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Ancient Greece Greece’S Geography

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Ancient Greece Greece’S Geography Ancient Greece Greece’s Geography What do you think is important about Greece’s physical geography? Greece’s Geography ● The sea shaped Greek civilization ● The sea encouraged sea travel and trade ● Rugged terrain, mountains on the Balkan Peninsula separated different areas in Greece= not unified, but separate city-states ● Not much fertile land, no major rivers= can’t support large population ● Desire for more farmland may have influenced Greeks to create colonies ● Mediterranean climate= pleasant, encouraged outdoor activities MYCENAEAN GREECE (1600 BCE-1100 BCE) ● First Greeks to settle the area ● Named after the leading city, Mycenae ● Cities ruled by kings ● Contact with Minoans by 1500 BCE= Minoan writing system (inspired by Egypt) adapted into Greek letters, vases decorated with Minoan designs THE TROJAN WAR ● In the 1200s BCE, the Mycenaean Greeks fought a 10-year war against Troy, a trading city in Anatolia ● Likely a raid that was turned into an epic tale ● Legend tells that the Greeks invaded and destroyed Troy because a Trojan prince had kidnapped Helen, the wife of a Greek king. ● Greek stories tell of the Greek army capturing Troy by hiding soldiers in a hollow wooden horse (Trojan horse). THE DORIAN AGE ● Mycenaean civilization collapsed by 1200 BCE ● A new group, the Dorians, appeared, but were less advanced than the Mycenaeans ● Dorian Age (1150-750 BCE)- period of economic and cultural decline in Greece- writing appears to have been lost during this time (no written record exists from this period), ● Lacking writing, the spoken word dominated during the Dorian Age. ● Storytelling and myths (particularly stories about their gods) became central components of Greek culture during this time. ● The greatest Greek storyteller was Homer, who wrote The Odyssey and The Iliad GREEK CITY-STATES ● Different Greek city-states had different forms of government and social organization. ● By 750 BCE, the Greek city-state, or polis, was the fundamental political unit in ancient Greece. The polis was made up of a city and its surrounding countryside. ● Each polis featured an agora (marketplace) and an acropolis, or a fortified hilltop where citizens gathered to discuss city government. ● Different city-states in Greece had different types of government (some had monarchy, some had aristocracy, some had oligarchy) ● In some city-states, sometimes powerful individuals called tyrants would seize control of the government by appealing to the people for support. Tyrants were leaders who would work for the interests of ordinary people, and would set up building programs to provide jobs and housing for supporters. ATHENS ● Like other city states, Athens experienced social unrest between rich and poor ● To avoid major upheavals, Athenian leaders made reforms (changes): ○ Athenian reformers moved toward democracy (rule by the people) ○ 621 BCE: Draco developed a legal code based on the idea that all Athenians (rich and poor) were equal under the law, but upheld debt slavery (forced work to pay off a debt) ○ 594 BCE: Solon outlawed debt slavery, organized Athenian citizens into four social classes based on wealth. Only members of the top 3 classes could hold office, but all citizens could participate in the Athenian assembly. ○ 500 BCE: Cleisthenes broke up power of nobility by organizing citizens into 10 groups based on where they lived rather than their wealth. Also increased the power of the Assembly by allowing all citizens to submit laws for debate. Also created the Council of Five Hundred, which proposed laws and counseled the Assembly. Council members were chosen by lot (at random). Question: What was the effect of these political reforms in Athens? Athenian democracy ATHENS ● Reforms in Athens allowed Athenian citizens to participate in a limited democracy (the people make political decisions themselves instead of being led by a king or other ruler) ● However, citizenship was restricted- only free adult males were considered citizens. Women, slaves, and foreigners were excluded and had few rights. ● Metics (foreigners) made up roughly half of Athens’ population, but did not qualify as citizens. Still had responsibilities such as military service and paying taxes. Metics did have access to the courts and could prosecute other people. ATHENS ● Education was restricted to the sons of wealthy families ● School largely prepared boys to become good citizens- studied reading, grammar, poetry, history, mathematics, and music ● Boys spent part of each day competing in athletic activities ● Boys also received training in logic and public speaking (why do you think this is?) ● When they were older, Athenian boys went to military school to help them prepare to defend