Assaults on the Faith

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Assaults on the Faith ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ©2017! Brooke!Falk! ALL!RIGHTS!RESERVED! ASSAULTS ON THE FAITH: IMAGINING JEWS AND CREATING CHRISTIANS IN THE LATE MIDDLE AGES By BROOKE FALK A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Art History Written under the direction of Dr. Laura Weigert And approved by New Brunswick, New Jersey January, 2017 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Assaults on the Faith: Imagining Jews and Creating Christians in the Late Middle Ages By BROOKE FALK Dissertation Director: Laura Weigert My dissertation examines manuscripts and early printed books of the “Fortress of Faith” (Fortalitium fidei) as influential works in late medieval constructions of Jewish and Christian identity. I argue that the “Fortress of Faith” moves beyond traditional polemics in its comprehensive use of popular argumentative approaches, particularly in its use of images, which appealed to a variety of late medieval audiences. I suggest a revised stemma, giving preference to the influence of woodcuts over miniatures. Through both types of images, Christians were armed with mental pictures of themselves as knights guarding a Christian fortress. The first two chapters study surviving manuscripts and incunabula of the text with regard to their material execution, visual imagery, verbal content, and regional production and dissemination. The presentation of the text evolved with its shifting audience from the time it was composed around 1460 by a Castilian Franciscan friar to the time it was translated into French and illuminated around 1480 and also while it was printed numerous times between 1471 and 1525. A third chapter addresses the “Fortress of Faith’s” role in shaping communal memory. It verbally and visually underscored the perceived dangers non-Christians posed to Christianity and suggested the unique danger ii that the faith’s own delinquents posed toward it. The final chapter focuses on the hermeneutical Jew represented in the “Fortress of Faith” and beyond. In this text the “bad Jew,” so familiar in the medieval world, became the template for the much more broadly defined monstrous “other.” My analyses show how the images of the preaching manual within the Latin manuscript and incunabula and French manuscripts of the “Fortress of Faith” contributed to the text’s slandering of its enemies: heretics, Jews, Muslims, and demons. The body of images appropriated the visual symbols of courtly romance for new use in molding religious identity. For readers of the Fortalitium fidei, the fortress became the central feature in a universal program of animosity toward Jews and other non-Christians. This message was significant in its historical moment, affecting the understanding of medieval Jews, but also modeling their treatment throughout the early modern period in Europe. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project, my constant companion, has been a labor of love, but I would be remiss in saying that all of the labor was my own. Many contributed in unique ways to help me complete my research and writing and build a teaching portfolio. From my academic program to my teaching appointments to my dear friends and family, my debts of gratitude will follow me far into the future. My first thank you must go to my advisor, Laura Weigert, whose own work so inspires mine. Though I had adamantly denied I would work on manuscripts and/or Jewish-Christian relationships, my interest in these things was piqued during my very first encounter with her work, and her expert guidance lead me to a topic with which I remain fascinated. Her patience with my “I want it all” attitude has been a remarkable source of reassurance over the years, and I will be forever grateful. The members of my dissertation committee provided crucial support at various stages of my graduate career. Erik Thunø must be thanked for taking a chance on an unknown applicant and challenging me to mature as an art historian and a medievalist. Sarah McHam’s thoughtful comments were integral in the final conception of my argument, and her encouragement during and after coursework was much appreciated. My outside reader, Nina Rowe of Fordham University, both indirectly and directly inspired my work. Her work continually arose as important source material for my own research, and suggestions for improving the dissertation draft were invaluable as the project came to a close. Several other faculty members in the Department of Art History at Rutgers University made helpful suggestions for avenues of research, and teaching appointments for summer courses and writing courses, as well as a position in the Visual iv Resources Collection provided crucial financial assistance while I resided away from home. Some earlier influences