Latin Name Index

A Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium, 270 Acacia senegal, 119 Cichorium, 120, 125, 127, 129, 130 Acanthaceae, 386 Cichorium intybus L. × C. endivia L., 120 Agrobacterium rhizogenes, 19, 27, 75, 117, Citrobacter freundii, 98, 339 245, 246, 278 Citrus deliciosa, 274 Agrobacterium tumefaciens, 27, 117, 119 Cladosporium sp., 386 Allium sp., 120 Comastoma pedunculatum, 359 Andrographis paniculata, 386 Comastoma pulmonarium, 359 Anthocleista, 97 Comastoma sp., 358 Antirrhinum majus L., 292 Consolida ajacis, 296 Aquilegia vulgaris, 296 Coutoubea racemosa, 425, 430 Arabidopsis thaliana, 145, 154, 248, 269 Coutoubea ramosa, 430 Arabis alpina, 249 Coutoubea ramosa var. racemosa, 430 Coutoubea spicata, 428, 429 B Cyclamen persicum, 274 Bacillus cereus, 98, 339 Bacillus subtilis, 98, 339, 387 D Beta vulgaris, 120 Datura inoxia, 188 Blackstonia perfoliata, 36 Daucus carota, 15, 145 Brassica napus, 156 Deianira nervosa, 430 Bryum rubens, 268 Deianira pallescens, 430 Bupleurum scorzonerifolium, 175, 182 E C Enicostemma littoral, 386 Calolisianthus, 421–423, 428, 434 Enterobacter aerogenes, 386 Camellia japonica, 10 Escherichia coli, 98, 340, 386, 387 Candida albicans, 340, 386, 408 Euphorbia pulcherrima, 127 Canscora decussata, 355 Eustoma grandiﬂorum, 9, 12, 19, 27, 164, Castanea sativa, 151 167, 168, 171, 172, 174, 175, 287, Centaurium cachanlahuen, 429 288, 292, 295, 297, 298 Centaurium erythraea, 9, 10, 13, 14, 19, 34, Eustoma russellianum, 287 36, 37, 113–115, 117, 121, 123–127, Exacum afﬁne, 15, 17, 287–290, 295, 383, 129–131, 428 384, 387–390, 392, 393, 396–398 Centaurium littorale, 37 Exacum alberti-grimaldi, 384 Centaurium pulchellum, 9 Exacum bicolor, 385, 386, 389, 391, 394, Centaurium rigualii, 33, 35, 278 396 Chamelaucium uncinatum, 297 Exacum hybrids named “Styer Group”, 396 Chelonanthus, 421–423, 429, 434 Exacum macranthum, 391 Chironia, 97, 366, 384 Exacum oldenlandoides, 384

Exacum pedunculatum, 384–386, 390, 391 Gentiana cruciata (+) G. tibetica Exacum quinquenervium, 384, 388 Gentiana dahurica, 27 Exacum tetragonum, 384, 385, 388 Gentiana davidii, 36, 81, 83, 84, 86–89 Exacum travancoricum, 394, 395 Gentiana davidii var. formosana, 83 Exacum trinervium subsp. ritigalensis, 384 Gentiana decumbens, 13, 171, 174 Exacum wightianum Arn., 385, 395 Gentiana detonsa, 94 Gentiana dinarica, 103, 320, 324, 325, 339, F 342 Festuca spp., 274 Gentiana engadinensis, 94 Frasera caroliniensis, 352 Gentiana germanica, 94, 102, 103 Gentiana hypericifolia, 94 G Gentiana kochiana, 96, 103, 105, 320, 325, Geissospermum spp., 429 326, 339, 340, 342 Gentiana acaulis, 3, 45, 51, 52, 56, 57, 63, Gentiana kurroo, 9, 11–13, 15, 18, 27, 64, 73, 75, 82, 167, 199, 201, 203, 33–35, 72, 82, 141, 167, 171–175, 205–211, 218, 220–223, 225–228, 179, 180, 272, 274, 275, 281, 386 232–235, 311–313 Gentiana kurroo (+) G. tibetica, 176 Gentiana albanica, 94, 102, 104–106, 336, Gentiana kurroo (+) G. cruciata, 163, 176, 342 179, 180, 182 Gentiana amarella, 94 Gentiana laciniata, 45 Gentiana anglica, 94 Gentiana laevicalyx, 94 Gentiana anisodonta, 94 Gentiana lutea, 3, 9, 19, 27, 35, 36, 48, 51, Gentiana aphylla, 430 52, 56, 57, 63–65, 66–73, 75, 77, 78, Gentiana asclepiadea, 51, 56, 57, 63–66, 75, 82, 98, 139–141, 145–150, 151, 154, 77, 83, 105, 199, 202, 203, 205, 156, 167, 168, 171, 175, 199, 201, 206, 208, 221–223, 232, 235, 311, 203, 205, 208, 210, 211, 215–235, 313, 320, 328, 329, 339, 341, 342 246, 311–315, 320–324, 332, Gentiana aspera, 94 339–342, 344, 403, 404, 407–413, Gentiana aurea, 94 428, 430 Gentiana austriaca, 94, 98, 102, 104–108, Gentiana lutea subsp. symphyandra, 407, 412 334, 336, 342 Gentiana lutescens, 94 Gentiana barbata, 94 Gentiana macrophylla, 19, 27, 37, 72, 278, Gentiana bavarica, 371, 372 352 Gentiana brachyphylla, 371, 372 Gentiana nana, 94 Gentiana bulgarica, 94, 95, 98, 102, 104–106, Gentiana nivalis, 320 106–108, 336, 342 Gentiana olivieri, 342 Gentiana cachanlahuen, 429 Gentiana pannonica, 9, 15, 16, 18, 34, 82, Gentiana campestris, 94, 102, 371, 372 83, 140, 145 Gentiana cerina, 9 Gentiana pilosa, 94 Gentiana ciliata, 94, 95, 103–105 Gentiana pneumonanthe, 13, 33, 45, 51, 52, Gentiana coimbifera, 9 56, 57, 63, 64, 72–75, 77, 78, 140, Gentiana columnae, 94 199, 203, 205, 208, 210, 211, Gentiana crassicaulis, 167, 171, 173 212–215 , 218–220, 234, 235, 256, Gentiana crispata, 93, 94, 95, 98, 104–106, 272, 278, 312, 314, 315, 320 336, 342 Gentiana punctata, 3, 9, 15, 36, 37, 45, 51, Gentiana cruciata, 5, 13, 15, 18, 19, 27, 34, 35, 52, 56, 63, 64, 72, 75, 77, 82, 98, 45, 51, 52, 57, 63, 64, 73, 75, 77, 82, 140, 199, 201, 205, 206, 208, 210, 140, 145, 164, 167, 172, 175, 176, 211, 218, 220–223, 225–228, 180, 182, 205, 206, 208, 210, 211, 232–235, 312–315, 320, 332, 333, 218, 220, 234, 235, 271–275, 278, 337, 339, 352 279, 281, 311–313, 315, 316, 320 Gentiana purpurea, 3, 19, 57, 82, 140 Latin Name Index 441

