CEU eTD Collection Second Tijana Reader: Professor Krstić Supervisor: Professor Tolga Esmer Boundary Entrepreneurs: Manipulating Difference on the the on Difference Manipulating Entrepreneurs: Boundary Seventeenth In requirements for fulfillmentof the thedegree partial of - Century Ottoman Century Central European University

History Department Budapest, Hungary

Master Submitted to Submitted Ana Sekulić 2013 By of Arts

-

Venetian Border Venetian

CEU eTD Collection such with accordance in made copies instructions may permissionmade ofthe thewritten Author. without not be Further made. copies such any of part a form must t from obtained be may and Details Library. Author European Central the in the lodged by given instructions the with accordance in only made be may part, or full Copyright in the text of this thesis rests with the Author. Copies by any process, either in in either process, any by Copies Author. the with rests thesis this of text the Copyrightin

he librarian. This page page This librarian. he i

CEU eTD Collection processgiven reality.a rather than boundary on went what explaining when identification of intra and strategies belies oft actually antagonisms sources or clashes, in differences, what that turn in suggesting elites, ecclesiastical and imperial or actors the of all between intimacy precarious and loyalties shifting interdependency, claims power exch of networks complex navigated they how and population Morlacchi the on focuses thesis The bou in engaged Abstract ange and r and ange This thesis explores thesis This - - confessional competition. competition. confessional aig n rltosis ewe gop ad niiul wr a yai, ongoing dynamic, a were individuals and groups between relationships and making

ndary ivalry in establishing their power niches, power their establishing in ivalry based on their presence at the borderland. These interactions speak to the the to speak interactions These borderland. the at presence their on based - crossing and negotiations during the second half of the seventeenth century. seventeenth the of half second the during negotiations and crossing

how different groups on the on groups different how

In doing so, it is possible to go beyond monolithic categories monolithic beyond go to possible is it so, Indoing

in such early modern spaces, and observe how observe and spaces, modern early such in

as well as how other actors built their built actors other how as well as Ottoman in political, economic, and inter and economic, political, in - Venetian border in Dalmatia in border Venetian en reads as as reads en –

Morlacchi ii -

CEU eTD Collection merry many for Kurkina Teodora Ana and Bileta Vedran friend and cousin my to as well Murat Köro also am I occasions. many on inter private my being for Kevo Tomislav to thankful am meaningful. especially me for year this made Ottomanists fellow my and environment, fun and welcoming provided Department History the from friends My academia. of ways unfathomable weaker. undoubte would thesis this which without sources, important sharing and to me introducing for him Ithank importantly, Most stranger. complete a almost was conceptualize further to me helped observations deciding future. onmy a advice providing for them of both thank I dimension. differe very a work my gave readings and comments, class, whose Esmer, Tolga Professor to thankful also am I not. did myself I when me in believing for importantly, most and admir I whom covers these between stands r little bears conception original its that here say to it Suffice it. in discuss Acknowledgments I also want to want also I sharp and knowledge vast whose Madunić, Domagoj Professor to grateful very am I has thesis this with relationship My

ğlu for their friendship and help in some of the more diffi more of the some in and friendship forğlu help their e and look up to. I am immensely thankful for her classes, guidance, and patience, patience, and guidance, classes, her for thankful immensely am I to. up look and e

thank my wonderful parents for their love and support, even in the face of of face the in even support, and love their for parents wonderful my thank

. h pro ms responsi most person The hnfl o aie eoga, şn Ta Işın Gevorgian, Narine to thankful en s hfig n abgos s h lylis I loyalties the as ambiguous and shifting as been my field of study, to which nine months ago I ago months nine which to study, of field my - b library loan and providing comic relief relief comic providing and loan library l e for this is Professor Tijana Krstić, Krstić, Tijana Professor is this for e d upr i tmluu times tumultuous in support nd dly be very different, and much much and different, very be dly cult moments of my MA, as as moments MA, ofmy cult ylan, Ayçe Yılmaz and and Yılmaz Ayçe ylan, esemblance to what what to esemblance nt and exciting and nt

of

1 I

CEU eTD Collection dedicated tohim. w of Regardless heroes. fierce my over, is thesis this that has Periša Now grandfather spies. Venetian as mountains the across running names family my of one finding fun indeed was it and descendants, Morlacchi those of one am myself daya been joy. has Evren companion” “boon my to go thanks Special occasions. Finally, in many strange ways, this this ways, strange many in Finally,

great expectations from me from expectations great hether or not I will tell him what he wants to hear, this thesis this hear, to wants he what him tell will I not or hether thesis brought me to my own roots. As it turns out, I out, turns it As roots. own my to me brought thesis

to tell him stories about the Morlacchi, the Morlacchi, the about stories him tell to

Sünnetçioğlu , with whom every whom with , is 2

CEU eTD Collection Bibliography Conclusion On the Move: Morlacchi’s Strategies inStraddling “Sides”Border Different ofthe Tokens Ecclesiastical theStruggle in for Offices “ Theoretical Back Introduction Acknowledgments Abstract Dove bestiale alla sivive Moving Others across Imperial Boundaries and Benefits of Mo Confessional Claims, “Backwardness,” andBids Officesfor Confessional Discourse as Currency Changing Sides:Orthodox ......

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...... ving andBeing Moved between Empires: Morlacchi a as (Self ground:Meanings Difference of ...... :” Morlacchi’s Confessional Loyalties:” Morlacchi’s Confessional and Backwardness Alleged as - Catholic Unions Context in ......

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60 59 40 19 12 50 42 32 26 21

ii 4 1 3

CEU eTD Collection Veszpré in Centuries," Seventeenth and Seixteenth in the Hungary 2 217 2006), Werhahn, (Hanover: 16th 1 Morlacchi or Vlach tothe specificallyrefers This centuries. sixteenth and fifteenth inthe the area into expansion Ottoman bythe motion in set changes demographic undoubtedly were borderland Mountains. Carpathian to Adriatic northern the 1550s, in established Border, Military the especially significance, military its century. twentieth the of conflicts firs was border triple the overview, historiographical excellent her in out points Bracewell Wendy As debate.” historical of “site the primarily been has Empires, Venetian and Ottoman, Habsburg, of system provided loyalties religious and opportunities them for carve power to many theireconomic of and own niches. political of usage strategic a and network entrepreneurial acto these among relations power the Although lives. human as well as information, offices, goods, material included that network boundary and (1645 Crete of War the of aftermath the in and the inhabiting Ottoman representatives, ecclesiastical and elites, governing Venetian the Morlacchi,

Wendy Bracewell, "The Historiography of the Triplex Confinium: Conflict and Community on a Triple Frontier, Frontier, Triple a on Community ConflictConfinium: and Triplex ofHistoriographythe "The Bracewell, Wendy For a succint discussion on the histor the on succint a For discussion -

18th Centuries," in Centuries," 18th my In historiography, the Ottoman the historiography, In primarily groups, borderland various among relationships the explores thesis This -

Venetian borderland in the second half of the seventeenth century, particularly during particularly century, seventeenth the of half second the in borderland Venetian and Béla K. Kirá K. Béla and - crossing these actors were bound together in a larger borderland entrepreneurial borderland larger a in together bound were actors these crossing ad oeot pae f utpe al lns ht a a te oe f violent of core the at lay that lines fault multiple of place a foremost and t

Frontiers and the Writing of History, 1500 1500 Writing History, the of and Frontiers ly (New York: Brooklin College Press, 2002). Press, College Brooklin York: (New .

y of the Military Frontier see Frontier ythe Military of 1

The whole phenomenon received most scholarly attention for attention scholarly most received phenomenon whole The rs were very asymmetrical, the complex borderland borderland complex the asymmetrical, very were rs - Veneti Introduction an borderland, only a part of the three the of part a only borderland, an - A Millenium of Hungarian Military HistoryMilitary Hungarian of Millenium A 1669). I argue t argue I 1669). 2

mn te ot otse ise o the of issues contested most the Among Geza Pallfy, "The Border Defense System in in System Defense Border Pallfy,"The Geza

-

1800

, ed. Steven G. Ellis and Raingard Ess Raingard Ellis and ed.Steven , G. hat through constant negotiation constant through hat that stretched from from stretched that

, ed. , - way border border way

László

the the er er 4

CEU eTD Collection Centuries, 18th Orthodox the and 3 nobility, Croatian landed center, imperial the of jockeying jurisdictional of product a as development this explaining of level the at remains story whole the However, Vla Orthodox the the of is it incorporation confinium, Habsburg Triplex the across relations confessional on historiography to comes it when observesthat Bracewell Furthermore,Wendy above. from imposed categories confessional intra itself title the the Furthermore, including negotiations, and struggles power complex reflected inter these how to attention more paying without however, so, inter on articles of variety presents Confinium” Triplex the on Intolerance and “Tolerance entitled volume the remaine them of most affairs, inter borderland of aspects important many on light shed project the in participated who historians While projects. imperial competing and people, wayBraudelian borderland in approachesthe he which scho this from coming work major A life. borderland modern early of aspects different on volumes edited three produced space narrative who wantof tellhistorynational these to narratives. areas in“clean” those for confusion of sources been have loyalties and identities religious ambiguous whose and weret who communities

Bracewell, "The Historiography of the Triplex Confinium: Conflict and Community on a Triple Triple a on Community Conflictand Confinium: the Triplex of Historiography "The Bracewell,

instead Recently

about this borderland this about " . This approach found particular expression in the Triplexproje Confiniumthe in particularexpression foundapproach This .

220. - confessional relations across Habsburg, Ottoman, and Venetian border. They d They border. Venetian and Ottoman, Habsburg, across relations confessional

scholarship has moved in the direction of transcending the “fault lines” lines” “fault the transcending of direction the in moved has scholarship

ransferred or migrated to deserted areas, or settled in the military the service, in settled ordeserted areas, to migratedransferred or larly project is Drago Roksandi Drago is project larly –

d at the descriptive, rather than the analytical level. For example, For level. analytical the than rather descriptive, the at d tolerance and intolerance intolerance and tolerance , trying to present a more comprehensive picture of an inclusive an of picture comprehensive more a present to trying , h reuas ht las oe t te for the to comes always that irregulars ch - ofsinl ipra, n eco and imperial, confessional, –

as a as –

ć vks t evokes ’s monograph on the triple border in border triple the on monograph ’s

convergence of its environment, itsenvironment, its of convergence - confessional relations might have might relations confessional

he notion of clearly defined defined clearly of notion he - confessional one. one. confessional Frontier, 16th 16th Frontier, - historical historical ct, whichct, -

e. o 5 3

CEU eTD Collection 2002). Press, University 7 117 2003), 6 Centuries, 18th 5 spomenika,2010). see Morlacchi on 123. 2010), Zagrebu, u diss.: Sveučilište (Phd Stoljeće)" 4 assumes thattheywere objects more nothing ofrepresentation. thanimpassive state Venetian and Morlacchi the between m relationship the like Morlacchi, nationalizing with do to nothing their places and mass depersonalized a as Morlacchi treating from away steps which Janković, Stojan seventeenth on Roksandić Drago by essay the is exceptions notable conflicts.” current “vindicating way that in communities, ethnic modern of predecessors early the time.” modern of historiography Serbian and Croatian in frustration and disagreement of sources main the of one “indeed is Šarić Marko to according which them, on literature vast formidably exact say to challenging is It centuries. eighteenth and sixteenth the between borders these populated who move the on people represent make their own choices. power, in disparate how matter no actors, all which in and below, from and above from negotiation ongoing an in shaped as categories and relations confessional view to instead trying Patria the to tied Church Triple a on Community Conflictand Confinium: the Triplex of Historiography "The Bracewell, Larry Wolff, LarryWolff, Roksandić, Drago i kult društvima graničnim u usukobima suživot natromeđi: "Vlasi Šarić, Marko members In the literature on the borderland, Vlachs or the Morlacchi assume a special place. They They place. special a assume Morlacchi the or Vlachs borderland, the on literature the In - 73.

Venice and the Slavs: Discovery of Dalmatia in the Age of Enlightenment Enlightenment Age of the in Dalmatia of theDiscovery Slavs: and Venice "

216.

4 Ivan Mužić, ed. ed. Mužić, Ivan

at the very center of the borderland affairs. borderland the of center very the at

In one w In one Triplex Confinium: ili o granicama i regijama hrvatske povijesti 1500 1500 povijesti hrvatske i regijama granicama ili o Confinium: Triplex

rchate of Peć. of rchate ay or another, historians have tried to portray the Morlacchi as historical historical as Morlacchi the portray to tried have historians another, or ay

Vlasi u starijoj hrvatskoj historiografiji hrvatskoj starijoj u Vlasi

My work takes issue with precisely this kind of approach, of kind this precisely with issue takes work My ly who the Morlacchi or Vlachs were, given the the given were, Vlachs or Morlacchi the who ly

For late nineteenth Forlate 6 -

ulig n h egtet century, eighteenth the in building However, even the literature that has has that literature the even However, ajor work by Larry Wolff on the the on Wolff Larry by work ajor

(Split: Muzej hrvatskiharheološki Muzej (Split: -

and earlytwentieth and - urama Morlakije (16. (16. uramaMorlakije century Morlacchi c Morlacchi century (Palo Alto: Stanford Alto: Stanford (Palo -

1800. 7

- century discussions centurydiscussions Frontier, 16th 16th Frontier,

(Zagreb: Barbat, (Zagreb: Barbat, -

17. 17. 5

hieftain hieftain Among h could -

6

CEU eTD Collection 10 History and Society in Studies Comparative 9 — 2003). krug, Književni in stoljeću," sedamnaestom see transhumance the Morlacchi’s For identities. Vlach/Morlacchi modern early understanding for models different on discussion for 8 many ofthe area. brokers power ways Morlacchi that suggest to want sources as much As borderland. the of fabric economic and social, political, in implicated deeply were they as themselves. Morlacchi the between the of area seventeenth that notes even vast Roksandić Drago borderland. the across structures power own their established they how see to possible regi period, particular private alternative, of construction the into insightstheoretical important produce to potential the holds regimeslegal and political of fringes no Prange Sebastian Morlacchi. “backward” and authorities, ecclesiastical and imperial powerful among obtained that dynamics power borderland wider an ongoing in through calibrated and forged were but fixed not were “Morlacchi,” of that including belonging, of categories modern early the of lot a that argue I Alternatively, day. very this to them with belong people these that category primordial all. at origin Morlacchi’s modern the and Morlacchi

Sebastian R. Prange, "Outlaw Economies: Doing Business on the Fringess of the State. A Review Essay," ReviewAEssay," State. ofthe Fringess theon Business Economies:Doing "Outlaw R.Prange, Sebastian See

Roksandić, Roksandić, , "Vlaško pitanje i osmanlijs pitanje "Vlaško , Šarić, "Vlasi na tromeđi: suživot u sukobima u graničnim društvima i kulturama Morla kulturama i društvima graničnimu sukobima u suživot tromeđi: na "Vlasi Šarić, utemr, tdig h Mraci n ter otcs n cnrcs at a ih on light a casts contracts and contacts their and Morlacchi the studying Furthermore, relationsh the determine to try not do I thesis this In Triplex Confinium: ili o granica ili o Confinium: Triplex teraction and contact.teraction and Snježana Buzov, "Vlaška sela, pašnjaci i pašnjaci sela, "Vlaška Buzov, Snježana