on my career as an art historian include the South Carolina Governor’s School for the Arts and Humanities, a public residential high school for the arts, which taught me to pursue the unexpected and to delight in the process. At the College of Charleston, my advisors, Tessa Garton and David Kowal, became lifelong friends. Although they both now live in very different parts of the world, their presence remains in my work. The College of Charleston Honors College has been a source of support since before I entered graduate school. They supported my unorthodox research plans as a wide-eyed twenty-one-year-old, and upon my return to Charleston several years later, Dean John Newell entrusted me with the art history component of the Honors College’s annual Western Civilization Colloquium. With the blessing of the current Dean, Trisha Folds-Bennett, I have now taught in the colloquium six times and developed two other interdisciplinary courses for Honors students. I have had the pleasure of working with some of the finest and most supportive students and colleagues one could hope for. Thank you especially to my sounding board, Cristy Landis; my ambitious partner in crime, Lauren Humphreys; my soul sister, Jennifer Cavalli; and my life coach, Bryan Ganaway. Further thanks go to all of my students, but especially Ellie Smith and those students from the Fall semesters of 2015 and 2016. I have often said that the advantage of my dissertation project is also its disadvantage. The quantity of primary sources of the “Fortress of Faith” is both rewarding and overwhelming, and my research has taken me to a number of institutions. v The kind curators and librarians at the Museu Nacional d’Art de Catalunya in Barcelona, the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, the Musée d’Art et d’Histoire du Judaïsme in Paris, the British Library in London, the Bodleian and College Libraries at Oxford University, and the Brooklyn Museum and Pierpont Morgan Library in New York made the work of research enjoyable no matter the circumstance. That being said, much of that research was made possible via funding from the Department of Art History at Rutgers University, the Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art, and a 2010 National Endowment for the Humanities Summer Institute in Oxford, England. The last of these also prompted the codifying of my project as I worked with incomparable faculty lead by Irven Resnick and other scholars, many of whom I continue to admire. True friends have the privilege of occasionally seeing you at your best but, more importantly, the responsibility of remaining steadfast when you are at your worst. The same is true of friends from graduate school. I have fond memories with many friends from my program, but a few need special acknowledgment. Thank you to Jenevieve de los Santos Montayne, who was there on the first and the last day; to Becky Shields Xhoxhi, who understood my balancing act; to Carly Jane Steinborn, who helped me find my topic and make it my own; to David Boffa, who reminded me there was more to life than work; to Benjamin Eldredge, who understood me without explanation; and to Hilary Haakenson, who shared my ice cream, wandered the streets of New York with me, and stood beside me on my wedding day. Finally, I owe so much to my family, who supported me even if some did not understand me. Thank you to my Aunt Dee and Uncle Bobby, who kept me and fed me rent-free for over three years; to my mother- and father-in-law, who patiently waited for vi me to finish and lovingly cared for my children so that I could keep working; to my Dad, who reminded me that the only failure was in giving up; to my Mom, who believed in me as both a scholar and a mother and who often shared my sleepless nights; and to my sisters and brothers (Lexi, Nathan, Cassie, Sarah, and Josh) for always being there and for sometimes coming to my rescue. Thank you to my children, Tyson and Max, and my husband, Chris, for showing me the joy in every day. You give me a life worthy of envy. vii DEDICATION ~ For my children, without whom this project would have been completed much faster, and for my husband, my own fortress, without whom it might never have been finished at all. ~ viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ii. Abstract iv. Acknowledgments viii. Dedication ix. Table of Contents x. List of Illustrations 1. Introduction: Turris fortitudinis a facie inimici 17. Chapter Two: The Manuscripts of the Fortalitium fidei and the Forteresse de la foy 88. Chapter Three: Fifteenth- and Sixteenth-Century Editions of the Fortalitium fidei 130. Chapter Four: History Meets Memory 184. Chapter Five: One Enemy to Define Them All 217. Conclusion: Discerning the “Other” and Erasing the Self 222. Appendix I: Manuscripts of the Fortalitium fidei 223. Appendix II: Printed Editions of the Fortalitium fidei 224.