Gentiana ramosa, 94, 102, 371 Irlbachia, 423 Gentiana rigescens, 82, 356 Irlbachia alata, 429, 432 Gentiana saxosa, 294 Ixanthus, 97 Gentiana scabra, 3, 9, 13, 19, 82, 88, 141, 164, 167, 171, 173, 175, 187, 191, K 193–195, 205, 239, 256, 269, 270, Klackenbergia, 384 272, 278, 287, 288, 294, 295 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 386 Gentiana schleicheri, 371, 372 Kumara Parvatha, 385 Gentiana septemfida, 164, 167, 172 Gentiana serotina, 103, 294 L Gentiana spathacea, 98 Lisianthus purpurascens, 429 Gentiana straminea, 13, 34, 37, 83 Lisianthus russellianus, 18 Gentiana tenella, 94 Lisianthus uliginosus, 429 Gentiana tibetica, 15, 18, 27, 33, 34, 82, Lolium sp., 274 140, 145, 167, 171, 174–176, 179, Lomatogonium sp., 97, 359, 360 180, 269, 270, 272, 274, 278, 279 Lotus corniculatus, 10 Gentiana triflora, 3, 34, 35, 82, 164, 171, Lotus japonicus, 246 173, 174, 187, 191, 194, 195, 239, 248, 256, 272, 278, 287–289, 291, M 295, 297 Macrocarpaea, 97 Gentiana triflora var.axillaryflora, 3 Malus, 268 Gentiana triflora × G. scabra, 9, 12, 27, 28, Mangifera indica, 354 36, 164, 167, 171, 173, 174 Menyanthes trifoliata, 351 Gentiana uliginosa, 94 Micrococcus flavus, 387 Gentiana utriculosa, 320, 330, 331, 342 Gentiana verna, 45, 51, 52, 56, 57, 63, 64, N 73, 203, 205, 206, 208, 210, 211, Nicotiana sp., 222 218, 220, 234, 235, 320, 371, 372 Nicotiana tabacum ‘BY-2’, 273 Gentiana verna subsp. pontica, 356 Gentianella achalensis, 430 O Gentianella acuta, 96, 342, 371 Orphium, 97 Gentianella alborosea, 104, 356 Oryza sativa, 269 Gentianella amarella, 94, 365, 371, 372 Gentianella amarella subsp. acuta, 371 P Gentianella austriaca, 9, 93, 106, 311, 334, Panicum maximum, 269 341 Petunia hybrida, 33 Gentianella bulgarica, 36, 93, 352 Picea glauca, 154 Gentianella campestris, 371 Pinus pinaster, 154 Gentianella ciliata, 93, 103 Pisum sativum, 33 Gentianella germanica, 94, 102, 103 Plasmodiophora brassicae, 252 Gentianella lutescence subsp. carpatica, 95 Plasmodium berghei, 434 Gentianella nitida, 356, 360 Plasmodium falciparum, 421, 432, Gentianella ramosa, 372 434 Gentianella rispata, 93–95, 98, 101, 104 Plasmodium yoelii, 432 Gentianopsis paludosa, 359 Primula veris, 413 Proteus mirabilis, 340 H Proteus vulgaris, 386 Halenia, 97, 360, 361 Prunus persica, 269 Hoppea, 97 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 386, 387

I Q Idea leuconoe, 389 Quassia amara, 430 Iris pseudocorus, 10 Quercus robur, 151 442 Latin Name Index

R Swertia punctata, 343, 345 Ranunculus asiaticus, 296 Swertia punicea, 359 Retispatha dumetosa, 232 Swertia decussata, 386 Rosa, 120 Swertnia mussotii (+) Bupleurum Rumex sp., 413 scorzoner-olium, 163, 179, 180, 182

S T Salmonella paratyphi, 386 Tachia grandiflora, 293, 421, 431, 432, 434 Salmonellaparatyphi A, 386 Tachia guianensis, 431, 432 Salmonella typhi, 386 Tripterospermum chinense, 358 Salmonella typhimurium, 386 Sambucus nigra, 413 U Schultesia stenophylla, 431 Ungernia victoris, 219 Serratia marcescens, 340, 408 Shigella flexneri, 386 V Solanum tuberosum, 10 Veratrilla, 97, 358, 360, 361 Staphylococcus aureus, 88, 386, 387 Verbena officinalis, 413 Staphylococcus epidermidis, 340, 387 Vitis vinifera, 274 Staphylococus haemolyticus, 387 Voyria, 421 Swertia angustifolia, 356, 386 Swertia bimaculata, 3, 33 W Swertia chirata, 9–13, 33, 34 Withania somnifera, 314 Swertia chirayita, 3, 34, 361 Swertia cincta, 356 X Swertia delavayi, 361 Xylopia aromatica, 430 Swertia japonica, 336, 355 Swertia macrosperma, 336, 356 Z Swertia mussotii, 175, 180, 182 Zinnia elegans, 120 Swertia perennis, 336, 354 Subject Index

