2018 ANNUAL REPORT VOLUME 12: 2018 We are the catalyst The International Elephant Foundation (IEF) is a non-profi t 501(c)(3) corporation for creating a sustainable of individuals and institutions dedicated future where elephants Board of Directors to the conservation of African and Asian Elephants worldwide. Founded thrive by linking people Michael Fouraker, in 1998 and incorporated in 1999, Fort Worth Zoo and elephants for their President IEF is an organization working diligently Barbara Baker, D.V.M., M.B.A., and successfully for the conservation mutual long-term benefi t. Pittsburgh Zoo & Int. Cons. Center of elephants. President Elect/Treasurer IEF has a proven track record and is an excellent choice to receive funds for the Tim Morrow, San Antonio Zoo benefi t of elephants. Since 1999, IEF has provided over $5.5 million in direct Vice President/ Secretary fi nancial assistance in support of over 150 elephant conservation projects world- Charlie Gray, wide. Those who donate to the International Elephant Foundation can rest assured African Lion Safari that their money is going to support one of our many elephant conservation and Past President research projects. All fi nancial donations to IEF are tax deductible under U.S. law. Tom Albert Any funds that are received specifi ed to support a specifi c conservation activity will Ringling Bros. Center be used only for that purpose. In fact, over 85% of all the funds raised by IEF have for Elephant Conservation gone directly to programs. Moreover, no board member receives monies from IEF, Brian Aucone rather they all make signifi cant fi nancial contributions. Denver Zoo Frank Carlos Camacho Africam Safari Mission Statement Martha Fischer Saint Louis Zoo IEF creates a sustainable future for elephants. We generate and effectively invest Daryl Hoffman resources to support elephant conservation, education, research, and manage- Houston Zoo ment programs worldwide. Through our passion, expertise, knowledge, and part- Gary Johnson nerships we inspire and engage people to ensure a vibrant future with elephants The Preserve everywhere. Arne Lawrenz, Dr. med vet Der Grüne Zoo Wuppertal Randy Rieches San Diego Zoo Dennis Schmitt, DVM. PhD Reproductive Resources Harald Schwammer Ph.D. Tiergarten Schoenbrunn Rob Shumaker Ph.D Indianapolis Zoo Tom Stalf Columbus Zoological Gardens Stuart Strahl Chicago Zoological Park

Staff Deborah Olson, Executive Director Sarah Conley, Stay Connected Conservation Coordinator For more information about the International Elephant Foundation go to: elephantconservation.org Facebook.com/InternationalElephantFoundation Twitter.com/ElephantsIEF “I have never been more proud to lead this organization into the future and I look forward to this year serving.”

As the International Elephant Foundation continues the are of lasting value to our Foundation and the community journey we began in 1999, I continue to be in awe of the of man and beasts. We have been inspired by the number strides we’ve made together to create a sustainable future of people who donated this year to support our elephant for elephants. This year we celebrate our twentieth anni- conservation and research programs. We celebrate when versary supporting elephant conservation and research people open their hearts and wallets because they are programs, and we thank those many organizations and concerned about the decreasing wildlife populations and individuals who have traveled on this journey with us. habitat. Thank you for living out a commitment to care Solidly grounded in our mission and vision, we have for our planet Earth. We honor and continue the journey focused our support on anti-poaching patrols, natu- supported by our many partners in the fi eld who believe ral resource management, habitat protection, human/ in a future with elephants and through their innovative elephant confl ict and conservation education programs. and strategic conservation programs share our mission, IEF’s community-based strategies encourage the peaceful passion and determination to make meaningful, systemic co-existence between humans and elephants in meaning- change. ful efforts that enhance the quality of life for the poor and I have never been more proud to lead this organization vulnerable while protecting these majestic animals. Collab- into the future and I look forward to this year serving. On oration with those living with elephants is a key factor in behalf of the Board of Directors, we thank each of you for our conservation efforts resulting in a high degree of local your commitment and the difference that you make. We “ownership” thereby making the projects more effective wish to assure you that your contributions will ensure that and sustainable. IEF’s projects continue to change the lives of elephants, Our Board Members have willingly shared their expertise other wildlife and hundreds of thousands of people who and fi nancial support to expand the work of our organiza- share the landscape with elephants. Your support is rec- tion. We recognize their many signifi cant contributions that ognized and appreciated by all. Michael Fouraker, IEF President

Letter from the President 3 4 IEF’s 2018 Projects Around the World

AFRICA

2

3 13 4 11 10 9 1 6

8

14 7 5 12

1. Big Tusker Project: Tsavo East and 6. Experimental Test of Elephant De- 10. Mount Kenya Horse Patrol Tsavo West National Parks, Kenya terrents and Ecological Correlates Team: Mount Kenya National 2. Boots on the Ground-Ziama: of Crop Raiding: Rukinga, Kenya Reserve in Kenya (northern Massif du Ziama classifi ed forest, 7. Extension of Solar Powered boundary in the center) Republic of Guinea Electric Elephant Fence to Re- 11. Protecting Elephants in Kibale 3. Conservation of Elephants in Key duce Human-Elephant Confl ict in National Park, Uganda through Areas of Murchison Falls Conser- Thuma Forest Reserve and Dedza Conservation Education: vation Area and Queen Elizabeth Salina Escarpment: Thuma Forest Fort Portal, Uganda Conservation Area: Murchison F Reserve, Malawi 12. Reduction of Poisoning of alls, Uganda 8. Logistical Support for the Nsama African Elephants: North West 4. Debunking Critical Assumptions Community Scout Anti-Poaching Zimbabwe, Southern Africa to Improve Forest Elephant Unit for Nsumbu National Park: 13. Support of the Anti-Poaching Censuses and Monitoring: Ivindo, Nsumbu National Park in Northern Teams 9-1 & 9-2 of Northern Gabon Zambia, on the shores of Lake Rangelands Trust Conservan- Tanganyika 5. Elephant Utilization of the Kai- cies: Northern Kenya feng-Zambezi Wildlife Corridor 9. Monitoring and Conservation of 14. Support to Wildlife Protection of KAZA TFCA: Kavango Zambezi Elephant in Volcanoes National Efforts in the Lower Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area Park: Volcanoes National Park, National Park: Lower Zambezi (KAZA TFCA) on the border be- Rwanda National Park, Kafue District, tween Zambia and Botswana Lusaka Province, Zambia IEF 2018 ANNUAL REPORT 5

ASIA

17

20 15 18

25

22 21

19

16

24 23

15. Community Based Confl ict 19. Monitoring Elephants Out- 23. Elephant Response Units (ERUs) Management between Human side Protected Areas through in Way Kambas National Park: and Wild Elephant: Chittagong, a Crowd Sourced Approach: Way Kambas National Park, Bangladesh Gudalur Forest Division, centered Sumatra, Indonesia 16. Developing Strategies to Miti- around the Gudalur town 24. Elephant Response Units (ERU) gate Human Elephant Confl ict 20. Organizing a Workshop for in Seblat: Bengkulu Province, using GPS Collars as an Early Stakeholders on Reducing Sumatra, Indonesia Warning System: Aceh Province, Elephant Casualties along the 25. Myanmar Emergency Elephant Sumatra, Indonesia Siliguri-AlipurDuar Railway Line: Response Units (EERUs): Myaing 17. Human-Elephant Confl ict Chalsa, Jalpaiguri, West Hay Wun, Yangon, Myanmar Mitigation through Habitat Bengal, India Improvement and Awareness: 21. Reducing Threats and Mitigating South-Western Part of Bhutan in Human-Elephant Confl ict in Core the Samtse District Habitat: Cardamom Mountain 18. Living with Elephants: Landscape, southwest Cambodia Supporting Human-Elephant 22. Smart Fence for Early Elephant Coexistence along Jharkhand Warning: Prototype Design and Bengal-Orissa Migratory Field Implementation: Bhavani Corridor: Mayurjharna Elephant Sagar Dam, Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve, India Reserve area, India Success by the Numbers

1999 Founded in 1999.

169+ Supported over 169 projects since our founding.

