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Mussel Shell Mulch Can Increase Vineyard Sustainability by Changing Scarab Pest Behaviour Mauricio González-Chang, Stéphane Boyer, Glen L

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Mussel Shell Mulch Can Increase Vineyard Sustainability by Changing Scarab Pest Behaviour Mauricio González-Chang, Stéphane Boyer, Glen L Mussel shell mulch can increase vineyard sustainability by changing scarab pest behaviour Mauricio González-Chang, Stéphane Boyer, Glen L. Creasy, Marie-Caroline Lefort, Stephen D. Wratten To cite this version: Mauricio González-Chang, Stéphane Boyer, Glen L. Creasy, Marie-Caroline Lefort, Stephen D. Wrat- ten. Mussel shell mulch can increase vineyard sustainability by changing scarab pest behaviour. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, Springer Verlag/EDP Sciences/INRA, 2017, 37 (5), pp.42. 10.1007/s13593-017-0450-x. hal-02967762 HAL Id: hal-02967762 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02967762 Submitted on 15 Oct 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Agron. Sustain. Dev. (2017) 37: 42 DOI 10.1007/s13593-017-0450-x RESEARCH ARTICLE Mussel shell mulch can increase vineyard sustainability by changing scarab pest behaviour Mauricio González-Chang1 & Stéphane Boyer2,3 & Glen L. Creasy4 & Marie-Caroline Lefort1,2 & Stephen D. Wratten1 Accepted: 23 August 2017 /Published online: 15 September 2017 # INRA and Springer-Verlag France SAS 2017 Abstract Global concern about external costs of pesticides (en- programmes. Therefore, this approach might contribute to reduc- vironment and human health) has promoted the development of ing the damage caused by other Scarabaeidae beetles with similar new strategies for pest control in agro-ecosystems. In this sense, flight behaviour around the world. mineral-based dust and optical barriers have been used against agricultural pests in a variety of crops worldwide as alternatives Keywords Natural deterrents . Sustainable management . to orthodox pest control. Recently, mussel shells’ optical proper- Seafood waste recycle . Video analysis . Melolonthinae ties have been investigated, suggesting their potential role in pest control as an optical barrier. In the present study, the effects of hydrophobic particle films, diatomaceous earths and mussel shells 1 Introduction were evaluated for their potential in reducing the endemic New Zealand scarab Costelytra zealandica damage in vineyards. In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the neg- Feeding deterrents significantly reduced its damage by 46% when ative effects that synthetic-derived pesticides have on environ- applied to Pinot Noir vines. In addition, vines treated with mussel mental quality, pest resistance and human health. Recent ad- shells had 69% fewer beetles on them. When hydrophobic particle vances in pest management have suggested the use of more films and mussel shells were evaluated in the same experiment, 33 ecologically based approaches, including modifying insect and 73% reduction in damage was achieved by these two treat- behaviour, as an important tool for sustainable pest manage- ments, respectively. Furthermore, the addition of mussel shells ment (Foster and Harris 1997;Gurretal.2017). These behav- increased grape yield by 28%. Here we demonstrate that mussel ioural changes usually involve alteration of insects’ visual shells applied in the under-vine areas altered the flying and landing and/or olfactory perception of its environment (Foster and behaviour of a melolonthine pest. This is the first reported example Harris 1997;Gurretal.2017). Although pest management of “waste” mollusc shells changing insect pest behaviour, has historically involved the use of olfactory behavioural highlighting their potential use in sustainable pest control disruptors, such as pheromones, the application of different coloured reflective surfaces has also been studied to some extent to investigate behavioural changes mediated by the * Mauricio González-Chang modification of insects’ visual perception of its host [email protected] (Prokopy and Owens 1983). For aphid pests, reflective mulches placed on the ground have been used to reduce the 1 Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, damage caused by several species, with important conse- Lincoln 7647, New Zealand quences for the reduction of insect-borne viruses on a range 2 Insect Biology Research Institute (IRBI), Université of crops worldwide (Antignus 2014). Despite these benefits, François-Rabelais de Tours, 37200 Tours, Parc Grandmont, France the dramatic increase in the use of plastic reflective materials 3 Environmental and Animal Sciences, Unitec Institute of Technology, in agro-ecosystems during the last 10 