0–9 Adventitious bud, 11, 116, 123, 124, 126, 129, 1,3,4,5,8-substituted xanthones, 101, 103, 360 130 1,3,7-substituted xanthones, 97, 103, 326, Adventitious bud formation, 123 338 Adventitious organ, 2 1,3,7,8-substituted xanthones, 97 Adventitious roots, 10, 19, 57 18S-25S rDNA, 199, 221, 224, 225, 227, Adventitious shoot, 12, 19, 57, 72 228, 231–235 Adventitious shoots in root cultures, 114 18S-25S rRNA, 199, 220–222, 225, 227, AFLP alteration, 18 233, 234 Africa, 114, 384, 423 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 48, Agar medium, 14, 17, 273 115, 171, 206 Aggregate of cells, 14 2′–O–p-coumaroylloganin, 388 Aglycones, 103, 354, 356, 362, 368 2-methyldocosane, 105 AGP epitopes, 118, 126, 127, 132 2-methyleicosane, 105 Alkaloids, 114, 307, 350, 356 2–O–primeverosylpaeonol, 389 Alkanes, 100, 104, 114 35S-bar,, 241 Amarogentin, 321, 351, 405, 407 35S-GtMADS1-4, 241 Amaropanin, 321, 405 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), 188 Amaroswerin, 405, 407 5S rDNA, 199, 231–233, 236 Amitosis, 206 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), 46, 171, 206, Amplexine, 434 392 Amplicons, 212, 235 6′-O-β-D-glucosylgentiopicroside, 328 Analgesic activities, 404 6-O-β-D-glucosylmangiferin, 330 Analytical method, 387 7-O-β-D-glucosylmangiferin, 330 Analytical procedures, 99 8,5 dihydrobenzofurans, 391 Anaphase aberration level, 201, 204 Anaphase aberrations, 201, 206 A Andraﬁamena-Andavakoena region, 384 ABA medium, 270 Aneuploid cells, 201, 204, 205, 207, 209 Abiotic elicitors, 398 Anthelmintic, 320, 413 Abiotic factors, 139 Anther culture (androgenesis), 33, 35, 188, 193 Acetophenone derivatives, 387, 389 Anthocyanin biosynthetic, 244 Acetylcholinesterase, 96, 392 Anthocyanins, 254, 307 Acetylocholinesterase-inhibitory activity, 392 Antibacterial activities, 408 Activated charcoal, 9, 172 Anticancer activities, 392 Active principles, 88, 336, 340, 410, 434 Anticancer anti-oxidant action, 308 Acute atomic dyspepsia, 407 Anticholinergic activity, 98 Adaptogenic activity, 404 Antidepressant, 308, 336, 350, 411 Adenine sulfate, 12 Antihepatotoxic activity, 404 Anti-inﬂammatory activity, 408, 412, 416

Antimalarial activity, 421 Breakage-fusion-bridge, 206 Antimicrobial proteins, 250 Breast cancer, 391 Antioxidant activity, 96, 341, 390, 391, 409 Breeders rights, 255 Antisclerotic, 308 Breeding, 1, 187, 188, 194, 195, 221, 239, 240, Antispasmodic, 308 250, 254–257, 283, 301 Antiviral activity, 387, 408 Bridges cycle, 201, 204, 206, 234 Aqueous extract, 434 Bud apical, 2, 290, 404 Arabian Peninsula, 384 Bud axillary, 2, 35, 46, 107, 269 Arabinogalactan protein (AGP), 117 Artemisinin, 422 C Aseptic seed germination, 46 Caffeic acid, 391 Asthma, 385 Calcium oxalate, 405 Australia, 82, 121, 383 Calli, 12, 28, 63, 167, 180, 201, 204, 206, 216, Auxiliary buds, 219 220, 315 Auxin IAA, 10 Callus induction, 13, 48, 63, 82 Auxin IBA, 10, 108, 115, 140, 394, 395 Callus organogenesis, 12 Auxin NAA, 57, 296 Callus proliferation, 13, 63, 172, 179 Average chain length (ACL), 104 Callus tissue, 19, 84, 172, 205, 211, 219, 220, Axillary bud, 3, 10, 35, 268, 270, 272, 278, 308, 315, 392 395 Campestroside, 102 Axis of seedlings, 13 Campestroside isomer, 335 Camphor, 388 B Capacity for organogenesis, 74 BA, 13, 57 Capillary strengthening, 308 Bacteria pathotype, 19 Carbohydrate component, 96 Balkan Peninsula, 320, 330, 334 Carbon chains of the n-alkanes, 105 BamHI site, 224, 232 Carbon preference index (CPI), 104 BAP, 9–11, 13, 27, 36, 48, 52, 63, 72, 74, 154, Cardiotonic effects, 308 171, 173, 206, 392, 395, 398 Carotenoids, 246, 291 Bar genes, 28, 241 Cell aggregates, 15, 18, 84, 272, 273 Bark, 321, 431 Cell generative, 2 Basic genetic studies, 187 Cell manipulation, 2 Bellidifolin, 96, 340, 342, 359 Cell meristematic, 10, 120, 127 Bellidifolin glucosides, 36, 102 Cells cork, 404 Bellidifolin-8-O-glucoside, 102, 108 Cells cortical, 19, 405 Bialaphos resistance selection, 241 Cells cortical parenchymatous, 404 Binuculeate pollens, 188 Cells ligneous parenchymatous, 404 Bioactive principles, 88 Cells of chicken red blood, 33 Biochemical characteristics, 19 Cells of Petunia hybrida green leaf mesophyll, Biologically active compounds, 114 33 Biological system to conditions in vitro, 201 Cells of Pisum sativum green leaf mesophyll, Biological value of regenerants, 11 33 Biomass yield, 88 Cells of trout red blood, 33 Biotechnological, 15, 109 Cell somatic, 2, 11, 27, 132 Biotechnological approaches, 139, 140, 240 Cell suspension, 13, 15, 17, 27, 28, 34, 35, 37, Biotechnology, 1, 2, 37, 82, 106, 163, 392 84, 87, 120, 130, 168, 173, 271 Biotic factors, 139 Cell vacuolated, 19, 270, 274 Biotransformation reaction, 398 Cell wall, 117, 120, 126, 167, 291 Bittering agents, 114 Central cylinder, 127, 129 Bitter taste, 321, 407 Central nervous system, 96, 308, 340, 355, 410 Bitter tonic, 114, 385, 406, 430 C-Glucoﬂavones, 102, 324, 334, 338 Blade of leaf, 12 C-glucoﬂavonoids, 320 Bombardment particle, 27 C-Glucoxanthone mangiferin, 323 Branched subcylindrical pieces, 404 Chalcone synthase (CHS) gene, 244 Subject Index 445