For the discussion of Morlacchi’s social and political status in the Ottoman Empire see Empire the Ottoman in status political and social the For ofMorlacchi’s discussion

on, or methodology.” or on, Triplex Confinium (1500 (1500 Confinium Triplex ki izvori," ki izvori," - 8 day inhabitants of the borderland. In fact, I do not treat the issue of issue the treat not do I fact, In borderland. the of inhabitants day

h qeto o wo hy wr” sue sm kn o pure, of kind some assumes “were” they who of question The

Povijesni prilozi Povijesni

10

53, no. no. (2011): 2 427. 53,

However, Morlacchi were more than just just than more were Morlacchi However, ma i regijama hrvatske povijesti 1500 1500 povijesti i regijama hrvatske ma

9 - -

re ntttos htaeo infcnebyn a beyond significance of are that institutions order

This is indeed the case with the Morlacchi as it is it as Morlacchi the with case the indeed is This 1800): Ekohistorija 1800): ed to, which both explains their actions and stays and actions their explains both which to, ed

11(1992). č were iftluci: krajolik osmanlijskog prigraničja u šesnaestom prigraničja osmanlijskog krajolik iftluci:

indeed marginalized people, they were in were they people, marginalized indeed

- century inter century , ed. Drago Roksandić et all. (Split: (Split: Roksandićall. et Drago ed. , e ta “td o atr o the on actors of “study that tes ip between the early modern modern early the between ip -

- 1800. imperial wars were w were wars imperial

kije (16. (16. kije a “private” order, “private” -

17. Stoljeće)". 17. —— ars ars

7 i

CEU eTD Collection stoljeću." i sedamnaestom u šesnaestom prigraničja osmanlijskog 2010) spomenika, hrvatskiharheoloških Muzej (Split: 11 the chapter, third the in discuss I As choice. rational any from far compulsion, of act an was it more many perhaps for loyalties, military and political changing of act conscious a was crossing alth that state to important is it Nevertheless, previously these of number Venetians. the for raids out carried and side other the to over crossed militaryirregulars large Ottoman a when Crete of War the of beginning the with occurred moveme Significant 1576. in war Cyprus the after borderline the setting in elites Venetian and Ottoman the to challenge a presenting century, sixteenth the throughout hinter the in land scarce the using over communes urban Adriatic the from people the with clashes to came they Ages Middle the in Already move. the on people literally were Morlacchi the and their In pasturelands. winter to summer from annually migrated who groups, transhumant mostly were They 1645. in war the various borderland inco actors tied that spheres entrepreneurial engendered alliances fluctuating and ambiguities how on light a cast transactions, of channels all in participation their with together borderland, the of ends mo Morlacchi’s Furthermore, them. navigating in employed actors particular strategies what as well as out, played ambiguities these exactly how observing for seventeenth respect that in and around, space t and oneself defining of characteristics main the of one as ambiguities” “complex the stresses

Marko Perojević, "Vlasi na trogirskom teritoriju," in teritoriju," natrogirskom "Vlasi Perojević, Marko land. Morlacchi were present along the Ottoman the along present were Morlacchi Mediterranean and Europe eastern south modern and modern early both on Literature 11

One of the examples is the Morlacchi’s feud with people of Trogir, which stretched which Trogir, of people with feud Morlacchi’s the is examples the of One

economy and way of life, imperial borderlands did not mean much, much, mean not did borderlands imperial life, of way and economy

mmon networksexchangemmon ofand negotiation. power ; - Vlasi u starijoj hrvatskoj historiografiji u hrvatskoj starijoj Vlasi Buzov, " Vlaška sela, pašnjaci i Vlaškapašnjaci sela, " Buzov, century Dalmatian Morlacchi provide an ideal lens ideal an provide Morlacchi Dalmatian century ough for some of the Morlacchi families this this families Morlacchi the of some for ough - Venetian borders long before the outbreak of of outbreak the before long borders Venetian

bility and presence on various on presence and bility č iftluci nt of the Morlacchi Morlacchi the of nt : krajolik krajolik : , ed. Ivan Mužić ed. ,

he he 8

CEU eTD Collection (1683 14 vaticana,1992). apostolica 13 12 studying inter complex Archbishops Propaganda all Although discourse. confessional competing of Missionary relations. century gender a half together brings it as historians, for even gem real a represents turn, in correspondence, and transactions, symbolic and economic relations, Morl the of incorporation legal and social including issues, various tackle and voices, many echo nevertheless letters The operations. war and incorporation military their on provveditore Governor Venetian the by sent letters mainly contains ( Faith the correspond missionary Catholic the on based Morea e Vienna Candia Guerra the in (1645 uskoka elites Ottoman even and Morlacchi, Venetian, the which in way

——— ed. Jačov, Marko Desnica,ed. Boško - -

1699) 1669). ) is a collection of Venetian dispatches concerning the Morlacchi during the War of Crete Crete of War the during Morlacchi the concerning dispatches Venetian of collection a is ) aa Acie Te te to sources, two other The Archive. Zadar I use three main published primary sources. primary published main three use I , ed. ed. , Sacra Congregatione de Propaganda Fide Propaganda de Congregatione Sacra

(Citta del Vaticano: Biblioteca apostolica vaticana,1998). apostolica Biblioteca Vaticano: (Citta del Le missioni cattoliche nei Balcani tra le due grandi guerre: Candia (1645 (1645 Candia guerre: grandi due le tra Balcani nei cattoliche missioni Le

) of Dalmatia and Albania to the Senate, informing it about the Morlacchi, mainly mainly Morlacchi, the about it informing Senate, the to Albania and Dalmatia of ) 12 n oe te rpeet utpe ocs fo lcl lvc priests Slavic local from voices, multiple represent they Rome, in to

13 the basedon is it and 1930s the in Desnica Boško bytogetherIt put was

Le missioni cattoliche nei Balcani durante la guerra di Candia di guerra durantela Balcani nei missioni Le cattoliche ersnaie o Iain ahlc orders Catholic Italian of representatives (1683

and

Istorija kotorskih uskoka 1648 uskoka kotorskih Istorija olch mvd n wr mvd ery a hl hs o ngtain of negotiations of host whole a betrays moved were and moved Morlacchi

Le missioni cattoliche nei Balcani tra le due guerre: Candia (1645 Candia guerre: due le tra Balcani nei cattoliche missioni Le - - 1699)

and intra 14

were both published by a Serbian historian Marko Jačov and are and Jačov Marko historian Serbian a by published both were -

confessional relations across southeastern Europe.confessional relations - 1684 ence of Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of of Propagation the for Congregation Sacred of ence –

, vol. 1 (Beograd: Naučnaknjiga,1950). (Beograd: 1 vol. , negotiations that were often couched in violence. in couched often were negotiationsthat e isoi catto missioni Le History of Kotar Uskoks Kotar of History ) in Rome. Rome. in ) - General ( General of the letters center around Catholic Catholic around center letters the of

.

hy r therefore are They The History of the Kotar Uskoks Kotar the of History The provveditore generale provveditore liche nei Balcani durante la la durante Balcani nei liche , vol. 1 and 2 (Vatican: Biblioteca and (Vatican:Biblioteca 1 2 vol. -

1669) Vienna e Morea Morea e Vienna 1669)

acchi, confessional acchi, ( Istorija kotarskih Istorija

invaluable for for invaluable and

, hereafter hereafter , Orthodox materials - 1669), 9

CEU eTD Collection Even goals. military and political Venetian the in Morlacchi the implicated Venice and Empire Ottoman the between warfare imperial one, For pretenders. power multiple manipulated others, moving as well as than of competition for power. reality, of matter a less were descriptions and categories such that argues chapter this However, also uncivilized an as area the of image enduring an to contributed certainly which Morlacchi, about writing in especially violence, and backwardness general of engaging to addition In animosities. intra betray often discussions these in circulated and raised claims Religious market. exchange borderland wider the of part forming jurisdic in tokens discursive as functioned offices for bids and praises, slanders, how show I century, seventeenth the of half second the in Dalmatia in Church religious in j opportunities new with presented migration Morlacchi whom clergy Orthodox la to boundaries of negotiations these entrepreneurialof exchange networks relate to try also I mediation. and negotiations of results, as well as means, wereactors confessional or imperial among rivalries and differences the of some use I words, other In differences. obvious the beyond people its and dynamics social and political, urisdictional hierarchy. By focusing on the two unions of the Orthodox clergy with the Catholic Catholic the with clergy Orthodox the of unions two the on focusing By hierarchy. urisdictional

on frie rud n h Vnta state Venetian the in ground fertile found Finally, Chapter III focuses on the M the on IIIfocuses Finally, Chapter inter on concentrate I II Chapter In confessional, borderland’s the show that grounds theoretical lays thesis this of I Chapter eet coasi o te toa ad eein mie ta sos how shows that Empires Venetian and Ottoman the on scholarship recent though the Venetian government treated them as a war a as them treated government Venetian the though

in jurisdictional rivalries, clergy regularly employed notions notions employed regularly clergy rivalries, jurisdictional in - – ofsinl optto, ahr hn inter than rather competition, confessional

material, discursive, and symbolic. material, discursive, orlacchi themselves and how they how and themselves orlacchi -

n intra and - ulig rjcs f h egtet century. eighteenth the of projects building - ofsinl eain o Ctoi and Catholic of relations confessional terra incognita terra inl optto, hs also thus competition, tional

- waging commodity, commodity, waging –

, something that that something , by beingmoved, by - confessional rger 10

CEU eTD Collection andstate,or consequently whowasMuslim, Christian matter the complicating and them, thus between boundaries elites, the blurring governing Ottoman and Venetian and representatives, ecclesiastical together Morlacchi, brought that enterprise an was which area, the in trade slave flourishing of masters were groups Morlacchi the that seems it that, to Related niches. power lucrative, sometimes own, their carved and hierarchy governing Venetian navigated skillfully Morlacchi the of some

–

who was awho was legitimate target violence. of of who belonged to what what to belonged who of

the the 11

CEU eTD Collection weremobilize boundaries howsee religious To Confinium Triplex the 15 all other respects.” in slightly only differed who people between aggression and competition, suspicion, legitimate w framework ideological an because generally more but life, of way their and existence their for reasons the were oppositions frontier because just not divisions: such needed actively groups] borderland them. [the they on that capitalize argue could could “one who words, Bracewell’s actors different of hands the in “assets” were divisions and differences how highlights also it because but borderland the of image romanticized overly by functioning its enabled and ac for currency providing society border the to meaning gave that mechanisms were lines fault proverbial various the words, other In borderland. the of existence very the sustained Bracewell’s pol that Wendy out points find She invaluable. I contribution literature, borderland extensive the Amidst misunderstanding. cultural or antagonisms, confessional politics, imperial by than rather mediation, and negotiation determ were affairs borderland that suggesting actors, state informed largely identities and space shared contested and defined people which in ways The boundaries. borderl

WendyBracew and, I concentrate on the literature that emphasizes social and religious relationships and relationships religious and social emphasizes that literature the on concentrate I and, n rig o ocpulz wa wn o o te al mdr Ottoman modern early the on on went what conceptualize to trying In ell, "Frontier Blood "Frontier ell, Theoretical Background: Meanings Differenceof , ed. Drago Roksandić and Nataša Štefanec (Budapest: Central European University, 2000), 40. 2000), University, European Central (Budapest: Štefanec Nataša and Roksandić Drago ed. , 15

tion. This is important not only because it represents a check against an an against check a represents it onlybecause not important is This tion.

- Brotherhood and the Triplex Confinium," in the and Confinium," Triplex Brotherhood d in the Age of Confessionalization in a wider Ottoman context see Ottoman context wider a in AgeofConfessionalization in the d itical and religious boundaries in many ways ways many in boundaries religious and itical I

as needed in order to explain and explain to order in needed as Constructing Border Societies on on Societies Border Constructing ined through constant constant through ined

- Venetian 12 In

CEU eTD Collection 20 19 18 7. 2012), Press, University 17 16 center. state fromthe away moved from profiting differences Empire and Krstić, Tijana exploited, transgressed, be can metropolitan, the in or border the at whether emphasizing boundaries, in important is work Rothman’s focus, research different rather a require across imperial bor networks large sustaining by and elsewhere” roots their “mobilizing by who subjects,” “trans imperial of activities specific of product a was brokering culture that argues she Rather, own. power,” highly of relations asymmetrical of contexts in often other, each with grapple and clash, meet, cultures “where zone,” boundaries.” political and religious, “stra by boundaries metropolitan calibrated case, her in specifically Ottoman center the to frontier the taking in frontier cen imperial at the intersectiongroup and of state or personal interests. standing actors, borderland the of behavior informing funds rhetorical and ideological werethese that Therefore, suggests and purposes.” empires by local imposed boundaries for of notions usual used the circumvents and Bracewell adopted referents of set a provided also others] outside by imposed

Mary Louise Pratt, "Arts of the Contact Zone," Zone," Contact ofthe "Arts Pratt, LouiseMary 3. Ibid., 14. Ibid., Rothman, Natalie E. Blood "Frontier Bracewell,

(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011). Importantly, Krsti 2011). University Press, Stanford (Stanford: While I do not claim that subjects in my own research are “trans are research own my in subjects that claim not do I While the of making in phenomena same the noted who Rothman Natalie been has it Recently What Bracewell suggests is that “divisions of frontier society […] were not entirely entirely not were […] society frontier of “divisions that is suggests Bracewell What

Contested Conversions to Islam: Narratives of Religious Change in the Early Modern Ottoman Ottoman Earlyin Modern the Change Religious of Narratives Islam: to Conversions Contested es n ideologies. and ters ders simultaneously crossed and reinforced simultaneously crossedand ders “distinctcategories ofdifference.” Brokering Empire: Trans Empire: Brokering

authorities.”

- Brotherhood and the Triplex Confinium." the and Triplex Brotherhood 17 16 20

utemr, oha rvre te yia apoc t the to approach typical the reverses Rothman Furthermore,

19

ahr “eiiu iette ad eiiu reoi [among rhetoric religious and identities “religious Rather, by observing by

Rothman revises Marie Louise Pratt’s notion of a “contact a of notion Pratt’s Louise Marie revises Rothman - Imperial Subjects between Venice and Istanbul and Venice between Subjects Imperial Profession

18

to show how “trans how show to

, no. 91 (1990): 34. (1990): 91 no. , that cultures do not meet and grapple on their on grapple and meet not do cultures that

ć

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CEU eTD Collection Motion in and Depth in Boundaries 22 21 provides violence that argue would I Infact, it. underlie that exchanges and meanings polyvalent self assumed the challenge to necessary is it certain at is neverthelessnecessait moments, historical violence perpetual of aspects traumatic and destructive against argue to pointless is it While destruction. and war, violence, of tropes the with hand in hand goes historiography, to separateMuslims.” from Croats […] functioned “Serbs the where borderland” “buffer a of example an is borderland triple the of most tri as conclusions in end can Perhaps expanding. which borders, as the typologizing with than obsession from away rather research the directs space, it importantly, enclosing an as boundary or border the borderland the in on went actually what explore to us allows approach this Furthermore, predetermined. than rather exchanged, and used are that currencies social are borderland the on note we that identities and boundaries that realize to as elements,” different together Instead cultures.” bound neatly and “mixing defined clearly assume not “does syncretism as syncretism of think from not borrows does she which She “syncretism” linguistics. of notions the explores Rothman piece, another In identities. and cultures defined clearly of set a existed there occurred, hybridization the before that presuppose already “hybridity” as such notions observes, herself Rothman As there. occur borderland the typologize to attempts few a just name to “creolization,” and “hybridity”as conceptssuch to respect with also important is This maintained.