1350+ IEF supporters in 2018.

28 Active in 28 countries, across 4 continents.

12,000+ Followers across all social media platforms. Over 95,723 Number of Asian and African elephants protected in habitats directly affected by project activities

318,129.789 km2 of Habitat Protected

115,693 Patrol Days 750,635+ People Served

16 Poachers Caught & Arrests Made

459 Educational Opportunities

1201 Snares Removed This project focuses on the Ziama Massif Forest which contains the last remaining population of forest elephants in Guinea and is therefore considered a priority site for forest elephants in West Africa. The Ziama Massif Forest is a remote and vital tropical ecosystem in the mountainous highlands of southeastern Guinea and extends across the border to Liberia. As an UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, it is renowned for its incredibly high levels of biodiversity with more than 1,300 species of plants and more than 500 animal species. It also boasts pristine and dense primary and secondary mountain forest and it is home to a great number of Africa’s threatened mammal species, including chimpanzees. Guinea is also the source of 22 West African rivers, including the Niger, Gambia, and Senegal Rivers. Protecting the forests that act as watersheds for these rivers is crucial for the health of wildlife and humans alike across the region. Boots on the Ground: Ziama Massif du Ziama classifi ed forest, Republic of Guinea

8 Anti-Poaching & Patrols: Project Summaries The Ziama Massif Forest, and the wildlife which benefi ts 5km. The extinction of forest elephants would therefore from and sustains this important ecosystem, is under negatively impact the habitat across Central and threat. Agriculture has begun to encroach upon the area, West Africa. replacing pristine ecologically rich forest landscapes with farmland, palm oil plantations and livestock farming. The eco-guards on the ground are the elephants’ last Habitat destruction in the form of forest clearing for hope of survival. Only 30 game rangers have been agricultural and timber extraction, together with the identifi ed as capable of protecting the elephants in the ever-present threat of poaching that often accompanies region. These rangers are underfunded and insuffi ciently these activities, threatens the survival of both the forest equipped to be able to carry out their duties properly and the elephants that call it home. and safely. Since we cannot expect game rangers and eco-guards to fulfi ll their vital role without proper equip- The rate of decline of forest elephants is devastating: ment, this project provided uniforms and equipment so over 60% of all forest elephants were lost in less than that they could carry out their anti-poaching duties more a decade between 2002 to 2011 and their numbers effectively and safely. However, it is more than just provid- continue to plummet. A census in 2005 revealed that at ing eco-guards with equipment to carry out their duties. best only 200 forest elephants remained in the Ziama It is also about reminding the eco-guards that they are vital Massif Forest and are ecologically isolated from other to the survival of the forest and all wildlife that inhabits it, forest elephant populations. These elephants play a vital and that they are not forgotten in the world’s desire to role in forest management and maintenance dispersing protect wildlife. We are committed to making sure that seeds over much larger distances than any other verte- these crucial men and women feel valued, maintain morale brate dispersers; moving over 80% of seeds over 1km and self-worth which will result in loyalty to the protection from the parent tree and consistently moving seeds over of the forest elephant.

IEF 2018 ANNUAL REPORT 9 New Ranger Posts Under Construction Two ranger posts, Waiga Ranger Post and Rabongo Hills Ranger Post, are currently under construction in Murchi- son Falls Protected Area (MFPA), both in-part fi nanced by the International Elephant Foundation with our partners Utah’s Hogle Zoo and Riverbanks Zoo and Garden. The highest priority threat to wildlife in MFCA is poach- Conservation ing of many species of wildlife including lion, hippo and pangolin and subsequently traffi cking these species and their derivatives through the park and into commercial of Elephants distribution. Ranger presence and their ability to combat poaching is dependent on the number and location of ranger posts allowing for rangers to be at the right place at in Key Areas the right time. Increasing the number of ranger posts and building posts in areas where there is only limited or no Murchison Falls Conservation Area ranger presence will increase the effectiveness of rangers to protect wildlife and apprehend poachers and & Queen Elizabeth Conservation Area contraband.

As is the nature of protecting key habitats in regions with no access or infrastructure, simple roads must fi rst be cut to the construction site. The vehicle track to Rabongo Hills Ranger Post is 7km and 13 km had to be cleared and graded to the Waiga Ranger Post. Fortuitously an agreement had been made with the road con- tractors building the Masindi/Paraa road to send their graders and some loads of stone and hard core to ensure the track was improved for longer term use, all at no cost to the project. Even with a graded track, access to these remote sites is diffi cult and when driving in trucks of bricks, sand, water and stone – many vehicles get stuck, especially during the rainy season.

The Waiga and Rabongo Hills Ranger Posts will be completed and fully operational by the beginning of April 2019. Both are incredibly stra- tegically important to MFPA as they provide the long-term capacity for management to regain control of 500km of park lands. Both will have 20,000-gallon water tanks added, solar power and digital radios. Rabongo Hills Ranger Post also has the mandate of protecting the digital radio tower and repeaters allowing for secure communications throughout the protected area.

10 Anti-Poaching & Patrols: Project Summaries very far northwards into the WDA, seemingly preferring to Elephant Utilization remain within 5 or 10 km of the Zambezi River. Another important aspect of this project is the expansion of the Zambezi-Chobe Floodplain of the poliwire electric fencing system technology Wildlife Dispersal Area, Zambia developed by Dr. Carter into Botswana which is moving forward in collaboration with Elephants Without Borders. Poliwire electric fences are lightweight, solar-powered electric fences used to deter crop-raiding. One of the main objectives of the Kavango Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA TFCA) is to establish wildlife connectivity throughout its protected landscape, yet in the face of ongoing habitat loss through illegal land clearing and logging, the Zambian component of KAZA TFCA is irreversibly losing its capacity to provide functional wildlife movement corridors, which will provide lifetime benefi ts for wildlife. Dr. Kerryn Carter of Elephant Connection’s long-term monitoring program for elephants seeks to identify locations where conservation action is needed to secure elephant habitats, and provide information to guide conservation planning and action to secure legally protected movement corridors. Such corridors will serve to restore landscape connectivity between protected areas within the central KAZA area The poliwire material is strong enough to carry a current to enable wildlife free movement between member but unsuitable for snares, ensuring that the fences will countries, thereby alleviating the impacts of habitat loss, stay in place and not be stolen. Earlier in the year, three poaching and climate change on otherwise isolated community meetings were held in the Chobe West area, wildlife populations. which generated excitement from farmers. In addition, Recently Dr. Carter has been conducting ground over 20 subsistence farmers visited a demonstration investigations to substantiate community reports of wet plot and showed great interest as that plot successfully season elephant movements within the Zambezi-Chobe harvested maize and sorghum with zero elephant fl oodplain Wildlife Dispersal Area of KAZA TFCA. This crop-raiding. To date, seven individual consultations information is needed to supplement movement data requested by farmers have been conducted whereby generated by the 7 elephants collared in the northern and farm assessments and recommendations for equipment southern Zambian sections of the Wildlife Dispersal Area specifi cations have been provided. The farmer at (WDA) in 2018. Elephants tend to increase movements Kavimba village that installed his poliwire electric fencing during the wet season when water is widely available, system last year has had a successful harvest and is therefore this is the most likely time that elephants may very pleased with the results so he has taken a long- attempt to move through the WDA. Dr. Carter was able term approach by already upgrading his solar panel to identify a number of elephant herds that had been and increasing his battery size. He has had one of his active in Zambia’s southern section of the WDA, with most successful crops in that fi eld thus far in the time he one group of 3 elephants moving 40 kilometers from has been farming. We very much hope his passion and the Zambezi River northwards into this corridor towards success will spread in the area, and slowly but surely Kafue National Park. However, she was unable to word will get out to other farmers about his success. confi rm whether any elephants moved the entire length We very much hope next season will be more successful of the corridor. In other areas of the WDA, elephants for the farmers and more fences will be installed. showed regular river crossings from adjacent countries of Zimbabwe/Botswana into Zambia, but did not move