Changes of pH, 144 Cytokinin 4PU-30, 10 Chemical constituents, 99 Cytokinin 6-IPA, 140 Chemotaxonomic medicinal information, 104 Cytokinin CPPU, 11, 72 Chemotaxonomical position of G. ciliata, 103 Cytokinin kinetin, 10, 12–14, 37, 85, 87, 150 Chimeric RNAi technology, 244 Cytokinin purine-type, 10 China, 384 Cytokinins, 10–12, 19, 36, 46, 52, 72, 116, Chlorogenic acid, 390, 396 140, 296 Chloroplasts, 11, 143, 182, 291 Cytokinin supplementation, 141, 290 Cholagogic, 308 Cytokinin TDZ, 10, 11, 13, 27, 49, 57, 66, 72, Choleretic purpose, 339, 407 75, 395 Chromatospectrophotometric method, 308 Cytokinin urea-type, 10, 11 Chromosome aberration rate, 200 Cytokinin zeatin, 10, 12, 35, 72, 140, 171, 173 Chromosome number, 11, 33, 182, 201, 206, Cytometric ﬂow, 18, 34 208, 234 Cytotoxic activity, 387, 391 Chromosome number variation, 201, 205, 207 Chromosome sets, 199, 206, 235 D Chromosomes in metaphases, 201 Decoction, 423, 429, 431, 432 Cold acclimation, 269 Decussation, 434 Cold-sensitive species, 269 Decussatin-1-O-primeveroside, 327 Cold stress, 144, 271 Dedifferentiation of callus, 2, 10, 13, 19, 191 Cold treatment, 269 Defective GtMYB3 gene, 254 Collenchymatous phelloderm, 404 Demand pharmaceutical, 2, 114 Colon cancer, 391 Demethylbellidifolin, 36, 96, 341, 342 Competence embryogenic, 16, 140, 143–145, Demethylbellidifolin-8-O-glucoside, 36, 334, 150 341 Cork tissue, 405 Demethyleustomin, 37 Cortex of root, 11, 19, 113, 126, 127, 129 Dendrogram, 212, 217, 219 Corymbiferin, 100, 334 Diagnostic characters, 405 Corymbiferin glucosides, 371 Diarrhoea, 385 Corymbiferin-1-O-glucoside, 335 Dicentric chromosomes, 206 CpG/CpWpG cytosine sequences, 242 Dihaploid, 83 CPPU, 11, 392 Diploid, 35, 194, 195, 199, 201, 204, 207, 208, Cryopreservation, 18, 34, 139, 156, 267–269, 234, 235 271–275, 279, 281, 283 Diploid cells, 204, 207, 208 Cryostorage, 35, 268, 274, 279 Diploid chromosome number, 208 Cryotreatment, 268, 271, 272, 274, 275, 278, Diploid chromosome set, 234, 235 283 Direct organogenesis, 48, 214, 220 Culture axenic, 3, 13, 37, 48 Direct organogenesis in vitro, 78 Culture derived from cotyledon, 18 Direct regeneration, 71 Culture derived from hypocotyl, 15 Disease resistance, 240, 250 Culture derived from root, 212 Diuretic, 342 Culture derived from shoot, 33, 213 DNA content, 18, 33, 34, 174, 257 Culture of anthers, 195 DNA methylation, 18, 243, 257 Culture of protoplasts, 13, 27, 28, 34, 167, 168, DNA sequences, 18, 118, 200, 235, 243, 357 171–174, 179 DNA TL region, 391 Culture of short day, 9 Donor plant, 18, 34, 191, 199, 210, 212, 213, Cut-ﬂower, 187, 247, 287–290, 292, 294, 297, 215, 218, 219 298, 300 Double haploid (DH) plants, 83 Cytogenetic, 167, 200, 204, 206, 208, 211, 235 Double layer medium, 192 Cytogenetic conservation, 234 Dried rhizome, 404 Cytogenetic features, 205 Dried roots, 82, 88, 406, 413 Cytogenetic structure, 199, 206 Dwarf mutants, 246 Cytokinin 2iP, 392 Dye of aceto-carmine, 33 446 Subject Index