Recommended publications
  • The Tratado De La Divinança by Lope De Barrientos, in the Europeancontext and the Reasons for the Auto-Translation in the Proheme [Prologue]Ofthe French Text
    The Tratadodeladivinança by Lope de Barrientos, in the European Context As we know,the bodyofanti-superstitious treatises from the late Middle Ages is based on classical sources like the De divinatione of Cicero¹ and, aboveall, Chris- tian sources like the De divinatione daemonum and the De civitateDei of Saint Augustine (354–430),² the Etymologiae of Saint Isidore of Seville (560 –636),³ the Decretum of Gratian (completed in 1140)⁴ and, especially, on Thomas Aqui- nas (1225–1274).⁵ Onlyafter the middle of the fourteenth centurydid the first anti-superstitious treatises appear in the vernacular.They made theological sub- tleties and scholastic discussions available to awider audience thatneither read Latin easilynor was well familiar with Patristics or its interpretation. The first treatise against divinationinvernacular languagewas writtenby Nicole Oresme(ca.1320 –1382)⁶ around 1356,bytranslating (and simplifying) his own Latin work Tractatus contraastronomos judiciarios (1349)⁷ into the Livre de divinacions.⁸ TheBishopofLisieux explains the intention of his work See the Spanish edition by Escobar (1999). See the bilingual edition of Sobre las prediccionesdelos demonios by León Mescua (2014) and De civitate Dei VIII, 14– 24 in the edition by Santamarta del Río and Fuertes Lanero (2006,315– 333). See Thurston (1930), Götz (1987, 57–84) and Bink (2008, 44–45); for the De divinatione dae- monum Schlappbach (2013,132–134) and Tuczay (2012, 53) for its importance for the decreeof Gratian. Etimologías VIII, 9, 13 (2004,704) and thereto regarding Boudet (2006,15) and Tuczay(2012, 54–55). Decretum Gratiani,Pars secunda, causa XXVI, quaestio III et IV,C.I.De multiplici generediui- nationis §. 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Jewish Culture in the Christian World James Jefferson White University of New Mexico - Main Campus
    University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository History ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fall 11-13-2017 Jewish Culture in the Christian World James Jefferson White University of New Mexico - Main Campus Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/hist_etds Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation White, James Jefferson. "Jewish Culture in the Christian World." (2017). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/hist_etds/207 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in History ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. James J White Candidate History Department This thesis is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Thesis Committee: Sarah Davis-Secord, Chairperson Timothy Graham Michael Ryan i JEWISH CULTURE IN THE CHRISTIAN WORLD by JAMES J WHITE PREVIOUS DEGREES BACHELORS THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Arts History The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico December 2017 ii JEWISH CULTURE IN THE CHRISTIAN WORLD BY James White B.S., History, University of North Texas, 2013 M.A., History, University of New Mexico, 2017 ABSTRACT Christians constantly borrowed the culture of their Jewish neighbors and adapted it to Christianity. This adoption and appropriation of Jewish culture can be fit into three phases. The first phase regarded Jewish religion and philosophy. From the eighth century to the thirteenth century, Christians borrowed Jewish religious exegesis and beliefs in order to expand their own understanding of Christian religious texts.
    [Show full text]
  • Urban Warfare in 15Th-Century Castile
    Urban warfare in 15th-century Castile Guerra urbana en el siglo XV castellano Ekaitz Etxeberria Gallastegi* Universidad del País Vasco Abstract Urban warfare evokes unequivocally contemporary images. However, the Mid- dle Ages frequently witnessed combats inside cities. These confrontations usu- ally arose in two contexts: factional struggles to achieve local power, and street fighting derived from an enemy army entering the city after a successful as- sault. The aim of this paper is to analyse urban warfare in 15th-century Castile, examining its tactics and common characteristics. Keywords Urban Warfare, Castile, 15th century, Tactics. Resumen El combate urbano remite a unos referentes inequívocamente contemporáneos. Sin embargo, la Edad Media también fue escenario de frecuentes combates en el interior de las ciudades. Estos enfrentamientos solían responder a dos realida- des: la lucha entre bandos locales enfrentados por el poder y el combate calle- jero que podía suceder a la expugnación de la muralla por un ejército atacante. * Correo electrónico: [email protected]. Departamento de Historia Medieval, Moderna y América. Facultad de Letras de la Universidad del País Vasco. This paper was written within the framework of the Ministry of Science & Innovation funded Research Project De la Lucha de Bandos a la hidalguía universal: transformaciones so- ciales, políticas e ideológicas en el País Vasco (siglos XIV y XV), (HAR2017-83980-P) and of the Basque Government’s Consolidated Reseach Group Sociedad, poder y cultura (siglos XIV-XVIII), (IT-896-16). http://www.journal-estrategica.com/ E-STRATÉGICA, 3, 2019 • ISSN 2530-9951, pp. 125-143 125 EKAITZ ETXEBERRIA GALLASTEGI El presente artículo pretende definir las formas que adoptó el combate urbano en los enfrentamientos que tuvieron este escenario en la Castilla del siglo XV, estableciendo sus pautas e intentando discernir las características comunes de esta forma de enfrentamiento.