IEF 2018 ANNUAL REPORT 11 12 Anti-Poaching & Patrols: Project Summaries

Big Tusker Project With a total of 101,262 kilometers over 863 hours of fl ight above the Tsavo Conservation Area in 2018, many areas, particularly poaching ‘Hot Spot’ zones and areas where the known large ‘Tuskers’ frequent, have been regularly covered. This aerial surveillance equates to 18 fl ights between London and New York. The ongoing aerial and ground team presence is a deterrent to poaching and other illegal activity within the region and helps protect Elephant Response Units (ERUs) in the Big Tuskers and Iconic Cows. Way Kambas National Park in Sumatra 2018 saw the establishment of a 4th ERU unit at Brajo Harjosari, addressing an HEC hot spot. Since operations began there has been a decline in HEC incidents of approximately 70-80%, and a decline of crop loss by ~90%. This unit joins the units of Tegal Yoso, Margahayu, and Bungur in helping to keep the largest connecting breeding population of critically endangered Sumatran elephants safely inside the protected areas.

Mount Kenya Horse Patrol Team The team conducted 62 horseback patrols, 61 foot patrols, and 8 vehicle patrols, covering over 1500 kilometers. On those patrols they destroyed 26 snares, evicted 85 illegal domestics, found 23 illegal logging sites, and helped fi ght fi res spanning 1500 hectares.

Elephant Response Units (ERU) in Seblat in Sumatra Through elephant-back patrols twice a month for 7 days each, the ERU units protected nearly 15,000 hectares of habitat from encroachments, illegal clearing, and wildlife crime. They found and removed 65 snares and 6 bird traps.

Myanmar Emergency Elephant Response Units (EERUs) Based on the successful Elephant Response Unit model in Sumatra, the EERUs in Myanmar are continuing to patrol forest regions and reducing wildlife crime. The EERUs have been key players in catching numerous poachers, garnering international acclaim for the program. IEF 2018 ANNUAL REPORT 13

Support to Wildlife Protection Efforts in the Lower Zambezi National Park Luangwa based anti-poaching teams conducted 24 patrols 10-15 days in length which contributed to increased security for the habitat. In 2018 there was a 158% increase in the number of suspects apprehended and number of illegal wildlife products confi scated.

Logistical Support for the Nsama Community Scout Anti-poaching Unit for Nsumbu National Park Patrols in the region increased by 65%, with a 100% increase in patrol coverage. 60 rangers were supported with training and supplies, and helped secure two convictions for elephant poaching. Due to the increased security wildlife is showing signs of recovery, with more frequent sightings, including elephant sightings in Kaputa and Tondwa Game Management Areas areas where elephants were virtually unseen for decades.

Support of the Anti-Poaching Teams 9-1 & 9-2 of Northern Rangelands Trust Conservancies Due to the efforts of the joint anti-poaching teams, 2018 saw the reduction of the Proportion of Illegally Killed Elephants (PIKE) reduced from 56% in 2016 to 38%. There was also a 56% increase in conser- vation-linked tourism revenue over the same time period, fostering community strength and commit- ment to conservation efforts.

Reduction of Poisoning of African Elephants in Southern Africa By developing toxicological testing laboratory ca- pacity in Victoria Falls, the prosecution and convic- tion of poachers who bait water sources, salt licks and food with poison was aided. Weekly wildlife conservation education sessions and interaction opportunities with wildlife ambassador animals to students and teachers was also provided. 14 Education & Workshops: Project Summaries

REDUCING Elephant Casualties Along the Siliguri-Alipur Duar Railway Line with Engineering Solutions

Roads and railways are a major cause of habitat loss, design of roadways in many developed countries. fragmentation, and degradation and are abundant in most In contrast, only limited attention has been paid to landscapes around the world. Worldwide, there are already wildlife–train collisions. an estimated 750 million vehicles traveling on approxi- India is the home to the largest population of Asian el- mately 50 million kilometers of public road and the road ephants in the world with approximately 26000-29000 networks and traffi c volumes are still increasing. Highways individuals. The quality and quantity of the remaining and railways are also the cause of numerous wildlife mor- forests and migratory corridors continues to decline and talities from large-bodied species like elephants to smaller Asian elephants are forced to travel further in the search creatures like frogs as well as human injuries and death. for food. The issue of the increasing number of elephant Given the magnitude of animal road–kills and the occur- deaths from railway accidents across the country has rence of human fatalities, there has been much attention engaged the attention of the government, conservationists paid to mitigating wildlife road-kills through the appropriate and scientists. IEF 2018 ANNUAL REPORT 15

India’s railway conservationists and representatives of the three railway system is the zones to discuss means of prevention and possible solu- fourth-largest tions for wildlife-train collisions. in the world The workshop was conducted over three days and includ- and serves ed site visits along the Siliguri-Alipur Duar Railway line. The millions of broad objective was to look at the technical feasibility of people with a engineering solutions to reduce elephant casualties in the network that identifi ed hotspots, fi nancial viability and social impact. We spans the are hopeful that this workshop will inspire positive policy entire country. decisions in the near future. The impact on wildlife habitat and movement is widespread, but is partic- ularly severe along the Siliguri-AlipurSili i Ali Duar D segment and d to a llesser extent along railway lines in Uttarakhand (particularly that portion that traverses Rajaji National Park) and Assam.

A stakeholders workshop was planned at the request of IEF and as a result of the recently concluded study ti- tled “A Survey of elephant corridors /traditional elephant movement paths across railway tracks in northern West Bengal, India, to address the conservation issue of avoid- able elephant deaths in train accidents”. The Asian Nature Conservation Foundation (ANCF), which conducted the study funded by IEF had identifi ed specifi c locations along the railway line where elephant casualties were particularly frequent and severe. IEF suggested a workshop and inviting community stakeholders, government offi cials,

Protecting Elephants in Kibale National Park, Uganda through Conservation Education Project leaders introduced elephant conservation into the curriculum of 16 schools, gave support to local Wildlife Clubs, and brought park rangers from the Uganda Wildlife Authority to give talks to the schools and community. This project also facilitated the fi rst ever Elephant Pride Day in the region, creating awareness and providing education to 330 children and over 1,500 people from 9 villages. Experimental Test of Elephant Deterrents & Ecological Correlates of Crop Raiding Kasigau Wildlife Corridor, Kenya

Article by: Lynn Von Hagen, Mwangi Githiru, Simon Kasaine, Bernard Amakobe, Urbanus Mutwiwa, and Bruce A. Schulte Photo credit: Lynn Von Hagen

Human encroachment and agricultural development have compressed and fragmented the ranges for African elephants. Negative encounters with people result in human elephant confl ict (HEC) with consequences that represent the major conservation needs of this three-year IEF supported project:

16 Human-Elephant Co-Existence: Project Summaries (1) Crop raiding is the major form of HEC, and losses to elephants can severely infl uence livelihoods. Thus, there is a great need to identify sustainable and affordable means to reduce crop raiding by elephants. Farmers would benefi t from means of deterring elephants that approach their crops and being warned of elephants at a distance heading in the direction of their fi elds.

