See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259394895 Isolation of Major Components from the Roots of Godmania aesculifolia and Determination of Their Antifungal Activities Article in Planta Medica · December 2013 DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1351025 · Source: PubMed CITATIONS READS 2 5,866 7 authors, including: Giselle Tamayo Victor Manuel Vasquez University of Costa Rica University of Costa Rica 146 PUBLICATIONS 5,523 CITATIONS 10 PUBLICATIONS 177 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Maria Rodriguez Godofredo Solano Rosario National University University of Costa Rica 25 PUBLICATIONS 234 CITATIONS 8 PUBLICATIONS 85 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Bioactive Natural Products from Endophytic fungi View project Phytochemical investigation of Pterocaulon species View project All content following this page was uploaded by Mahabir Prashad Gupta on 21 August 2014. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Compendium of Medicinal and Aromatic plants THE AMERICAS Mahabir P. Gupta Sukhdev Swami Handa Gennaro Longo Dev Dutt Rakesh Editors Mahabir P. Gupta, Profesor Titular de Farmacognosia y Director de Centro de Investigaciones Farmacognósticas de la Flora Panameña, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Panama, Panama, Republica de Panama Sukhdev Swami Handa, International Consultant, Industrial Utilization of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Environment, ICS; Scientific Adviser Emami Group of Companies, Health Care Products Division, Kolkata, India Gennaro Longo, Chief of Environment Area, Special Adviser on Technology Development, ICS Dev Dutt Rakesh, International Consultant, Industrial Utilization of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Environment, ICS Acknowledgments Special thanks to the work done by Mr. Mohd Shahidan Mohamad Arshad, ICS Fellow during 2011, for his constant support in updating and reviewing the information received by the authors and by the experts contacted in the different countries, as well as to Ms. Elisa Maria Sarti, staff of ICS, who followed the compilation, preparation and editorial work of the volume. We acknowledge, with thanks, the help received from the following persons in reviewing and updating the compiled information on the medicinal and aromatic plants of their respective countries. South America Ms. Susana Zacchino, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, (Argentina) – [email protected] Mr. Alberto Giménez, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, (Bolivia) – [email protected] Ms. Thereza Christina Monteiro de Lima, ICS MAPs National Focal Point, Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis (Brazil) – [email protected] Ms. Gloria Montenegro, ICS MAPs National Focal Point, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago (Chile) – [email protected] Mr. Gabriel Jaime Arango, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin (Colombia) - [email protected]; [email protected] Mr. Esteban Ferro, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Asuncion (Paraguay) – [email protected] Ms. Olga Lock, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Perú, Lima (Peru) – [email protected] Mr. Stephen Tillett, Herbario “Ovalles” (MYF), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas (Venezuela) – [email protected] 3 North and Central America Ms. Alice Pérez, ICS MAPs National Focal Point, Natural Products Research Centre, CIPRONA, San Jose (Costa Rica) – [email protected] Ms. Marlene Porto and Mr. René Delgado, National Center for Drug Research and Development, CIDEM, Havana, (Cuba) – [email protected]; [email protected] Mr. Manuel Antonio Vázquez Tineo, Mr. César Lozano (Puerto Rico) – (Dominican Republic) – [email protected]; [email protected] Mr. Armando Cáceres, Universidad de San Carlos, Guatemala y Farmaya. S.A., (El Salvador, Guatemala y Honduras) – [email protected] Mr. Robert Weniger, Universidad de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France (Haiti) – [email protected]; [email protected] Mr. Mahabir Gupta, ICS MAPs National Focal Point, Centro de Investigaciones Farmacognósticas de la Flora Panameña, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Panama, Panama (Panama) – [email protected] Mr. César Lozano, Universidad de Puerto Rico (Puerto Rico) – [email protected] Ms. Angela Margaret Ishmael-Severin, Forestry Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Dept. Castries (Saint Lucia) – [email protected] Mr. Compton Seaforth, The Caribbean Herbal Medicine Research Institute, The University of Trinidad & Tobago, Waterloo Research Centre, Trinidad (Trinidad and Tobago) – [email protected] The Compendium of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants provides policy-makers, the scientific community and entrepreneurs with comprehensive information on the medicinal and aromatic plant sector on a continental basis. It has been divided into four volumes: Africa, Asia, Europe and The Americas. The information compiled will encourage strategic partnerships in scientific research and business alliances. This volume presents an overview of qualitative and quantitative data on medicinal and aromatic plant resources, the status of their use in traditional systems of medicine and R&D activities in thirty-seven American countries. 4 Preface The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the continents of North America and South America with their islands and regions. The Americas cover 8.3% of the Earth’s total surface area and contain about 14% of the human population. International and national trade in alternative medicine including herbal products is nearly USD 70 billion. The estimated global trade in medicinal and aromatic plants and their products wasUSD250 billion in 2000, and is expected to reach USD 5trillion by 2050 according to the World Bank report. China, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom, and United States of America are the important global market for MAPs. An enhanced global interest in the use of MAPs and the increasing demand of the raw materials by pharmaceutical, nutrition, cosmetic and perfumery industries have resulted in a vast and expanding market in the last two decades. Estimates suggest that, in the US and Europe, the trade has typically been growing at the average of 10% per year, driven by the popularity of MAPs based products and the increasing official recognition of the benefits of traditional medical systems involving herbal preparations. The American flora represents one of the world’s wealthiest sources of material with pharmacological activity. Historical records demonstrate that Americans have used several medicinal plant species for thousands of years. The Spanish and the Portuguese introduced several American plant species to other part of the world and, also transported them in great quantities to Europe. In spite of the very rich natural resources, the American countries have not used their rich biodiversity in a proper way to benefit their own development. Furthermore, because of the uncontrolled exploitation, most of the relevant areas of these countries biodiversity are being reduced rapidly, and important plant species are disappearing. Despite the many individual efforts of the governments to preserve the biodiversity for future generations, the traditional knowledge, especially that derived from traditional medicine is fast disappearing in the rural American communities. There are considerable differences in the kinds of policies and regulations that have been developed. Many countries have regulation and registrations systems for herbal medicines, yet a number of countries still developing similar laws, regulations or national policies on TM/CAM. However, the number of countries having expert groups, national research institutes and national offices is much higher, indicating such policies and regulations are being developed, or will be developed in the near future. The MAPs pharmaceutical industry is in the early stages in many of the Americas countries. Due to 5 lack of reliable information on the trade statistics, it is very difficult to estimate the American market of MAPs and their products. A number of international organization such as the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), The World Health Organization (WHO), the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), among others, have been addressing the issues concerning medicinal and aromatic plants through support for research, networking and coordination. Some American nations are now developing national policies on traditional medicines to cover quality and safety. Furthermore, many countries have also ceased collection from natural sources. However, despite these efforts, commercial exploitation, unsustainable use, cultural changes, and lack of the institutional support have threatened the existing MAPs resources and traditional knowledge. Also, in depth biodiversity studies have yet to be completed in many countries and coordination among the various institutes working on medicinal plants and traditional medicines is still lacking. These are necessary to sustainably exploit MAPs resources for commercial use. The International Centre for Science and High Technology (ICS-UNIDO) has prepared this Compendium of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of the Americas to present the status of the medicinal and aromatic