    [Show full text]
  • Austria-Hungaria
    CONSPECTUS INCUNABULORUM SECUNDUM REGIONES, URBES ET TYPOGRAPHOS AUSTRIA WIEN TYPOGRAPHTJS OPERIS VOCABOLISTA ( = STEPHAN KOBLINGER?) 1482. Gerson, J.: Doctrina de confessione. 1414. 1482. Guido de Monte Rocherii: Manipulus curato- rum. 1538. 1482. Vocabularius Ital.-Teuton. 3503. [post 6. Jan. 1485.] Innocentius VIII.: Bulla canonisationis S. Leopoldi. 1783. JOHANN WlNTERBURG [post 8. Dec. 1493.] Friderici III. obitus et exequiae. 1361. [post 8. Dec. 1493.] Begángnis Friedrichs III. 1362. [1494.] Columella: De re rustica. 1049. 1. Aug. 1494. Balbus, H.: Epigrainmata. 458. [c. 1494/95.] Dionysius Periegetes: Orbis descriptio. 1189. [c. 1495.] Muntz, J.: Tabula minutionum. 2348. [c. 1495.] Purbachius, G.: Algorismus. 2874. 1498. Gruenpeck, J.: Prognosticon. 1525. [c. 1496.] Astesanus de Ast: Ganones poenitentiales. 331. [1497.] Johannes Glogoviensis: Signatio anni 1498. 1919. [non ante 1. Nov. Pseudo-Aristoteles: De mundo ad Alexan- 1497.] drum. 311. [c. 1497.] Henricus de Hassia: Secreta sacerdotum. 1623. [c 1497.] Johannes Glogoviensis: Signatio. [Germ.] 1920. 10Ő9 [c. 1497/98.] Prudentius Clemens, A.: Cathemerinon. 2849. [o. 1499.] Theobaldus subprior: Errores Judaeorum. 3211. 1500. Celtis, C: Septenaria sodalitas litteraria Germaniae. 962. [c. 1500.] JMicolaus de Cusa: Propositiones de virtute. — Celtis, C: Carmen saeculare. 2394. [c. 1500.] Privilegia s. virginis Mariae. 2837. [post 1500?] Pseudo-Albertus Magnus: De secretis mulierum. 104. BATAVIA DELFT JAKOB VAN DER MEER 27. Oct. 1486. Pseudo-Eusebius Cremonensis: Epistola de morte Hieronymi. 1286. DEVENTER JACOBUS DE BREDA 1486. Cordiale quattuor novissimorum. 1079. 1487. Barzizius, G.: Epistolae. 538. 27. Febr. 1490. Boethius: De consolatione philosophiae. 710. 9. Oct. 1490. Pseudo-Boethius: De disciplina scholarium. 722. [c. 1490.] Publicius, J.: Ars conficiendi epistolas. 2868. 16. Febr. 1491, BartholomaeusColoniensis: Suva carminum.