(2) People’s poor attitudes towards elephants reduce the ef- fectiveness of conservation initiatives and practices, ultimately resulting in a decline in elephant populations. People often attribute crop raiding to any elephants in the area, but it is possible only particular individuals are the culprits and other species may also be to blame. Many bull elephants we catalogued in the project area have one or more large scars, likely the result of negative en- counters with the local people. By determining which elephants and what other species crop raid, we can target solutions and enhance human attitudes towards elephants in general.

(3) Elephant presence in confi ned areas or recovering eco- systems can result in extensive damage to canopy trees. Bark striping that results in girdling a tree can lead to mortality. These trees provide habitat (e.g., nesting sites) and cover for other spe- cies. In addition, humans use these trees as a resource for lumber, medicinal products, food, and fuel. Thus, there is a need to main- tain these trees in the habitat for elephants, wildlife, and humans. Furthermore, we are determining how the timing and extent of tree use by elephants relates to the probability of crop raiding.

(4) Elephant activities can facilitate biodiversity and enhance ecosystem services. However, elephants confi ned by human presence or enclosed by fences can overuse a particular habitat resulting in a loss of biodiversity. Elephants and their activities can facilitate enhanced biodiversity but not all species are favored by elephant presence. Thus, highly mobile yet easy to locate species such as larger mammals and predatory birds may be indicators of elephant absence or presence and potentially signal temporal shifts in crop raiding rates as well as elucidating the broader infl uence of elephants on local biodiversity.

(5) Crop raiding by elephants needs to be considered in perspective of overall crop yield. Previous studies have shown that farmers will attribute crop losses to elephants even when ele- phants are not the primary reason for crop loss. In order to improve human livelihoods, we need to know the relative importance of various factors on crop survival as well as have good data on the overall prevalence of elephant crop raiding.

IEF 2018 ANNUAL REPORT 17 damage with the intention to revisit each tree. We will use this information to assess the timing and degree of dam- age relative to crop raiding. We will test the hypothesis that escalating tree damage could be used as an indicator of impending crop raiding. The alternative hypothesis is that higher tree damage refl ects the preference for browse over crops by elephants (especially in light of the higher costs of raiding when crops are protected). In the future, we will wrap some trees of value with wire to determine if this wrapping reduces tree mortality from elephants (such mortality is primarily the result of bark stripping).

For the entire study to date, we have monitored all species entering farms and/or damaging crops. From the onset of the trials, it was observed that elands were commonly We are testing deterrent fences to reduce elephant intru- present and doing damage in experimental fi elds. Analy- sion into crop fi elds with a third and fourth trial. We have sis from the fi rst three trials demonstrated that elands were demonstrated that the new metallic strip fences (Kasaine frequent visitors in two of the tree trials, sometimes as fence) singly and in combination have a statistically signif- often as elephants. However, elephants did considerably icant deterrent effect. We now hope to determine if and more damage. Though deterrents were designed to pre- when habituation to this method occurs, test different vent elephants from entering, analysis also revealed that iterations and applications of the fence, and in the near all active deterrents (except acacia) were effective against future test early warning devices which alert farmers to elands, despite their amazing jumping prowess. As elands elephant presence. In addition, this year we are planning are renowned for their “skittishness,” this suggests that the to erect three more beehive fences in the community for movement of these barriers in the wind may be effective in testing in comparison to other deterrents. Our ability to use preventing crop damage by elands. However, unprotected beehive fences depends on our success at establishing farms may incur signifi cant damage from elands, which viable hives. We should see a direct benefi t to elephants could be misattributed to elephants. Since farmers have by reducing confl ict with local farmers while collecting data erected home-made wind socks long before our study, that will inform us about deterrent methods that are worth we can capitalize on knowledge of indigenous people, trying on a broader geographic scale. experimentally evaluate their means of deterrence, and add viable deterrent methods to the catalog of defenses We are also creating an elephant identifi cation database against crop raiding. and using photographic trap cameras to identify elephants that crop raid our experimental plots. We are making visits Elephant damage to farms usually consists of a combina- to the local primary school to facilitate a good relationship tion of dung deposition, trampling, and consumption, yet with the local community. As part of the larger project, through year two of our study, we still found no elephant Wildlife Works conducts surveys with people in villages in dung in the experimental fi elds. Consumption was re- the study area to examine their attitudes on wildlife, ele- sponsible for the majority of crop mortality from elephants, phant conservation, and sustainable practices to maintain but farmers only lost 5% of their overall yield because of a viable livelihood. We plan to compare these perceptions elephant raids. Maize is widely known as one of the pre- of crop raiding to our study data, which could give insight ferred crops by elephants, but of the three crops planted as to the level of misperception of elephants as the only or within our experiment 27% of cowpeas were damaged, predominant threat to sustainable livelihoods. while only 7% of lentils and 6% of maize were destroyed by elephants in our experimental fi elds. This indicates that Assessing damage caused by elephants to tree species cowpeas may need to be defended to a greater extent in the study area is also critical. As all 240 elephant-fa- than other crops, and future studies could determine if this vored trees were located and tagged in the fi rst year of the crop acts as attractant for elephants. project, we plan to perform follow-up inspections for tree

18 Human-Elephant Co-Existence: Project Summaries Community Based Confl ict Management Between Human and Wild Elephant Surveying the effectiveness of existing confl ict mitigation techniques was used to develop a community-based confl ict management system. This project also organized community training and education sessions on how to coexist with elephants.

Monitoring Elephants Outside Protected Areas Through a Crowd Sourced Approach To help reduce confl ict and crop-raiding behavior, the “Jumbo Radar”, an app is in development to alert locals to potential elephant threats. They also profi led numerous individual elephants with the hope that knowing and understanding an ele- phant as an individual will foster tolerance within the community.

Smart Fence for Early Elephant Warning: Prototype Design and Field Implementation A successfully designed and trialed, a “Smart Fence” provides early warning alerts when wildlife is in the region, creating a technological barrier between confl ict-prone elephant populations and affected communities. Human-Elephant Confl ict Mitigation Through Habitat Improvement and Awareness This project’s two-pronged approach to HEC fi rst recruited and trained additional Quick Response Team members for the Samtse Forest Division, then helped improve existing elephant habitat through creation of salt licks and planting bamboo and grasses to increase forage. They also conducted community awareness sessions in local schools.

Developing Strategies to Mitigate Human Elephant Confl ict Using GPS col- lars as an Early Warning System in Aceh Two elephants were fi tted with GPS collars to determine home ranges and habitat use patterns to help determine the best human-elephant confl ict mitigation techniques for the region.

IEF 2018 ANNUAL REPORT 19 20 Human-Elephant Co-Existence: Project Summaries

REDUCING THREATS & Mitigating Human- Elephant Confl ict in Core Habitat: Cardamom Mountain Landscape, Southwest Cambodia

The Cardamom Mountains Landscape is a global priority munities and government protected area management area for Asian elephant conservation. It represents the only staff have been consulted in order to further delineate core contiguous landscape in Indochina large enough to sustain elephant areas, key HEC areas, and current and planned a viable Asian elephant population in the long term. Since development infrastructures. This information has been 2015, all of the Cardamom Mountains forests in which cross-referenced with wildlife monitoring data in order to the resident elephants live have been legally classifi ed as produce detailed and geographically accurate proposed protected areas. In order to ensure effective conservation zoning for the current protected area network of the of elephants and the forests on which they depend, these Cardamom Mountains Landscape. The zoning effort was protected areas must be well managed. However, the further supported by a series of helicopter fl y-overs which government lacks the necessary capacity. enabled high resolution aerial images to be collected. Village, commune, district and national level leaders were Cambodia has one of the highest rates of recent defor- invited to join in many of these overfl ights in order estation, and increasing pressure is being placed on re- to enhance their familiarity with the proposed areas and maining elephant habitats. With increasing habitat loss and related threats, and to obtain their approval for the fragmentation, human-elephant confl ict (HEC) is expected proposed zoning. to rise, and we are now witnessing emerging HEC issues in areas where previously there were none. Authorities need support to respond to, mitigate, and prevent HEC in order to promote successful human-elephant coexistence and prevent retaliatory killings.

