanius ........................................................................................... 44 7. Une ethnie connue en plusieurs langues ................................................................................ 45 Chapitre 2. Sur les traces d’une nation oubliée ............................................................................. 48 1. Une réalité conditionnée par la Bible et les auteurs chrétiens ................................................ 54 2. Une appartenance religieuse incertaine .................................................................................. 56 3. Des Tayyés devenus arabes .................................................................................................... 59 Chapitre 3. Le chef militaire et politique ....................................................................................... 62 iii 1. Des alliés militaires de choix .................................................................................................. 63 2. Moundar, le combattant de Dieu ............................................................................................ 64 2.1 Succès et malheurs d’un homme politique de haut niveau............................................. 66 3. De politique à religieux .......................................................................................................... 71 Chapitre 4. Un homme et son église .............................................................................................. 74 1. La christianisation de l’Arabie, une histoire tourmentée (du 1er au 3e siècle) ........................ 74 1.1 L’Arabie des hérésies ..................................................................................................... 76 2. L’arianisme et l’avènement des Tayyés ................................................................................. 77 2.1 Les Tayyés des chrétiens orthodoxes au 4e siècle ........................................................... 78 2.1.1 Mo’awia’, reine orthodoxe des Tayyés .................................................................... 79 2.2 Le peuple le plus férocement orthodoxe ? ...................................................................... 82 3. Controverse ismaélite, suite et fin .......................................................................................... 83 3.1 L’antiquité du christianisme Tayyé, un mystère difficile à résoudre .............................. 85 3.2 Jérôme de Stridon, père de l’ismaélisme ? ..................................................................... 87 4. Les Tayyés et les controverses trinitaires ............................................................................... 91 4.1 La grande division d’Éphèse et Chalcédoine ................................................................. 92 4.2 Chalcédoine et la division des Tayyés ............................................................................ 94 4.3 Un conflit religieux, une guerre sainte ........................................................................... 96 5. La famille de Gabala, protectrice des miaphysites ................................................................. 97 5.1 Anastase : le miaphysisme et l’Empire ......................................................................... 100 6. Hareth bar Gabala, sauveur du miaphysisme ....................................................................... 101 6.1 La consécration d’évêques .......................................................................................... 104 6.2 Jacques et Théodore : les lumières de l’Orient ............................................................ 108 6.3 Hareth, roi des Tayyés et défenseur du miaphysisme ................................................... 112 6.3.1 Un homme impliqué dans son Église : les crises trithéite et paulite ....................... 113 6.3.2 Chef de l’Église miaphysite – Le Synode en Arabie .............................................. 117 6.4 La mort de Hareth bar Gabala ....................................................................................
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