Dye of aceto-orcein, 33 Ethnomedicinal studies, 320 Dye of basic fuchsin, 33 Ethnomedicinal uses, 385 Dysentery, 385 Ethnopharmacological survey, 385 Ethnopharmacology, 422 E Eustomin, 114 EcoRI site, 221, 224, 225 Eustomorussid, 338 Effective regeneration, 11–13, 28 Eustomosid, 333 Effect on central nervous system, 410 Events morphogenic, 12 Efﬁciency of regeneration, 141, 146 Explant, 1, 2, 10–13, 15, 19, 27, 33, 47, 48, 63, Electrophoregrams, 216 66, 68, 70, 73, 115, 123, 126, 129, 149 Electrophoresis two-dimension, 3 Explant node, 83, 394 Embryo cotyledonary stage, 11, 27, 35, 37, Explant of plant, 11 154, 191, 279 Explant of seedling, 2, 9, 11, 13–15, 28, 115, Embryogenic callus, 13–15, 27, 33, 37, 167, 123 171, 173, 279, 282, 393 Explants of cotyledon, 18 Embryogenic cell population, 149, 151, 156, Explants of embryo, 14, 148 279 Explants of leaf blade, 11 Embryogenic competence, 140, 143, 150 Explants of root, 116, 123, 125–127, 129 Embryogenic suspension, 27, 268, 272, 281 Explants of shoot, 10, 35, 71 Embryogenesis direct, 10, 141, 173, 188 Extracellular spaces, 117 Embryogenesis from anther culture, 188, 192 Extract of yeast, 37 Embryogenesis somatic, 10, 11, 14, 17, 19, 37, Exudates, 117, 119 83, 115, 120, 123, 125, 127, 130, 132, 140–142, 144–146, 148, 154, 173, 274, F 392 Factors affecting gynogenesis, 188, 193 Embryo germination, 106, 145 Factors different, 86, 144 Embryo globular stage, 18, 35, 127, 129, 282 Fatty, 114, 388 Embryo production, 15, 18, 36, 192, 268 Febrifuge, 82, 385, 429, 430 Embryo-like structure, 193 Female gametophytic cells, 142, 187 Embryonal stages, 37, 132, 142, 143 Ferulic acid, 390 Embyogenesis indirect, 19, 140, 173 Fevers, 82, 423, 428, 430 Encapsulation/dehydration technique, 18, 270, Flavone C-glucosides, 97, 100 273, 278, 281 Flavonoid accumulation, 142, 151, 182, 220 Endangered species, 139, 175, 283, 332 Flavonoid content, 308, 310, 313 Endogenous proline, 270 Flavonoids, 96, 307, 308, 312, 314, 332, 355, Endomitosis, 194 362, 366, 368, 391, 406 Endopolyploidy, 206 Flavonol synthase (FLS) gene, 195 Endoreduplications, 208 Floral fragrance, 388 Endothelial cell death, 410 Floral odour, 388 Enteric infections, 385, 386 Flower bud, 15, 107, 188, 298, 299 Enzyme acid phosphatase (ACPH), 35 Flower colour, 164 Enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), 35 Flowering in vitro, 3 Enzyme esterase (EST), 35 Flowering mechanism, 248, 249, 253 Enzyme glutamate oxalacetate transaminase Flowering time, 94, 240, 247–249 (GOT), 35 Folk medicine, 95, 98, 350, 407 Epicotyl cultivation, 106 Fractions of embryos, 16 Epicotyl excision, 106 Fructose, 3, 37, 97, 269, 328, 406 Epicuticular waxes, 104 Functional analysis of genes, 257 Epidermal cells, 11, 19, 119, 125, 127, 129, Functional markers, 254 130, 154, 291 Essential oil, 356, 388, 406 G Ethnobotanical studies, 385, 386, 423 GABA-benzodiazepine, 391 Ethnobotany, 36 Gall diseases, 320 Ethnomedicinal information, 320, 385 Gallic acid, 409 Subject Index 447

Gas chromatography (GC), 99 β-Glc Yariv reagent, 118, 120–122, 125, 126, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry 130 (GC-MS), 182 Globular embryos, 15, 120, 281 Gastric juice, 339, 406, 407 Globular somatic embryos, 113, 123, 127, 143, Gastric purposes, 351, 407 152, 281 Gastrointestinal tract effects, 83, 350, 407 Glucopaeonol, 389 Gastroprotective effects, 407 Glucose, 3, 37, 97, 168, 269, 298, 358, 406 GC-FID technique, 388 Glucoside, 82, 88, 98, 100 GC-FTIR-MS technique, 388 Growth index, 48, 78, 315, 316 GC-sniffing technique, 388 Growth regulators, 10, 12, 15, 63, 72, 115, 116, Gel-electrophoresis of PCR products, 210 125, 142, 171, 192, 206, 315, 394 Gene expression, 16, 35, 120, 131, 143, 144, GtFT1 and GtTFL1 determine flowering 298 GtMADS1-4, 241 Genera Gentiana, 350, 359 Gum arabic, 119 Genera Gentianella, 9, 94, 96–98, 101, 103, 108, 342, 359, 360, 364, 370, 372 H Genera Swertia, 2, 96–98, 103, 180 Hairy root culture, 19 Genes showing high homologies, 248 Haploid plants, 188 Genetic distance, 210, 217–220 Headspace analysis, 387 Genetic engineering, 119, 244, 246, 283 Headspace concentrate, 388 Genetic linkage maps, 257 Heat stress, 144 Genetic markers, 209, 240, 254, 255 Heavy metals, 144 Genetic polymorphism, 210 Hepatoprotective purpose, 407 Genetic transformation, 27, 240 Herbal extract, 114, 413 Genetic transformation technology, 239 Heterogeneity, 208, 220, 223, 231, 235, 279 Genetic variation, 164, 199, 217, 234 Heterozygosity, 188 Genetic variation in culture, 218 High performance liquid chromatography Genotype, 35, 46, 52, 57, 63, 69, 72, 75, 78, (HPLC), 88, 99, 362, 363 191, 193, 200, 206, 209, 216, 268, 308, Himalayas, 384 315 HindIII site, 222–224, 229, 231, 234 Genotype role, 206 Histochemical Localization, 121, 125 Gentiacaulein, 96, 103, 359 HPLC-RP, 18 Gentiacaulein-1-O-glucoside, 327 HPLC analysis, 103 Gentiacaulein-1-O-primeveroside, 327 HPLC method, 398 Gentiacaulenin-1-O-primeveroside, 327 HPLC-RP, 30, 32 Gentiacauloside, 330 Human immunocompetent cells, 340, 410 Gentiakochianin, 103, 340, 341 Hybrid sexual, 164 Gentianae radix, 320, 350, 403–411, 413 Hybrid somatic, 175 Gentian root, 75, 315, 404, 405, 407, 412, 413 Hydrodistillation, 387 Gentian species, 2, 11, 19, 27 Hydrolyze casein, 9 Gentianose, 97, 328, 359, 406 Hydrolyze lactalbumin, 9, 173 Gentiokochianin-7-O-primeveroside, 327 Hydroxycinnamic acid, 390 Gentiopicrin, 37, 103, 339, 351, 408 Hygromycin selection, 28 Gentiopicroside, 9, 36, 88, 90, 366, 388, 403, 408, 411 I Gentioside, 321, 333 IAA, 10, 12–14, 35, 37, 57, 72, 85, 86, 115, Gentisic acid, 390, 398 140, 141, 144, 148, 150, 173, 174, 395 Gentisin, 403, 406, 411 IBA, 10, 108, 115, 140, 141, 144, 147, 148, Genus Gentiana, 45, 82, 94, 105, 140, 221, 150, 173, 174, 394–396 222, 225, 257, 268, 320, 352, 358 Immmunolocalization, 114 Germlings, 13 Immunocytochemical localization, 122, 126, Germplasm conservation, 82, 278 131 Gibberellic acid, 9, 11, 106, 116, 142, 193, 394 Immunological influence, 406 Gibberellins (GA3), 2, 9 In vitro conservation, 140 448 Subject Index

