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History of Science Museums and Planetariums in India*

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History of Science Museums and Planetariums in India* Indian Journal of History of Science, 52.3 (2017) 357-368 DOI: 10.16943/ijhs/2017/v52i3/49167 Project Report History of Science Museums and Planetariums in India* Jayanta Sthanapati** 1. INTRODUCTION III. Planetariums The current study has been envisaged to IV. Natural History Museums present a comprehensive history of the V. Mobile Science Exhibition development of Indian Science Museums and Planetariums, and study their exhibits and VI. Interview of Pioneers of Science Museums and activities. Based on available documents, their Planetariums impact in enhancing public understanding of Details of the findings are presented in the science and technology has also been attempted. following sections: Two major accounts on science museum (or science centre) movement in India, written by 2. SCIENCE MUSEUMS, SCIENCE CENTRES Dr Saroj Ghose, former Director General of AND SCIENCE CITIES NCSM (1986-1997) and Shri Ingit K Mukhopadhyay, former DG NCSM (1997-2009) In the early years of 1950s, Pandit and on Indian planetariums by Shri Piyush Pandey, Jawaharlal Nehru, First Prime Minister of India, former Director of Nehru Planetarium, Mumbai Shri G D Birla, a renowned industrialist, Prof K S (2003-2011) though not very comprehensive in Krishnan, a world renowned physicist and Dr B historical studies of science museums and C Roy, a renowned physician and the then Chief planetariums in India has helped us a lot to prepare Minister of West Bengal took considerable interest our document. However, there was not a single in establishment of Science Museums in the account available on the history of natural history country. With their support and under the museums in India. The ‘Science Museum’ has leadership of Shri Ved Prakash Beri, Shri been used as a generic term to include traditional Ramanatha Subramanian and Shri Amalendu science museums, natural history museums, Bose, three science museums, namely, Birla science centres and science cities. The Museum (1954) at Pilani; Science Museum of ‘Planetarium’ on the other hand covers all forms National Physical Laboratory (1956) in New Delhi of space theatres using projection systems like and Birla Industrial & Technological Museum manual, opto-mechanical, hybrid and digital. (1959) in Calcutta (now Kolkata) (Fig. 1), were The study was carried out under the opened, respectively. The fourth science museum, following chapters: namely, Visvesvaraya Industrial and Technological Museum (1965) was opened in I. Aim and Scope of the Study Bangalore (now Bengaluru). The last two II. Science Museums, Science Centres and museums were set up and run by the Council of Science Cities Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). * Accomplished under the sponsorship of National Commission for History of Science between 20th June 2013 and 31st March 2016. **Corpus Research Institute, 28/C/1, Gariahat Road West, Kolkata 700068. Email: [email protected] 358 INDIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY OF SCIENCE ii) To popularize science and technology in cities, urban and rural areas for the benefit of students and for the common man by organizing exhibitions, seminars, popular lectures, science camps and various other programs. iii) To promote and enhance public understanding of the culture of science and technology. iv) To supplement science education given in schools and colleges and to organize various out-of-school educational activities to foster a spirit of scientific inquiry and creativity among the students. Fig. 1. Birla Industrial and Technological Museum, Kolkata, 1959 v) To design, develop and fabricate science museum exhibits, demonstration equipment and scientific teaching aids for science In the early 1970s, the National Planning education and popularization of science. Commission constituted a Task Force to assess the activities of the science museums working vi) To organize training programmes for science under CSIR and to recommend the future course teachers, students, young entrepreneurs, of growth and development. It saw an immense technicians, physically challenged, potential of the science museums in imparting non- housewives and others on specific subjects of formal science education to the public and creating science, technology and industry. a scientific awareness in the society. The task force felt it necessary that science museums be set up By the end of the financial year 2015-16, all over the country in a three-tier network and a the country has 4 science museums, 49 science specialized agency be formed to coordinate such centres and 3 science cities. Out of these 56 activity. Thus National Council of Science institutions, National Council of Science Museums Museums (NCSM) was formed in 1978 and in has set up 