World Bank Document

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

World Bank Document FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Report No: PAD2539 Public Disclosure Authorized INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT ON A PROPOSED LOAN Public Disclosure Authorized IN THE AMOUNT OF $100 MILLION TO THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA Public Disclosure Authorized FOR A IMPROVEMENT OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT TO SUPPORT REGIONAL AND METROPOLITAN CITIES November 7, 2019 Environment & Natural Resources Global Practice East Asia And Pacific Region Public Disclosure Authorized This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (Exchange Rate Effective October 31, 2019) Currency Unit = USD IDR 14,008 = US$1 FISCAL YEAR January 1 - December 31 Regional Vice President: Victoria Kwakwa Country Director: Rodrigo A. Chaves Senior Global Practice Director: Karin Erika Kemper Practice Manager: Ann Jeanette Glauber Task Team Leader(s): Frank Van Woerden ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AMDAL Analisis Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan (environmental impact assessment) APBD Anggaran Pendapatan, dan Belanja Daerah (local government budget) APBN Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Negara (national government budget) BAPPEDA Municipal Development Planning Agency Bappenas Ministry of National Development Planning BLUD Badan Layanan Umum Daerah (public service unit) CDM Clean Development Mechanism CHS Complaint Handling System Coordinating Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Investment – Kemenko CMMAI Maritim dan Investasi COP 21 Paris Climate Change Conference 2015 CPIU Central Project Implementation Unit CPMU Central Project Management Unit DES Directorate Development for Environmental Sanitation (MPWH) DGHS Director General for Human Settlements (MPWH) DLH Dinas Lingkungan Hidup (municipal environmental agency) DWM Directorate of Waste Management (MOEF) ERIC Emission Reduction in Cities Project ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan INDC Indonesia’s Nationally Determined Contribution IPPF Indigenous Peoples Planning Framework ITF Intermediate Treatment Facility GRS Grievance Redress Service Kemenko Ekonomi Coordinating Ministry of Economic Affairs LARPF Land Acquisition and Resettlement Policy Framework LARAP Land Acquisition and Resettlement Plan LGF Landfill Gas Flaring Jakstranas National Waste Management Policy and Strategy MBTF Mechanical Based Treatment MDTF Multi-Donor Trust Fund MEMR Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Kemenko Maritim Coordinating Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Investment (CMMAI) dan Investasi MIS Management Information System MOEF Ministry of Environment and Forestry MOF Ministry of Finance MOH Ministry of Health MOHA Ministry of Home Affairs MPWH Ministry of Public Works and Housing MRF Material Recovery Facility NAHP National Affordable Housing Program NSUP National Slum Upgrading Program NUSWP National Urban Water Supply Program NUWP National Urban Wastewater Program PASA Programmatic Advisory Services and Analytics PIU Project Implementing Unit PMU Project Management Unit PPSD Project Procurement Strategy for Development Percepatan Pembangunan Sanitasi Permukiman (Acceleration of Urban PPSP Sanitation Development Program) RDF Refuse-Derived Fuel RIDF Regional Infrastructure Development Fund RP Resettlement Plan RPJMN National Medium-Term Development Plan RT/RW Rukun Tetangga / Rukun Warga (neighborhood associations) SECO Switzerland State Secretariat for Economic Affairs SSK Strategi Sanitasi Kota (City Sanitation Strategy) Sinkronisasi Urusan Pemerintahan Daerah (Synchronization of Regional SUPD Government Affairs) TCAF Transformative Carbon Asset Facility TPA Tempat Pembuangan Akhir (landfill) TPS Tempat Pengolahan Sampah (intermediate collection facility) Tempat Pengolahan Sampah - Reduce, Reuse, Recycle (intermediate TPS-3R recycling facility) Dokumen Upaya Pengelolaan Lingkungan/Upaya Pemantauan Lingkungan UKL/UPL (environmental management and monitoring documents) UPTD Unit Pelayanan Teknis Daerah (regional government technical service unit) Vfm Value-For-Money Global Alliance of Waste Pickers and Women in Informal Employment: Globalizing WEIGO and Organizing The World Bank Improvement of Solid Waste Management to Support Regional and Metropolitan Cities (P157245) TABLE OF CONTENTS DATASHEET ........................................................................................................................... 1 I. STRATEGIC CONTEXT ...................................................................................................... 6 A. Country Context................................................................................................................................ 6 B. Sectoral and Institutional Context .................................................................................................... 8 C. Relevance to Higher Level Objectives ............................................................................................. 11 II. PROJECT DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES ............................................................................ 13 A. Project Development Objective ..................................................................................................... 13 B. Project Beneficiaries ....................................................................................................................... 13 C. PDO-Level Results Indicators .......................................................................................................... 13 III. PROJECT DESCRIPTION .................................................................................................. 