In vitro culture, 2, 82, 114, 139, 164, 218, 240 Level morphological, 18, 28 In vitro propagation, 2, 3, 9, 82, 83, 106, 107, Light intensity, 10, 85, 87, 88, 289 115, 392, 395 Lignified vessels, 403 In vitro propagation method, 2, 9, 83, 106 Limonene, 388 Inbreeding depression, 188, 239 Linkage markers, 254 Incubation period, 85, 90 Liquid medium, 9, 15, 84, 172, 192, 272–274, India, 342, 384–386, 394, 430 281 Indian Ocean, 384 Long-term conservation, 268, 275, 279 Indirect embryogenesis, 140 Long term culture, 206 Indirect morphogenesis, 140, 141 L–phenylalanine, 397, 398 Indirect regeneration, 212, 215, 220 Luteolin, 391, 396, 406 Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), 57, 115, 173 Luteolin acid, 396 Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), 115, 173 Infusions, 423, 428, 430 M Inhibitors of monoamine oxidase, 355 MAC207 epitope, 119, 120 Internode explants, 395 Macroelements, 46, 57, 123, 168, 252 Interspecific somatic hybrids, 279 Madagascar, 384 Intertropical region, 422 MADS-box genes, 241, 242 Intracellular oxidative stress, 410 Malaria, 421–423, 429–431, 434 Iridoids, 98, 307, 350, 352, 358, 388 Malaysia, 384 Ischaemia, 391 Male gametophytic cells, 188 Island of Socotra, 384 Maltose, 152, 269 Isoenzyme, 35, 180, 355 Mangalore, 385 Isogentiacaulein, 103 Mangiferin, 97, 102, 182, 309, 340, 341, 354, Isolated root culture, 212, 213, 219, 310 358, 360 Isoorientin, 97, 102, 341, 355, 372 Mannitol, 142, 148, 150, 151, 154, 168, 171, Isovitexin, 97, 341, 355 172, 269 ISSR analysis, 34, 195, 212–214 Market value, 247 Mass cloning, 83 J Mass propagation in vitro, 9, 83 Japanis gentians, 240, 244, 246, 247, 250, 251, Mauritius, 384 254, 255, 257 Mean number of regenerants, 49, 71 JIM16 epitopes, 120, 127, 129 Medicinal plant, 46, 88, 117, 200, 339, 350, 385 K Medium, 3, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 27, 37, 46, Kade-chirayet, 386 48, 51, 57, 63, 67, 75, 83, 84, 87, 116, Kanamycin resistance selection, 241 122, 130, 139, 142, 154, 171–173, 179, Karnataka, 385 191, 192, 206, 272, 365, 395 Karyological investigations, 34, 200, 209 Medium hormone free, 10, 50 K-deficient conditions, 253 Medium liquid, 9, 84, 172, 192, 272–274, 281 Kinetin, 10, 12–15, 37, 46, 85, 140, 141, 147, Medium of B5, 3, 13, 48, 75, 171 148, 150, 192, 396 Medium of Linsmaier and Skoog, 115 Medium of Murashige and Skoog, 3, 46, 83, L 107, 115, 168, 190, 392 Lactose, 269 Medium of Nitsch and Nitsch, 3, 191 Lanceoside, 334 Medium of woody plants, 150 Larch arabinogalactans, 119 Medium pH, 85, 87 Leaf alkanes, 100, 104 Medium solid, 19, 37, 192 Leaf culture, 115 Melghat forest, 385 Leaf segments, 12 Meristem formation, 2 Leukaemia cells, 391 Meristem regions, 279 Level cytological, 19, 188, 191 Meristematic centres, 113, 129 Level genetic, 28 Mesophyll cells, 11, 13, 33, 163, 167, 174 Subject Index 449