Consequently, the Ministry of Environment (MoE) request- ed support to zone and demarcate the protected areas as a key fi rst step for effective management. IEF is supporting project partners to improve legal land protections through improved and expanded zonation of critical elephant hab- itat, some of which lacks clear legal boundaries. A series of village level meetings have occurred where local com- IEF 2018 ANNUAL REPORT 21

Working with communities and government, agreements destroyed one cottage in Southern Kirirom. While villagers were made regarding boundaries, and 480 demarcation successfully chased the elephants away using techniques posts are being installed along a 70-kilometer-long bound- they learned through training provided by this project, a ary in order to reduce further land encroachment and fl eeing juvenile elephant fell into a well shaft. The villag- habitat destruction, giving local residents and authorities a ers could have easily killed the vulnerable elephant, but clear physical boundary of where land clearing must stop. instead they tried to help it get out of the shaft with the as- sistance of its mother. Villagers reported that awareness of Demonstrating the effectiveness of our multi-year support existing legislation and the confi dence they gained through of this critical Asian elephant habitat, in late 2018, a group the project in mitigating confl ict prevented them from killing of elephants raided banana and coconut plantations and this elephant.

Queen Elizabeth National Park Aerial Survey 2018 Partnering with the Uganda Wildlife Authori- ty, Uganda Conservation Foundation, Save the Elephants, Global Conservation, and Vulcan Inc, IEF helped support a baseline aerial survey of the Queen Elizabeth National Park and the adjacent Kyambura and Kigezi Wildlife Reserves to deter- mine population numbers and distribution of wildlife as well as anthropogenic variables. This survey used an innovative systematic reconnaissance fl ight method which generates more accurate esti- mates than previously relied upon methods. Living with Elephants: Supporting Human-Elephant Coexistence along Jharkhand- Bengal-Orissa Migratory Corridor Due to efforts of the Anti-Depredation Squad to mitigate HEC and teach alternative methods to prevent crop-raiding, there was zero retaliatory kill- ings of elephants in 2018. More than 50,000 stake- holders and community members were reached with elephant conservation messaging.

Extension of Solar Powered Electric Elephant Fence to Reduce Human-elephant Confl ict in Thuma Forest Reserve and Dedza Salina Escarpment An additional 15 kilometers of solar-powered electric fence was built to stop crop-raiding activities and prevent human-elephant confl ict, connecting to the 67.5 kilometers of fencing already in place. Asian and African elephants are susceptible to infection with Mycobacterium tubercu- losis (M. tb), a primary causative agent of tuberculosis (TB). Because of its zoonotic potential, TB monitoring and treatment of elephants under human care is important, but current practices are far from ideal. Diagnostic tests adapted from other species are generally not effective in elephants, and many of the techniques used are impractical for use in range countries. A better under- standing of the elephant immune response to exposure and primary infection, conver- sion from latent to active infection, and response to available treatments would be benefi cial to managing this disease and minimizing its spread. INVESTIGATING To better manage TB in elephants, we urgently need a better understanding Immune Biomarkers of immune processes associated with During the Progression of disease development, more sensitive tools for detecting latent infection, research into Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection some of the potential triggers of disease by Katie L. Edwards, Ph.D. activation, and improved techniques for assessing treatment effi cacy in this IEF pathologies. This is the fi rst time they have been used funded project. For this research we set out to measure to investigate TB, and we measured two APPs, serum proteins indicative of immune function (acute phase pro- amyloid A and haptoglobin, from prior to initial infection teins, cytokines, and cortisol) to determine whether we can with M. tb, through disease activation and treatment in 4 detect the host response to infection and disease activa- individuals (over 5-years in one individual). This time-frame tion/progression. Acute phase proteins are useful markers meant that we observed changes in concentrations in of acute and chronic infl ammatory processes in elephants, response to other clinical pathologies that occurred during but until now, typically have been measured in single that period, but also saw increases that could be related to samples as a snap shot of the immune response to other changes in TB status. The methods currently available to detect cytokines do not appear sen- sitive enough to detect sub-clinical TB infection, so no differences were detected across the study period. Additionally, although cortisol has been shown to increase during other pathologies and towards end of life in some cases, we did not see associated increases here. Instead we detected variability that is refl ec- tive of a normal adaptive response to life changes and challenges.

22 Research & Welfare: Project Summaries Although APP tests are non-specifi c (i.e. they indicate im- mune activation rather than M. tb itself) and so we cannot be certain that elevations in APPs around times of positive serology and trunk wash tests are refl ective of the immune response to M. tb, this study has revealed some insight that we can now explore further. As we continue to refi ne techniques for detecting both the M. tb bacteria itself, as well as the host immune response to infection, these bio- markers could be a useful method for screening individuals for immune activation to a range of clinical pathologies, and could be an early indicator of underlying illness even when visible signs are not apparent.

Monitoring and Conservation of Elephant in Volcanoes National Park The project documented elephants home range use and the extent of their crop raiding to de- termine space-use patterns and aid in making informed management decisions and planning mitigation measures to human- elephant confl ict for neighboring communities. Conservation education and awareness campaigns were also employed to empower those communities.

Debunking Critical Assumptions to Improve Forest Elephant Censuses and Monitoring Researchers helped to manage and protect forest elephants by improving dung census methods via a refi ned genetics panel to determine elephant iden- tity and a new dung degradation model to improve estimates of population. This work will help provide park managers with tools to better estimate and manage their elephant populations.

Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus (EEHV) Genomics and Pathogenesis Affecting 1 in 4 baby elephants, both in human care and in the wild, EEHV is a threat to elephant survival. The work of Dr. Gary Hayward at Johns Hopkins University has served as the foundation for most research into this insidious disease. Dr. Hayward continued to explore the genome of multi- ple strains of EEHV, its origin, and how it functions. This year he extended the total number of com- pletely sequenced genomes from three to nine.

IEF 2018 ANNUAL REPORT 23 24 2018 Donors

Thank You for your Support The International Elephant Foundation would like to extend our gratitude to the following individuals and organizations for their contributions in 2018. Your donations help us ensure the continued survival of African and Asian elephants in both the wild and in human care for generations to come.