14 A. Project Components ....................................................................................................................... 14 B. Project Cost and Financing ............................................................................................................. 19 C. Lessons Learned and Reflected in the Project Design .................................................................... 20 IV. IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS ............................................................................ 22 A. Institutional and Implementation Arrangements .......................................................................... 22 B. Results Monitoring and Evaluation ................................................................................................. 23 C. Sustainability ................................................................................................................................... 24 D. Role of Partners .............................................................................................................................. 25 V. KEY RISKS ..................................................................................................................... 25 A. Overall Risk Rating and Explanation of Key Risks ........................................................................... 25 VI. APPRAISAL SUMMARY .................................................................................................. 28 A. Economic and Financial (if applicable) Analysis ............................................................................. 28 B. Technical ......................................................................................................................................... 29 C. Financial Management ................................................................................................................... 32 D. Procurement ................................................................................................................................... 32 E. Social (including Safeguards) .......................................................................................................... 33 F. Environment (including Safeguards) ............................................................................................... 38 G. Other Safeguard Policies (if applicable) ......................................................................................... 39 H. World Bank Grievance Redress ...................................................................................................... 39 I. Implementation Readiness .............................................................................................................. 40 VII. RESULTS FRAMEWORK AND MONITORING ................................................................... 41 The World Bank Improvement of Solid Waste Management to Support Regional and Metropolitan Cities (P157245) ANNEX 1: DETAILED PROJECT DESCRIPTION ......................................................................... 50 ANNEX 2: IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS .................................................................... 64 ANNEX 3: IMPLEMENTATION SUPPORT PLAN ...................................................................... 77 ANNEX 4: ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS ................................................................. 80 Background ......................................................................................................................................... 80 Economic Analysis ............................................................................................................................... 80 Financial Analysis ...............................................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • The Role of Local Leadership in Village Governance
    3009 Talent Development & Excellence Vol.12, No.3s, 2020, 3009 – 3020 A Study of Leadership in the Management of Village Development Program: The Role of Local Leadership in Village Governance Kushandajani1,*, Teguh Yuwono2, Fitriyah2 1 Department of Politics and Government, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Diponegoro, Tembalang, Semarang, Jawa Tengah 50271, Indonesia email: [email protected] 2 Department of Politics and Government, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Diponegoro, Tembalang, Semarang, Jawa Tengah 50271, Indonesia Abstract: Policies regarding villages in Indonesia have a strong impact on village governance. Indonesian Law No. 6/2014 recognizes that the “Village has the rights of origin and traditional rights to regulate and manage the interests of the local community.” Through this authority, the village seeks to manage development programs that demand a prominent leadership role for the village leader. For that reason, the research sought to describe the expectations of the village head and measure the reality of their leadership role in managing the development programs in his village. Using a mixed method combining in-depth interview techniques and surveys of some 201 respondents, this research resulted in several important findings. First, Lurah as a village leader was able to formulate the plan very well through the involvement of all village actors. Second, Lurah maintained a strong level of leadership at the program implementation stage, through techniques that built mutual awareness of the importance of village development programs that had been jointly initiated. Keywords: local leadership, village governance, program management I. INTRODUCTION In the hierarchical system of government in Indonesia, the desa (village) is located below the kecamatan (district).
