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Petrology of the Cenozoic Igneous Rocks of the Tinton District, Black Hills, South Dakota - Wyoming John T

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Petrology of the Cenozoic Igneous Rocks of the Tinton District, Black Hills, South Dakota - Wyoming John T University of North Dakota UND Scholarly Commons Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects 1979 Petrology of the Cenozoic igneous rocks of the Tinton district, Black Hills, South Dakota - Wyoming John T. Ray University of North Dakota Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/theses Part of the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Ray, John T., "Petrology of the Cenozoic igneous rocks of the Tinton district, Black Hills, South Dakota - Wyoming" (1979). Theses and Dissertations. 239. https://commons.und.edu/theses/239 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects at UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PETROLOGY OF THE CENOZOIC IGNEOUS ROCKS OF THE TINTON DISTRICT, BLACK HILLS, SOUTH DAKOTA-WYOMING !' i by i John T. Ray l J Bachelor of Science, University of Dayton, 1976 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of North Dakota in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of I Master of Science i I I Gi:OLOGY Ll8RARY Grand Forks, North Dakota Uel,snlty ef Nert~ !lakotl August 1979 This thesis submitted by John T. Ray in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science from the University of North Dakota is hereby approved by the Faculty Advisory Committee under whom the work has been done. 7~ II~ ,~~1,r1 d!L·.J. @u:~~ This thesis meets the standards for appearance and conforms to the style and format requirements of the Graduate School of the Univer­ sity of North Dakota, and is hereby approved. ~···-~D~e;_n_o_f:--t-:h-e-G=-r-a-d7 u-a-te--::S-cc-h-o-o-::1- i1 Permission PETROLOGY OF THE CENOZOIC IGNEOUS ROCKS OF THE Title__ T~I~N~T~O~N'-"D~I~S~TR.=cIC~T~,..._,B~LA"""C~K-H~l~L~L~S~,'--"S~O~UT~H,,__,D~A~K~O~T~A~-~WY~O~M~I~N~G'------- Department~--.~eol~o=~--------------·-----·----- Degree______ ~M~a~s .t~e==r~o~f'"-'S~c~i~·e~n=cc=e__________________ _ 0 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a graduate degree from the University of North Dakota, I agree that the Library of this University shall make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for extensive copying for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor who supervised my thesis work or, in his absence, by the Chairman of the Department or the Dean of the Graduate School. It is under­ 'f stood that any copying or publication or other use of this t' thesis or part thereof for financial gain shall not be r allowed without my written permission. It is also under­ stood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the ' University of North Dakota in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis. Signature__ Date iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ILLUSTRATIONS , vi LIST OF TABLES viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix VITA X ABSTRACT xi INTRODUCTION 1 Location and General Geology of the Tinton District Previous Work Purpose and Scope PRECAMBRIAN ROCKS •• ......................... 5 Metamorphic Rocks Pegmatites PALEOZOIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS . .. .. 19 Stratigraphy Field Occurrence CENOZOIC IGNEOUS ROCKS . 24 Mineral hill Alkalic Ring Dike Complex Intrusive Breccia Lamprophyre Dikes Tinton Quartz-Bearing Latite Porphyry SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS .. .. 92 Geologic History Conclusion Future Study APPENDICES . .. "' 96 APPENDIX A. Descriptions of Metamorphic Rocks of the 97 Tinton District ••••••.••••• . iv APPENDIX B. Microprobe Chemical Analyses and Normative Mineralogy of Miscellaneous Rocks from the Tinton District • • • • • • • • • • • • • 99 APPENDIX C. Descriptions of Sedimentary Rocks of the Tinton District. • • • • 101 APPENDIX D. Igneous Rock Descriptions 104 APPENDIX E. Petrographic Methods . 106 APPENDIX F. X-ray Diffraction Data for Tinton Porphyry Feldspars . .. .. ,. .. .. .. .. 110 APPENDIX G. Instrument Parameters for X-ray Fluorescence 114 REFERENCES CITED . .. .. .. 116 V ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1. Generalized Geologic Map of the Black Hills Area and Location of the Tinton District •• , • , 2 2. Black Hills Precambrian Stratigraphic Column 6 3, Map of the Foliation of the Metamorphic Rocks in the Tinton District. 8 4. Photomicrograph of Metapelite T075 13 5. Photomicrograph of Metabasite T16l 15 6. Lithological and Location ¥~p of the Paleozoic Sedimentary Rocks of the Tinton District 22 7. Photomicrograph of Intrusive Breccia T145 28 8. Photomicrograph of Lamprophyre T076 ••• 31 9. Pyroxene Ternary Plot of Poldervaart and Hess (1951) 36 10. Schematic Comparison of Salite Chemistry frOlll Pyroxenite snd Lamprophyre Given in Table 4 37 11. Photograph of Columnar Joints in the Tinton Porphyry 42 12. Cross-section of Tinton District Comparing Laccolith, Stock, and Proposed Models ............. 46 13. Photomicrograph of Quartz-bearing Latite Porphyry T096 . • . .. .. .. 