Doing Mathematics in Emmy Noether's Time
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Of the American Mathematical Society August 2017 Volume 64, Number 7
ISSN 0002-9920 (print) ISSN 1088-9477 (online) of the American Mathematical Society August 2017 Volume 64, Number 7 The Mathematics of Gravitational Waves: A Two-Part Feature page 684 The Travel Ban: Affected Mathematicians Tell Their Stories page 678 The Global Math Project: Uplifting Mathematics for All page 712 2015–2016 Doctoral Degrees Conferred page 727 Gravitational waves are produced by black holes spiraling inward (see page 674). American Mathematical Society LEARNING ® MEDIA MATHSCINET ONLINE RESOURCES MATHEMATICS WASHINGTON, DC CONFERENCES MATHEMATICAL INCLUSION REVIEWS STUDENTS MENTORING PROFESSION GRAD PUBLISHING STUDENTS OUTREACH TOOLS EMPLOYMENT MATH VISUALIZATIONS EXCLUSION TEACHING CAREERS MATH STEM ART REVIEWS MEETINGS FUNDING WORKSHOPS BOOKS EDUCATION MATH ADVOCACY NETWORKING DIVERSITY blogs.ams.org Notices of the American Mathematical Society August 2017 FEATURED 684684 718 26 678 Gravitational Waves The Graduate Student The Travel Ban: Affected Introduction Section Mathematicians Tell Their by Christina Sormani Karen E. Smith Interview Stories How the Green Light was Given for by Laure Flapan Gravitational Wave Research by Alexander Diaz-Lopez, Allyn by C. Denson Hill and Paweł Nurowski WHAT IS...a CR Submanifold? Jackson, and Stephen Kennedy by Phillip S. Harrington and Andrew Gravitational Waves and Their Raich Mathematics by Lydia Bieri, David Garfinkle, and Nicolás Yunes This season of the Perseid meteor shower August 12 and the third sighting in June make our cover feature on the discovery of gravitational waves -
Hilbert Constance Reid
Hilbert Constance Reid Hilbert c COPERNICUS AN IMPRINT OF SPRINGER-VERLAG © 1996 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Springer-Verlag New York, Inc in 1996 All rights reserved. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Library ofCongress Cataloging·in-Publication Data Reid, Constance. Hilbert/Constance Reid. p. Ctn. Originally published: Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag, 1970. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-387-94674-0 ISBN 978-1-4612-0739-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4612-0739-9 I. Hilbert, David, 1862-1943. 2. Mathematicians-Germany Biography. 1. Title. QA29.HsR4 1996 SIO'.92-dc20 [B] 96-33753 Manufactured in the United States of America. Printed on acid-free paper. 9 8 7 6 543 2 1 ISBN 978-0-387-94674-0 SPIN 10524543 Questions upon Rereading Hilbert By 1965 I had written several popular books, such as From liro to Infinity and A Long Way from Euclid, in which I had attempted to explain certain easily grasped, although often quite sophisticated, mathematical ideas for readers very much like myself-interested in mathematics but essentially untrained. At this point, with almost no mathematical training and never having done any bio graphical writing, I became determined to write the life of David Hilbert, whom many considered the profoundest mathematician of the early part of the 20th century. Now, thirty years later, rereading Hilbert, certain questions come to my mind. -
Mathematisches Forschungsinstitut Oberwolfach the Arithmetic of Fields
Mathematisches Forschungsinstitut Oberwolfach Report No. 05/2009 The Arithmetic of Fields Organised by Moshe Jarden (Tel Aviv) Florian Pop (Philadelphia) Leila Schneps (Paris) February 1st – February 7th, 2009 Abstract. The workshop “The Arithmetic of Fields” focused on a series of problems concerning the interplay between number theory, arithmetic and al- gebraic geometry, Galois theory, and model theory, such as: the Galois theory of function fields / covers of varieties, rational points on varieties, Galois co- homology, local-global principles, lifting/specializing covers of curves, model theory of finitely generated fields, etc. Mathematics Subject Classification (2000): 12E30. Introduction by the Organisers The sixth conference on “The Arithmetic of Fields” was organized by