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Assessment of Comprehensive Effects and Optimization of a Circular Economy System of Coal Power and Cement in Kongtong District, Pingliang City, Gansu Province, China

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Assessment of Comprehensive Effects and Optimization of a Circular Economy System of Coal Power and Cement in Kongtong District, Pingliang City, Gansu Province, China sustainability Article Assessment of Comprehensive Effects and Optimization of a Circular Economy System of Coal Power and Cement in Kongtong District, Pingliang City, Gansu Province, China Suocheng Dong 1, Zhe Wang 1,2, Yu Li 1, Fujia Li 1,*, Zehong Li 1, Feng Chen 1,2 and Hao Cheng 1 1 Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; [email protected] (S.D.); [email protected] (Z.W.); [email protected] (Y.L.); [email protected] (Z.L.); [email protected] (F.C.); [email protected] (H.C.) 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-10-6488-9842 Academic Editors: Giuseppe Ioppolo and Marc A. Rosen Received: 6 January 2017; Accepted: 22 April 2017; Published: 11 May 2017 Abstract: The idea of a circular economy (CE), which differs from traditional linear economy with a high consumption of natural resources and pollution, has captured much interest and attention. This paper uses a CE system of coal power and cement in Kongtong District, Pingliang City, Gansu Province, China as a case study to analyze the comprehensive effects of CE paradigm. Our simulation results, based on system dynamics (SD) modeling, infer that the transformation of manufacturing towards a CE system can prominently help coal power and cement enterprises reduce waste emission and increase economic profits. Through solid waste exchanges, a power plant can achieve over RMB 80 million of additional revenue per year at the highest level. CE also contributes to the reduction of regional pollution, saves mineral resources, and improves the atmospheric environment, an accumulated total of 14.11 million t of natural gypsum and 22.67 million t of coal can be saved. This sets a promising example for coal power and cement plants worldwide. Effective regulatory measures and further optimization towards a circular economy system are essential in maintaining the stable development of a CE system due to the risk of surplus production of upstream industries and other defects. Keywords: circular economy; China; coal power; cement; system dynamics; effects assessment 1. Introduction The concept of a CE was first put forward by Pearce and Turner, two British environmental economists [1]. Unlike a traditional linear economy of take-make-dispose with high consumption, emission, and pollution, a CE system is regarded as a closed system, much like a natural ecological system in which all elements are circular and the production departments in a shared circular cycle can form an industrial symbiosis mimicking the natural food cycle [2,3]. The distinguished principles of “Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle” (3Rs) are the basic theoretical philosophical and principles behind CE. The main content of CE is to reap economic, ecological, and social benefits through eco-design in the manufacturing process and further realize the goal of sustainability [4–7]. In recent years, most worldwide case studies concerning CE can be classified into four scales: national, regional, industrial, and enterprise. Studies on national or regional scales have been mainly focused on assessing the development of CE through the analysis of key indicators [8–10], and summarizing performance and problems during the developing process of CE in a certain country or region [11–13]. Studies on an industrial scale mainly discussed the achievements of cleaner Sustainability 2017, 9, 787; doi:10.3390/su9050787 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2017, 9, 787 2 of 16 production and economic benefits through the design of CE systems and analyzed problems, which coveredSustainability industries 2017, such9, 787 as papermaking [14], building materials [15–18], metals [19,20], chemicals2 of 16 [21], logistics [22], etc., and the industrial symbiosis between the various departments in a certain industrial parkproduction [23–25]. and economic benefits through the design of CE systems and analyzed problems, which Oncovered the whole,industries these such studies as papermaking explored [14], the building connotations materials and [15–18], realization metals path[19,20], of chemicals CE from [21], different perspectives;logistics however,[22], etc., mostand the studies industrial focused symbiosis more on between macro-scale the various analysis departments and less on in the a quantitativecertain analysisindustrial of the park process [23–25]. of CE system on enterprise scale. Therefore, by using the case of a CE system of On the whole, these studies explored the connotations and realization path of CE from different