years has raised major Auckland 1025, New Zealand agronomic, economic and environmental concerns related to 4 Centre for Viticulture and Oenology, Lincoln University, their removal and disposal (Kasirajan and Ngouajio 2012). A Lincoln 7647, New Zealand potential environmentally friendly alternative to this problem 42 Page 2 of 9 Agron. Sustain. Dev. (2017) 37: 42 could involve the use of biodegradable “waste” materials such as mussel shells. Studies in vineyards have shown that when mussel shells are placed in the under-vine areas, short- wavelength light (ultraviolet-B, 280–320 nm) is reflected to the vine canopy (Sandler et al. 2009; Creasy and Ross 2010). Therefore, it is plausible that the shells’ reflective properties might deter insect landing behaviour through an “optical bar- rier”, as described before for other insect species (Prokopy and Owens 1983; Foster and Harris 1997). However, mussel shells have never been evaluated as a control strategy to reduce insect landing in crops. Here, we deploy mussel shells (Perna canaliculus Gmelin) as a potential landing deterrent to adult grass grub beetles (Costelytra zealandica White), which in New Zealand invade different horticultural crops and cause severe economic damage. 1.1 Feeding deterrents Feeding deterrents, such as hydrophobic particle films and diatomaceous earths can also change insects’ behaviour, of- fering a natural approach for pest control (Glenn et al. 1999; Korunic 2013). The former is a product made of kaolin clays (kaolinite) bounded to a synthetic hydrocarbon that makes the clay hydrophobic (Glenn et al. 1999), and therefore less af- fected by rainy conditions when applied for pest control in the field (Glenn and Puterka 2005). This approach has been used against several pest species on a range of crops over the last 15 years, including coleopterans (Showler 2002; Silva and Ramalho 2013). Unlike hydrophobic particle films, diatoma- ceous earths are silica-derived particles from ancient diatom shells that settled in the bottom of the ocean after they died, between 20 and 80 million years ago (Korunic 1998). In con- trast to hydrophobic particle films, diatomaceous earths are easily removed from treated plants by rainy conditions, and for this reason, they have been extensively investigated to protect stored agricultural products against several coleopter- an species (Athanassiou et al. 2011;Korunic2013). However, diatomaceous earths have been recently used under field con- ditions in combination with hydrophobic particle films to re- duce oviposition and nymph numbers of the vine cicada Psalmocharias alhageos Kolenati (Homoptera: Cicadidae) (Valizadeh et al. 2013). The latter study suggests that potential additive effects on pest control could be expected when hy- drophobic particle films and diatomaceous earths are com- bined in field conditions. Fig. 1 a Adult C. zealandica beetle (adult size 13 mm). b In the study area, beetles’ flight season starts from late October until late November. 1.2 Scarabeid pest in New Zealand vineyards During the early stages of beetle invasion, feeding does not occur. c As the flight season advances, beetles consume the vines leaves, producing in some cases severe defoliation (photos by M.G. Chang) In New Zealand vineyards, adults of the endemic beetle C. zealandica White (Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae: Liparetrini) can cause severe vine defoliation (Fig. 1). At et al. 2017), with their flying directed towards plant silhouettes dusk, between October and November, C. zealandica adults to where they land, feed and mate (Farrell and Wightman flight activity last for approximately 25 min (González-Chang 1972). After a short period on the plants, they drop to the Agron. Sustain. Dev. (2017) 37: 42 Page 3 of 9 42 ground and lay eggs (Farrell and Wightman 1972). As a con- C. zealandica damage. These were as follows: hydrophobic sequence of this ephemeral presence on vine foliage, at both particle films (Surround WP©, USA), diatomaceous earths daily and monthly time scales, the prophylactic use of contact (Redox Pty Ltd., NZ), a mixture of both (1:1) and a control. synthetic insecticides, such as pyrethroids, have dominated Each treatment was applied to five vines in each of two adja- the vineyard management spectrum to control this pest since cent parallel rows (10 plants in total). Treatments were early 1990. Considering C. zealandica flying and landing be- established along these two rows, next to each other. haviour, in addition to the current non-sustainable reliance on Unfortunately, separation between treatments was not possi- synthetic pesticides, the use of hydrophobic particle films, ble along the row, due to spatial
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