Moshe Jar- den (Tel Aviv), Florian Pop (Philadelphia), and Leila Schneps (Paris), and was held in the week February 1–7, 2009. The participants came from 14 countries: Germany (14), USA (11), France (7), Israel (7), Canada (2), England (2), Austria (1), Brazil (1), Hungary (1), Italy (1), Japan (1), South Africa (1), Switzerland (1), and The Netherlands (1). All together, 51 people attended the conference; among the participants there were thirteen young researchers, and eight women. Most of the talks concentrated on the main theme of Field Arithmetic, namely Galois theory and its interplay with the arithmetic of the fields. Several talks had an arithmetical geometry flavour. All together, the organizers find the blend of young and experienced researchers and the variety of subjects covered very satisfactory. The Arithmetic of Fields 3 Workshop: The Arithmetic of Fields Table of Contents Moshe Jarden New Fields With Free Absolute Galois Groups ...................... -
Early History of the Riemann Hypothesis in Positive Characteristic
The Legacy of Bernhard Riemann c Higher Education Press After One Hundred and Fifty Years and International Press ALM 35, pp. 595–631 Beijing–Boston Early History of the Riemann Hypothesis in Positive Characteristic Frans Oort∗ , Norbert Schappacher† Abstract The classical Riemann Hypothesis RH is among the most prominent unsolved prob- lems in modern mathematics. The development of Number Theory in the 19th century spawned an arithmetic theory of polynomials over finite fields in which an analogue of the Riemann Hypothesis suggested itself. We describe the history of this topic essentially between 1920 and 1940. This includes the proof of the ana- logue of the Riemann Hyothesis for elliptic curves over a finite field, and various ideas about how to generalize this to curves of higher genus. The 1930ies were also a period of conflicting views about the right method to approach this problem. The later history, from the proof by Weil of the Riemann Hypothesis in charac- teristic p for all algebraic curves over a finite field, to the Weil conjectures, proofs by Grothendieck, Deligne and many others, as well as developments up to now are described in the second part of this diptych: [44]. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 14G15, 11M99, 14H52. Keywords and Phrases: Riemann Hypothesis, rational points over a finite field. Contents 1 From Richard Dedekind to Emil Artin 597 2 Some formulas for zeta functions. The Riemann Hypothesis in characteristic p 600 3 F.K. Schmidt 603 ∗Department of Mathematics, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC -
Spring/Summer 2012
Volume 39 Issue 2 Spring/Summer 2012 109 Thomas Meyer More Early Writings by Leo Strauss Michael Zank from the Jüdische Wochenzeitung für Cassel, Hessen und Waldeck (1925–1928) 139 Jung In Kang Reexamining Political Participation in Rousseau’s Political Thought: Does Citizens’ Political Partici- pation Include Public Discussions and Debates? Book Reviews: 165 Catherine M. A. McCauliff A History of Trust in Ancient Greece by Steven Johnstone 169 Charles T. Rubin Plato and the Talmud by Jacob Howland 177 L. Joseph Hebert Young Thomas More and the Arts of Liberty by Gerard B. Wegemer 187 René M. Paddags Rousseau’s Platonic Enlightenment by David Lay Williams Rousseau on Philosophy, Morality, and Religion, edited by Christopher Kelly 195 Jeffrey Bernstein The German Stranger: Leo Strauss and National Socialism by William H. F. Altman 213 Andrew Bramsen The Nationalization of American Political Parties, 1880–1896 by Daniel Klinghard 217 Lawrence M. Mead Governing through Institution Building: Institutional Theory and Recent European Experiments in Democratic Organization by Johan P. Olsen 223 David Levy Reply to Leibowitz ©2012 Interpretation, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of the contents may be reproduced in any form without written permission of the publisher. ISSN 0020-9635 Editor-in-Chief Hilail Gildin, Dept. of Philosophy, Queens College Associate Editor Nicholas Starr General Editors Charles E. Butterworth • Hilail Gildin General Editors (Late) Howard B. White (d. 1974) • Robert Horwitz (d. 1987) Seth G. Benardete (d. 2001) • Leonard Grey (d. 2009) Consulting Editors Christopher Bruell • Joseph Cropsey • Harry V. Jaffa • David Lowenthal • Harvey C. Mansfield • Ellis Sandoz • Kenneth W. -