coal power and cement in Kongtong District, Pingliang City, Gansu Province, China, this paper built perspectives; however, most studies focused more on macro-scale analysis and less on the an SDquantitative model to simulateanalysis of the the comprehensive process of CE system effects on of enterprise a CE system scale. on Therefor coal powere, by using and cement,the case of before makinga CE recommendations system of coal power to improveand cement system in Kongtong performance. District, Pingliang City, Gansu Province, China, Coalthis paper power built plants an SD are model widely to distributedsimulate the aroundcomprehensive the world, effects especially of a CE insystem regions on coal with power abundant coal resources.and cement, Amongbefore making the various recommendatio kinds ofns power to improve generation, system performance. coal power has occupied over 40% of the globalCoal total power from plants 2010 are and, widely in China, distributed this share around reached the world, 80% [26 especially,27]. Coal in power regions plants with have the advantageabundant coal of low resources. costs; Among however, the severe various issues kinds ofof unsustainabilitypower generation, suchcoal power as the has consumption occupied of freshover water 40% and of pollutionthe global causedtotal from by 2010 fly ash,and, desulfurizationin China, this share gypsum, reached and 80% other [26,27]. solid Coal waste power affects manyplants cities have without the advantage supporting of industrieslow costs; tohowever, reuse thesevere solid issues waste. of unsustainability In contrast, the such example as the set by consumption of fresh water and pollution caused by fly ash, desulfurization gypsum, and other Kongtong District provides a promising example for the sustainable development of the coal power solid waste affects many cities without supporting industries to reuse the solid waste. In contrast, and cementthe example industries. set by However, Kongtong market District risks provid arees big a disadvantagespromising example for CE for system the sustainable of coal power and cement,development and shouldof the coal not power be ignored. and cement Hence, industri fores. further However, optimization market risks and are popularization big disadvantages of a CE systemfor inCE the system coal of power coal power and cement and cement, industries, and should the not comprehensive be ignored. Hence, effects for of further CE system optimization need to be quantitativelyand popularization studied. of a CE system in the coal power and cement industries, the comprehensive effects of CE system need to be quantitatively studied. 2. Case Study 2. Case Study Kongtong District is located in Northwest China (Figure1), and has abundant mineral resources such as coal,Kongtong limestone, District gypsum, is located clay, asin wellNorthwest as well-developed China (Figure industries 1), and ofhas coal abundant mining, mineral coal power, and theresources manufacture such as ofcoal, building limestone, materials. gypsum, In clay, China, as well CE as development well-developed has industries been motivated of coal mining, by national coal power, and the manufacture of building materials. In China, CE development has been policy and planning, thus, in the past five years, Kongtong has attracted significant amounts of capital motivated by national policy and planning, thus, in the past five years, Kongtong has attracted in the field of CE to build a host of new projects using high technology to achieve certain benefits. Key significant amounts of capital in the field of CE to build a host of new projects using high technology enterprisesto achieve include: certain (1)benefits. TheHuaneng Key enterprises Pingliang includ Thermale: (1) The Huaneng Power Plant Pingliang (HPTPP) Thermal (Pingliang, Power Plant China), which(HPTPP) belongs (Pingliang, to the China China), Huaneng which Groupbelongs and to the has China the largest Huaneng capacity Group installed and has (2.4 the millionlargest kW) in Northwestcapacity installed China; and(2.4 million (2) Conch kW) Cementin Northwest Ltd. China; (Wuhu, and China), (2) Conch the Cement largest cementLtd. (Wuhu, brand China), in China. The keythe categorieslargest cement of industry brand in in China. this study The key highlights categories the of important industry in status this ofstudy Pingliang’s highlights industrial the structureimportant (Figure status2). of Pingliang’s industrial structure (Figure 2). FigureFigure 1. The 1. The location location of of Kongtong Kongtong District,District, Pingliang Pingliang City, City, Gansu Gansu Province, Province, China. China. SustainabilitySustainability 20172017,, 99,, 787787 33 ofof 1616 Sustainability 2017, 9, 787 3 of 16 Coal Mining and Washing Coal Mining and Washing Manufacture of Non-metallic ManufactureMineral Products of Non-metallic Production and Supply of Mineral
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