    [Show full text]
  • Claire Bolton: ‘Fallen’ Type Letters
    Claire Bolton: ‘Fallen’ type letters. Fig.1 Diagram of a piece of early type. Printing was invented with movable type letters, most probably by Johannes Gutenberg, in Straßburg and Mainz from about 1440-54. A page of text was set, letter by letter into lines, and the lines assembled to make up a full page, ready for inking and printing. What the reader sees is the very tip of the iceberg, the inked letter on the printed page. What the reader does not see is the rest of the piece of type, its body. As Harry Carter stated ‘Type is a 3- dimensional thing’…1. The type body dictates the size of the letters and the space around and between the letters. It also has to be tall enough to handle when setting and distributing the letters for the text. What did earliest type look like? Fig 2. A modern type letter The first clues came in 1868 when two collections of (21 and 212) type letters were discovered in Lyons, in the bed of the river Saône, that have been dated to the end of the fifteenth century, or the beginning of the sixteenth.These were described by Maurice Audin in 1954 in an article in the Gutenberg Jahrbuch and in a separate publication in 1955, where he showed a variety of type letters and spacing of different heights, widths, some with flat feet and some with sloping, some with a nick in the side, some with a hole drilled through.2 A further piece of fifteenth-century type was discovered during an archaeological dig in Basel in 1995, and mentioned by Peter F Tschudin.3 Tschudin states that the letter is 1 Harry Carter, A view of early typography up to about 1600 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967) p.
    [Show full text]
  • Folke Gernert Fictionalizing Heterodoxy
    Folke Gernert Fictionalizing heterodoxy Folke Gernert Fictionalizing heterodoxy Various uses of knowledge in the Spanish world from the Archpriest of Hita to Mateo Alemán ISBN 978-3-11-062872-2 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-062877-7 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-062878-4 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 license. For more information, see http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Library of Congress Control Number: 2019941632. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2019 Folke Gernert, published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck www.degruyter.com Contents Acknowledgements VII Introduction 1 The Tratado de la divinança by Lope de Barrientos, in the European Context 7 PhysiognomyinPrintand its Readers 20 The Legitimacy of the Partially Occult Sciences, Physiognomyand Chiromancy in the Face of the Inquisition 35 The Precariousness of Knowing the Occult: The Problematic Status of Physiognomy 59 The Physiognomic Knowledge of the Archpriest of Hita 81 The Problematic Competences of the Female Rogue: La LozanaAndaluza and La pícara Justina 100 Predictive Astrology: From King Alcaraz to La Lozana Andaluza 112 Miscellaneous Knowledge, Good and Bad, in aBookofChivalry: the Baldo of 1542 127 The Accumulation of (un)useful Knowledge in the Moralistic Commentaries of the Baldo and the Guzmán de Alfarache 153 Bibliography 173 Index 198 Acknowledgements The essays collected in this book are English translations of previouslypub- lished material.
    [Show full text]
  • Open Research Online Oro.Open.Ac.Uk
    Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs The activation of the image: expatriate carvers and kneeling effigies in late Gothic Spain Journal Item How to cite: Woods, Kim (2017). The activation of the image: expatriate carvers and kneeling effigies in late Gothic Spain. The Sculpture Journal, 26(1) pp. 11–24. For guidance on citations see FAQs. c [not recorded] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Version: Accepted Manuscript Link(s) to article on publisher’s website: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.3828/sj.2017.26.1.3 Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk The activation of the image: expatriate carvers and kneeling effigies in late Gothic Spain In his famous book on tomb sculpture, first published in 1964, Panofsky suggests that the kneeling effigies so distinctive of 16th century Spain began with the lost tomb of Charles VIII (d.1498) by the Italian sculptor Guido Mazzoni and formerly in Saint-Denis.1 In fact this progressive format was not an Italian one but one that had been introduced into the Iberian peninsula over 50 years earlier, almost certainly by the Netherlandish émigré sculptors and brothers Master Hanequin and Master Egas Cueman (Coman/Cuyman) of Toledo but originally from Brussels.2 The purpose of this paper is to explore how these effigies might have functioned and what might have inspired them.