I. William Zartman, "Introduction: Identity, Movement, and Response," in Response," and Movement, Identity, "Introduction: Zartman, William I. Rothman, h fcs n h breln dfeecs a omn trope common a differences, borderland the on focus The Brokering Empire: Trans Empire: Brokering

vial and anachronistic such as the statement that the modern version version modern the that statement the as such anachronistic and vial , ed. I. William Zartman (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2010), 1 2010), Press, ofGeorgia University GA: (Athens, Zartman ed.I. , William

- Imperial Subjects between Venice and Istanbul and Venice between Subjects Imperial 22

ry to qualify, as well as challenge it. Inwords,other challenge it. as qualify,well as ry to - ufcec o te da f ilne n delineate and violence of idea the of sufficiency , shifting away from a general understanding of of understanding general a from away shifting , and processes of cultural exchange that exchange cultural of processes and Understanding Life in the Borderlands: Borderlands: the in Life Understanding , , 6.

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21

CEU eTD Collection Adriatic 23 mi of were who Morlacchi, the of presence increased the things, other Among war. this during numbers unprecedented in service and territory Venetian entered and borderland borderland. the on players emerging new as well as rivalries, and power of constellations changing also but reflect discourses ofviolence they Rather, value. face the at taken be always not should violence about tell sources what and how because methodologically, salient especially is this Furthermore, e otherwise. or materially to recourse had actors the which in the opportunities, of much in as point, of space a as concludingborderland the see to us allows that entry of a point the precisely but historiography, not is actions unrul violent general at of stage Looking a unsatisfactory. as borderland the of description general the how see to begin to point vantage a as well as contestation, power and relations political and social underneath it. forged get that networks exchange and relations power multiple miss would one destructiveness, loyalties. shifting and antagonisms, religious raidin rivalries, imperial of intersection the at stood lifestyle violent their Uskoks, the of case the in shows Bracewell Wendy As spaces. contested these in forge cont a

Catherine Wendy Bracewell, Bracewell, Wendy Catherine ext for exploring what sorts of benefits and contracts various groups and individuals could individuals and groups various contracts and benefits of sorts what exploring for ext

Focusing therefore on the period of the War of Crete, does not only signal the destruction, the onlysignal not doesCrete, of War the of period the on therefore Focusing (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992). Press, CornellUniversity (Ithaca: n oe as voec i te al mdr breln i a sfl es o exploring for lens useful a is borderland modern early the in violence ways, some In

This particularly refers to the Morlacchi population, who were no strangers to this to strangers no were who population, Morlacchi the to refers particularly This

The

that were inherent in various levelsthat were ofnegotiations. inherentin

Uskoks of Senj: Piracy, Banditry, and Holy War in the Sixteenth Sixteenth War the Holy in and Banditry, Piracy, Senj: of Uskoks

23

f n loe a voec sll i trs f its of terms in solely violence at looked one If pnig en o profit of means xpanding eoois profiteering, economies, g xed confessional xed iness is indeed indeed is iness

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CEU eTD Collection Empire 24 re of history the which of hands the in literature, secondary of center the at been have confinium Triplex modern early the along conversion and confession that observes jurisdi half of theseventeenth century. second the of wars the winning for as well as territories, these over claims Venetian asserting Morl the on exerted and from, required Violence Dalmatia. inter the to inter intra bespeak ways many in attention our to brought are that clashes the clergy, respective their and people Catholic and Orthodox ambiguous, between contact increased differe produce and similarities obliterate to need the of because precisely contestation, bitter and exaggerated to rise “give actually can groups” different between convergences and “similarities observes, negotiati in tokens are differences above, suggest I as and contrary, poignantly the On historians oppositions. binary signal some simply not of do clashes work underlines, As clashes. of image the overemphasizing of risk the striving winthenew outtheir jurisdictional toboth niches. soulsaswell as carve all representatives, ecclesiastical various of presence increased the entailed also background,

Tijana Krstić, Krstić, Tijana - communal power rivalries. At the same time, these clashes and violent rhetoric also speak speak also rhetoric violent and clashes these time, same the At rivalries. power communal

tos n sitn lylis Wt rset o ofsinl eain, ed Bracewell Wendy relations, confessional to respect With loyalties. shifting and ctions (Palo Alto: Sta (Palo t s hrfr psil t dfn te odrad n em o cnetd religious contested of terms in borderland the define to possible therefore is It Importantly, the focus however, antagonisms, onviolence, - state competition and specifically Venetian understanding of their domination over domination their of understanding Venetian specifically and competition state Contested Conversions to Islam: Narratives of Religious Change in the Early Modern Ottoman EarlyOttoman the in Modern Change Religious of Narratives Islam: to Conversions Contested c wee t s scarce.” is it where nce nford University Press, 2011), 18. 2011), University Press, nford

24 n rcse ad onay rwn. iaa Krstić Tijana drawing. boundary and processes on

n h seventeenth the On

acchi (Chapter III) was crucial for for crucial was III) (Chapter acchi

- and competing discourses runs discoursesand competing runs etr breln, ih an with borderland, century - communal, rathe communal, ligion turned into the into turned ligion

r than than r 16

CEU eTD Collection me.with work hissharing i 1800,” c. Empire, Ottoman 28 27 Studies Modern Early 26 218. Centuries," 18th 25 violence of economy “complex that observes Esmer as just words, other In power. of notions competing of light the in them interpret to us allowing contracts, and contacts, transactions, of a captures notion this Arguably, entrepreneurship.” “borderland of term working the historian canalternative relations observe ofsocial and ways exchanges. fro point vantage a becomes violence words, other In officials. imperial and Muslims, well a resembles more E Ottoman of “economies of violence.” notion his through violence of function this precisely underscores Esmer be can war and “exchange that notes Blok Anton violence, understanding of dimensions various about talking In crossing. to the shi speak III) (Chapter identities confessional their to as confusion much as well as people, these of conviction.” deep from not and ties, patronage and kinship Roth Natalie as contrary, the On meaning. spiritual their of terms in approached be not should century seventeenth the of unions Christian apostasy.” and “treason of history

Tolga Esmer, “Economies of Violence, Governance, and the Socio the and Governance, Violence, of“Economies Esmer, Tolga Anton Venetian the in Convergence and "Conversion Rothman, Natalie 16th Frontier, Triple a on Community Conflictand Confinium: the Triplex of Historiography "The Bracewell, Drawing from Esmer’s concept of the “economies of violence,” I would like to propose a propose to like would I violence,” of “economies the of concept Esmer’s from Drawing and making boundary the in role a played exchanges various and Entrepreneurship Blok, "The Meaning Of "Sensless" Violence," 119. Violence," Meaning "Sensless" Of "The Blok, fting and powerrelations opportunities onthe border. 28 pr, se sos o seigy anti seemingly how shows Esmer mpire,

y tdig adty t h tr o te nineteenth the of turn the at banditry studying By

41, no. 3 (2011): 621. no. (2011): 41, 3

- n functioning arena of exchange between the bandits, Muslims and non and Muslims bandits, the between exchange of arena functioning Past and Present and Past nesod s w sds f h sm coin,” same the of sides two as understood

25

It is important to emphasize that multiple conversions and conversions multiple that emphasize to important is It , forthcoming, vol 214 (August, 2014). I thank Professor Esmer for thank I Professor (August, 2014). vol 214 forthcoming, , man points out, conversion stemmed “from shifting shifting “from stemmed conversion out, points man

- tt, inter state, - Ottoman Borderland," Borderland," Ottoman - Cultural Dimensions of Banditry in the in ofBanditry Dimensions Cultural 26

In that vein, conversion and unions and conversion vein, that In

- etr wsen rnir f the of frontier western century - ofsinl ilne actually violence confessional 27 Journal of Medieval and Medieval of Journal

n wr b Tolga by work and whole gamut whole m which which m -

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CEU eTD Collection 30 29 belonging.” of[…] and /of“competing notions of ri range the on whole predicated exchanges a engendered space, contested and mixed the on competition ecclesiastical processes. interrelated and diverse equally comprise capi symbolic prestige, exchanges resources, entailsof

Rothman, "Conversion and Convergence in the Venetian in Convergence and Rothman,"Conversion 2. Ibid.,

ch vocabulary of what Rothman calls “metropolitan categories” “metropolitan calls Rothman what of vocabulary ch 30 -

Ottoman Borderland," 601. Borderland," Ottoman

29 tal, and promotion,” borderland exchanges promotion,” and tal,

pcfcly inter Specifically,

- meil afr and warfare imperial 18

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Note: All translations from Italian and Croatian Croatian and Italian from Alltranslations Note: Mile Bogović, Bogović, Mile “ Dove si vive alla bestiale Backwardness as Tokens intheStruggle Ecclesiasticalfor Offi Whereas this case highlights the opportunist motives of the monks due to the rivalry rivalry the to due monks the of motives opportunist the highlights case this Whereas Sacred the to wrote Herzegovina, eastern the in town a Trebinje, of bishop a 1677, In Propaganda Katolička crkva i pravoslavlje u Dalmaciji za vrijeme mletačke vladavine zamletačke vrijeme Dalmaciji u i pravoslavlje crkva Katolička

32 ) commenting on the union between the Orthodox monks of Trebinje and Trebinje of monks Orthodox the between union the on commenting )

What this case highlights is the very literal exchange process, where the where process, exchange literal very the is highlights case this What cags n ak. oin o rlgos naoim, a, and war, antagonisms, religious of Notions ranks. in xchanges

- modern Ottoman modern :” Morlacchi’s Confessional Loyalties and Alleged are my own. are my II - Venetian borderland.

Propaganda Sacra Congregatione de Propaganda Fide, Fide, Propaganda de Congregatione Sacra

ofit that binds together three major major three together binds that ofit to the local local the to

on religious loyalties are not are loyalties religious on

paşa (Zagreb: Kršćanska (Zagreb: Kršćanska

as soon as t as soon as ces 31

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CEU eTD Collection 35 5. 1800,” c. Empire, Ottoman 34 18th 33 from above, from negotiated “constantly were boundaries these that shows Balkans, Ottoman inter the of policing the about debate.” and practice of field emergent “historically and b can allegiances claims religious overlapped, jurisdiction ecclesiastical also but imperial only area not the where In interests. imperial and groups, individuals, between exchange of tokens become be can transactions borderland of meaning social life inthese spaces. fueled that borderland exchanges and contacts, contracts, the of of understanding productive and active concept more the adoptin into and borderland the of developed nature violent the transcending further of way a as be entrepreneurship can violence” of “economies of less to goods of exchang manifest exchanges basic from economies of understanding our extends it because useful especially violence” of “economies of concept of use Esmer’s Tolga find I this, show economies, different promotes and networks power of exchangesand claims. c but

Krstić, Krstić, Socio the and Governance, Violence, of“Economies Esmer, Tolga 16th Frontier, Triple a on Community Conflictand Confinium: the Triplex of Historiography "The Bracewell, Centuries," 217. Centuries," ast a light on how the proverbial “fault lines” are constantly subverted and employed in in employed and subverted constantly are lines” “fault proverbial the how on light a ast In the religious landscape and rhetoric of the early modern imperial borderland, the the borderland, imperial modern early the of rhetoric and landscape religious the In engenders that place special a is borderland the chapter, theoretical the in mentioned As Contested Conversions to Islam: Narratives of Religious Change in the Early Modern Ottoman Empir Ottoman Modern Early the in Change Religious of Narratives Islam: to Conversions Contested e interpreted as currency of negotiation, particularly negotiation, of currency as interpreted e es of symbols, prizes, titles, and offices. and titles, prizes, symbols, of es

-

and intra and where more nuanced types of economies flourish. In order to to order In flourish. economies of types nuanced more where - religious boundaries in the contex the in boundaries religious 33

expanded even further by noting that religious claims claims religious that noting by further even expanded

35

Furthermore, Tijana Krstić when talking when Krstić Tijana Furthermore, - 34 Cultural Dimensions of Banditry in the in ofBanditry Dimensions Cultural

This chapter suggests that the notion the that suggests chapter This

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20

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See Ibid. the Venetian in Convergence and Rothman,"Conversion 148. Ibid., Tolerance and Intolerance on Intolerance and Tolerance Tea Mayhew, "Tolerance in Practice in Practice Mayhew, "Tolerance Tea

623. h multi The material provided indeed rivalries and claims religious suggest, to hopes chapter this As

- eiiu clae t h breln ws ned oofl Fo te sixteenth the From colorful. indeed was borderland the at collage religious

36 - 1800

In the network of religious contestants, the borderland figures as a space a as figures borderland the contestants, religious of network the In

ategories.” , ed. Edigio Ivetic and Drago Roksandić (Padua: CLEUP, 2007). For the discussion For 2007). CLEUP, (Padua: Roksandić Drago and Ivetic ed.Edigio ,

- the Triplex Confinium: Appriaching The "Other" On the Borderlands, Eastern Eastern On the Borderlands, The "Other" Appriaching Confinium: Triplex the Catholic Unions in in CatholicContext Unions

-

Immorality and Tridentine Rules in Rab (Arbe), Late 16th Century Late 16th (Arbe), Rab inRules Tridentine and Immorality 38 -

border background and training” and background border y ouig n h Orthodox the on focusing By 39

y of actors involved in exchanges, simultaneously simultaneously exchanges, in involved actors of y The - Ottoman Borderland," 602. Borderland," Ottoman Propaganda

of local and cannonical interpretations of of interpretations cannonical and oflocal

e opportunities for power jockeying to to jockeying power for opportunities e n oe a etbihd soon established was Rome in ch was at the same time time same the at was ch

37 - hita uin and unions Christian

who tried to straddle to tried who aftermath of aftermath

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CEU eTD Collection modernperiod, the early throughout structure” confessional in the power and influence for strugglea of thesubject 43 217. 42 (1645 ofCrete War the DalmatiaDuring 41 173. 40 claims. power for context new a created “side” Ottoman the from Morlacchi the of number large the of migrations changes. demographic war, of theatre main the of part a never was borderland this While Dalmatia. of possessions Venetian the in felt deeply also were but battles maritime the to only not confined were war of state the and operations military unti lasted and 1645 in began Crete of Island the for Venetians and Ottomans the between war The Crete. of War the following and during territory Venetian the into population vivid “decentralized process”for notreserved related tobut thestate. furth to discipline social and religion use government the in individuals and “groups Empire, Ottoman the in confessionalization on work her in out points Krstić as However, doctrines. Tridentine social and political signals notion lan religious the using disciplining the sense, European strictly a In confessionalization.” of “age the as termed Mediterranean modern early the of phenomenon larger a of part a formed Catholic the to Orthodox the bring and Muslims convert to attempts their in Balkans the into flowed missionaries Catholic the and 1622, in thereafter

With respect to the Morlacchi/Vlach groups in general, Marko Marko general, groupsin the Morlacchi/Vlach to respect With Mayhew, Tea Defe Venetian ofthe Logistics and Governance Dalmatiae: "Defensiones Madunić, Domagoj Krstić,

r hi pltcl n state and political their er religious scenery was further complicated by the influx of the Orthodox Morlacchi Morlacchi Orthodox the of influx the by complicated further was scenery religious n h Ottoman the In Contested Conversions to Islam: Narratives of Religious Change in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire Ottoman Modern the Early in Change Religious Narratives of Islam: to Conversions Contested Dalmatia between Ottom between Dalmatia 43

h otoo piss h mgae wt te epe okd o wy to ways for looked people the with migrated who priests orthodox The 42 -

eein odrad ln te ditc os ad itrad already hinterland, and coast Adriatic the along borderland Venetian Demographically, and therefore socially, culturally, and religiously, the religiously, and culturally, socially, therefore and Demographically, 41

the area witnessed ma witnessed area the

- building goals,” signaling thus that confessionalization was a a was confessionalization that thus signaling goals,” building - 1669)" (Phd diss.: Central European University, 2012), 16. 2012), University, diss.: CentralEuropean (Phd 1669)" guage, recently “enriched” with the Reformation and the post the and Reformation the with “enriched” recently guage, an and Venetian Rule: Contado di Rule: Venetian Contado and an jor material and human destruction, as well as well as destruction, human and material jor Š arić suggests that “the Vlach communities were communities “theVlach that suggests arić

od Tee eeomns arguably developments These fold.