Metabolite secondary, 1, 2, 15, 36, 37, 93, 96, N 108, 114, 117, 175, 272, 334, 387, 422 Namdapha National Park, 385 Metabolites secondary bellidifolin-O-glucoside α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), 75, 115 (GBL), 36 Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), 10, 12, 15, 19, Metabolites secondary demethylbellidifolin 35, 49, 63, 67, 83, 107, 140, 141, 392, (DMB), 36 394, 395, 498 Metabolites secondary Naphthoxyacetic acid (NOA), 191, 192 demethylbellidifolin-8-O-glucoside Natural polyploids, 205 (DGL), 36 Natural tetraploid, 204 Metabolites secondary demethyleustomin Neoplastic diseases, 391 secoiridoid, 36 Nitric oxide (II) synthase (NOS), 241, 391 Metabolites secondary gentiopicrin, 37, 114 Nodal bud, 395 Metabolites secondary gentiopicroside, 37 Nonmorphogenic cultures, 78, 219, 315 Metabolites secondary medicine plant-derived, Northern Australia, 384 36 Nuclear DNA content, 18, 33, 257 Metabolites secondary methylbellidifolin, 37 Nuclear fusion, 194 Metabolites secondary methyl-jasmonate, 37 Number of chromosomes, 33, 201, 235 Metabolites secondary swertiamarin, 36, 37 Nutrient stress, 144 Metabolites secondary xanthones, 36 Metabolome, 251–253 O Metabolome analysis, 240, 251–253 o-coumaric acid, 390, 398 MetAFLP, 18, 34 Olfactorially evaluated, 388 Methanolic extracts, 332, 340, 369, 372, 387, Organ culture, 45, 88, 199, 209, 213, 217, 308 398, 408, 409 Organogenesis, 1, 10, 35, 72, 73, 75, 115, 123, Methoxy groups, 390 132, 141, 145, 173, 219, 396 Methyl jasmonate, 397 Origin unicellular, 11 Microclonal propagation, 46, 51, 52 Ornamental plants, 187, 240, 246 Microelements, 3 Oryzalin, 195 Microprojectiles of gold, 28 Osmotic dehydration, 267, 273 Microprojectiles of tungsten, 28 Osmotic pressure, 171, 172, 269 Micropropagation, 9, 35, 51, 57, 82, 90, 164, Osmotic stress, 36, 148, 152, 154, 271, 274 394, 395, 499 Osmoticum, 145, 172, 269 Molecular breeding, 240, 243, 257 Ovary culture (gynogenesis), 187, 188, 193, Molecular function, 36 194 Molecular genetic marker, 187, 220, 254 Oxidative reactions, 390 Molecular markers, 33, 34, 180, 194, 234, 255 Oxidative stress per se, 144 Molecular markers ISSR, 34, 234 Molecular markers metAFLP, 34 P Molecular markers RAPD, 34, 234 p-hydroxybenzoic acid, 390, 398 Monoclonal antibodies, 113, 118, 120, 127, Paclobutrazol, 11, 116 129 Paeonol 2-hydroxy-4′-methoxyacetophenone Monoclonal antibodies recognizing AGPs, 113, Glycoside, 389 127 Palisade cells, 11 Monoclonal antibody JIM13, 120 Parental lines, 188 Monoclonal antibody JIM15, 120 Pathotype virulent, 27 Monoclonal antibody LM2, 113, 120, p-coumaric acid, 390 127 Peduncle, 15 Monoterpene aglycone, 434 PEM, 14, 15, 270, 275, 282 Morphogenetic potential, 37, 113, 130 PEM encapsulated, 36, 274 Morphogenic culture, 219, 220 Pericycle, 10, 19 Morphology modiﬁcation, 246 Period incubation, 85, 90 Multicellular clumps, 281 Peroxidation, 341, 390, 408 Multiple shoots, 2, 83, 396 pH changes, 87, 88 Multishoots, 9 Pharmacological potential, 383, 399 450 Subject Index

Pharmacological properties, 336, 349, 355, Propagation in vitro proteins, 2 362, 391, 406 Proteome, 34, 251, 271 Phenolcarbonic acids, 307 Protocatechuic acid, 390 Phenolic acids, 37, 114, 387, 389–391, 398 Purulia district, 385 Phenolic compounds, 66, 151, 387, 398 PVS2, 272, 279 Phenotype, 18, 34, 246, 248, 252, 254 PVS3, 276, 277 Phenylurea, 392 Physiological changes, 268, 270, 291 Q α-pinene, 388 Qualitative analysis, 390 Plant aneuploid, 201, 205 Quinine, 422 Plant biodiversity, 139 Plant cell suspension culture, 84 R Plant development, 118, 120, 296 Radiations, 104, 289, 410 Plant diploid, 35, 194, 195 Raffinose, 269 Plant growth regulators (PGRs), 10, 15, 85, Recurrent embryogenesis, 154 115, 116, 123, 143, 171, 396 Red Book, 337 Plant gums, 117, 119 Regenerant, 2, 11, 18, 28, 28, 33, 34, 37, 68, Plant haploid, 2, 188 72, 74, 124, 130, 142, 156, 164, 195, Plant hybrid, 176, 183 214, 217, 220 Plant regeneration, 10, 13, 27, 28, 73, 116, 156, Regenerant evaluation, 28 163, 172, 174, 179, 187, 195, 268 Regeneration efficiency, 49, 66, 70, 78, 180 Plant regeneration abilities, 191 Regeneration of callus, 27 Plant regeneration system, 82, 179 Regeneration of shoot, 167, 278 Plant tissue culture, 1, 2, 82, 114, 399 Regeneration percentage, 67, 71, 130 Plant triploid, 33 Regeneration rates, 268 Plantlets, 2, 107, 142, 154, 190, 195, 252, 253, Rhizodermal cells, 10 395, 396 Root cortex, 11, 19, 126 Plantlets hardening, 84 Root culture, 19, 45, 50, 75, 106, 117, 120, Plants, 2, 11, 13, 33, 36, 46, 51, 66, 72, 82, 94, 121, 124, 126, 127, 130, 216, 220, 308, 108, 114, 117, 131, 139, 143, 148, 164, 314, 315 174, 187, 188, 193, 196, 205, 212, 220, Root epidermis, 113 224, 228, 229, 231, 240, 246, 251, 254, Root hairy, 11, 19, 26, 117 267, 279, 287, 289, 292, 307, 311, 320, Root segments culture, 83, 121 355, 383, 385, 389, 413, 422, 423, 434 Rooting of shoots, 141 Plants protected, 83 Roots, 10, 11, 19, 37, 63, 68, 72, 73, 75, 83, Plasma membrane, 117, 129, 269, 291 100, 117, 127, 141, 149, 212, 219, 307, Plasmid of bacteria, 27 313, 315, 320, 324, 328, 334, 342, 389, Ploidy level, 163, 203, 209 404, 421, 430, 434 Polyethylene glycol (PEG), 150, 152, 179 Rosmarinic acid, 390, 398 Polyhydric alcohols, 269 Polyploids, 174, 194, 205 S Potential morphogenic, 1, 11, 12, 14, 18, 72, Salicylic acid, 390, 398 73, 173, 175 Sclerenchyma cells, 120 Practical F1 breeding, 187 Secoiridoid, 37, 82, 83, 88, 96, 98, 100, 103, Precocious germination, 145 114, 117, 320, 321, 323, 326, 328, 332, Primary culture, 140, 145, 147, 148 334, 338, 350, 351, 353, 356, 361, 362, Principal activity, 387 366–368, 371, 388, 407, 408, 411 Proembryogenic callus, 13 Secoiridoid glucosides, 98, 114, 117 Proembryogenic mass, 270, 281 Second cycle of embryogenesis, 152 Proembryos, 281, 282 Secondary metabolites production, 2, 9, 36, 37, Proline, 270 117, 272 Propagated vegetatively, 11, 278 Section Calathianae, 371, 372 Propagation clonal, 252, 392 SectionCruciata Gaudin, 13 Propagation efficiency, 57 SectionGentiana, 256 Subject Index 451