Mathematicians Fleeing from Nazi Germany
Mathematicians Fleeing from Nazi Germany Mathematicians Fleeing from Nazi Germany Individual Fates and Global Impact Reinhard Siegmund-Schultze princeton university press princeton and oxford Copyright 2009 © by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TW All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Siegmund-Schultze, R. (Reinhard) Mathematicians fleeing from Nazi Germany: individual fates and global impact / Reinhard Siegmund-Schultze. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-691-12593-0 (cloth) — ISBN 978-0-691-14041-4 (pbk.) 1. Mathematicians—Germany—History—20th century. 2. Mathematicians— United States—History—20th century. 3. Mathematicians—Germany—Biography. 4. Mathematicians—United States—Biography. 5. World War, 1939–1945— Refuges—Germany. 6. Germany—Emigration and immigration—History—1933–1945. 7. Germans—United States—History—20th century. 8. Immigrants—United States—History—20th century. 9. Mathematics—Germany—History—20th century. 10. Mathematics—United States—History—20th century. I. Title. QA27.G4S53 2008 510.09'04—dc22 2008048855 British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available This book has been composed in Sabon Printed on acid-free paper. ∞ press.princeton.edu Printed in the United States of America 10 987654321 Contents List of Figures and Tables xiii Preface xvii Chapter 1 The Terms “German-Speaking Mathematician,” “Forced,” and“Voluntary Emigration” 1 Chapter 2 The Notion of “Mathematician” Plus Quantitative Figures on Persecution 13 Chapter 3 Early Emigration 30 3.1. The Push-Factor 32 3.2. The Pull-Factor 36 3.D. -
Abraham Robinson, 1918 - 1974
BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY Volume 83, Number 4, July 1977 ABRAHAM ROBINSON, 1918 - 1974 BY ANGUS J. MACINTYRE 1. Abraham Robinson died in New Haven on April 11, 1974, some six months after the diagnosis of an incurable cancer of the pancreas. In the fall of 1973 he was vigorously and enthusiastically involved at Yale in joint work with Peter Roquette on a new model-theoretic approach to diophantine problems. He finished a draft of this in November, shortly before he underwent surgery. He spoke of his satisfaction in having finished this work, and he bore with unforgettable dignity the loss of his strength and the fading of his bright plans. He was supported until the end by Reneé Robinson, who had shared with him since 1944 a life given to science and art. There is common consent that Robinson was one of the greatest of mathematical logicians, and Gödel has stressed that Robinson more than any other brought logic closer to mathematics as traditionally understood. His early work on metamathematics of algebra undoubtedly guided Ax and Kochen to the solution of the Artin Conjecture. One can reasonably hope that his memory will be further honored by future applications of his penetrating ideas. Robinson was a gentleman, unfailingly courteous, with inexhaustible enthu siasm. He took modest pleasure in his many honors. He was much respected for his willingness to listen, and for the sincerity of his advice. As far as I know, nothing in mathematics was alien to him. Certainly his work in logic reveals an amazing store of general mathematical knowledge. -
Academic Genealogy of the Oakland University Department Of
