Surf Therapy for Students with ASD 1
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CALIFORNIA ST ATE UNlVERSITY SAN MARCOS PROJECT SIGNATURE PAGE PROJECT SUBMJTTED IN PARTIAL FULFil..LMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE MASTER OF ARTS IN EDUCATION PROJECT TITLE: SutfTherapyfor Students with ASD AUTHOR: Michael Mueller DATE OF SUCCESSFUL DEFENSE: August 8, 2017 THEPROJECT HAS BEEN ACCEPTED BY TI-IEPROJECT COMMITfEE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF TI-IE REQUIREMENTSFOR TI-IE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN EDUCATION. Leslie Mauerrnan,MS.Ed. PROJECT COMMITTEECHAIR Michelle Borrelli, MA Ed. PROJECT COMMITTEEMEMBER �.�W-� JodiRobledo PhD. cicliiL� 0 '- '·· MA ProgramCoordinator SIGNATURE � Patricia Stall, PhD. 6?LM Jtd Director,School of Education SIGNATURE Surf Therapy for Students with ASD 1 Surf Therapy for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder by Michael Mueller A Project Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Arts Degree In Education California State University San Marcos Summer, 2017 Surf Therapy for Students with ASD 2 Project Abstract Recent studies (Cavanaugh & Rademacher, 2014; Clapham et al., 2014; 2015; Stuhl & Porter, 2015) indicate that surfing can be an effective therapy for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The type of aerobic fitness associated with regular surfing may also promote brain development and cognitive function (Khan & Hillman, 2014; Segalowitz, 2016). A study by Brown, Ouellette-Kuntz, Hunter, Kelley, & Cobigo (2012) suggests the need for community programs that focus on recreational activities to promote friendship development for children with ASD. Considering the number of studies that demonstrate a demand for social supports (Siklos & Kerns, 2006) and the limited access to social and recreational activities for school- aged children with ASD (Brown et al., 2012), the researcher created a surf therapy program designed to teach social skills to children who live with ASD, utilizing surfing as a vehicle for these skills and more. The curriculum guidebook includes a lesson plan sequence that incorporates social development activities into an athletic/recreational training program geared to develop the paddling and balancing skills associated with surfing. Throughout the program, participants learn about water safety, surf culture, surf history, surfing techniques, and worldwide surf destinations. The main purpose of this program is to promote the availability of a surf-focused Recreational Therapy Program (RTP) for children with ASD by discussing the essential social skills and psychological benefits that such therapies may have. The program is intended to provide children who have ASD with an opportunity to practice these social skills while learning about the complex dynamics of surfing. Surf Therapy for Students with ASD 3 Keywords: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Recreational Therapy Program (RTP), Social Skills, Surf Therapy. Surf Therapy for Students with ASD 4 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my wife, Sandi, for her tireless efforts to hold down the fort as I finish up my studies. Hopefully, this is a turning point in our lives when I may begin to return the favor. Surf Therapy for Students with ASD 5 Chapter One: Definition of Problem According to the U.S. Department of Education (2013), Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a developmental disability that significantly affects verbal and nonverbal communication and social interaction (Regulations Section, 300.8 C1). Some stereotypical behaviors of children with ASD may also include adherence to inflexible routines (Srinivasan, Pescatello, & Bhat, 2014, p. 876). The current trend in education is to encourage students to work in pairs or small groups. Under such conditions, having difficulty communicating and interacting with others may compromise a student’s access to the curriculum. A differentiated approach, making accommodations to the specific needs of the students, may allow children who do not work well with others better access to the curriculum. Such an approach must be taken with an intention to fade the accommodations until minimal supports are needed to provide maximum access to course content and activities. One way to create an opportunity to fade such supports might be through participating in recreational therapy programs (RTPs) like Surfers Healing, a non-profit surf camp that is designed for children and young adults with ASD. Parents of participants at this camp have reported improved communication, more controlled behaviors, and reduced anxiety levels in their children during or following these events. It is an interesting prospect to consider that allowing some of these students to participate in an adaptive “Surf P.E.” program may enhance