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Predatory Mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) Predatory mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in agro-ecosystems and conservation biological control: a review and explorative approach for forecasting plant-predatory mite interactions and mite dispersal Marie-Stéphane Tixier To cite this version: Marie-Stéphane Tixier. Predatory mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in agro-ecosystems and conserva- tion biological control: a review and explorative approach for forecasting plant-predatory mite in- teractions and mite dispersal. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, Frontiers Media S.A, 2018, 6, 10.3389/fevo.2018.00192. hal-02621538 HAL Id: hal-02621538 https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02621538 Submitted on 26 May 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License HYPOTHESIS AND THEORY published: 14 December 2018 doi: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00192 Predatory Mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in Agro-Ecosystems and Conservation Biological Control: A Review and Explorative Approach for Forecasting Plant-Predatory Mite Interactions and Mite Dispersal Marie-Stephane Tixier* Edited by: CBGP, Montpellier SupAgro, INRA, CIRAD, IRD, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France George Broufas, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece Phytoseiidae mites are efficient predators, able to control pest mites and small arthropods Reviewed by: in crops all over the world, using three biological control strategies: (i) augmentation, Deirdre Anne Prischmann-Voldseth, (ii) classical, and (iii) conservation. This paper focuses on the latter strategy. Most of North Dakota State University, United States those predatory mite species are generalist predators; they are naturally present in Andreas Walzer, agro-ecosystems both on crops and adjacent natural vegetation. Because of such University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Austria characteristics, their occurrence is usually associated with the use of fewer pesticides, *Correspondence: providing relief to ecosystem services. As a first baseline for managing their occurrence Marie-Stephane Tixier in agro-ecosystems, a review of the present knowledge of plants and predatory mite [email protected] interactions and predator dispersal ability is proposed. In addition, based on the author’s Specialty section: own occurrence database, the study aims at analyzing (i) plant traits and the potential This article was submitted to co-evolutionary relationships between plants and predatory mite species and (ii) how this Agroecology and Ecosystem Services, can be used to forecast favorable plants to key predatory mites. For this, some examples a section of the journal Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution were taken, i.e., vine and citrus crops, and three species, Kampimodromus aberrans, Received: 31 July 2018 Euseius stipulates, and Typhlodromus (Typhlodromus) pyri. The main conclusion is that Accepted: 05 November 2018 the occurrence database can help in determining the probability of finding predatory Published: 14 December 2018 mite species on crops and non-crop plants. However, because some elements are Citation: lacking, especially predatory mite density, plant traits and the true overall distribution, it is Tixier M-S (2018) Predatory Mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in currently, difficult to associate plant traits and plant phylogeny to Phytoseiidae diversity. Agro-Ecosystems and Conservation Additional meta-analyses in collaboration with plant specialists would be required. Finally, Biological Control: A Review and Explorative Approach for Forecasting the paper presents some examples of agroecosystem management at different scales Plant-Predatory Mite Interactions and (intercropping, agroforestry, borders management, landscape). Mite Dispersal. Front. Ecol. Evol. 6:192. Keywords: biological control, natural enemies, agroecosystem management, mites, agro-environmental doi: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00192 management Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution | www.frontiersin.org 1 December 2018 | Volume 6 | Article 192 Tixier Phytoseiidae and Agrosystem Services INTRODUCTION make them good candidates for providing ecosystem services as natural enemies of pest species, resulting in the reduction of Current agricultural practices are increasingly questioned and pesticide applications (Prischmann et al., 2006; McMurtry et al., face two major worldwide challenges to (i) increase crop yields for 2015). feeding more humans on the planet, (ii) provide more quality For conservation biological control implementation, an food to address health concerns and (iii) avoid pollution for integrated knowledge of predatory mite biodiversity is required resource sustainability. In this context, crop protection, especially to determine factors affecting the presence of these natural pesticide use, is an increasing threatening practice. However, enemies in reservoir zones and their dispersal between those crop protection is still necessary to ensure food quality and reservoirs and crops. First, the available knowledge on plant sufficiently high yield (Oerke, 2006). Several measures have been and predatory mite interactions and their dispersal abilities was taken in several countries to limit the use of pesticides. For reviewed. Then, based on the present occurrence knowledge, instance, the European Directive 2009/128/EC (https://eur-lex. new approaches to forecast predator occurrence on plants are europa.eu/eli/dir/2009/128/2009-11-25) aims at achieving the proposed, assuming that this occurrence is related to plant sustainable use of pesticides, reducing health risks and promoting traits and potential co-evolutionary relationships between plants the use of integrated pest management and other alternative plant and mites. Finally, examples of the impact of agro-ecosystem protection strategies. National plans should be implemented management on predatory mite occurrence are provided for to cope with such objectives (i.e., training of professionals, several scales (i) within the crops, (ii) in the near borders of the requirements for the sale of pesticides, pesticide application crops and (iii) at a landscape scale. equipment). In France, the Ecophyto plan aims to halve the application of pesticides by 2025. Biological control is considered a key solution to control PLANTS AS RESERVOIR ZONES FOR arthropods (Altieri, 1999; Power, 2010). This paper exclusively PREDATORY MITES focuses on predatory mites belonging to the Phytoseiidae family and the term predatory mites is used throughout the text Most predatory mites of the Phytoseiidae family are not to refer to mites of this family. These predators are used to dependent on a given prey species as they are food-generalists control mite pests as well as small insects (McMurtry and (McMurtry et al., 2013, 2015). However, they are greatly affected Croft, 1997; Gerson et al., 2003). The Phytoseiidae family by plant characteristics, especially the phylloplan structure contains more than 2,400 species worldwide (Demite et al., (Karban et al., 1995). Some authors reported that the phylloplan 2018), used in the three biological control strategies. First, the (phenotypic characteristics of the leaf surface) features impacted classical biological control aims at controlling invasive pests, predatory mite densities more than prey availability (Duso, introducing natural enemies in the targeted area, from the 1992; Karban et al., 1995; Duso et al., 2004b). McMurtry et al. pest origin zone. These measures are usually expensive and (2013) divided the Phytoseiidae family into four main categories are funded by the government. One example is the successful depending on feeding habits: (i) specialized, (ii) selective, (iii) introduction of Typhlodromalus aripo De Leon, to control generalists, and (iv) pollen feeders. Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) in Africa (Yaninek et al., 1989). Domatia and leaf hairiness are the most documented The second strategy, augmentative biological control, consists plant features affecting mite behavior and biology. Schmidt of a mass release of natural enemies (exotic or endemic) in (2014) provided an excellent review of these relationships. The crops. The natural enemies are usually commercialized by private hypotheses proposed to explain such relations are: (i) escape from companies, and producers have to buy them for releasing. These cannibalism and predation, (ii) maintaining favorable conditions natural enemies are usually specific to their prey and this strategy of humidity, especially for egg survival and (iii) pollen retention is essentially applied in greenhouses. One example is the mass- and alternative food presence in domatia. However, some releases of Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot in greenhouses, structures are not favorable to predatory mites, i.e., glandular with a world market corresponding to 12% of the total trichomes of Solanaceae reportedly trap the predators and hinder natural enemy market (Van Lenteren, 2006). Finally, the third their movement. The structures affecting predatory mites are strategy, conservation biological control, consists of enhancing not totally characterized.
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