Basilios Bessarion Mystras 1436 Guarino da Verona Johannes Argyropoulos 1408 Università di Padova 1444 Academic Genealogy of the Oakland University Vittorino da Feltre Marsilio Ficino Cristoforo Landino Università di Padova 1416 Università di Firenze 1462 Theodoros Gazes Ognibene (Omnibonus Leonicenus) Bonisoli da Lonigo Angelo Poliziano Florens Florentius Radwyn Radewyns Geert Gerardus Magnus Groote Università di Mantova 1433 Università di Mantova Università di Firenze 1477 Constantinople 1433 DepartmentThe Mathematics Genealogy Project of is a serviceMathematics of North Dakota State University and and the American Statistics Mathematical Society. Demetrios Chalcocondyles http://www.mathgenealogy.org/ Heinrich von Langenstein Gaetano da Thiene Sigismondo Polcastro Leo Outers Moses Perez Scipione Fortiguerra Rudolf Agricola Thomas von Kempen à Kempis Jacob ben Jehiel Loans Accademia Romana 1452 Université de Paris 1363, 1375 Université Catholique de Louvain 1485 Università di Firenze 1493 Università degli Studi di Ferrara 1478 Mystras 1452 Jan Standonck Johann (Johannes Kapnion) Reuchlin Johannes von Gmunden Nicoletto Vernia Pietro Roccabonella Pelope Maarten (Martinus Dorpius) van Dorp Jean Tagault François Dubois Janus Lascaris Girolamo (Hieronymus Aleander) Aleandro Matthaeus Adrianus Alexander Hegius Johannes Stöffler Collège Sainte-Barbe 1474 Universität Basel 1477 Universität Wien 1406 Università di Padova Università di Padova Université Catholique de Louvain 1504, 1515 Université de Paris 1516 Università di Padova 1472 Università -
Neoconservatism: Origins and Evolution, 1945 – 1980
Neoconservatism: Origins and Evolution, 1945 – 1980 Robert L. Richardson, Jr. A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2009 Approved by, Michael H. Hunt, Chair Richard Kohn Timothy McKeown Nancy Mitchell Roger Lotchin Abstract Robert L. Richardson, Jr. Neoconservatism: Origins and Evolution, 1945 – 1985 (Under the direction of Michael H. Hunt) This dissertation examines the origins and evolution of neoconservatism as a philosophical and political movement in America from 1945 to 1980. I maintain that as the exigencies and anxieties of the Cold War fostered new intellectual and professional connections between academia, government and business, three disparate intellectual currents were brought into contact: the German philosophical tradition of anti-modernism, the strategic-analytical tradition associated with the RAND Corporation, and the early Cold War anti-Communist tradition identified with figures such as Reinhold Niebuhr. Driven by similar aims and concerns, these three intellectual currents eventually coalesced into neoconservatism. As a political movement, neoconservatism sought, from the 1950s on, to re-orient American policy away from containment and coexistence and toward confrontation and rollback through activism in academia, bureaucratic and electoral politics. Although the neoconservatives were only partially successful in promoting their transformative project, their accomplishments are historically significant. More specifically, they managed to interject their views and ideas into American political and strategic thought, discredit détente and arms control, and shift U.S. foreign policy toward a more confrontational stance vis-à-vis the Soviet Union. -
Kronecker Classes of Algebraic Number Fields WOLFRAM
JOURNAL OF NUMBER THFDRY 9, 279-320 (1977) Kronecker Classes of Algebraic Number Fields WOLFRAM JEHNE Mathematisches Institut Universitiit Kiiln, 5 K&I 41, Weyertal 86-90, Germany Communicated by P. Roquette Received December 15, 1974 DEDICATED TO HELMUT HASSE INTRODUCTION In a rather programmatic paper of 1880 Kronecker gave the impetus to a long and fruitful development in algebraic number theory, although no explicit program is formulated in his paper [17]. As mentioned in Hasse’s Zahlbericht [8], he was the first who tried to characterize finite algebraic number fields by the decomposition behavior of the prime divisors of the ground field. Besides a fundamental density relation, Kronecker’s main result states that two finite extensions (of prime degree) have the same Galois hull if every prime divisor of the ground field possesses in both extensions the same number of prime divisors of first relative degree (see, for instance, [8, Part II, Sects. 24, 251). In 1916, Bauer [3] showed in particular that, among Galois extensions, a Galois extension K 1 k is already characterized by the set of all prime divisors of k which decompose completely in K. More generally, following Kronecker, Bauer, and Hasse, for an arbitrary finite extension K I k we consider the set D(K 1 k) of all prime divisors of k having a prime divisor of first relative degree in K; we call this set the Kronecker set of K 1 k. Obviously, in the case of a Galois extension, the Kronecker set coincides with the set just mentioned. In a counterexample Gassmann [4] showed in 1926 that finite extensions. -