2 science museums, 40 science centres turn, the council initiated action to establish and a science city. Remaining 2 science museums, national level science centres in the metropolis, 9 science centres and 2 science cities were regional science centres in state capitals and sub- established by various other government and regional or district science centres in state capitals private agencies. The growth of science museums of small states or union territories or in districts. in India may be seen in Table 1. Following are the main objectives of Science centres are beacons of knowledge Science Museums, Science Centres and Science which are displayed in a perfect balance of fun Cities in India: and learning. Nehru Science Centre, the first i) To portray the growth of science and national level science centre was established in technology and their applications in industry Mumbai by NCSM in 1985. The centre was and human welfare, with a view to develop a inaugurated by Prime Minister Shri Rajiv Gandhi. scientific attitude and temper and to create, India’s National Science Centre was set up in New inculcate and sustain a general awareness Delhi in 1992 and dedicated to the nation by Shri amongst the people. P.V. Narasimha Rao, then Prime Minister of India. PROJECT REPORT: HISTORY OF SCIENCE MUSEUMS AND PLANETARIUMS IN INDIA 359 Table 1. Growth of Science Museums in India 1814- 1954- 1964- 1974- 1984- 1994- 2004- 2014- Total 1953 1963 1973 1983 1993 2003 2013 2016 Natural History Museums or Galleries 34 836242160 Science Museums (traditional) 3 1 4 Science Centres 2 12 14 18 3 49 Science Cities 1 2 3 Shrikrishna Science Centre, the first umbrella of NCSM, was established by State Govt. regional level Science Centre was set up in Patna of Kerala in Thiruvananthapuram in 1984. It was by NCSM and was inaugurated in 1978. dedicated to the people by Shri K. Karunakaran, Subsequently, NCSM had established seven more the then Chief Minister of Kerala. Next such regional science centres in cities like Bhubaneswar centre, Periyar Science and Technology Centre, (1989), Nagpur (1992), Tirupati (1993), Guwahati was set up in Chennai by the State Govt. of Tamil (1994), Bhopal (1995), Kozhikode (1997) and Nadu in 1990. Eminent industrialist Shri G P Birla Kurukshetra (2000). Additionally, NCSM had had set up regional level science centres, namely, developed eight regional science centres in the B M Birla Science Centre (1990) in Hyderabad country as turn-key jobs which after inauguration and B M Birla Science & Technology Centre are being run by respective state governments. (1995) in Jaipur. Thereafter, five science centres Such centres are located in Ranchi (2010), were opened by the respective state governments Dharwad (2012), Jaipur (2012), Raipur (2012), in places like Agartala (1997), Tiruchirappalli Pune (2013), Coimbatore (2013), Pilikula (2014) (1999), Surat (2009), Vellore (2010) and Kavaratti and Dehradun (2016). (2011). The first District Science Centre (DSC), The first Science City of the country was was opened by NCSM at Purulia (1982). The opened by NCSM in Kolkata in 1997. Thereafter council subsequently had set up sub-regional or Govt. of Punjab had established Pushpa Gujral district science centres at Dharampur (1984), Science City in 2005 in Jalandhar and Govt. of Gulbarga (1984), Tirunelveli (1987), Burdwan Gujarat had set up Gujarat Science City in (1994), Dhenkanal (1995), Digha (1997), Siliguri Ahmedabad in 2012. (1997) and Panaji (2001). These centres are run Like other great science museums of the by NCSM. Several small science centres like world, Indian science museums have always above mentioned district centres were developed considered thematic galleries as the principal tool by NCSM which were handed over to respective to fulfil its primary objectives. Indian science state agencies. Such centres were set up at Port museum professional during the last sixty years Blair (2003), Aizawl (2003), Dimapur (2004), or so have indigenously designed and developed Imphal (2005), Itanagar (2006), Shillong (2006), more than two hundred thematic indoor galleries Kalimpong (2008), Gangtok (2008), Solapur covering important topics like Agriculture, (2010), Jodhpur (2013), Jorhat (2013) and Astronomy, Biotechnology, Chemistry, Coal Puducherry (2015). Mine, Communication, Electricity, Electronics, Kerala State Science & Technology Emerging Technologies, Evolution of Life, Fun Museum, the first science centre outside the Science, Information Revolution, Life Science, 360 INDIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY OF SCIENCE Fig. 2. Science City, Kolkata, 1998 Metallurgy, Mining, Motive Power, Nuclear Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh having Science, Our Science and Technology Heritage, four planetariums. Bihar and Assam have three Physics, Prehistoric Life, Space, Television, planetariums, while Andhra
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