40 Zara 1645 1645 Zara

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CEU eTD Collection 47 46 45 Bal nei cattoliche “ 44 Beyond 1500 and Adriatic Eastern Borderlands, On the The "Other" Approaching Confinium: Triplex the on Intolerance and Tolerance "Inter Šarić, Marko writes the to report a In Verona. from Bartolomeo missionary of thewarand political rivalries. religious and impli were loyalties religious and faith of matters the that suggests This dangers.” related other and moves military Turkish the given Rome to travel not “better monks doi “ their that added he and Church” the of leader universal Propaganda i many by multiple on occurred occasions Catholics the to loyalty and many faith are of there professions that these underscore that to indications important is it but cases, such of first the as Stefanović the with clergy Orthodox of “unions” several newlyarrived people. the specifically representat Catholic the time, same the At prelates. Catholic local the of as well as border the of side Ottoman the on clergy Orthodox the of independent jurisdiction own their establish coa i [ter latine l[ette]re di Scuola

Ibid., 9 Ibid., Candia di guerra la durante Balcani nei cattoliche missioni Le Bogović, For example, already in 1648, three years from the beginning of the war, the the war, the of beginning the from years three 1648, in already example, For g h same.” the ng that it has been “his principal goal to bring the Orthodox to the Holy Catholic Faith Faith Catholic Holy the to Orthodox the bring to goal principal “his been has it that The union of Epifanije Stefanović occurred in 1648 with the guidance of the Capuchin the of guidance the with 1648 in occurred Stefanović Epifanije of union The Bogovićdiscusses Venetian Mile Dalmatia, in Catholicism Orthodoxyand on book Inhis - 10. Katolička crkva i pravoslavlje u Dalmaciji za vrijeme mletačke vladavine mletačke vrijeme za Dalmaciji u i pravoslavlje crkva Katolička

in 1645 about the “two schismatic monks” who wanted to “recognize personally the personally “recognize to wanted who monks” schismatic “two the about 1645 in cani durante la guerra di Candia di guerra cani durantela - Confessio Propaganda 46

or ots ae, the later, months Four

44 - i Zdr n re t euae h Mraci os See boys. Morlacchi the educate to order in Zadar in ” 1800

ndividuals.

nal Relations and (in)Tolerance among the Vlachs (16th amongthe Vlachs (in)Tolerance and nalRelations , ed. Edigio Ivetic Drago Roksandić (Pada: CLEU (Pada: Roksandić Drago Ivetic ed.Edigio , itniid hi efrs o sals ter w cnrl vr the over control own their establish to efforts their intensified , 45

o eape a oiia msinr woe o the to wrote missionary Dominican a example, For

, vol. 1 (Vatican: Biblioteca apostolica vaticana,1998), 187. vaticana,1998), apostolica 1 vol. (Vatican: , Biblioteca Propaganda Propaganda

Catholics. He also defines the union of Epifanije Epifanije of union the defines also He Catholics. , 8 - vladika, 9. rt bc wt te eiin ht the that decision the with back wrote

Propaganda

” or bishop, “had an intention of intention an “had bishop, or ” P, 2007), 183. 2007), P, Propaganda , , 31. Marko Jačov, ed. ed. Jačov, Marko - 17th Centuries)," in Centuries)," 17th cated in a larger context context larger a in cated rm 69 Bartolomeo 1649, from

decided to establish to decided

Le missioni missioni Le

ives, ives, 23 47

CEU eTD Collection Christianita della Conservatore all’unico Roma, Cittadi grande et Santa, dellaInnocentio Papa Padre Santo al Signore, all’Universal all’Ecclesiastico, misericordioso, al grande, al Mondo; Tutti’il di Maestro Supremo Pietro, San di Successore sanctificato, SpiritoSanto dallo et Materno, dall’Utero 49 48 Vene authority. Church” Catholic Roman The Christ.” of successor sole the and faith Catholic ofacceptance Christendom, of Emperor the and Churches, the master.” universal the world, whole Sai of “successor the as Pope the Cyrillic) the from the In believers. and clergy the over issue single a to down boil problems doctrinal all that is writing Stefa from deduce can one What promotion. for opportunity an present differences these block, stumbling a than rather Additionally, differences. political into translate all Bartolomeo theonesCatholicism, thatStefanović order needed in tocross become withassociated Rome. and Orthodoxy of lines dividing the exposes He Father. the from only proceeded Spirit Holy the u the of use the Purgatory, of existence the “forswear” would people the that wishes he which errors” “Orthodox the mentions specifically He Church.” Roman the of primacy the introduce to “ ( ridutione Greci

“ Ibid. Alla Santita si No[st]ro Sig[no]re creato dall’Eterno Iddio con Volonta, er Prudenza ineffabile elletto sino sino elletto ineffabile er Prudenza Volonta, Iddio con creato dall’Eterno Sig[no]re si No[st]ro Santita Alla tian territory that occurred in a vacuum. The move betrays a larger network of of network larger a betrays move The vacuum. a in occurred that territory tian , , 223 ,” that is the Orthodox, and how “he takes every opportunity ( opportunity every takes “he how and Orthodox, the is that ,” s t per, tfnvćs no ad ovrin a nt rno mgain o the to migration random a not was conversion and union Stefanović’s appears, it As Stefanovi As - ), as well as the conversion ( conversion the as well as ),

25.

ć’s letter to the Pope shows, the theological differences enumerated by by enumerated differences theological the shows, Pope the to letter ć’s – –

really belies the exchanges in power relations and ecclesiastical ecclesiastical and relations power in exchanges the belies really

th e desire to “live and die in the fold ( fold the in die and “live to desire e 49

He then proceeds to state that the Pope is “the chief of all of chief “the is Pope the that state to proceeds then He inscriptio battesimo nleavened bread ( bread nleavened

) of the Turks.” the of ) Stefanović addresses (in an Italian translation translation Italian an (in addresses Stefanović –

the independence of the Roman Pontificate, Roman the of independence the nt Peter, the ultimate commander of the the of commander ultimate the Peter, nt .” .” consacrar in azimo in consacrar Ibid., 204. Ibid., 48 –

Bartolomeo first refers to the to refers first Bartolomeo

grembo that of the highest authority highest the of that volg

endo tutta la mira la tutta endo ) of the Holy Mother Mother Holy the of ) ) and belief that that belief and ) nović’s nović’s ) […] ) 24

CEU eTD Collection and authorities by Venetian organized the process, chaotic and violent the at point sources the contrary, Onthe cros their that suggest sources Venetian migrations,the 55 32. 54 53 52 51 donne e huomini, Secolari, Capitani Vaivoda, Carambassa, Giudici, Conti, li loro tutti sopra questi et e professino, abiurono, med[esi]mi i Popoli ch’anco procurator, ho schiavo, fatto 50 forces. military Venetian the into them incorporating and the from Morlacchi the capturing on worked vigorously authorities Venetian the Crete, of War the of years first the in Particularly Venetians. the with ties entrepreneurial andhis “commitment attitude thathe proved onmany occasions.” “ awarded Foscolo capt to “used who Salaković, Petronije as monk the identified Desnica, Boško Crete, of War the during Dalmatia from dispatches Venetian of collection published of editor the and transfers, of issues the to Morlacchi mentions the Diedo territories. Venetian transferring of logistics the discusses he which in the in hinterland, Count Zadar’s the Posedarski, Frano to 1647 in Diedo Alessandro Zara of count the by letter certain a also was fr Michael, Saint of Monastery the from monks fifteen the ties.” patronage and kinship “shifting turn in betray unions these in reflected alliances jurists, “counts, the like soci important of people by followed was Stefanović report, Bartolomeo’s to According loyalty. and antagonism religious the of issue the in implicated exchange and communication

Particularly in the beginning of the war, and contrary to majority of the written historiography on the Morlacchi Morlacchi the on historiography written ofthe majority to contrary war, and ofthe beginning in the Particularly Candia di guerra la durante Balcani nei cattoliche missioni Le the Venetian in Convergence and Rothman,"Conversion “ Istorija kotorskih uskoka 1648 uskoka kotorskih Istorija “

gl’altri Vescovi, e capi Ecclesiastici, da per t per da Ecclesiastici, capi e Vescovi, gl’altri La divotione et attitudine […] che […] attitudine et divotione La ure the Morlacchi for the Venetians.” the for Morlacchi the ure It is p is It ossible to imagine that Salaković, together with the rest of the monks, maintained monks, the of rest the with together Salaković, that imagine to ossible Petronia Selacouich, callogiero da Chistagne da callogiero Selacouich, Petronia Padre Petronia Salacovich Petronia Padre

voivodas - 1684

in tante occasioni ci ha fatto restar edificatissimi della sua persona sua della restar edificatissimi fatto ha ci tanteoccasioni in , , 18.

and the news brought to him by the monk ( monk the by him to brought news the utto, ove ho potuto penetrare, stante il continuo periciolo d’essere periciolo il continuo stante penetrare, potuto ho ove utto, harambasas 53 sing of the border was not a unified, voluntary phenomenon. voluntary phenomenon. was unified, not a the border singof

A year later, in April 1648, April in later, year A from Lika. from - Ottoman Borderland," 621. Borderland," Ottoman , ,”

Vol. Vol. 1, 50 .” .” 55

52 om which Stefanović originally came, originally Stefanović which om Ibid., Ibid., 224. ugsig ht hne i religious in changes that suggesting

As scholars of early modern German modern early of scholars As

The same person is mentioned in a in mentioned is person same The 280. ,” with four ducats a month, for month, a ducats four with ,”

54

proveditore calogiero Ottoman territory territory Ottoman ) about the the about )

51 Leonardo .” al status, status, al

Among Ibid., Ibid., 25

CEU eTD Collection 58 2010). Press, University Princeton Greene, Molly vladavine mletačke vrijeme 57 Nischan in Paradigm," Interdisciplinary 56 (1645 ofCrete War During the Dalmatia in System Defensive See leaders. Morlacchi certain churches. Christian Nuncio andthe Pope, expressing and loyalty. hisfaith 1693 in and Venice, in community Greek the of bishop a Tipaldi, (Meletius) Macije of auspice the under Venice in faith Catholic the professed Busović 1692, In clergy. Catholic and Orthodox both by used and community Greek the to belonging Šibenik really betray precariousness andclose knowledge, local antagonisms. ratherthan shifting rapidly the differences confessional supposed how in shows case this Furthermore, borderland. the of structure gains own one’s further to material ample provided “other” religious the of proximity constant the how as well as worked, claims religious how highlights Busović” Nikodim of the larger phenomenonofexchanges, contacts,andcontracts. of question the how demonstrate examples these and life,” private and public of areas all “embraced changes religious note, history confessional

Bogović, Bogović, see Dalmatia in Venetian Church theOrthodox Greek For and Comparative ofa Perspectives Scholarly and Historical "Confessionalization: HeinzSchilling, , ed. John M. Headley, Hans J. Hillerbrand, Anthony J. Papalas (Burlington: Ashgate, 2004), 29. 2004), Ashgate, (Burlington: Papalas J. Anthony Hillerbrand, Hans J. JohnHeadley, M. ed. , n i ltes Bsvć os o so a etlig h Pp a te ige edr f the of leader single the as Pope the extolling at stop not does Busović letters, his In J Saint of Church the in serving priest, Orthodox an was Busović Nikodim of “Union the is faith Catholic the professing clergy Orthodox involving case Another Discourse Confessional as Currency Katolička crkva i pravoslavlje u Dalmaciji za vrijeme mletačke vladavine mletačke vrijeme za Dalmaciji u i pravoslavlje crkva Katolička Catholic Pirates and Greek Merhcants: A Maritime History of the Mediterranean the of Maritime A History Merhcants: Greek and Pirates Catholic

in the last decade of the seventeenth century. Arguably, Busović’s adventure adventure Busović’s Arguably, century. seventeenth the of decade last the in 58

e cue Aaaie jbjvć o Dbr n Bsi, h suf the Bosnia, and Dabar of Ljubojević, Atanazije accuses He .

For the discussion on the Greek Orthodox connections in Venice in general see also also see in general Venice in connections Orthodox Greek theon discussion For Madunić, "Defensiones Dalmatiae: Governance and Logi and Governance Dalmatiae: "Defensiones Madunić, Confessionalization in Euro in Confessionalization

religious identities and loyalties was only a part part a only was loyalties and identities religious pe, 1555 pe, Bogović, Bogović, - 1669)", 212 1669)", 57

- 1700: Essays in Honor and Memory of Bodo Bodo of Memory and Honor in Essays 1700: Katolička crkva i pravoslavlje u Dalm u i pravoslavlje crkva Katolička - 45.