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 4 Village Level Socio-Political Context
    Chapter 4 Village Level Socio-Political Context 4.1 Introduction The following general overview of the socio-political context in rural, coastal villages of central Maluku is based on the results of six case studies carried out on Saparua, Haruku and Ambon Islands. All study sites are Christian villages. Therefore some of the findings, especially the role of the church in society, do not pertain to the social structure in Muslim villages. Although a dominant force, the formal village government is only one of three key elements generally recognized in Maluku villages. These three key institutions are called the Tiga Tungku, or three hearthstones: the government, the church (or in Muslim villages, the mosque) and adat or traditional authorities. In some villages, teachers are also important and may displace adat leaders in the Tiga Tungku. 4.2 Traditional Village Government Structure Prior to the enactment of the local government law (Law No. 5, 1979), villages in Maluku were led by a hereditary chief or raja. Although now considered part of the “traditional” structure, the position of raja was in fact not part of the indigenous adat social structure, but a construction of the Dutch colonial leaders. When the Dutch consolidated their power in Maluku and forced the hill-dwelling people to settle in coastal villages, they appointed the village leader, i.e., the raja. Previous to this, the clan groups living in the hills were led by warrior chiefs (kapitan). The raja governed together with administrative and legislative councils (saniri) whose members were the clan leaders. The raja’s powers under this system were not absolute.
    [Show full text]
  • “Why Our Land?” Oil Palm Expansion in Indonesia Risks Peatlands and Livelihoods WATCH
    HUMAN RIGHTS “Why Our Land?” Oil Palm Expansion in Indonesia Risks Peatlands and Livelihoods WATCH “Why Our Land?” Oil Palm Expansion in Indonesia Risks Peatlands and Livelihoods Copyright © 2021 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-62313-909-4 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch defends the rights of people worldwide. We scrupulously investigate abuses, expose the facts widely, and pressure those with power to respect rights and secure justice. Human Rights Watch is an independent, international organization that works as part of a vibrant movement to uphold human dignity and advance the cause of human rights for all. Human Rights Watch is an international organization with staff in more than 40 countries, and offices in Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Goma, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington DC, and Zurich. For more information, please visit our website: http://www.hrw.org JUNE 2021 ISBN: 978-1-62313-909-4 “Why Our Land?” Oil Palm Expansion in Indonesia Risks Peatlands and Livelihoods Summary ......................................................................................................................... 1 Recommendations ........................................................................................................... 6 To the Government of Indonesia .............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Susenas 1999 Manual I
    MANUAL I NATIONAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY 1999 W O R K M A N U A L HEAD OF PROVINCIAL AND REGENCY/MUNICIPALITY STATISTICS OFFICE Central Bureau of Statistics, Jakarta - Indonesia C O N T E N T S Contents LIST OF TERMS/ABBREVIATIONS I. PREFACE A. General Information B. Objectives C. Scope D. Schedule of Activities E. Type of Data Collected F. Statistics Compilation II. METHODOLOGY A. General B. Sample Outline C. Sample Design D. Sketched Map of Enumeration Area E. Number of Enumeration Area Sample/Segment Group and Household F. Selected Enumeration Area List Susenas 1999 G. Estimation Method H. Selecting Household Samples I. Training of Field Officers J. Data Collection Method K. Type of Lists and Manual Books Used L. Time Reference of Survey M. Data Processing III. SURVEY ORGANIZATION A. People Responsible on the Survey Implementation In the Local Areas B. Field Officers C. Training D. Training Schedule at the Local Areas E. Materials of Daily Training F. Criteria for National Instructor G. Criteria on How to Become a Susenas Enumerator H. Sending Documents I. Implementation at the Field 2 IV. ATTACHMENTS Attachment 1: Number of Enumeration Samples/Segment Group and Households National Socio Economic Survey 1999 Attachment 2: Number of Enumeration Area Sample/Core Segment Group and Households National Socio Economic Core Survey 1999 Attachment 3: Number of Enumeration Area Sample/Segment Group and Households National Socio Economic Core Survey 1999 Attachment 4: Number of Core Officers and Core-Module and Households National Socio Economic
    [Show full text]