Section Pneumonanthe, 256 Stomach ache, 385, 406 Sedative properties, 391 Strain A4M70GUS A. rhizogenes, 117 Seed dormancy micropropagation, 9 Strength double, 3 Seed germination, 9, 46, 93, 106 Strength half, 3, 19, 115, 121, 141, 191 Seedling, 1, 2, 12, 34, 121, 129, 141, 232 Subepidermal cells, 126 Seedling growth, 9 Substances, 37, 104, 307, 391, 406, 421, 422 Seedlings culture axenic, 3, 13, 37, 48 Sucrose, 3, 13, 27, 36, 37, 48, 121, 141, 145, Segments internodal, 83 148, 150, 151, 156, 171, 191–193, Segments leaf, 12 269–272, 274, 293, 295–299, 301, 397, Segments nodal, 278 398 Segments root, 83, 116, 121, 122 Sucrose concentration, 3, 270, 398 Segments stem, 392 Sugar alcohols, 150, 151, 154, 156, 269 Sensoric quality closer, 388 Sugar concentration, 37, 269 Shaker speed, 81, 85, 86, 89, 90 Suspension cultures, 10, 14, 34, 82, 84–86, 89, Shikimic acid, 352, 398 268, 272–274, 279, 281, 282, 308 Shoot apices, 268, 272, 278 Sweroside, 9, 98, 114, 339, 351, 352, 366, 405, Shoot elongation, 9 407, 412 Shoot regeneration, 10, 12, 19, 27, 68, 72, 73, Swertiamarin, 36, 37, 88, 89, 98, 103, 182, 106 339, 353, 351, 352, 366, 388 Shoot rhizogenesis, 67, 71 Swertiamin, 114 Shoots, 2, 9, 12, 36, 46, 57, 72, 73, 83, 93, 140, Symptoms related to malaria, 421 141, 173, 290, 311, 315, 392, 396 Syringic acid, 390, 398 Sinapic acid, 390, 498 Systems photomorphogenesis, 87 Sleep-enhancing properties, 392 Systems photosensory/photoregulations, 87 Somaclonal variation, 18, 34, 174, 200, 210, Systems photosynthesis, 87, 253, 289 212, 217, 219, 220, 234, 278 Somatic embryo, 10, 11, 13, 15, 18, 33, 72, T 113, 123, 127, 129, 130, 142, 143, 146, Tamil Nadu, India, 394 148, 150, 154, 173, 268, 279, 393 Tannins, 387 Somatic embryo conversion, 143, 146, 151, TDZ, 10, 12, 13, 49, 66–68, 70, 72, 73, 173 156 Thawing, 268, 272, 273, 279 Somatic embryogenesis, 10, 15, 17, 19, 116, Therapeutical applications, 398 123, 130, 139 Tissue and organ cultures, 199, 200, 209, 212, somatic embryogenesis, 141–143, 148, 173 217, 218, 220, 308 Somatic embryogenesis in cell suspension, 14, Tolerance to LN storage, 268 115 Total ﬂavonoids content, 312 Source explants, 11, 33, 106, 395 Transformant, 2, 19, 27, 28 South America, 98, 114, 421, 422, 430 Transformant putative, 28 South Western Ghats, 394 Transformed plants, 19, 27, 28, 117, 279 Southern Asia, 383, 384 Transgenese, 27, 241, 243 Species evolution, 221 Transgenic, 19, 28, 240–245, 249, 252, 273 Spectra 12C NMR, 388 Trehalose, 269 Spectra 1H NMR, 388, 389 Tropical Africa, 431 Spectra EIMS, 389 True-to-type, 28 Spectra IR, 100, 388 TTC test, 279 Spectra UV, 99, 364, 366, 372, 388 Tuberculostatic effects, 308 Spectrophotometric method, 308, 310 Sri Lanka, 383, 384 U Stage of ﬂowering, 28, 98 Ultra violet UV, 99, 144, 179, 281, 363, 365, Stage of ovule development, 193 372 Starvation, 144 Ultrastructural reconstruction, 270 Stele, 19 Unfertilized ovule culture(gynogenesis), 252 Stem cuttings, 46 Uninucleate microspores, 188, 191, 193 Stimulate central nervous system, 96, 308 Unreduced microspores, 194 452 Subject Index

V Weight dry, 15, 36, 292, 299, 310, 311, 314, Vanillic acid, 390, 398 389 Vascular tissue, 125, 126 Weight fresh, 15, 78, 167, 278, 292, 296, 297 Vegetal fragrance, 388 West Bengal, 385 Virus type 1 (HSV-1 KOS), 387 Wounding, 123, 124, 131, 144 Vitrification, 268, 272, 273, 275, 278 Vitrification of internal solutes, 268 X Vitrification solution, 278 Xanthone, 36, 37, 96, 97, 100, 101, 103, 108, Vitrification technique, 268, 275, 278 114, 117, 307, 308, 311, 313, 322, 324, Volatile constituents, 387, 388 328–33, 334, 337, 340, 350, 352, 355, VSL, 278 357, 359, 360, 362, 364, 366, 371, 372, 387, 405, 434 W Xanthone accumulation, 315 W14/W15 allelic genes, 195 Xanthone content, 308, 310, 311, 315 Waxes, 104, 114