TUSKER GUARDIAN BENEFACTOR $25,000 and above $5,000 - $9,999 $1,000 - $4,999 America’s Best Local Charities* African Lion Safari Anita Brewer Siljeholm Denver Zoological Foundation Asian Elephant Support Brittany Weinert Feld Entertainment Ayudar Foundation Buffalo Zoo Lindsay Mickles Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden Caldwell Zoo Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium Dallas Zoo Cameron Park Zoo & Botanical Society San Antonio Zoological Society Drunk Elephant, LLC Cascade Public Media KCTS 9 St. Louis Zoo GreaterGood.org Christian Lindsey Utah Zoological Society Have Trunk Will Travel Divinity LA Inc Little Rock Zoo Elephant Managers Assoc. MATRIARCH Miami Metrozoo Essex County Community Foundation $10,000 - $24,999 Mr. and Mrs. Guzikowski Facebook Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo Friends of the Baton Rouge Zoo Africams Safari Rhode Island Zoological Society Graham of Sydney, Australia Chicago Zoological Society Riverbanks Zoo Jack Ladue Columbus Zoo Santa Barbara Zoological Society Jennifer Woods Tierney and Family Fort Worth Zoo Trunks & Humps, Inc Jody Press Hellman Fossil Rim Wildlife Center White Oak John Lloyd Houston Zoo Wuppertal Zoo Jonathon Rezvani Indianapolis Zoo Kim Blake Kansas City Zoo Louisville Zoo Peter Walker and Maryland Zoological Society Naomi Grobstein Fund Ouwehands Dierenpark Point Defi ance Zoo and Aquarium Paul Cashman Seneca Park Zoo Rosamond Gifford Zoo at Burnet Park ShowMe Tigers Ryan Hummel Vienna Zoo Smithsonian Institution Woburn Zoo Valley Zoo DevelopmentSociety Zoological Association of America Wildlife Safari Zoological Society of San Diego Zoo de Granby Zoological Society of Milwaukee County IEF 2018 ANNUAL REPORT 25

STEWARD Alan Kielley April Stadelman Caitlin Goldstick Cheryl Ann Hughes Alec Scharff Arabella Rappel Cambria Edwards Cheryl Holzman $500 - $999 Aleem Jetha Arizona State University Cameron O’Mara Cheryl Woolnough Amazon Smile Alex Pestell Armando Aguilar Camille Johnson Cheyanne Phipps Andrea Henke Alex Ravenscroft Ashley Nguyen Candice Hipsley Chris Ashley Audubon Zoo Alexa Hardke Ashley Tunker Carlos Javier Chris Barltrop Campus Collection Alexandra Fedie Ashwin Shah Carly Latifi Chris Bollinger Celeste Cooper Alexandra Hedden Audriana Sinclair Carmen O’Neill Chris Hamblen Chet Goldstein Alexandrine Levasseur Augusta Kielleu Carol Godley Chris Pinson Custom Ink Fundraising Alicia Douglas Autumn Giddings Carol Meise Chris Scott Danielle Walsh Alicia Follmer Autumn McGinnis Carole Michales Chris White David and Cassidy Avalo Alicia Marie Ava and Brooke Carolyn Atherton Stansbury Christian Passeri David French Alicia Olmo Arnett & Taylor Carolyn Jacques Christine Hormes David Hoy Elementary Alida Aldrich Azura Rumme Carrie Fuentes Christine Ison School Alina Haebin Sin Bailey Gilbert Carrie Lazar Christine Olson Dianne Weisselberg Alisha Chaudhry Bailey Greene Caryl Riley Christine Psyk Dr. and Mrs Vinay Jain Alison Babin Barb Hines Caryn Kogos-Irwin Christine Rappel Ellie Sherrard-Smith Alison Goddard Barb Siray Gail Hiebert Alison LeMaster Barbara Asman Greenville Zoo AAZK Alix McCrory Barbara Bouyet Hannah Walsh Allie Goffe Barbara Groberman Hallie Gray Allie Vidlin Barbara Holtz Jeff & Anna Little Allison LD Fay Barbara Lathwell Jeff Briscoe Allison Tanaka Barbara Nielsen Lloyd Wilkiel Jr Alonso Perez Barbara Scott Cain Loreen Williams Alyshia Buchholz Barbara Wolfe Margaret Falk Alyshia Rodriguez Barrett DeVeau Medtronic Alyssa Anne Basl McIntyre Michael & JoAnn Hamm Alyssa Fisher Beaux Berkeley Michael Connolly Alyssa Lebowitz Becca Wahlen Michael Scalzo Amaar Nazarani Becky Raborn Mike Keele Amanda Ayala Becky Winters New Civilization Foundation Amanda Gregory Belle Darkins Nicole Cassler Amanda Hill Ben Budd Oklahoma City Zoo Amanda Key-Wynne Benjamin Griffi n Paypal Giving Fund Amanda Raine Bennett Brier Peter & Dianna Abbrecht Amber Giddings Bennett Painter Caryn Phillips Christine Sinnott Reid Park Zoo’s Amber Zachary Bernadette Foulk Cassandra Cantrell Christine Sittig Teen Volunteers Amelia Devany Bernadette Kingsley Cassandra Donnett Christine Waters Renee Conway Amy Barnett Beth Cross McPherson Christine Wiberg Richard Faber Amy Matthews Beth Egan Cassandra Dreslinski Christoph Fasching Rob Maroon Amy Sharma Bicka Bannon Cassie Moews Christopher Haile Robert & Roni Lemle Amy St. Lawrence Big Dawg Shirt Shack Cat Butler Christopher Malone Family Foundation Andea Zaferes Blair Murdock Catharina Snedecor Christy Palm Robert Halem Andre Furer Bob Crim Catherine Fehlauer Chuck Doyle Sarah Aiello Andrea Alfaro Boeing Company Catherine Gardiner Ciara Kosior Jewelry Shane Lundberg Andrea Huber Gift Match Catherine Gwinnett Cierra Nicole Terry Warren Andrea Sennett Bonfi re Funds Inc. Catherine Mekkadath Cindy Baskin The Standard Andrea Tiffany Bonne McGowan Catherine Pollin Claire Coles-Jones Thomas Stumpf Andy Splett Bonnie Ford Catherine Strickland Claire Ison Trese Patchell Angel Orona Bonnie Paparella Cathy DeLanoy Claire Manning Twin Cities Public Television Angela Morris Booster Catie Lachance Clare Ryan Uwe Haegg Angelica Ortega Bradley Casper Catlos Guzmam Cody Chenoweth Wakened Apparel Angie Lunardi Leintz Brando Gottshall Cecilia Burcescu Colin Thiessen Angus Latham Brenda Belford Cedric Gonzalez Colleen Cee RANGER Animals Anonymous Brenda Paull Cene Macedonia Colleen Williams Anissa Chenevert Brenda Wilfert Chad Calame Coninyah Dew $1 - $499 Ann Houle Brenden Dufault Chama Ezendam CornerGames.ca Aaron Johnson Anna Granger Brent Huffman Chance Raspberry Corry Clayville Adam Kaplan Anna-Maj Andersson Brian Ellis Charity Gift Certifi cates Costco Adam Peterson Annabeth Kerley Brian Siegle Charity On Top Foundation Coty Young Adam Sheffi eld Anne Chaka Brianna Garza Charlene Varnis Courtney Kramer Adam Younger Anne Mitts Brianne Warthman Charles Reinstein Craig Lien Ademar Toro Anne Tousignant Brice Underwood Charlie Harris Criss Invid Adith Sudhakar Annette Peters Bridget Foy Charlotte Carney Cristina Ciudin Adrian Avila Annie Hadler Bruce Bannon Chas Law Critically Endangered Socks Adrian Lewis Anthony Byrd Bryan McWilliams Chase LaDue customink.com/fundraising/ Al McClain Antone Eek Bryann Peirson Cheng Lee bekindtoelephants 26 2018 Donors