  • The Neighborhood Upgrading and Shelter Sector Project in Indonesia
    The Neighborhood Upgrading and Shelter Sector Project in Indonesia Sharing Knowledge on Community-Driven Development The Neighborhood Upgrading and Shelter Sector Project in Indonesia Sharing Knowledge on Community-Driven Development © 2012 Asian Development Bank All rights reserved. Published in 2012. Printed in the Philippines. ISBN 978-92-9092-720-4 (Print), 978-92-9092-721-1 (PDF) Publication Stock Number RPT124757 Cataloging-In-Publication Data Asian Development Bank. The neighborhood upgrading and shelter sector project in Indonesia: Sharing knowledge on community- driven development. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2012. 1. Community development 2. Indonesia. I. Asian Development Bank. The views expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), its Board of Governors, or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. ADB encourages printing or copying information exclusively for personal and noncommercial use with proper acknowledgment of ADB. Users are restricted from reselling, redistributing, or creating derivative works for commercial purposes without the express,
    [Show full text]
  • Undertaking a Journey in Hybridity a Child-Centred Ethnographic Study on Well-Being in Southwest Sumba, Indonesia
    Undertaking a Journey in Hybridity A Child-Centred Ethnographic Study on Well-Being in Southwest Sumba, Indonesia A Research Paper presented by: Tira Maya Maisesa (Indonesia) in partial fulfilment of the requirements for obtaining the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Major: Social Policy for Development (SPD) Specialization: CYS Child and Youth Studies Members of the Examining Committee: Kristen Cheney Amrita Chhachhi The Hague, The Netherlands December 2017 ii Contents List of Table iv List of Figures iv List of Images iv List of Acronyms v List of Terms v Acknowledgements vii Abstract viii Relevance to Development Studies viii Chapter 1. Situating People and Places 1 Research Questions 4 Characteristics of Sumba, and Major Changes currently under way 5 Methods of Research in Wewewa 7 An Outline of the Thesis 10 Chapter 2. The Cultural Determinants of Childhood 12 Local Beliefs: Reciprocity between People and their Ancestors 13 Local Measurements of Well-being 13 Mode of Exchange: Pre-Capitalist Meanings 14 The Social Indigenous Construction of Children: Vinto‟s story 16 Chapter 3. Changing Notions of Child Well-being 20 Historical Events in Welfare Intervention 22 The Influence of Mainstream, Child-Focused Development 24 Different Ways of Thinking and (Tensions) 27 Chapter 4. The Voice of Children: The Clash between „being‟ and „becoming‟ 30 Navigating the Aspirations of „Becoming‟ and „Being‟ 32 Negotiating the Complexity of Religious Identity 36 Chapter 5. Conclusion: Reviewing Well-„becoming,‟ and Requiring Well-„being‟ 39 References 41 iii List of Table Table 1 Changing Notions of Child Well-being 27 List of Figures Figure 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Saebah Communal System This Case Was Part of the Original CPR Database Developed in the 1980S by Edella Schlager and Shui Yan Tang at Indiana University
    Saebah Communal System This case was part of the original CPR database developed in the 1980s by Edella Schlager and Shui Yan Tang at Indiana University. The resource appropriated from Saebah Communal System is water for irrigation. It is a system of canals that deliver water from a river. The study examines the impact of national subsidies on the rehabilitation of two small-scale river-diversion irrigation systems in Indonesia. Subsidies were substantial incentives to mobilize local resources with high rates of return on the rehabilitation projects. 1.1 The Commons Dilemma The supply of water, more than any other resource, controls the production of field crops in the tropics. There is more than a single water user that uses the Saebah Communal System. The limited financial resource through national subsidies to create incentives for the rehabilitation of two river-diversion irrigation systems is perhaps a secondary commons to that of water. 1.2 Biophysical Context The Saebah Communal Irrigation in, and the Takkapala Communal Irrigation System in Desa Malino, South Sulawesi are a part of a larger ecosystem within the natural environment with numerous program ranging from village to national human-made infrastructure. The Saebah system rehabilitated under the Subsidi Desa program with $250 (U.S. dollars) subsidies in both 1971 and 1972. During 1971, its rock-and-gravel diversion dam was renovated and heightened. In 1972, the lining of critical canal reaches with concrete improved the water distribution system. The rehabilitation was undertaken during the slack agricultural season (June to August) by mobilizing 30 villagers each for 45 effective working days in the first year, and each for 30 effective working days in the second year.