    [Show full text]
  • "Autoridades", En La Obra De Lope De Barrientos, Alonso De
    Interdependencia en el uso de «autoridades», en la obra de Lope de Barrientos, Alonso de Cartagena y Fernán Díaz de Montalvo Tres son las obras de los autores mencionados en el título de este trabajo, que nos hemos propuesto analizar a fin de establecer su mutua interdependencia en el uso de «autoridades». En el orden cronológico es la primera de ellas un «Dic­ tamen» emitido por don Lope de Barrientos, a requerimien­ to de un cierto bachiller, sobre la recta interpretación de la expresión «ex iudaeis» del concilio IV de Toledo, reco­ gidas por Graciano *. Compuesto en las postrimerías del siglo xiv, bajo el reinado de Enrique III, tuvo quizás como motivo el de haberse disputado en el Consejo real la cues­ tión de si los conversos del judaismo eran o no aptos para detentar oficios y beneficios públicos 21 . En 1943 fue editado por M. Alonso3, valiéndose de una copia del mismo hallada en el ms. 1642, fol.65r - 70v de la Biblioteca Real. Oscurecido por la importancia y divulgación adquiridas por la otra obra del obispo de Cuencia en favor de los con­ versos, el «Contra algunos zizañadores de la nación de los convertidos del pueblo de Israel» 4, este breve dictamen ha pasado casi de puntillas por la historia de los escritos que 1 Decretos, causa 17, q. 4, c. 31 (constitutit sanctum). ML 187, 1071. 2 Cf. Alonso de Cartagena, Defensorium Unitatis Christianae, pars 2*, theorema 4°, cap. 26. Vid. ítem Instrucción del Relator. Ambos escritos han sido editados por M. Alonso (Madrid 1943), en un solo tomo.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography
    BIBLIOGRAPHY Adler, Cyrus. Trial of Jorge de Almeida by the Inquisition in Mexico. Baltimore: P of the Friedenwald Co., 1895. Adorno, Rolena. The Polemics of Possession in Spanish American Narrative. Yale UP, 2007. Aguilar, Grace. The Vale of Cedars and Other Tales. London: Dent & Co., 1901. Aguinis, Marcos. La gesta del marrano. Buenos Aires: Planeta, 2007. Alva, J. Jorge Klor de. “Colonizing Souls: the failure of the Indian Inquisition and the rise of penitential discipline.” Eds. Mary Elizabeth Perry and Anne J Cruz. Cultural Encounters: the impact of the Inquisition in Spain and the New World. Berkeley: U of California P, 1991. 3–22. Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Refections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. 1983. New York: Verso, 2006. Anidjar, Gil. The Jew, the Arab: A History of the Enemy. Stanford: Stanford UP, 2003. Arenal and Schlau, Alecta and Stacey. Untold Stories: Hispanic Nuns in Their Own Words. Albuquerque: U of New Mexico P, 1988. “Auto del Rey Asuero quando desconpuso a Basti.” Códice de Autos viejos: Autos, Farsas y otras obras dramáticas del Siglo XVI (anteriores de Lope de Vega). (1501). Madrid: Biblioteca nacional. Folios 87–93. “Auto del Rey Ausero quando ahorco a Aman.” Códice de Autos viejos: Autos, Farsas y otras obras dramáticas del Siglo XVI (anteriores de Lope de Vega). (1501). Madrid: Biblioteca nacional. Folios 94–97. Baer, Yitzhak. A History of the Jews in Christian Spain. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1961. Bhahba, Homi K. The Location of Culture. New York: Routledge, 1994. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 173 E.