Athens. ● Girls did not attend school, but were educated at home on domestic responsibilities (child-rearing, weaving cloth, preparing meals, and managing the household) to help them become good wives and mothers Question: What does this say about Athenian society? SPARTA ● Built a military state ○ Around 725 BCE, Sparta took over Messenia (a neighboring region) and forced the Messenians to become helots (peasants forced to stay on the land they worked) ○ Messenians became resentful of Spartans’ harsh rule and eventually revolted- Spartans barely suppressed the revolt ○ Sparta was shocked at its vulnerability, resolved to become a strong military state thereafter SPARTA ● Spartan government had several branches: ○ An Assembly (all Spartan citizens) elected officials and voted on major issues ○ The Council of Elders (30 older citizens) proposed laws on which the assembly voted ○ Five elected officials carried out the laws passed by the Assembly, and also controlled education and prosecuted court cases. ○ Two kings ruled over Sparta’s military SPARTA Spartan society: ● At the top were citizens descended from the original inhabitants of the region (including ruling families who owned the land) ● Next were noncitizens who were free, who mainly worked in commerce and industry ● Helots- worked either in the fields or as house servants- little better than slaves ● Slaves SPARTA ● Sparta had the most powerful army in Greece from 600 BCE-371 BCE ● Individual expression discouraged- Spartans did not value the arts, literature, or other intellectual/artistic pursuits ● Spartans valued duty, strength, and discipline over freedom, individuality, beauty, and learning. ● Boys left home at 7 and began military training until they were 30. They served in the military until they were 60. Daily life focused on military drills and marching. Harsh lifestyle designed to produce tough, hardy warriors. ● Spartan girls also led hardy lives- received some military training, also ran, wrestled, and played sports. ● Spartan women had considerable freedom when their husbands were off at war- would run family estates. Spartan Warriors MILITARY CHANGES ● Greek militaries changed as technology changed- when bronze was used, only the rich could afford weapons and armor, so only rich served in armies. With the switch to iron (which was more abundant and thus cheaper), more people could serve in the military, and thus other social classes could serve to defend their city-state. Merchants, artisans, and small landowners could now serve. ● Greek foot soldiers stood side by side carrying a spear and shield, creating a powerful new formation called the phalanx ● The phalanx became the most powerful fighting force in the ancient world. Phalanx THE PERSIAN WARS ● Greeks had long settled in Ionia, on the coast of Anatolia. ● In 546 BCE, the Persian Empire conquered the region. ● Ionian Greeks revolted, and Athens sent backup to aid them ● Persian king Darius defeated the rebels and vowed to destroy Athens in retaliation ● 490 BCE: Large Persian fleet sailed to Greece, faced them at the Battle of Marathon ● Though outnumbered, the Greeks had better weapons and armor and were more disciplined than the Persians ● Persians fled in defeat- GREEK VICTORY ● A Greek named Pheidippides raced from Marathon to Athens to deliver the news of the victory over Persia- after racing 26 miles, he arrived in Athens, stated “Rejoice, we conquer” and died. THE PERSIAN WARS ● 480 BCE (ten years after the defeat at Marathon): Darius’ son Xerxes assembled an invasion force to crush Athens ● Persians again went to Greece, this time meeting a group of 7,000 Greeks (including 300 Spartans) at Thermopylae. Once again, although badly outnumbered, the Greeks managed to stop the Persian advance. ● A traitor informed the Persians of a secret passageway- this ended the Greek stand. The 300 Spartans held the Persians back while the other Greeks retreated. All were killed. ● Athenian leader Themistocles convinced the Athenians to evacuate and fight the Persians at sea. After setting fire to Athens, the Persians were defeated as their warships couldn’t maneuver in the narrow channel, and the smaller Greek ships used battering rams to sink the Persian ships. ● GREEK VICTORY AFTERMATH OF THE PERSIAN WARS ● Persia was no longer a threat to Greece ● Greek city-states felt new confidence and freedom ● Athens entered its Golden Age, basking in the glory of the victory over Persia ● 470s: The Delian League formed, which was an alliance among Greek city-states. Athens emerged as the leader of the Delian League. ○ Athens later used military force against member city-states that challenged its authority. ○ Other, weaker (less influential) city-states essentially became provinces in an Athenian Empire ○ Athens used money from the Delian League treasury to
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