    [Show full text]
  • Community-Based Disaster Risk Management Model for Covid- 19 in Tembi Hamlet
    Community-Based Disaster Risk Management Model for Covid- 19 in Tembi Hamlet Eko Teguh Paripurno1, Purbudi Wahyuni2, Nandra Eko Nugroho3, Gandar Mahojwala4, Tatang Elmi Wibowo5, 1 Faculty of Mineral Technology, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Yogyakarta; 2 Faculty of Mineral Technology, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Yogyakarta; 3 Faculty of Mineral Technology, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Yogyakarta; 4 KAPPALA Indonesia; 5 KAPPALA Indonesia 1 [email protected]; 2 [email protected]; 3 [email protected]; 4 [email protected]; 5 [email protected] Abstract Covid-19 Pandemic arrived in the fifth month of Timbulharjo Village, Sewon District, Bantul Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta. Until now there are still less alternative activities of villagers in responding. Some villages have carried out prevention activities. This research was conducted to see the practice of community-based disaster risk management (CBDRM) by the independency of locals in their initiatives to deal with Covid-19. This research uses a qualitative - participatory approach with Participatory Action Research (PAR). Collaborative community action and effectively managing the local resources helps citizens' solves their problems and become a model for developing Mitra Desa. The ongoing process stimulates the independence of the people and becomes a place for local initiatives that are in line with local resources in dealing with Covid-19. Keywords: cbdrm, covid-19, disaster management, disaster risk reduction, community INTRODUCTION Covid-19 pandemic has been a huge struggle for every state in the world including Indonesia. World Health Organization on 11 March 2020 confirms Covid-19 as a global pandemic. Based on EM-DAT, there are approximately 464 major disasters that had occurred in Indonesia between 1900 and 2016 killing more than 240,000 people, putting the country at the top rank (World Bank, 2016).
    [Show full text]
  • Survey of Indonesian Survey of Indonesian Public Opinion
    Survey of Indonesian Public Opinion January 12-22, 2009 1 Methodology 2 Detailed Methodology •Face to face interviews were conducted by Lembaga Survei Indonesia (LSI) Research based in Jakarta, Indonesia. The sample size of 2,189 is representative of the country as a whole. The survey was conducted January 12 – 22, 2009, and has a margin of error of +2.1 percent. •The respondents are citizens of Indonesia who fulfill voter requirements (born after April 1991 or married; and have not had their right to vote revoked). The respondents were drawn from 33 provinces. •Indonesia is divided into 33 provinces in which they have different density of population. The samples are drawn in proportion to the size of population of each province. As for random selection of the sample, it is carried out according to the following stages: 3 Detailed Methodology •Stage 1. The population is initially stratified based on the population of each province throughout Indonesia, thus we can obtain proportional samples in each of the provinces. Another stratification is classification based on the area of domicile: urban and rural, of which the proportion is 39 percent urban and 61 percent rural. •To follow, the rural (rural villages — the smallest administrative area) or kelurahan (urban village) are selected as the primary sampling unit (PSU), and systematic random sampling is done on the villages (urban or rural) selected in each province according to its respective proportion of population. There will be 220 rural and urban villages selected randomly, including 1,320 respondents in rural villages and 880 respondents in urban selected at random systematically.