    [Show full text]
  • Witchcraft: the Formation of Belief – Part Two
    TMM6 8/30/03 5:37 PM Page 122 6 Witchcraft: the formation of belief – part two In the previous chapter we examined how motifs drawn from traditional beliefs about spectral night-traveling women informed the construction of learned witch categories in the late Middle Ages.Although the precise manner in which these motifs were utilized differed between authorities, two general mental habits set off fifteenth-century witch-theorists from earlier writers. First, they elided the distinctions between previously discrete sets of beliefs to create a substantially new category (“witch,” variously defined), with which to carry out subsequent analysis. Second, they increasingly insisted upon the objective reality of their conceptions of witchcraft. In this chapter we take up a rather different set of ideas, all of which, from the clerical perspective, revolved around the idea of direct or indirect commerce with the devil: heresy, black magic, and superstition. Nonetheless, here again the processes of assimilation and reification strongly influenced how these concepts impinged upon cate- gories of witchcraft. Heresy and the diabolic cult Informed opinion in the late Middle Ages was in unusual agreement that witches, no matter how they were defined, were heretics, and that their activ- ities were the legitimate subjects of inquisitorial inquiry.1 The history of this consensus has been thoroughly examined, and need not long concern us here.2 Instead, let us examine how the witch-theorists of the fifteenth century used ideas associated with heresy and heretics to construct their image of witches. This is a problem of several dimensions, involving both the legal and theolog- ical approaches to heresy and to magic, and the related but broader question of why heretics were conflated with magicians, malefici, and night-travelers in the first place.
    [Show full text]
  • Assignment 4 - Show Me 26 November 2019 17:04
    Assignment 4 - Show me 26 November 2019 17:04 Feeling The height of the type piece is known as the ‘em’, and it The most important thing about a type design is the feelings it evokes. This is notoriously hard to verbalise, but originates from the width of the uppercase ‘M’ character; it is what makes a particular typeface meaningfully different from any other. it was made so that the proportions of this letter would A type designer in Portugal, Natanael Gama, designed the Exo family with FontForge. On his homepage he be square (hence the ‘em square’ denomination). describes another project for the sculptor John Williams and includes a graphic showing his brief in a matrix of The em size is what the point size of metal type is continuums of feelings: calculated upon. So, a 10 points type has a 10 points • Figurative to Abstract 50% em (see below). • Graceful to Robust: 30% In digital type, the em is a digitally-defined amount of • Calm to Energetic: 0% space. In an OpenType font, the UPM — or em size is • Puzzling to Plain: 15% usually set at 1000 units. In TrueType fonts, the UPM is by • Experimental to Standard: 15% convention a power of two, generally set to 1024 or 2048. • Prestigious to Ordinary: 15% When the font is used to set type, the em is scaled to • Other Ideas: Beautiful, Outside Spaces, Human Condition the desired point size. This means that for 10 pt type, the 1000 units for instance get scaled to 10 pt. From <http://designwithfontforge.com/en-US/Planning_Your_Project.html> So if your uppercase ‘H’ is 700 units high, it will be 7 pt high on a 10 pt type.
    [Show full text]
  • Printing the Law in the 15Th Century with a Focus on Corpus Iuris Civilis
    Printing R-Evolution and Society 1450-1500 Fifty Years that Changed Europe edited by Cristina Dondi chapter 4 Printing the Law in the 15th Century With a Focus on Corpus iuris civilis and the Works of Bartolus de Saxoferrato Maria Alessandra Panzanelli Fratoni 15cBOOKTRADE, University of Oxford, UK Abstract The editions of legal texts are a major and important part of 15th-century book output, amounting to about 15% of the surviving extant editions. The category comprehends two types of work: (a) the collections of Roman and Canon law, with their medieval supplements and commentaries; (b) acts and regulations produced by govern- ments and by local authorities as part of their day-to-day activity. After a general overview, this article focuses on the first group of texts, which offers an opportunity to address some key questions related to the impact of printing in a particular cultural context, that of the university. A study of legal texts printed in the 15th century aims to provide a relevant contribution to a better understanding of the impact of printing by comparing elements of continuity and discontinuity with the manuscript and later printed tradition. Keywords History of the book. Textual transmission. Incunabula. Scholarly book. Law books. Legal texts. Ius commune. Legal history. Corpus iuris civilis. Bartolus de Saxofer- rato. History of Universities. Summary 1 Introduction. – 2 Legal Texts in the Age of Print: An Overview. – 2.1 The Cat- egories of Law; Ius Commune and Iura Propria; Scholarly Production and Current Affairs – 2.2 Civil and Canon law: Scholarly Production. – 2.3 Periodisation of the Texts of Civil and Canon law.
    [Show full text]