Dan & Nancy Hofmann Dennis Drewes Erika Tipp Holly Ostrom Jo Bailey Dan Erwin Deonarine Persaud Erin Cantrell Hui Ling Chen Joan Frangiamore Dani Albertina Derek Verge Erin Heaton Hussain Ali Joan Petrokofsky Daniel Farris DezaRae Beers Erin Stevens I Lowe Joanna Miller Daniel Janssen Diana Rodgers Estelle Emm Illinois Harness Jodi DeVries Daniel Mullin Diana Rothe Estelle Emmons Horseman Association Jodi DuBois Daniel O’Donnell Diana Selig Ethan Goldsmith Ioana Bîlea Jodi Sandven Daniela Fasan Diane Carpenter Eva Salvato Irene Chansawang Jodie Egbert Daniela Silva Dianne Clay Florence Nee Isabelle Peeren Joe Mofford Danielle Stenblom Didrek Thede Florian Vlasek Jack Rinderknecht John Adam Morton Dante Mancinelli Dinky-Mellisa Conley Forty’s Carburetor Jack Wittenmyer John Caldwell Danya Ness Dion Walter and Auto Repair Jackie Thompson John Freudenheim Darlene Ferland discountpromocodes.co.uk/ Francesco Calabrese Jacob Irwin John McMahon Francis Schmitz Jacqueline Albrecht John Runyan Frank Landfi eld Jaire Berlin John Younkman Frank Langley Jake Day John, Kristin, Ava, Noah & Frank Marsi Jake Lease Cole Conley Frannie Zellman James Dierck Joli Groomes Frida Nettel Gonzalez James Dirck Jon Elliott Fritzi Schwenkhoff James Kiernan Jon Frater Gail Treece James Moody Jon Svare Garey Simpson Jan Bourret Jonathan Bucci Gary & Linda Christopher Jan Zawadzki Jonathon Sprabary Gary Churchill Jane Dudine Jordan Appleby Gary Olson Jane McEneaney Jordyn Morris Gauri Holman Janet Stacy Joseph and Jennifer Gee Gee Creager Janice Ramsay Spencer George Withey Jarret O’Shea Josh Wright Gerri Castonguay Jason O’Conner Joshua Belkin Gill Colafancesco Javier Coro Joshua Frerker Darlene Moran Dolby Gilles Sevin Jean DiGiovanna Joy Douglas Darlene Sealw Dom Desmond Gina Fowler Jean Rojas Joyce Buchanan Darlene Skaggs Don Wilkin Gina Giovenco Jeanne McKay Joyce Watts Darrell Biggs Jr. Donald MacAulay Ginger Ring Jeannie Hofmeister JP Prado Darryl Rod Dongna Wang Girl Scout, San Diego- Jeff Davis Ju Loe Dave Doody Donita Carlson Imperial Council Jeffery Williams Juan Jesus Cabrera Baeza David & Krista Sturgeon Donna Green Gleb Rogozinsky Jeffrey Klocek Judith Beck David and Sandy Goldman Donna Phillips Glenn Matthews Jeison Alcaraz--Earth Zoo Judith Kenyon David Crouch Douglas Blohm Global Identities Jen Lifl and Judson Moore David Doerr Drew Weymouth Goce Temelkoski Jen Stivers Judy Knight David Goodman Dulce-Hernandez Thomas Gomathy Naranan Jen Van Brusselen Julia Fanning David Hagan Durer Albrecht GoodDeedSeats.com Jenn Gibbings Julia Giachello David Hiipakka Dustin Doeren Gordon Bernstein-Potter Jennifer Chapin Julian Figiel David Jones Earth Zoo Grace Rhan Jennifer Cybul Julian House David Kidman Edmund Hoffman Graham Reynolds Jennifer Henning Julie Evans David Knoffl ock Edward Johnson Graymarket Design LLC Jennifer Kirkland Just Give David Lodyga Edwin Miner Greg Eyton-Jones Jennifer Merket Justine Parker David Meynen Elaine Moriarty Greg Lesoine Jennifer Sands & Kaley Gessler David O’Neill Eliot Walden Gregory Gillette Tom Morton Kammi Madsen David Shi Elisabeth Achen Gregory Lesoine Jennifer Scheele Kara Engler David Stier Elizabeth Berkeley Gretchen Kramer Jenny, Finn & Kara Heaphy David Twiddy Elizabeth Feldman Haley Lane Iselle Azima Kuykendall Karan Patel Dawn Cavalieri Elizabeth Hilliard Hand and Wrist Institute Jerry Saravia Karen Buelow Dawn Hornung Elizabeth Jackson handandwrist.com Jesse Con Leche Karen Cushman Deanna Rosenlind Elizabeth Lundgren Hannah Lott Jessica Hines Karen Paddock Debaree Leu Ellie Gerth Harold Tewell Jessica Kottke Karen Phelan Debbie Parslow Emil Boström Harriet Jackson Jessica McDonald Karen Westersund Deborah Devany Emily Elizabeth Harrison Lien Jessica Winkle Kari Graydon Deborah Fischer Emily Phillips Hayley Lewis Jessie Carpenter Kari Voelker Deborah Fouraker Emily Renholts Heather Clark Jesyka Rowzie Karis Gaudet Deborah Hammond Emma Coles Heather Leith Ji ye Kim Karlie Marie Deborah Rubin Fields Emma Rose Heather Morel Jiayin Shen Kasey Wilson Debra Josephson Emma Warren Heidi Hakseth Jill & Eric Sampson Kassandra La Monde Dee Douglas Enid Sophia Helen Brown Jill Allread Kate Still DeeAnn Zacharias Eric Tadeja Helen Laite Jill Donaldson Kate Zanickrowsky Delores Elston Erik Grimm Helene Pedersen JL Cooley Consulting LLC Katherine Bernal Demian Rubalcaba Erika Santiago Henrietta Kamras JL Peirce Katherine Hormes Denise Estrada Erika Suarez Holly Kijowski Jlayin Shen Katherine Luxton IEF 2018 ANNUAL REPORT 27

Katherine Rener Kevin Rosser Laurel Lang Lisa Hekter Mandy Walker Kathleen Kliese Kevin Schulte Lauren Davis Lisa Lascody Marc & Shawnee Behm Kathleen Smith Kieran Crews Lauren Frauenschuh Lisa Sanchez Marcel Noorden Kathleen Stress Kim Orlando Laurent Molins Lisa Schneider Marcella Pennington Kathryn Gardner Kim Sakevich Laurie Clippert Lisamarie Butler Marcia Clarke Kathryn Gellenbeck Kimberly Cook Laurie Rosati Liz Cunningham-Beem Marcia Gortowski Kathryn Metcalf Kimberly Guerette Lea Harris Liz Dabruzzi Marcia Rosati Kathryn Musselwhite- Kimberly Johnson Leah Catherine Liza Dormady Marcin Sulikowski Goldsmith Kit Gallman Leah Hansen Logan Burkett Maren Beckstrand Katie Liz Beth KM Dub Leah Hudson Lolani Wruburton Maren Douglas Katiegirl Jax Krisna Sriram Lee Sims Lore Nusser Margaret Walker Kay Rudolph Krista Lyman Lee Thomas Lorena Aleman Maria Anderson Kayla Bennett Kristen Boyle Leeann Page Lori Buckley Maria Starreveld Kayla Brown-Collie Kristen Marie Leeanne Soprano Lori Davis Marianna Sada Kayla Myers Kristen Schuler Leena Maristo Lori Lorentz Marie-Laurence Camara Kaz Andy Worrall Kristy McGinnis Len Schiff Lori White Mariette Kort KCPT Public Television Krystle Blackmore Lena Holmlund Lotte Lüthje Marija Gorinshteyn Keenan Burt Kyle McRoberts Lennie Primrose Valdes Louis Giguere Marilyn Olas Keith Guerin Kyle Penna Leo Postrano Louis Sather Marina Smyth Samsjö Kelley Steri George La Monita Acosta Leon Dagoi Lubna Nazarani Marion Canterbury-Bupp Kelly Anderson Lakshmi Lyengar Leon Davis Lucy Lewis Marjorie Holden Kelly Bodine Lalita Jayanthi Leon Dragoi Lynda Buermann Mark Angelo Kelly Rudich Lars Henrikson Lesleigh Luttrell Lynda Cook Mark Knisley Kembra Smith Laryssa Rod Lesleigh Owen Lynn Harris Mark Tolentino Kenji Omae Laura Axness Lesley-anne Bratty Lynn Yellott Mark Trowbridge Kenna Hyland-Bock Laura Brown Lilli Kamu M & J Madhok Mark Watson Kenneth Tiner Laura Caldwell Lillian Kirsten Madison Yocum Mark Watson & Kari Voelker Kenneth Alt Laura Caspari Linda Grigg Magda Musialowska Mark White Kenneth Hydes Laura Engelhoff Linda Jordan Mahtaj Taromian Marlene Barron Kenneth Luke Laura MacEwen Linda Thometzek Malinda Elder Marlie Cartwright Kent DiLeo Laura Salisbury Linda Wood Cunningham Mamail Charanya Marshall Perrin Kerri Hellquist Laura Schmitz Lindsay Craft Man-en Chang Marvin Crowder Kerry O’Mara Laura Scott Lindsey Riley Mandy Anderson Mary Guerin Kevin Lalka Laura Spicer Lisa Ballou Mandy Shaffer Mary Kate Killen 28 2018 Donors