    [Show full text]
  • Death and the Control of Life in an Indonesian City
    Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 172 (2016) 310–342 bki brill.com/bki Death and the Control of Life in an Indonesian City Robbie Peters Anthropology department, The University of Sydney [email protected] Abstract Death represents sovereignty and through it people negotiate their existence, con- cludes Claudio Lomnitz (2008:496) in his history of Mexican death. This conclusion holds true for the politics of death in the city of Surabaya, Indonesia, but only if death is understood in topographic and genealogical terms; or, in other words, in terms of land and one’s ancestral/genealogical connection to it. Through a discussion of the politics of land occupation and of the production, commemoration, and denial of death in post-colonial Surabaya, I present a ‘topogenic’ history of death as an instruc- tive way of understanding state–society relations in that city. Throughout the article, I ground that history in the kampong’s social institutions of the communal meal and prayer (slametan) and the guard (gardu) as vehicles for the expression of an inviolable topogenic sovereignty. Keywords death – violence – communist – Surabaya – slametan – land Based on fieldwork in the mid 1950s near the East Javanese town of Pare, Robert Jay (1969:111) referred to the ‘posthumous bond’ between living and dead residents as ‘strong and real’, and as the basis of a village community that is most realized during the communal meal, or slametan. Clifford Geertz (1960:11), Jay’s contemporary in Pare, studied the slametan in more detail and termed it a furtive little ritual at the centre of the Javanese religious system and village society, yet somehow peripheral to the nascent Indonesian state.
    [Show full text]
  • REG): Sharing Knowledge on Community-Driven Development in Asia and the Pacific (Financed by the Republic of Korea E-Asia and Knowledge Partnership Fund)
    Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report Project Number: 44151 April 2013 RETA 7543 (REG): Sharing Knowledge on Community-Driven Development in Asia and the Pacific (Financed by the Republic of Korea e-Asia and Knowledge Partnership Fund) Prepared by Raul P. Gonzales For Asian Development Bank This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents. (For project preparatory technical assistance: All the views expressed herein may not be incorporated into the proposed project’s design. ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank BKM – badan keswadayaan masyarakat (community self-help organization) CBO community-based organization CDD – community-driven development CEAC – community empowerment activity cycle DMC – developing member country DSWD – Department of Social Welfare and Development FGD – focus group discussion KALAHI- – Kapit-Bisig Laban sa Kahirapan – Comprehensive and CIDDS Integrated Delivery of Social Services LGED – Local Government Engineering Department LGOP – Leading Group Office of Poverty Alleviation and Development (of the State Council) LGU – local government unit MDC – municipal development council MDF – municipal development forum MIBF Municipal Inter-barangay (intervillage) Forum NGO – non-government organization NUSSP – Neighborhood Upgrading and Shelter Sector Project O&M – operations and maintenance PMO – project management office PNPM – Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Mandiri Mandiri Perdesaan
    [Show full text]
  • Indonesian Tonarigumi: Roles and Development in the Current
    Roles of Tonarigumi to Promote Participatory Development in Indonesia: Case of Three Villages in Purbalingga District, Central Java Province By: Sutiyo District Government of Purbalingga, Central Java Province, Indonesia Presented in Tokyo International Conference on Social Science (TICSS) held in Tokyo, 17 -19 December 2014 1 1. Introduction After the collapse of Suharto regime, in 2001, the government of Indonesia launched decentralization. This moment make a fundamental shift in rural development policy, from top-down to bottom up approach. The success of decentralization and participatory development requires an enabling rural institutional environment. This study aims to analyze implementation of decentralization at the lowest level of administration, namely Tonarigumi (Rukun Tetangga/RT). Whether this institutions can promote participatory rural development is the central question in this study. Analyzing roles of an institution in participatory development requires attention to specific processes, which include: The ways in which community is involved in rural development; The leadership capacity of institution heads in executing their tasks; and the impact of those processes on community empowerment. 2 2. Literature Reviews Tonarigumi (Rukun Tetangga/RT) is a neighborhood group comprising about fifty households living in the same area. The head is elected by community. It was originally established by Japanese army during World War II to control people, foster self-help and mobilize logistic for war (Kobayashi, 2007). Although the war was ended in 1945, tonarigumi structure continued to exist. The government made it a mandatory organization throughout Indonesia. In fact, tonarigumi plays dual roles, either as a community organization or as a pseudo governmental institution. As community organization, it’s tasks include collecting garbage, conducting night patrol, holding funerals and maintaining infrastructure (Dwianto,2003; Grootaert,1999).
    [Show full text]