their focus in other academic areas. Many children with ASD do not have access to such programs, possibly because parents are not aware that these programs are available. Brown, Ouellette-Kuntz, Hunter, Kelley & Surf Therapy for Students with ASD 6 Cobigo (2012) suggest “…the need for school and community programs to focus on facilitating extra-curricular activities and friendship development for school-aged children with ASD” (p. 506). This need could be met with surf camps that encourage buddy systems to promote water safety and social skills. Due to these unmet needs, children with disabilities tend to participate less in extra-curricular activities and are more likely to be obese (Clapham, Armitano, Lamont, & Audette, 2014, p. 8). If RTPs can improve the social skills of a student with ASD, the results may allow the opportunity for increased access to the curriculum for the student. An improvement in social skills would be especially valuable considering the current emphasis of lesson plans that encourage students to work collaboratively in pairs or in small groups. This study measured and analyzed indications of improved social skills of students, aged five to seventeen years old, who were participants in various Surfers Healing events. The research focused specifically on each participant’s communication patterns and social engagement patterns. Some examples of these types of behaviors were participating in group activities, engaging in conversations with others, and asking for help. Any improvements in these areas may allow a student with ASD greater opportunity for academic success at school. Time limits prevent further exploration of the cause and effect relationship between RTPs, social skill improvements, and possible related increases in academic performance. Documentation of the positive effects that RTPs, like Surfers Healing, have for children with ASD may allow the public an opportunity to gain insight on the strategies and potential benefits of these types of programs. One considered theme of the project was to create better awareness of the types of programs that are available for children with ASD. A recurring complaint from parents is the lack of access to services for their child with ASD to receive the Surf Therapy for Students with ASD 7 accommodations that are necessary to create a fair and appropriate public education (Brown et al., 2012). Active participation in aerobic exercises such as swimming and surfing may help to improve the physical fitness of children with ASD (Farley, Harris & Kindling, 2012). According to Kahn & Hillman (2014), these types of aerobic exercises can improve cognitive function and Srinivasan et al. (2014) suggest that exercise may improve social skills. Given the research suggesting that aerobic exercises may improve cognitive function and social skills, the value of RTPs involving aerobic exercise should be taken into consideration when planning a curriculum for students with ASD. Purpose: This study initially sought answers to the following: ● What are specific social skills that can be enhanced by recreational therapy designed for children with ASD? o Sub-question 1: Do participants exhibit more social interactions and engagement as a result of participating in the recreational therapy activities? o Sub-question 2: Are participants more likely to participate in other recreational and social activities as a result of their surf camp experience? This project attempted to identify benefits that surfing might have on the social skills of children with ASD. Specifically, this project analyzed whether children with ASD were able to communicate with their families, teachers, and peers more effectively after participating in a Surf Therapy for Students with ASD 8 Surfers Healing event. The project also reviewed how the experience of surfing may influence a participant’s willingness to engage in other similar activities. The researcher has attempted to follow up on recent studies (Cavanaugh & Rademacher, 2014; Clapham et al., 2014; 2015; Stuhl & Porter, 2015) indicating surfing as an effective RTP for children with ASD. Along with the recent trend of surf therapy that has been effective for vulnerable young people and those facing personal and emotional challenges (Godfrey, Devine- Wright, & Taylor, 2015; Colpus & Taylor, 2014), there are also indications that the type of aerobic fitness associated with regular surfing may promote brain development and cognitive function (Khan & Hillman, 2014; Segalowitz, 2016). Considering all of these factors related to the most recent studies on this specific type of surf-focused therapy, the researcher attempted to provide a program that may provide the opportunity for children with ASD to experience any of the aforementioned benefits. With the possibility for such an array of benefits, it is hoped that students with ASD who participate