56

he sent letters to the Papal the to letters sent he , , 44. stics of the Venetian ofthe Venetian stics

See15. footnote

(Princeton:

la in ulian aciji za za aciji fragan power power 26

CEU eTD Collection 59 Turks.” the than evil more “cause Catholics the with union into entering Orthodox those that declared measure are traits character negative the all which againstyardstick a as appears therefore “Turk” The another. one to relation in always but alone, worked really never identities that suggests This picture. the into religious third the bringing thus “Turk,” the than worse political landscape. widespread a be to discou seems Orthodox what appropriated their entirely toward Busović indisposed that appears generally It clergy, counterparts. Catholic the of trope common a are reserve usually rhetoric the employed successfully he Orthodox, an Himself hostility. and difference of rhetoric known around andfir it, setting on it graves the destroying Church, Catholic the of desecration Atanazije’s describing dramatically, rather ends defamation The schismatic.” and “heretical Church Catholic the called Atanazije faith” ( holy the of “oasis the from them leading and rite, Orthodox the follow who Catholics the of conscience” the “undermining of superior Busović’s and Peć of Patriarch the of bishop dell’ovile de S. dell’ovilede

Ibid., 35. Ibid., rse to negotiate one’s own status as a “religious other” in a contested religious and and religious contested a in other” “religious a as status own one’s negotiate to rse In his ultimate attempt to slander Atanazije, Busović accuses him of calling the Catholics Catholics the calling of him accuses Busović Atanazije, slander to attempt ultimate his In well the on claim his built Busović that is suggests description scurrilous this What 59

In yet another example, a certain a example, another yet In

Fede d. In 1677, a Catholic bishop of Trebinje, a borderland town in Herzegovina, in town borderland a Trebinje, of bishop Catholic a 1677, In d.

) to the “infernal den” ( “infernal den” the to )

d for the Catholics. In other words, the accusations of heresy and schism schism and heresy of accusations the words, other In Catholics. the for d e topurify for inorder service. it theOrthodox

Propaganda nelle tane del’Intane nelle

“other” of the borderland the Muslims Muslims the borderland the of “other” missionary in Montenegro compla Montenegro in missionary ferno ). Furthermore, he charges that chargeshe Furthermore, ).

ined 27 -

CEU eTD Collection i Turchi.” rovinate e depredate hanno ci quail le Chiese utile)etalle (overo meglio sia lui esso noi con a anche accio mani, venerande vostre dale conf lo ci que pregamo e caro, e pero molto amato, grato, noi esserea per fareteci piacere, chein q[ues]to confidamo quanto Per glorioso. e lofelice e fa fedele, sou ciaschedun esalta la quale Congerg[atio]ne Sacra V[ost]ra la tu confunde ci che modo in limosine le loro da e acetta Sacerdoti e Monaci) (cioe Calogeri 64 63 62 govora," “anti theon moreinformation for and onwards, fourteenth century late from the Confinium Triplex ofthe area inpresent the also 61 60 the from answer an later, months Three received “Turks.” the Mardarije by down brought churches restore help could it because ( beneficial be would promotion Turchi di ne’confini […] qui Christo di l’Evangelio ( borderland “Turkish” the at people ignorant the to instruction diligent his for Pasquali Giovanni missionary Orthodox the Kornećanin, from church, his garments. crosses,chalices, including and supplies the all away took who “Turks,” the with had he troubles the describes also Stefanović “Turk.” the of notion the to related closely and Muslims the for reserved exchange, religious borderland’s the of trope another is church the of desecration The rite. Orthodox the of Catholics the by used church a desecrated allegedly accusedwhile other Catholics then employing of him rites.” “some Muslim rite Orthodox the used he Catholicism, to Christians Orthodox more bring to attempt his in that

“[E] non dimanda ne chiede da noi ne da alcuno cosa alcuna, anzi ci presenta, et honora, e pasteggia, et i nostril i nostril et pasteggia, e honora, et anzi presenta, ci cosaalcuna, alcuno da noi ne chiede da ne dimanda non “[E] case, InMontenegrin Candia di guerra la durante Balcani nei cattoliche missioni Le di The Candia di guerra la durante Balcani nei cattoliche missioni Le ermate, al magior domino (overo grado) esaltate come Prelato degno di ogni honore e lode, e che lo sovvenite sovvenite chelo e lode, e honore ogni di degno Prelato come esaltate grado) domino(overo magior al ermate, scourse of the “Turk” was widely present in Catholic inwidely present was “Turk” ofthescourse mr rvaig ae s h oe ecie i a etr rm 65 i 1645 from letter a in described one the is case revealing more A Atanazije that way the manner detailed a in describe to proceeds finally Busović Radovi - Turkish polemics” in th polemics” Turkish fatcnoi sdno nen l Dtrn Crsin al inrni predica e ignoranti alli Christiana Dottrina la insegna sudando e affatticandosi

34 - 35 - 36(2004). vladika

Le missioni cattoliche nei Balcani durante la guerra di Candia, di guerra la durante Balcani nei cattoliche missioni Le was a sort of a theocratic ruler ruler theocratic a of sort a was vladika

e Croatian context, see context, Croatian e ni o es li i mgi [vr utile] [overo meglio sia lui esso con noi a

of Cetinje, of 61

In the already menti already Inthe 63

Propaganda Propaganda writes to the to writes Vjeran Kursar, "Antimuslimanski karakter protuturskih protuturskih karakter "Antimuslimanski Kursar, Vjeran - Protestant polemics. The notion of “the Turk” was “the notionof Turk” The polemics. Protestant –

having both a religious and political function. function. political and havingreligious a both , ,

Vol. 1, Vol. Vol. Vol. 1, ). 64 62

n adrj’ raoig Pasquali’s reasoning, Mardarije’s In

205. 361. Propaganda nomn hm ht pn his upon that him informing oned letter from 1648, Epifanije 1648, from letter oned

60 tti, Iddio lo rimunera, e lo rimunera, tti,Iddio praising the Catholic the praising

wih Mardarije which n fr hi for )

Vol. 1, Vol.1, 12 m as well well as m - 13 .

28

CEU eTD Collection 67 4. 2012), Press, University 66 65 provisions, some for asking always was and Orthodox the converting years.” four for Cyrillic ( Turkish and Sapa/ of bishop mutual of relationship the to reports Pasqualis on Basedadvancement. symbiotic a developed confessions opposing of representatives the Orthodo the mainly people, of network wide a developed Albania Venetian the in 1640s the during work missionary his in who Pasquali Giovanni of case The exaltations. indeed religion ofpower and maintained are contestation. constructed but inaspecificcontext own.” their on grapple’ and clash, ‘meet, “simply not do religions that observation Rothman’s Natalie paraphrase and recall to here apt seems It “Turk.” the of destructiveness and proximity the on th On heresy. or schism of accusations usual the of prossimi anni tre p[er] moneta 25 of allowance an instruc the for necessary books the only not granted was Pasquali recommendation,

Le missioni cattoliche cattoliche missioni Le Rothman, Natalie E. 13. Ibid., 66

functioned as a currency of promotion is further supported by looking at the exchanges of of exchanges the at looking by supported further is promotion of currency a as functioned h cs o Mraie n Psul as sek t te au o pas. ht slanders That praise. of value the to speaks also Pasquali and Mardarije of case The

( ahr te di the Rather, nel caratere Serviano caratere nel

at ac dla Turca della anco parte 67 Sapë

In addition to that, Pasquali regularly sent reports to Rome about his success in success his about Rome to reports sent regularly Pasquali that, to addition In Brokering Empire: Trans Empire: Brokering scudi nei Balcani durante la guerra di Candia di guerra la durante Balcani nei

in today’s Vau i Dejës in Albania. He claims the knowledge of Albanian Albanian of knowledge the claims He Albania. in Dejës i Vau today’s in

cus o dfeec i mblzd o proe ta ae o itisc to intrinsic not are that purposes for mobilized is difference of scourse

for the following three years ( years three following the for

) with Orthodox ( Orthodox with ) ). 65

The correspondence between the two does not show the usage the show not does two the between correspondence The , n h sae ta “h] a be ecagn ltes in letters exchanging been has “[he] that states he and ), - Imperial Subjects between Venice and Istanbul and Venice between Subjects Imperial Propaganda Serviani e contrary, they build mutual support based support mutual build they contrary, e ,

Vol. Vol. 1, provisione annua di 25 scudi di q[ues]ta di scudi 25 di annua provisione ) bishops, monks ( monks bishops, ) , his main ambition was to becomea to wasambition main his , 85.

Calogeri ihr n ah o in or cash, in either x clergy, shows how how shows clergy, x

(Ithaca: Cornell (Ithaca: ), and priests priests and ), tion but also but tion

29

CEU eTD Collection 71 70 History 69 which 68 Herzegovina, of family Ljubobratić the to belonged Atanzaije that note to important going to personally,of instead him to come havecould he bishop, becomea to wanted he if that remarked Atanazije union, Busović’s about hearing upon himself: Atanzije of reaction the speaks ambition Venetian the to tradi the both migrated from independent territory, who Morlacchi Orthodox the over jurisdiction own his establish impedimento o molestia inferirmi posono from interference any want not does he that clear it makes he but Atanazije, slander he does only not 1693, in Nuncio Papal the to letter his in with, begin To opportunism. and defamation of case straightforward rather a be to seems what complicate commodity. seventeenth the at building career and for work, Coast’s David by suggested periodmodern earlyorality in of function the explore that works is phenomenon borderland isolated an not is this That power. for competition assistance him. Pasquali’s namewith good alwaysincluded and their highlighted relationship supplies.

Ibid., 45. Ibid., Bogović, Court Politics," Late Jacobean in Disinformation and "Misinformation Coast, David 172 Ibid.,

16(2012). ned i ws o ln bfr Bsvć et ak o tnzj. t hs on i is it point this At Atanazije. to back went Busović before long not was it Indeed, f 1707 in death his and bishop a as appointment Busović’s between events The that techniques are praising and slanders Both 68 the “foreign land.”

- Katolička crkva i pravoslavlje u Dalmaciji za vr za Dalmaciji u i pravoslavlje crkva Katolička

74. At the same time, various Orthodox priests who wrote to the the to wrote who priests Orthodox various time, same the At 69

example underlines precisely this kind of relationship between slanders slanders between relationship of kind this precisely underlines example 71

- etr Egih or, n hc gsi fntoe a a as functioned gossip which in court, English century tional Orthodox and Catholic authorities. To Busović’s To authorities. Catholic and Orthodox tional ). 70

t em ta Bsvć a loig o a a to way a for looking was Busović that seems It ijeme mletačke vladavine mletačke ijeme tied multiple borderland actors in constant in actors borderland multiple tied the Catholic priests (s priests Catholic the –

specifically gossip and rumor. rumor. andgossip specifically , , 44. Journal of Early Modern Modern Early of Journal Propaganda Propaganda

See17. footnote enza che […] […] che enza asking for asking

urther urther

30

CEU eTD Collection 74 73 72 our of people other serve to order in but churches [Tipaldi’s] administer to order in appointed greatly Tipaldi, Macije affairs. internal their in interfered allegedly he because him against grievances sounded that Šibenik from Church former Busović’s was it service, his with dissatisfaction expressed provided. Busović that information the appreciated especially Mocenigo Alvise Albania and Dalmatia the because supposedly 1703, until silent kept they but Catholics, the opp vigorous most the that expected be would It smooth. not was Dalmatia Venetian in service his that clear is it but Busović metropolitan, the with how contacts his renewed and why clear not is It Dalmatia. in people Orthodox the of bishop legitimate InrecognizedBusovićAtanazije 1696 recognizedbyRome. was union Busović’s yearsafter existed 1694. in him granted they which union, the following authorities Venetian the from monastery Dragović the for precisely asked the under came hinterland Dalmatian the w well Patriarchate Peć the of jurisdiction in Dragović and Krka like monasteries to tied 1557. after Peć of Patriarchate the of rise the famil Vlach/Morlacchi the of one was Šarić Marko to according

Ibid., 48. Ibid., Bogović, "Inter Šarić,

oe ore sget ht omncto wt Aaaie tre aray n 65 two 1695, in already started Atanazije with communication that suggest sources Some between local low

74 Katolička crkva i pravoslavlje u Dalmaciji za vrijeme mletačke vladavine mletačke vrijeme za Dalmaciji u i pravoslavlje crkva Katolička

After 1702, when Mocenigo quit Mocenigo when 1702, After - Confessional Relations and (in)Tolerance among the Vlachs (16th among Vlachs the (in)Tolerance and Relations Confessional

responsible for Busović’s appointment, reacted by stating that “Busović was not was “Busović that stating by reacted appointment, Busović’s for responsible

- ranking clergy andtothereligious tied powerful clans center.

73

Possibly, one of the motives of the union was the tension that tension the was union the of motives the of one Possibly, ithin the Ottoman interior. It is interesting that Busović that interesting Itis interior. Ottoman the ithin

his appointment, even before the Catholic clergy Catholic the before even appointment, his 72

Furthermore, Šarić notes that Orthodox clergy Orthodox that notes Šarić Furthermore, ies that gained prominence with prominence gained that ies osition against him came from came him against osition - 17th Centuries)," 192. Centuries)," 17th , , 44. Proveditore

Generale

as a as

for for 31

CEU eTD Collection ofKarlowitz 1699. in Peace and War Morean until the Ottoman political and 76 religious informed conditions borderland 75 the way the of illustrative are work s Ottoman the on them of some villages, thirty in families Morlacchi the among work his out carry better to order in a appointed be to aspired Zoglievich Klis. of fortress the at Zogli Gregorio of promotion the showcases 1674 and 1670 powersinglegroup. structurea within func a had but “other” the at directed exclusively not was time, righteousness religious same the At invaluable. proved accusations and claims based religiously of repository f opportunities provided hinterland Dalmatian the of acquisitions Venetian the with opened space political new inter borderland the on an Orthodoxy between schism historical the exploited claims religious that clear seems it religious however, of Importantly, discourse the antagonisms. exploiting by border the of politica conditions navigate shifting to demographically tries Busović ambition. and intimacy, precarious religious war, borderland of convergence peculiar a in together brought all pretenders, power of inBusović theChurch order information.” ofSaintJulian tovisit only certain to“provide border].” the [of side other the on are who rite [Orthodox]

The fortress of Klis was reconquered by the Venetians in 1648, but the rest of the Dalmatian hinterland remained remained hinterland Dalmatian ofbutthe therest 1648, in theby Venetians reconquered was fortressofKlis The 49. Ibid., - confessional, but especially of intra of especially but confessional, A series of letters addressed to the to addressed letters of series A Claims, and BidsOffices for Confessional “Backwardness,” rather this What picture showsisacomplex case intricate Busovićand appointment his of

or the low the or

ide of the border. the of ide - ranking clergy to carve their own power niches. In that sense the rich rich the sense that In niches. power own their carve to clergy ranking

76 - confessional rivalries. Missionary activities, as well as as well as activities, Missionary rivalries. confessional

Seven recommendations and opinions of Zoglievich’s of opinions and recommendations Seven Sacra Congergazione de Propaganda Fide Propaganda de Congergazione Sacra

d Catholicism not exclusively in service of of service in exclusively not Catholicism d evich, a local ( local a evich, Patente 75

e lo de that added also He

di Missionario di Morlacchi di Missionario di

Illyrico lly, religiously, and and religiously, lly, tion of leveling of tion ) priest serving serving priest )

e allowed he

between

32 ,

CEU eTD Collection 79 Catolica,” verita della 78 320. 77 Slavic for need The expense. own his at Klis in church a built he that fact the and priest a as merits Zoglievich’s as well as reality, borderland the of dangers the “ is he that states it once Only man. ( “often askedfor” ( Zoglievich attests,ability. letter and is knowledge The thelocal asishethat possesses it position, l “ the to belong Morlacchi of the the majority factfrom that originate the dangers and ignorance promotion. Particularly, the dange and “difficulties” the and people the of ignorance the is it abilities Zoglievich’s of exposition this In souls.” “their only desiring grandi pericoli truth.” Catholic the to them of many piety,reducing great with people ignorant these “served has priest the that states letters the “ Split, “local the of archbishop an claiming of words the in where, place promotion, the with cope to abilities special for and knowledge” claims people’s propped borderland the of conditions unfavora the precisely which in way the highlights also case this specifically More rhetoric. ns” oh h pyia bre ad eiiu budre bltr oleihc li t the to claim Zoglievich’c bolster boundaries religious and border physical the Both ands.” Turchi […] grand’affeto,portano […] Turchi et riverenza gu grandi due le tra Balcani nei cattoliche missioni Le Ibid. “ [C]

on grande pieta ha servito quelli popoli idioti con molto profito dell’anime loro riducendoli all cognition all riducendoli loro dell’anime moltoprofito con idioti popoli quelli servito ha pieta grande on si vive bestiale alla Interestingly, the letter does not highlight the fact that Zoglievich is obviously a local local a obviously is Zoglievich that fact the highlight not does letter the Interestingly, become to Zoglievich recommending In ” n wtot eurn ay poiin” ( “provisions” any requiring without and ,” viene

Ibid., 315. Ibid.,

spesso ricercatospesso rito .”