51 14. Photomicrograph of Quartz-bearing Trachyte Porphyry T037 . • . • 57 15. Feldspar Crystallization Sequence 60 16. Variation of (1-cos t [phi]) with Temperature from Thompson and Hovis (1978) . • . • 70 17. Larsen Diagram: Differentiation Trend of the Tinton Porphyry . • . • . 75 18. Chemical Differentiation Trend 76 19. Chemical Variation Diagrams 78 20. Base Map of the Tinton District 81 21. Spatial Variation in Mean Grain Siae of the Tinton Porphyry Matrix •••••• 82 22. Spatial Variation in Modal Percentage of Plagioclase Phenocryats in the Tinton Porphyry 83 23. Spatial Variation of the Differentiation Index in Phases of the Tinton Porphyry; •••• , 84 24. Spatial Variation of Alteration Minerals in Rocks of the Tinton District· • • • • , 87 25. Comparison of Alteration Halos in Porphyry on Approach to a Porphyry Copper Deposit , • . .. 90 Plate 1. Geologic Map of the Tinton District ••••••••• (in pocket) Vil LIST OF TABLES 1. Modal Mineralogy of Representative Metamorphic Rocks. • • • 10 2. Modal Mineralogy of Mineral Ifill Alk.alic Ring Dike Rocks .. • . 26 3, Modal Mineralogy of Lamprophyres 34 4. Chemical Analyses of Clinopyroxene Phenocryats 36 5. Chemical Composition and Normative Mineralogy of Lamprophyre • . .. • . .. • . .. 39 6. Classification of the Tinton Porphyry 49 7. Composition of Tinton Porphyry Feldspars as Determined by X-ray Diffraction and Optical Techniques •••• . 54 8. Modal Mineralogy of Tinton Quartz-bearing Latite/ Tracllyte Porphyry • • • • • • • • • • 55 9. Microprobe Chemical Analyses of Tinton Porphyry Feldspars . , .. , . , . 56 10. Structure and Equilibration Temperature of Tinton Porphyry Matrix Orthoclase ••••••••• , • 65 11. Feldspar Structural Data of Tinton Porphyry Plagioclase Phenocrysts . .. 68 12, Idealized Plagioclase Feldspar Structure • 69 13, Chemical Analyses and Normative Mineral_ogy of the Tinton Porphry . 72 14. Variation of Alteration Minerals and Grain Size in the Tinton Porphyry •••••• . 86 15. Microprobe Chemical Analyses and Normative M:tneralogy of Miscellaneous Rocks from the Tinton District 99 16. Igneous Rock Descriptions . .. .. .. 104 17, X-ray Diffraction Data for Tinton Porphyry Feldspars 110 18. Instrument Para.meters for X-ray Fluorescence 114 viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Special thanks are extended to the numerous people who assisted in the preparation of this report. They include my Faculty Advisory Committee, Dr. Frank R. Karner (chairman), Dr. Odin D. Christensen, and Dr. Timothy A. Cross for invaluable suggestions and critical review of the manuscript. The members of the Northern Black Hills Tertiary Igneous Province Research Group at the University of North Dakota provided insight and laboratory assistance: D. W. Brekke, E. F. Fashbaugh, D. L. Halvorson, H, M. Yeager, and S. F. White. I would like to thank the University of North Dakota for providing teaching assistantships and the use of facilities, and the North Dakota Geological Survey and the U.S. Department of Energy for use of equipment. Appreciation is extended to my family for their tolerance and support of this research. Part of this research was supported by National Science Foundation and the Domestic Mining, Minerals, and Mineral Conservation Fellowships. VITA Mr. John Thomas Ray was born in July, 1954, at Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio. Mr. Ray graduated from Walsh Jesuit High School in Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, in May, 1972, and received his Bachelor of Science in Geology from the University of Dayton in August, 1976. Mr. Ray is a member of the Geological Society of America, the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, and Sigma Gamma Epsilon, a National Honorary Society in the Earth Sciences, and an associate member of Sigma Xi, the Scientific Research Society of North America. X ABSTRACT The Tinton district is located on the northwest flank of the Black Hills uplift, 20 km west of Lead, South Dakota, along the Wyoming­ South Dakota border. The Tinton or Nigger Hill uplift comprises a cen­ tral area of domed Precambrian Xstrata with marginal exposures of Paleozoic sedimentary rocks which dip radially outward on all sides. The area was intruded by Cenozoic igneous rocks that include a stock of quartz latite/quartz trachyte porphyry, an alkalic ring dike complex, lamprophyre dikes and intrusive breccia. Precambrian rocks are represented by a sequence of metapelites thst have been intruded by metabasite and granitic pegmatite dikes. The schistosity of the metapelites strikes NNW with a consistent west­ erly dip of 28° to 90°. The metamorphic conditions were determined to be 3.5-4 kbar at 520-540°C on the basis of textures and mineral para­ geneses of the metapelites and metabasites. Quartz latite/quartz trachyte porphyry is exposed as large - masses in a steep-walled, columnar jointed marginal zone and as high angle sills with parting screens of schist in the central area. The geometric relations with confining rock units and igneous foliation suggests that a stock is present at depth. Major element chemistry indicates a differentiated series with an alkali basalt affinity though a tholeiitic derivation was not disproved. Feldspar structure and chemistry were utilized to trace the fractionation path and to estimate intrusion temperatures.
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