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Chapter 9 Study Guide Key Chapter 9 Study Guide Key 7th Grade World History Vocabulary Cavalry – a unit of soldiers who ride horses. The Persian empire was known for their use of cavalry, helping to make them so victorious in battle Hellenistic – Greek-like - when a cultural idea is heavily influenced by Greek ideas (Example – cities of Alexandria created by Alexander.) Alliance – agreement to work together – as in the Persian Wars Vocabulary Phalanx – A square fighting formation – commonly used by Alexander & Sparta Satraps – governors in the Persian empire Helots – Slaves in Sparta – made up majority of population & heavily relied upon Parthenon – Great temple in Athens dedicated to the goddess Athena. Commissioned by Pericles after the Persian Wars. People to Know Cyrus the Great – Rebelled against the Medes to create the Persian Empire. Known for letting others keep their customs to help prevent rebellions Darius I – Leader of the Persians when Greek mainland city-states sent help to the Ionian city- states. Leader during the Battle of Marathon People to Know Xerxes I – the son of Darius. Was the leader of the Persian Wars during the battles of Thermopylae, Salamis & Plataea. Set up his golden throne to watch the Battle of Salamis – which he lost, forcing him to retreat to Persia Philip of Macedonia – Father of Alexander the Great. Conquered the Greek city-states. Alexander the Great – Macedonian King – came to power after his father was murdered. Helped to create the largest empire in the world at that point. Never lost a battle. Died at age 32 from malaria. People to Know Plato – a student of Socrates. He was a philosopher – his student is Aristotle (the teacher of Alexander the great.) Socrates – one of the best known philosophers – believed people must never stop thinking. Later is sentenced in Athens to death for “questioning the Gods? Euclid – Created many geography rules still in use today Battles of the Persian Wars Battle of Marathon – 490 BCE Cause - Persians want revenge for city-states helping the rebelling Ionian Greeks. Athens asks Sparta for help – they said no due to a religious festival Athens out numbered 2 to 1 Due to better weapons & plans – Athens wins! Effect – Greeks feel pride & Persians will want revenge Battles of the Persian Wars Battle of Thermopylae – Cause - Persians are seeking revenge for Battle of Marathon Led by Xerxes – brings at least 250,000 men This is led by the Spartans – hold them off at the narrow pass – until a traitor tells them away around the mountains Spartans fight to their death Persians win Effect – Spartans march to Athens & burn it down & Greeks are motivated to fight back Battles of the Persian Wars Battle of Salamis – Athenians had earlier built up their Navy Athenian Themistocles wants to fight in the narrow straights Tricks Xerxes into battle Xerxes sets up gold throne to watch Little Athenian ships destroy the large Persian ships because the large ships can’t maneuver Win for Greece! Effect - Xerxes must return to Persia Battles of the Persian Wars Battle of Plataea Fought by a united Greek front and left over Persians Greece Wins! Effects This ends the Persian Wars Defeat humiliating for Persians, but not a major loss Greeks save their homeland! Short Answer 1. Medes 2. He is upset because the mainland Greeks helped out the revolting Ionian Greeks. 3. Darius and Xerxes were both Persian leaders that fought against the Greek city-states. 4. 60 years old 5. Spartan life revolved around the military. Everything that was done, was done for the good of the “state.” Focus was on obedience and structure. 6. Men had many more rights then women. More emphasis was placed on a “well rounded” education – for boys. Military service for 2 years. Short Answer 8. His men refused to go on – they had to turn back around and head back home 9. He died of malaria – a disease commonly from a mosquito 10. After Alexander died he left his empire to “the strongest” It was split between 3 top generals 1. So many of Greek achievements are important because they are so long lasting and influence our art, architecture, philosophy, and government. (Western World) .
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