77

Greco Schismatic[o Greco 78

Moreover, the priest has undertaken m undertaken has priest the Moreover, Illyrico ) by the Morlacchi, ) by the rs of working at the border that sets the basis for his his for basis the sets that border the at working of rs .” In its stead, the discourse of discourse the stead, its In .” erre: Candia (1645 (1645 erre: Candia ). 79 Missionario

],” and that they, after all, live in the “Turkish the in live all, after they, that and ],” moreover, even the “Turks likehim” the“Turks even moreover,

Apostolico delli Morlacchi delli Apostolico rvsoe i ot alcuona sorte di provisione -

1669) Vienna e Morea (1683 (1683 Morea Vienna e 1669) - speaking clerics was acute, as acute, was clerics speaking any sacred services “ services sacred any the letter is based on based is letter the , one of one , -

1699) but ) e con ble 33 ,

CEU eTD Collection 80 have could prelates Orthodox the that ties the as well as border, the across coreligionists their ( rite” “Orthodox the of was Morlacchi the of number considerable a that fact the about happy interests. activitie the them, For interests. political and conversion boundaries, confessional of discourse the combined state the the that said of be can success It state. the Venetian with souls Morlacchi’s the of fate the binding with success his associate “ the to priest a as successZoglievich’s praise all governors Venetian different ( domains” Venetian the of agent titl a given be well as might Zoglievich services, his of because that claims ( inconsistent” “very be to happen who Morlacchi, previo the during that basis the on Zoglievich recommended 1648, since possession Venetian a Klis, of governor the Crete, of War the of end the after year one 1670, In case. this elaborate further of advancing own and rank one’s skills. promotion, of commodity a as figures here borderland the of precariousness the entrepreneurship, navi to abilitythe on but locala merelybeing reston knowledgenot localthereforedoes the to claim the Propaganda ask Rome to sent letters many attest io schismatico rito

Ibid., 316. Ibid., us war he proved loyal to the Venetians, continuing to provide sacred services to the the to services sacred provide to continuing Venetians, the to loyal proved he war us gate the boundaries, languages, and difficulties of the border. Seen in the perspective of perspective the in Seen border. the of difficulties and languages, boundaries, the gate The Venetians had an uneasy relationship with the Orthodox population and were not not were and population Orthodox the with relationship uneasy an had Venetians The recommendati of letters The

and the Venetian authorities regularly appointed ItalianregularlyappointedVenetianauthorities the and . Accordin ).

t Ta ahw te wr ari o ter omncto with communication their of afraid were they Mayhew, Tea to g

populatore delli luochi di Sua Serenita Sua di luochi delli populatore ons sent on Zoglievich’s behalf by the Venetian authorities Venetian the by behalf Zoglievich’s on sent ons

n fr ieaue n lvc agae Nevertheless, language. Slavic in literature for ing fluctuanti s of Zoglievich converged with the state state the with converged Zoglievich of s ). 80

utemr, the Furthermore, - speaking people. Arguably, people. speaking .Tetreltes of letters three The ). e of the “populating the of e popoli idioti popoli provveditore ,” and ,” 34

CEU eTD Collection (1683 85 Zara 1645 di Contado 2000). HistoryDepartment, Confinium Triplex the on Societies Border Constructing 84 83 (1409 Dalmaciji u politika 1645 Zara Contado di Rule: Venetian and Ottoman between 82 81 of context larger the and to bishops Catholic local the relates between especially area, further the in contestation This power ecclesiastical case. own his further to using is Zoglievich and diocese own his Moreo people.” own “his with Zoglievich between boundary a constructing is Archbishop the that is out stands clearly what declaration, laconic rather his In assignment. this out carry to suitable be not would superstitions. past some ( knowledgeable very not but exemplary very him deems he that replied Archbishop the which to post, the to fitness Zoglievich’s regarding Propaganda the decision, its making Before Split. of Archbishop the was appointment his opposing person and Venetian territories. Ottoman the between wander to continued century eighteenth the during even who population Morlacchi the control further to opportunity an with them presented work missionary Catholic concerns raised area the in presence their Orthodox, the endorse to affairs. church the over hand upper an keep to sought relati Constantinople. the in Patriarchate the with maintained

Jačov, ed. ed. Jačov, See Bogović, Bogović, Mayhew, onship to the Catholic Church and the Pope was similarly strained, because the authorities the because strained, similarly was Pope the and Church Catholic the to onship - in Century," the Eighteenth in the and Morlacchi Venice Border: the on "Crime Novello, Elisabetta

1699) neetnl, in Interestingly, Katolička crkva i pravoslavlje u Dalmaciji za vrijeme mletačke vladavine mletačke vrijeme za Dalmaciji u i pravoslavlje crkva Katolička vladavine mletačke vrijeme za Dalmaciji u i pravoslavlje crkva Katolička Dalmatia be Dalmatia Le missioni cattoliche nei Balcani tra le due grandi guerre: Candia (1645 (1645 Candia guerre: grandi due le tra Balcani nei cattoliche missioni Le , 320. , asked the Papal Nuncio, as well as the Archbishop of Split to give their opinions opinions their give to Split of Archbishop the as well as Nuncio, Papal the asked

-

1718 tween Ottoman and Venetian Rule: Contado di Zara Zara 1645 di Contado Rule: Venetian and Ottoman tween

-

Forspecificexampa 1797) 85 84 , , 218. the exchange of letters and opinions on the Zoglievich case, the only only the case, Zoglievich the on opinions and letters of exchange the

He added in the end that in such wild areas wild such in that end the in added He

(Dubrovnik: Časopis Dubrovnik, 1990), 61. 1990), Dubrovnik, Časopis (Dubrovnik:

le see le ver, he is using the same rhetoric of backwardness that backwardness of rhetoric same the using is he ver, Mayhew, Mayhew, di puoca cognitione puoca di , ed. Drago Roksandić and Nataša Štefanec (Budapest: CEU (Budapest: Štefanec Nataša and ed. , Roksandić Drago -

1718 82 Dalmatia between Ottoman and Venetian Rule: Venetian and Ottoman between Dalmatia

. Although it was not in Venetianinterestsin not was it Although

IvanPederin 81

t h sm tm, h Venetians’ the time, same the At

), as he had to rebuke him for him rebuke to had he as ), , Mletačka uprava, privreda i privreda uprava, Mletačka -

1718

, , 149. , 146 ( s o hi loyalty. their to as alla bestiale alla -

1669) Vienna e Morea Morea e Vienna 1669) , , 218 -

47.

- Mayhew, 19.

) Zoglievich ) Dalmatia Dalmatia 83

The 35

CEU eTD Collection 89 Enlightenment," 88 (1645 ofCrete War the DalmatiaDuring 87 86 on is he that suggest reports The side. other the from people the and borderland same this into implicated deeply is he time, same the At there. position own his promote and trade to dangers borderland various by exploited actively trope entrepreneursearlier than theself much prevalent and dynamic a was it contrary, devic rhetorical monolithic a not was backwardness and violence of discoursethe words, Inother “Turks.” the yoke”of “barbarous the from liberatethemselves to Mo the Even grabs. for up was barbarity of discourse the shows, poignantly promotion Zoglievich’s Empire.” Venetian the of vision convenient culturally a construct barbarism” and “empire the between relationship the stresses Enlightenment and Republic, Venetian Morlacchi, the between parts.” these of “Iroquois the as Morlacchi the to w author French the that so much so borderland, this “ the of idea The people. borderland the of backwardness of idea same the on based claims opposing make Split of Archbishop the and Zoglievich both area.” same the in missionaries the of jurisdiction the was lesser the territories, acquired newly the Propaganda’s

The same can be said for the trope of the “Turkish yoke” which can be found in many documents, actively used. actively manydocuments, in found canbe which yoke” ofthe “Turkish thefor trope said same be The can ofDa Slavs the and "Venice LarryWolff, in System Defensive Venetian ofthe Logistics and Governance Dalmatiae: "Defensiones in Madunić, Quoted Bogović, rlacchi employed it when petitioning for positions in Venetian military, saying that they want want they that saying military, Venetian in positions for petitioning when it employed rlacchi 86 Zoglievich himself is a person of the borderland, the one Zoglievich borderland, of the isaperson the himself corresp the in prominently figures backwardness general of notion The

Katolička crkva i prav crkva Katolička Slavic Review Slavic

missionaries. Mile Bogović notes that “the more the local bishop had control over over control had bishop local the more “the that notes Bogović Mile missionaries.

56, no. 3 (1997): 428. (1997): 3 no. 56, oslavlje u Dalmaciji za vrijeme mletačke vladavine mletačke vrijeme za Dalmaciji u oslavlje and argues that “Dalmatia was also an ideological base on which to which on base ideological an also was “Dalmatia that argues and

- 1669)", 213. 1669)", lmatia: The Drama of the Adriatic Empire in the Venetian Venetian the in AdriaticEmpire ofthe Drama The lmatia: - conscious enlightenedconscious authors did.

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n ay as Morlacchi ways, many In of conjunctions multiple the showcase Morlacchi the of actions contradictory The quickly learnt the rules of the game that worked at the borderland, and they were able to to able were they and borderland, the at worked that game the of rules the learnt quickly War of Crete (1645 ofCrete War ribed and justified very worldly exchanges by couching them in religious discourse, discourse, religious in them couching by exchanges worldly very justified and ribed Triplex Confinium: ili o granicama i regijama hrvatske povijesti 1500 1500 povijesti i regijama hrvatske granicama ili o Confinium: Triplex nt issues on the Venetian agenda. Venetian the on issues nt

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CEU eTD Collection of War Duringthe 118 to incorporation Morlacchi the on worked chapter previous the in shown as who Posedarski, old Venetian the and with fore administration the to Venetian came which nobility, the Dalmatian between competition power exposed also struggles These mediator. a as acting superiors own his and Morlacchi the both please to had therefore budg strained and mistrust Senate’s the and army Venetian the in offices their war, of years strai harambaša of office the promoted clans Morlacchi the of some example, for how, and factions, Morlacchi of office the of evolution the following By actors. Venetian other and Morlacchi the both among claims of governatore knez, Ottoman of mixture a “with themselves int their negotiate space.this of ambiguity shared mutually in foregrounded really was alliances between movement easy the Mustafa is most interesting Perhaps murdered. and ambushed was Ilija when “enemies” and “Turks” raiding were

Madunić, "Defensiones Dalmatiae: Governance and Logistics of the Venetian Defensive System in Dalmatia SystemDalmatia in Defensive ofthe Venetian Logistics and Governance Dalmatiae: "Defensiones Madunić, serdar e rltosis ewe te rvnil diitain n the and administration provincial the between relationships ned Troubles as to how to best incorporate and use the Morlacchi in Venetian Dalmatia Dalmatia Venetian in Morlacchi the use and incorporate best to how to as Troubles to order in presence their needed Venetians that fact the used Morlacchi Moreover,

- serdar

chief of the Morlacchi. ofchief the at theof expense the provveditore Crete (1645 Crete

),” and the Smiljanić family was the first one to introduce and hold th hold and introduce to one first the was family Smiljanić the and ),” hogot h 15s Mdnć oe ho notes Madunić 1650s, the throughout ernal positions. As Madunić shows, the Morlacchi military elites fashioned fashioned elites military Morlacchi the shows, Madunić As positions. ernal

- aga’s note that Ilija that note aga’s - 1669)", 215. 1669)",

Leonardo Foscolo was juggling between Morlacchis’ demands for for demands Morlacchis’ between juggling was Foscolo Leonardo

serdar 118

This office,reflects convergences multiple ofpower inturn, .

- Venetian military titles ( titles military Venetian –

the f the rontier hero hero rontier i bogt no ofit various conflict into brought it w –

is “one of ours,” suggesting that suggesting ours,” of “one is neto t apit h count the appoint to intention serdar, hramabaša, capitano, hramabaša, serdar, Terraferma et. The governor The et. I te early the In . e office e 48

CEU eTD Collection (1645 ofCrete War Duringthe 121 18. 1800,” c. Empire, Ottoman 120 119 way ofcompulsion. a simply than rather boundaries, of negotiation constant both in tool discursive a was violence se the in precariousness and differences, violence, of interdependency on a light different casts this Arguably, rebelling. keep they if property Morlacchi destroying with threatened with Venetians the threatened Morlacchi the when examples highlights Madunić place. special a had violence with threats and interests, their served best that outcomes negotiating in involved constantly sugge As violence. of threats the in additionally relations strained their withthe Venetians. “ a as war, the of Morlacchi beginning the from system defense the into incorporation a to intention Venetian the with fore the to came which nobility,Dalmatian old and administration Thesepowercompetitionalso betweenthe expense ofVenetian exposed each struggles the other. set in engaged mutually parties the of relationship” “symbiotic example another yet are developments these Arguably, Venetians. the with relations the by resisted firmly was move that observes, “ a as war, the of beginning the from system defense ppoint the count Posedarski, who, as shown in the previous chapter, worked on the Morlacchi the on worked chapter, previous the in shown as who, Posedarski, count the ppoint

Madunić, "Defensiones Dalmatiae: Governance and Logistics of the Venetian Defensi ofthe Venetian Logistics and Governance Dalmatiae: "Defensiones Madunić, Socio the and Governance, Violence, of“Economies Esmer, Tolga 242. Ibid., One of the signs of the precariousness between the Morlacchi and the Venetians figures figures Venetians the and Morlacchi the between precariousness the of signs the of One .”