Some Basic Biographical Facts About Emmy Noether (1882-1935), in Particular on the Discrimination Against Her As a Woman
Some basic biographical facts about Emmy Noether (1882-1935), in particular on the discrimination against her as a woman LMS-IMA Joint Meeting: Noether Celebration De Morgan House, Tuesday, 11 September, 2018 Reinhard Siegmund-Schultze (University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway) ABSTRACT Although it has been repeatedly underlined that Emmy Noether had to face threefold discrimination in political, racist and sexist respects the last- mentioned discrimination of the three is probably best documented. The talk provides some basic biographical facts about Emmy Noether with an emphasis on the discrimination against her as a woman, culminating for the first time in the struggles about her teaching permit (habilitation) 1915-1919 (main source C. Tollmien). Another focus of the talk will be on the later period of her life, in particular the failed appointment in Kiel (1928), her Born: 23 March 1882 in Erlangen, dismissal as a Jew in 1933 and her last years in the Bavaria, Germany U.S. Died: 14 April 1935 in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, USA Older sources Obituaries by colleagues and students: van der Waerden, Hermann Weyl, P.S. Aleksandrov. Historians: Three women: Auguste Dick (1970, Engl.1981), Constance Reid (Hilbert 1970), and Cordula Tollmien (e.g. 1991 on Noether’s Habilitation); plus Norbert Schappacher (1987). Most material in German, Clark Kimberling (1972) in American Mathematical Monthly mostly translating from Dick and obituaries. Newer Sources Again mostly by women biographers, such as Renate Tobies (2003), Cordula Tollmien (2015), and Mechthild Koreuber (2015). The book below, of which the English version is from 2011, discusses the papers relevant for physics: After going through a girls school she took in 1900 a state exam to become a teacher in English and French at Bavarian girls schools. -
Abraham Robinson 1918–1974
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ABRAHAM ROBINSON 1918–1974 A Biographical Memoir by JOSEPH W. DAUBEN Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. Biographical Memoirs, VOLUME 82 PUBLISHED 2003 BY THE NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS WASHINGTON, D.C. Courtesy of Yale University News Bureau ABRAHAM ROBINSON October 6, 1918–April 11, 1974 BY JOSEPH W. DAUBEN Playfulness is an important element in the makeup of a good mathematician. —Abraham Robinson BRAHAM ROBINSON WAS BORN on October 6, 1918, in the A Prussian mining town of Waldenburg (now Walbrzych), Poland.1 His father, Abraham Robinsohn (1878-1918), af- ter a traditional Jewish Talmudic education as a boy went on to study philosophy and literature in Switzerland, where he earned his Ph.D. from the University of Bern in 1909. Following an early career as a journalist and with growing Zionist sympathies, Robinsohn accepted a position in 1912 as secretary to David Wolfson, former president and a lead- ing figure of the World Zionist Organization. When Wolfson died in 1915, Robinsohn became responsible for both the Herzl and Wolfson archives. He also had become increas- ingly involved with the affairs of the Jewish National Fund. In 1916 he married Hedwig Charlotte (Lotte) Bähr (1888- 1949), daughter of a Jewish teacher and herself a teacher. 1Born Abraham Robinsohn, he later changed the spelling of his name to Robinson shortly after his arrival in London at the beginning of World War II. This spelling of his name is used throughout to distinguish Abby Robinson the mathematician from his father of the same name, the senior Robinsohn.