121

s aui osre, ht oe a frl rsse b te olch, and Morlacchi, the by resisted firmly was move that observes, Madunić As evn i te ae f h Otmn tak I te ae a, h Venetians the way, same the In attack. Ottoman the of face the in leaving

120

- 1669)", 242. 1669)",

ewe vros odrad lts sgetn hw hs multiple these how suggesting elites, borderland various between

ting up their cases, sometimes in convergence and sometimes at sometimes and convergence in sometimes cases, their up ting

sted above, both the Morlacchi and the Venetians were were Venetians the and Morlacchi the both above, sted

Morlacchi, and additionally strained their their strained additionally and Morlacchi,

olnl d Morlacchi de collonelo - Cultural Dimensions of Banditry in the in ofBanditry Dimensions Cultural ve System in Dalmatia veSystemDalmatia in .” 119

collonelo de de collonelo s Madunić As nse that that nse 49

CEU eTD Collection 123 122 eighteenth late the in slavery ransom of practice the in Empires Russian and Ottoman between S Will of butmetropolitan categories, alsothese[…] categories theprocess.” were inturnshaped in I category. ambiguous, unstable an itself was it exchanges, other and slave legitimized and informed confession while show, to aims section this As relations. inland the in also but maritime, the in embedded be should relations Mediterranean the organized how to as thinking” contradictory and confusion, seventeenth the of context the notes Venetians, and Ottomans the with relationship their and seventeenth the on wrote wider who Greene, the Molly context. in Mediterranean activities, violent other many as well as trade, slave the informed antagonisms of boundary negotiation. way thatthe Morlacc boundariesmultiple setupby political, religious, theborderland’s economic rivalries.and The whetherandin whichthe forced voluntary, theway Morlacchi highlights managed tonavigate actorsespecially ontheborderland, theVenet

Rothman, "Conversion and Convergence in the Venetian in Convergence and Rothman,"Conversion Greene, The convergence of slavery, religion, and inter and religion, slavery, of convergence The identitie Religious interrelated. all are empire and conversion, religion, Slavery, OthersMoving Thesealmost “symbiotic cases between showthe relationship” and theother Morlacchi Catholic Pirates and Greek Merhcants: A Maritime History of the Mediterranean the of History Maritime A Merhcants: Greek and Pirates Catholic miley, who discusses changing legal definitions of conversion in the relationship relationship the in conversion of definitions legal changing discusses who miley, –

based on religion or sovereign or religion on based

hi were moved, as thea wellrespondedhi were aswhole moved, how host showcases toit, n the words of Natalie Rothman, this borderland was “shaped by by “shaped was borderland this Rothman, Natalie of words the n across

- century maritime relations. She also notes the essential “ambiguity, essential the notes also She relations. maritime century

Imperial Boundaries and Identificatory Boundaries Imperial Categories ty and subjecthood. and ty ian. The Morlacchi’s migration, i.e.movement,The Morlacchi’sian. migration, - Ottoman Borderland," 623. Borderland," Ottoman - imperial relations also underlies the work work the underlies also relations imperial 122

This ambiguity was not only not was ambiguity This

centrality of religion in the the in religion of centrality - century corsairs of Malta Malta of corsairs century

, 10. ,

123 and s

50 -

CEU eTD Collection i Dalmaciji,” u Hrvatskoj vijeka ranogsrednjeg Naples," misericordiain della monte Pio the by Slaves of the Manumision Concerning Documents "Some RositaD'Amora, Perugia Bono, 126 125 Eighteenth the in Captives Russian R 124 Venetian The problem. a not was itself in This lands. Ottoman the from people the capturing in participating actively were Morlacchi the borderlandand thewiderMediterranean region the both in clergy the and authorities, imperial with together Morlacchi the ties that phenomenon antiquity. of time the from roots centur seventeenth of the during flourished phenomenon that broader slavery Mediterranean the into fit ransom and slavery sense, that In slavery. undoubtedly state in the of intentionality the beyond move to need the about us reminds which state, the alongside actors other of host a by redefined constantly therefore were belonging and identity of questions were ransom slave and b Inthe matters. communal and individual enslavement, conversion, how out points legal also and Smiley times modern definitions, the to contrast In status. slave negotiating and defining in position different inter and period later a with concerned Although ransom. for requirements new resisted people how showing trust, communal and meaning social previous its of expense the at meaning centuries. nineteenth early and

For some discussions on the variety and scope of slavery and slave trade in the Italian peninsula see peninsula in the Italian slave trade and ofslavery scope and variety the on some For discussions the Venetian in Convergence and Rothman,"Conversion Smiley,"T Will - meil odrad Sie dmntae hw reli how demonstrates Smiley borderland, imperial Schiavi musulmani nell'Italia moderna: galeotti, vu' cumpra', domestici cumpra', vu' galeotti, moderna: nell'Italia musulmani Schiavi , 1999). , As the quote of Ivan Božanović, a missionary from the beginning of this chapter shows, shows, chapter this of beginning the from missionary a Božanović, Ivan of quote the As was Morlacchi the around centered exchange of practices entrenched most the of One Eurasian Studies Eurasian these spaces. ; Sally McKee, "Domestic Slavery in Renaissance Italy," Italy," Renaissance in Slavery "Domestic SallyMcKee, he Meanings of Conversion: Treaty Law, State Knowledge, and Religious Identity among Identity among Religious and Knowledge, Law,State Treaty ofConversion: heMeanings 125

1(2002).

-

Century Ottoman Empire," Empire," Ottoman Century

For the d For 124

In Smiley’s view, conversion acquired a legal, a acquired conversion view, Smiley’s In iscussion on medieval slavery in Dalmatia, see Neven Budak, “Servi Neven Budak, see Dalmatia, in slavery medieval iscussionon 126 Starohrvatska prosvjeta Starohrvatska

orderland context of “theological ambiguity and flux,” flux,” and ambiguity“theological of context orderland h seventeenth The

in entrepreneurial networks. pbi wloe cpue Msis lvs as slaves Muslims captured welcomed epublic - Ottom The International History Review History The International an Borderland," 622. anBorderland," in n cneso hl a central a held conversion and gion

- 15 (1985). (1985). 15 Slavery and Abolition and Slavery etr saey n amta s a is Dalmatia in slavery century

(Perugia: Universita degli Studi di Studi di degli Universita (Perugia: y and had its uninterrupted its had and y

29, no. 3 (2008). 3 no. 29,

34, no. 3 (2012). 3 no. 34, state - Salvatore Salvatore sanctioned ; 51

CEU eTD Collection in 131 busca 130 129 Candia di la guerra durante 128 povijesti 1500 hrvatske i regijama granicama o Confinium:ili Triplex 127 ( Affairs Important of Registry Ottoman the from ruling agreement. tacit by sides both from Muslims and Christians bound captives of exchange the where lands Hungarian the in slavery ransom the unlike not Ottoman the along developed particularly been have to seems economy slave the However, littoral. Mediterranean the across markets on them putting and people capturing of su cases these As theborderland. Ottoman functionaries on totheItalyeven and allover specificallyand them sold the Furthermore, reports Donato according from Jelić, to slaves. captured of number a sold himself chieftains, Morlacchi earliest the of one and priest a Sorić, Stjepan where Napoli, was destinations the of One sold. or galleys on put either then were the with brought they that slaves of numbers large reveal regularly raids Morlacchi’s describing Sources Dalmatia. entire the to but Split, around area his to specific problem a not Ch the capturing to prone andChristians selling off acrossoften Adriatic, them as disguised the Muslims. se in activity economic important most the been have may slaves of circulation that suggests even Mayhew Tea trade. slave the taxing on capitalized also it and galleys, their man to demand constant in commodities Candia di guerra la durante Balcani nei cattoliche missioni Le Ransom Slavery Along the Ottoman Borders the Ottoman Along Slavery Ransom Géza Palffy, "Ransom Slavery Along the Ottoman Hungarian Frontier in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries," Centuries," Seventeenth and Sixteenth in Frontier Hungarian Ottoman Along the Slavery Palffy, Géza "Ransom “ that the said priest AnotherCatholic Istorija Mayhew, Propaganda ). ). Le missioni cattoliche nei Balcani durante la guerra Candia la di guerra durante Balcani nei cattoliche missioni Le Indeed, in one of his letters, Božanović actually signals that the Morlacchi were more more were Morlacchi the that signals actually Božanović letters, his of one in Indeed, kotorskih uskoka 1648 uskoka kotorskih Dalmatia between Otto between Dalmatia

by helping Christian slaves in Napoli, “ Napoli, in slaves Christian helping by ggest, slavery was a large business in which the Morlacchi played a crucial role role crucial aplayed Morlacchi the which in business large a was slavery ggest,

, Vol 2, Vol ristians, rather than the Muslims. the ratherthan ristians, venteenth - 1684

man and Venetian Rule: Contado d Contado Rule: Venetian and man 76. , , 33.

haiduzi - etr Dalmatia. century

, ed. Géza Dávid and Pál Fodor (Leiden:2007). Brill, Fodor Dávid Pál Géza and ed. , ” were “Morlacchi who live on ambush” ( whoambush” on live were“Morlacchi ” a hiscareer Montenegrin whobuilt in priest ,

Vol. 1, Vol. 127 haiduzi -

128 mühimme ,

h polm ea wt enslaving with began problem The 1800. i Zara i Zara 1645 Vol.2,

696. Additionally, he states that this was this that states he Additionally, 131 , 156 , ”

; n h mid the In 130

447.

Le missioni cattoliche nei Balcani Balcani nei cattoliche missioni Le

-

regularly targeted Christians targeted regularly 59. defterleri

-

1718

Morlacchi che vivono di di vivono che Morlacchi , , 260. - itet cnuy a century, sixteenth tls cs o a of case a tells ) -

Venet See also also See

ian border, border, ian Roksandi , who m, 129 52 ć, ć,

CEU eTD Collection 138 137 136 135 134 133 17. Sarajevu,1985), 132 1656 in activities the to directed were Božanović trading against reports subsequent two slave 1659, in However, Morlacchi’s the on report to started Split near Vranjic in stationed priest and missionary Morlacchi a Božanović, Ivan network. exchange complex one head ofthe Morlacchi. garments,” linen and woolen, silk, trinkets, silver, Morlacchi Senate, the from pension monthly a received “Turks.” the upon violence visit and slaves acquire to order in went he Filip, brother his of account the the in somewhere attack Ottoman an in Ilijadied year next a month. fifty asducats of apay well Zara 1653,as in received in Smiljanić house a them sold or them, ransom further. go, them let slaves, the keep would Morlacchi the that see can we Božanović Ivan from report another In trade. slave the shaping in partook actively they but around Bosnia, slaves selling and catching for court the to reported was who Muslims, understandably Bosnian, Le Le missioni cattoliche nei Balcani durante la guerra di Candia di guerra la durante Balcani nei cattoliche missioni Le 79. Ibid., 75 Ibid., uskoka kotorskih Istorija ed. EšrefKovačević, “ [T]anti ori, argenti, gioie, argenti, ori, [T]anti

missioni cattoliche nei Balcani durante la guerra di Candia di guerra la durante Balcani nei cattoliche missioni At the same t same the At carrying The Morlacchi were notjust 133 135 -

76.

harambaša harambaša

In 1654, Ilija’s widow Catterina, who was a convert from Islam ( Islam from convert a was who Catterina, widow Ilija’s 1654, In oe of Some

132

thus suggesting“controversy” thatthewhole unprecedented. bynomeans was Muhimme defteri: dokumenti o o dokumenti defteri: Muhimme

ime, slave trade was a phenomenon that implicated the entire borderland in borderland entire the implicated that phenomenon a was trade slave ime,

h Mraci curd osdrbe elh n hs etrrss Ilija enterprises. these in wealth considerable acquired Morlacchi the

gold, of “lots included that dowry rich a brought and Zubičević Milivoj 1648 veste de seda, lana, et lino et lana, seda, veste de - 1684, 66. 1684,

out the “dirtyOttoman elites, out theVenetian andwork” of našim krajevima našim 136 ” in”

137 n already and Ibid., 85. Ibid.,

, provided by Ilija’s borther Filip, now the now Filip, borther Ilija’s by provided , Vol. 1, Vol. Vol. 1, Vol.

sanjak

(Sarajevo: Orijentalni Institut u Orijentalni Institut (Sarajevo: 696 572. - n 65 h rmrid another remarried she 1655 in 97.

of Lika in which, acc which, in Lika of

Turca di nascita di Turca 134 Propaganda

However, ording to ording . 138 53 ) ,

CEU eTD Collection 144 143 Zaradungeon. inup the himlocked kept and Misael apprehended 16 the During Morlacchi. Orthodox struggle 142 141 140 139 actually entire benefited situation. from this they how observe to interesting more is it Christians, capturing to eye blind a turning of guilty Wh most. the this from profited that irregularities these valuable whichifreleased,life. could his costhim andinformation, secret slaves. Christian ( governors the to sent Lisnić that letters Zara of 1665 wrote tothe a conscience of voice new a ( ( confidentially mentioned, time first the ( chaplain military years. anotherthree for extended the that trade. slave the in involved being than other nothing of him accusing both prinčip Candia, di guerra la durante Balcani nei cattoliche missioni Le Ibid., 497 Ibid., of kind indifferent wasa Balbi, involved Teodoro ofZara, Archbishop time, the that at precisely Interestingly, 346. Ibid., 178. Ibid., Candia, di guerra la durante Balcani nei cattoliche missioni Le – codn t tee w piss i ws rcsl toe h wr i cag o policing of charge in were who those precisely was it priests, two these to According but expire), to about was appointment his after right (supposedly 1664 in died Božanović 142 ) allowedtradeandall thesales. theslaves tookonetenth inChristian from for

Propaganda the one with an Orthodox priest Misael who in Balbi’s diocese proclaimed himself a bishop ofthe bishop himselfa proclaimed whodiocese Balbi’s in Misael priest withan Orthodox theone

- and Split of tacitly approving the trade the Christian slaves. Christian the trade the approving tacitly of Split and

98. rettori

144 ), soldiers, ), Propaganda Capelano del Generale di Dalmatia) di Generale del Capelano

Similar to earlier Božanović’s letter, Lisn letter, Božanović’s earlier to Similar

did not react to the accusations because in 16 in because accusations the to react not did ppeared in the person of Marijan Lisnić, bishop of Makarska, who in in who Makarska, of Lisnić,bishop Marijan of person the in ppeared proveditori 60s, Balbi directed numerous letters to the Senate, describing how hehow describing the numerousSenate, to letters directed Balbi 60s,

Propaganda accusing the 140

Among the people who accused Božanović was Don Andrea,Don was Božanović accused who people Amongthe , and the clergy ( clergy the and , pe u

proveditore

t h bgnig f 65 h acsd h Venetian the accused he 1665, of beginning the at a o ispovid od čat

Vol. 2, Vol. 2, Vol.

Girloamo Contarini andthe ArchbishopsGirloamo Contarini , and it was in 1663 that Božanović for Božanović that 1663 in was it and , ether or not these people were actually actually were people these not or ether Prelati

495 90 ić also indicated that he provided he that indicated also ić , ht h Venetian the that ), - 92. - ) for profiting from the sales of of sales the from profiting for ) 96.

61 Božanović’s mission was mission Božanović’s 61 143

139

In another series of series another In

It seems, however, seems, It proveditore 141

54

CEU eTD Collection 148 147 146 145 “ the by kidnapped were nieces th when 1657, in was slaves Christian the of question the with involved became Jelić 1640. since Albania in missionary a as serving been has he that says himself to (modern Antivari of town the from Jelić, Donato Franciscan the from comes trade slave Christian the on based one Božanović, Besides chapter. previous the in discussed as offices, and promotion for quest the and knowledge local or special bolstering in “crime” ofwidercontext en inthe the and elites the between relationship” “symbiotic the time same the at exposing them, from benefit and participate to ways found but practices, illegitimate the fought only not Božanović Christians. sold the on profiting of possibility the excluding provi were churches his that knowledge. local with converts such from lot a benefit could enterprise missionary the that adding him, converted and himself for boy Orthodox one while letters, the O the in Christians capturing Morlacchi the of on reporting one In himself. innocent entirely not probably was Božanović to expose, tired he whom those from came him against slanders that possible seems it While matter.

Ibid., 589. Ibid., Candia di guerra la durante Balcani nei cattoliche missioni Le Candia, di guerra la durante Balcani nei cattoliche missioni Le cattoliche missioni Le Propaganda Therefore, slanders pertaining to the illegitimate slave trade functioned as a commodity commodity a as functioned trade slave illegitimate the to pertaining slanders Therefore, implic were Božanović like men extent which to uncertain is it Indeed,

in 16 in - day Bar in Montenegro). His name was mentioned for the first time in a letter a in time first the for mentioned was name His Montenegro). in Bar day

46, introducing Jelić and his missionary activities. missionary his and Jelić introducing 46, nei Balcani durante la guerra di Candia di guerra la durante Balcani nei ind y eln te ot aqie i te olch ris not raids, Morlacchi the in acquired booty the selling by sioned

haiduzi trepreneurial networks. trepreneurial networks. ” and sold to an Ottoman pasha of Castelnuovo (modern Castelnuovo of pasha Ottoman an to sold and ”

f h ms itrsig ae o career of cases interesting most the of , ,

145 Vol. 1, Vol. 2, Vol. 1, Vol. ttoman lands, he mentioned that he kept kept he that mentioned he lands, ttoman

In yet another letter, Božanović states Božanović letter, another yet In

53. 176. 577. 146

t em etrl psil that possible entirely seems It 147

In another letter, Jelić letter, another In ated in the whole the in ated 148

The first time first The ree of his of ree - building building 55 -

CEU eTD Collection slave the in wereactive whoparticularly point, 154 153 152 151 150 149 markets. Italian to as Otto the to both Christians sold who Perast, from especially to only themselves limit not “ the were suppliers main the view, InJelić’s did Muslims. they showed, reports other as but Bosnia, Ottoman from Mu supplied who Morlacchi the was it that suggests writing His trade. slave Adriatic undoubtedly Christians. D in places various from slaves thousand twenty than more were there that reported Jelić 1662, in point some At guise. Muslim the under sold slaves Christian numerous liberating and locating time his of majority spent he Slavic the baptizing included appointment his extent great Sofia. of Archbishop the of recommendation the on 1660, in Napoli in slaves wase acenterfor slave the for trade years, following the throughout accounts numerous his to according which, Napoli, from report relatives. Jelić’s including sold, were borderland, Muslim and Christians slaves, many where Adriatic the of side 1657. in Montenegro) in Novi Herceg day

Donato Jelić particularly mentions three notorious Rucovi notorious mentionsthree particularly Jelić Donato 320. Ibid., 123. Ibid., 714. Ibid., Ibid. Le missioni cattoliche nei Balcani durante la guerra di Candia, di la guerra durante Balcani nei cattoliche missioni

ei’ rprs neln a etnie ewr o pol ivle i te akn and Balkan the in involved people of network extensive an underline reports Jelić’s the by appointed officially was Jelić

154 153

t em, utemr, ht h Otmn wr as praig n this in partaking also were Ottomans the that furthermore, seems, It

almatia, Albania, Bosnia, and Herzegovina, many of which were were which of many Herzegovina, and Bosnia, Albania, almatia, ntire Italy.ntire

enterprise. enterprise. 149 Propaganda

In 1658 Jelić came to Lecce, a place on the Italian the on place a Lecce, to came Jelić 1658 In 151 Ibid., 88 Ibid.,

ć brothers ć 150

n h bgnig f 69 e et i first his sent he 1659 of beginning the In haiduzi -

89. Vol. Vol. 2,

as a missionary for the Slavic the for missionary a as - some at wereimprisoned whomtwo , of sp man pashas in the hinterland, as well as hinterland, the in pashas man eaking Muslim slaves, it seems that seems it slaves, Muslim eaking

” from the Montenegrin coast, and and coast, Montenegrin the from ” 33.

fo te Ottoman the from s 152

Although to a to Although slim slaves slim - - Venetian Venetian speaking speaking 56

CEU eTD Collection (1645 Candia guerre: parti in quelle portare possono che notitie le per Regno professan che religione della alcuna cosa sapersi senza Turchia, di Patrie loro alle ritorno ne se fatti doppo liberi sono che sino Christiani quelli simulandosi liberati, onde sieno P[ad]roni ma havere meritotal possino con accio christiani si facino sollecitargli che a indotto si e di eccesso questo contento non piu di Schiavi,e de altro ripieni per Regno similgente, l’usodi secondo provecciare, e procaciare, doversi mettersidi di liberta in che desiderano liSchiavi, tutti instruire ad avanzato o in P[ad]re med[esi]mo cenno del un V[ostre] all’Em[inenz]e dar’ chericevetti di l’ordine giusti doppo e poco modi con ch’egli procurava de Schiavi alla liberatione intorno Jelich osservante Donato minore fra di conto per 157 156 Prelato 155 c one traders, slave the of hands the At were. labels religious and identities these unstable how just emphasize grotesquely these of All names. their changing or Muslim, retai to the Turkish returnedlandsand slaves,totheir native became whothen spies. and locked even was trade. slave illegitimate the exposing for him mistreating the to complained he In1666, him. of getrid m Napoli, of streets the in respected well was he although that reported Jelić occasions several on and life, public the in offices and positions priest.” occasional an and captains, judges, phy lawyers, barons, marquises, dukes, “princes, were transactions these in stake a had who those Jelić, to According trade. illegitimate the in part took who administration Lecce.their trace up to followed Castelnuovo, of pasha Ottoman the to sold relatives his tracing in Jelić, as enterprise, ccas[ion]e de nuovi richiami non solo del continuo ha egli comessi li med[esi]mi mancam[en]ti, ma di piu si piu e ma di mancam[en]ti, eglimed[esi]mi li comessi ha continuo solo del non richiami de nuovi ccas[ion]e

The whole accusation reads as follows: “ follows: as wholereads accusation The 609. Ibid., “ Principi, Duchi, Marchesi, Barroni, Consiglieri, Avvocati, Dottori, Governatori, Giudici, Capitani, e qualche qualche e Capitani, Giudici, Governatori, Dottori, Avvocati, Consiglieri, Barroni, Marchesi, Duchi, Principi, .” .” n, and legitimize, their slaves. This included changing their appearance to look more more look to appearance their changing included This slaves. their legitimize, and n, Aside from trying to eliminate Jelić, slave owners of Napoli tried a number of other ways other of number a tried Napoli of owners slave Jelić, eliminate to trying from Aside It Ibid., 432. Ibid.,

etil ws o js te id Morlacchi, wild the just not was certainly

-

1669) Vienna e Morea (1683 (1683 Morea e 1669) Vienna

sent for a trial to Rome, under the accusation that he baptized and set free set and baptized he that accusation the under Rome, to trial a for sent

de denari per ricomprarsi la liberta, onde si sentono infiniti furti in questa Citta, e Citta, furtiquesta infiniti in si sentono onde liberta, la ricomprarsi per dedenari

Da che rappresentai all’Em[inenz]e V[o all’Em[inenz]e rappresentai che Da g[gior] pieta, e comppassione et a forza, e contro il volere de de il volere forza, contro e a et comppassione e pieta, g[gior] -

155 Propaganda 1699) ,” in ,” any of the magnates were looking for the ways to ways the for looking were magnates the of any

h ls icue sm o te ot prominent most the of some includes list The

, 1. , Le missioni cattoliche nei Balcani tra le due grandi grandi due le tra Balcani nei cattoliche missioni Le

haiduzi

that the guardian of his monastery was his of guardian the that 156

o, e con grandissima gelosia di questo questo di gelosia grandissima con e o, hs umntd n 60 hn he when 1670 in culminated This , and corrupt overseas Venetian Venetian overseas corrupt and , stre] li disordini che seguivano seguivano li che disordini stre] ould easily transform transform easily ould 157 iin, governors, sicians,

57

CEU eTD Collection 158 confrontation Mediterranean thewider in context. illegitimate the legitimatefromthe They largernetworks.entrepreneurialmarked in exchange of weretokens Muslim a being and Christian a being words, other In to them wanted interests and people certain when only mattered boundaries these the to directed obviou not differences were isthat certain, is however, What entailed. acase woman, of the especially in Christian. a is she that confirm and her” “examine a as slavery into taken forcefully was she Hassan “ cuthair aby it having be Muslim, a into Christian a from

Le missioni cattoliche nei Balcani Balcani nei cattoliche missioni Le . oe motnl, vn hn h dfeecs ee biu, ueos complaints numerous obvious, were differences the when even importantly, More s.

or Achmet –

s h cruain f lvs a i was slaves of circulation the as Propaganda . The only voice by one of the unfortunate women sold into slavery claims that slaveryclaims into sold women unfortunate the of one by onlyvoice The .

about the continuation of the illegitimate enslavement suggest that that suggest enslavement illegitimate the of continuation the about

durante la guerra di Candia, di guerra la durante

Tr, ad la wt te eiiu atoiis to authorities religious the with pleas and “Turk,”

158 nformed and legitimized by the religious religious the by legitimized and nformed

It is uncertain just what exactly this exam, this exactly what just uncertain is It –

Vol. 2, Vol.

rather than being stone being than rather alla turchesca alla 581.

” or suddenly becoming becoming suddenly or ” - clad identities identities clad be important. important. be 58 –

CEU eTD Collection signals which apart voices these tell to challenging is it state, and church, Morlacchi, on sources insigh different masses. shapeless and mysterious, marginal, as Morlacchi the of notions reiterates only so Doing origin. their determining in persist to pointless “ot an as used and shifting, was Vlachs) (or Morlacchi name the historiographically and historically both As Morlacchi. like populations dynamics power relations confessional alliances. ac inter modern early the in that suggesting shaping, other ecclesiastica and imperial between comp The above. from making decision political of products merely not were spaces these that is thesis this of implications themselves Morlacchi and that argue I Morlacchi, boundaries around centering networks entrepreneurial complex tracing Dalmatia in border cording to the clear categories of belonging and power, but by often ambiguous and shifting shifting and ambiguous often by but power, and belonging of categories clear the to cording . Their Shifting alliances show that many actors partook in negotiating communal, imperial, and and imperial, communal, negotiating in partook actors many that show alliances Shifting Ottoman the on difference of meaning the explore to was thesis this of aim The

among

implication in in implication t into the borderland as a contested space. Approaching the seventeenth the Approaching space. contested a as borderland the into t . I argue that this kind of framework is much more fruitful for approaching approaching for fruitful more much is framework of kind this that argue I .

borderland groups borderland during –

affairs at times inseparable from one an one from inseparable times at affairs

shared s el as well as — w lex ere networks of exchange betrays constant boundary constant betrays exchange of networks l elites l

exchanges suggest blurry boundaries and intense interaction interaction intense and boundaries blurry suggest exchanges continuously — in V

Conclusion enetian governing elites, ecclesiastical representatives, ecclesiastical elites, governing enetian on the one hand one the on h atrah f h W the of aftermath the eig o drgtr tr b te lts i seems it elites, the by term derogatory or hering”

- Focus on the Morlacchi therefore offers a a offers therefore Morlacchi the on Focus imperial space matters were not determined not were matters space imperial negot

ae ad renegotiated. and iated , and other, less powerful actors powerful less other, and , other and imbedded in complex complex in imbedded and other r f rt (1645 Crete of ar

- One of the the of One crossing and and crossing - 1669). By By 1669). - Venetian Venetian - century century

on the the on the the 59 -

CEU eTD Collection imperial ideas andmanifestations. local would that needed is approach different a whether exte what to as for these ce imperial re and disappearing, appearing, power centralized the inter sought. early of frameworks new that turn in suggesting belonging, and establish defies interrelatedness This interrelatedness. their of level high - imperial T

his is especially pertinent to imperial framework as the area in question is a place of place a is question in area the as framework imperial to pertinent especially is his their local affairs, sometimes very different from imperial designs. designs. imperial from different very sometimes affairs, local their nters competition between the O the between competition nt it is useful to see to useful is it nt provide

soon crumbles under the variety the under crumbles soon

circumstances and ideological capital, the actors often subvert and adapt adapt and subvert often actorsthe capital,ideologicaland circumstances - grouping in att in grouping

these areas and events in terms in events and areas these

ttomans and Venetians. However, the classic image of of image classic the However, Venetians. and ttomans empts to empts

treat the empire as ongoing interplay interplay ongoing as empire the treat

of individual and group voices, constantly voices, group and individual of carve their niches of power. of niches their carve - modern relationships should be should relationships modern

of their pertaining empires, or or empires, pertaining their of ed hierarchies of power power of hierarchies ed The question arises arises question The W between between hile the the hile 60

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Modern History -

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Drago Roksandić, 171 Drago Roksandić, Triplex Confinium: ili ogranicama ili Confinium: iregijamahrvatskep Triplex Brokering A Millenium of Hungarian Military History A Millenium ofHungarianMilitary Comparative H Studies inSociety and . Split: hrvatskih arheološkihMuzej spomenika, 2010. ly, 111 , 35

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CEU eTD Collection ------Larry. Wolff, theSlavs: Venice and Smiley, "TheLaw, Will. ofConversion: Meanings Treaty Knowledge, and StateReligious Schilling, Historical "Confessionalization: Heinz. andScholarly Perspectives ofa Comparative ——— Šarić,"Inter Marko. . "Venice ofSlavs . Dalmatia: and the TheAdriatic Dramaofinthe Venetian Empire the Enlightenment." StanfordAlto: University Press, 2002. ReviewInternational History IdentityCaptives intheEighteenth among Russian Anthony Papalas. Burlington: J. Ashgate, 2004. Honor and InterdisciplinaryandIn Paradigm." Societies and Cultur - k i društvima ugraničnim sukobima u suživot tromeđi: na "Vlasi . Ivetic and Onthe Borderlands,"Other" Eastern andBeyond Adriatic 1500 InCenturies)."

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