Mary Nowak Michael Benanav Nancy Gabert Penn Chinudomsub Ryan Bekielewski Mary Smith Michael Clauson Nancy Mulholand Penny Hender Ryan Campo Mary-Beth Meyer Michael Dennis Nancy Stanley Peter & Laurel Lang Ryan Companies MaryJean Fischer Michael Eliason Nannette Driver-Ruiz Peter Becci Ryan Easley Massi Grelli Michael Fouraker Naomi Rabinowitz Peter Maroudas Ryan Tawney Mat Nguyen Michael Helbraun Nargis Keshwani Peter Russell Ryan Wallace Matt DeLanoy Michael Korzenik Natalia Zwolinska Philip Harvey Ryann Kelly Matt Gondek Michael Oliver Natasha Damon Phillip Masionis Sabrina Conway Matt Richardson Michael Rodriguez Natasha MacKinnon Phoebe Ballard Sabriya Karim Matthew Beagley Michael Samsel Natasha Sohni Piotr Breedveld Saira Ramos Matthew Bennsky Michael Smith Natasha Tokmakova PowerNine.com Sally Hogarth Matthew Luca Michael Traynor Nate Kenyon Price Waterhouse Coopers Sally Vogel Matthew Murray Michael Tunstall Nazarali Dhamani Priscilla Suarez Sam Shefrin Matthew Sprouse Michaela Williamson Neal Sarahan R. Mathers Samantha Ragusa Maura Oeth Michele Schultz Neil Stein Rachael Manning Samantha Ramsay Max Kwakman Michelle Bushnell Nermin Saleemi Rachel & Shayna Smith Samantha Thiboult Maxine Lathwell Michelle Humphrey Next Generation Rachel Carlson Samiah Razak Meagan Elizabeth Michelle MacDonald Jewelry & Things Rachel Graham Samira Strata Meagan Lombaer Midnight Elephant Nicholas Harris Rachel Kane Sana Ali Medtronic Mike Frangiamore Nichole Figueroa Rachel Lassman Sandra Amis Megan Ayrom Mikey Piro Nick Pane Rachel Moore Sandra Bannerman Megan Breer Millie Lopez Nick Reynolds Rachelle Depew Sandra Binns/IRCF Megan Conrad Milo Élise Nick Trowbridge Rae Dukowitz Sandra Matthews Megan Golbeck Mindi Scott Nicole Gagne Raegan Phillips Sandra Shepanek Megan Lawson Mitch Tippetts Nicole Horton Rafat Ashti-Pirouzgar Sandra Sneddon Meghan Cotoni Moe Allen Nicole Rae Ralf Gothóni Sandy Ploss Mehdi Messouci Moe Elissa Nicolette Martin Rashelle Carpenter Sandy Tawney Mekka Drew Mohamed Ibrahim Nicolo Rizzoli Raymond Petras Sara Graur Melanie Hampson Monica Kress Nik Johnson Reagan Ridgell Sara Karni Melanie Liston Monica Rush Nikki O’Brien Reah Bravo Sarah Conley Melanie Stevens Monika Hoover Nila Klarinsson Rebecca Cripps Sarah Ford Melissa Fox Morag Baird Nilda Urrutia Rebecca Day Sarah Gary Melissa Jones Morgan Hallé Ninoska Fagüett Rebecca Johnson Sarah Jayne Melissa McDonald Mozeu Socks Norman Alberts Rebecca Larsen Sarah Karni Melissa Miller Mridula Hormes NRG Energy Rebekah Johnson Sarah Kuh Melissa Nash Mridula, Christine & Oak Webb Works, LLC Rene Kunz Sarah McCord Melissa Russell Katherine Hormes Olivia Grazio Renea Devereaux Sarah Pascale Melissa Young Munira Chranya-Allibhoy Olivia Orton Revital Ever Saran Bhatia Mendi James-Ofczarzak Muriel Ryan Olivia Palmieri RHEA LLC Sarath Ramadurgam Merle Francis Nacho Rendon Pam B Richelle Marek Savannah Faye Mica Mann Nadine Panos Pam Schulz Rickard Oxfault Scott Shubert Pamela Gardner Ricki Geiger Sean McDonough Pamela Gordon Rita James Serena Abhyankar Pamela Horton Rita Pastors Seth August Pamela Kirkpatrick Robert Figueroa Seth Benjamin Pamela Maraziti Robert Johnson Seth Lobo Pamela Montgomery Robert Kukral Seth Wilkerson Pamela Walter Robert McRae Shana Newton Patricia DeRenzo Robert Rea Shanette Carmen Jewelry Patricia Newton Robert Richards Shannon Bailey Patricia Stevenson Roberta McKenna Shannon Bowden-Veazey Patrick Gilmour Robin Hainlen Shannon Breeding Patrick Parnel Robyn Affl eck Sharon Cherwaty Patti Guerette-Vogel Roger Miles Sharon Cote Patty Mahaffey Roland Chrisjohn Sharon Frantz Paul Davies Roni Family Charitable Fund Sharon Nelson Paul Genis Rosanne & Dave Ricci Sharron Amis Paul Johnson Rosanne Drongoski Shay Hallett Paul Luke Rosemarie KP Sheila Stewart Paul Velandra Roxanne Bazzini Shelley Bell Paula Lefebvre Royce Battleman Shelly Clark Paula Mays Ruby Jenkins Shirley Latham Paula Mortensen Lane McFarlane Shiyue Mo Paula Shaw Ruby-Alice Culling Sierra McFarlane Pauline Rousseau Rudowsky Sinead Matthew PBS KUED7 Ruth Charalambous Sol Diaz Jirash Peg Boyle Ruth Murphy Sonja Weth Peggy Vlach Esche Ruth Verrall Soph Dyer IEF 2018 ANNUAL REPORT 29

Srinivas Dabir Tara Schneider Tristram Carver Vendela Fortune William Jones St. Louis Regional Taylor Marchand Troy Strobel Venkatesh Vasudevan William Kobialka Public Media Taylor Rossi Tucker Barrett Vicki McPhaul William Lanni Stacey Clark Teodor Georgiev Tupperware from Meg Vicki Vitale William Murphy Stacia Gorden Teresa Colella Two Sons Painting & Victor De Wilde WNED/WBFO PBS station Stacy Lorish Teresa McFarlane Home Improvement LLC Victoria Jackson Suite #7 WTIU Public Television Stefanie Carranza Teresa Morrow & Tyler Percival Salons by JC WXXI Public Broadcasting Stefany Leon Costales Dale Pippin Ulla Bergstrom Victoria Regan Y Carlebach Stelios Ozounis Terri Weitze United Way of Central Wanda and Brian Erickson Yasmin Flannagan Stephan Durand Terry Brady New York Wasay Paindazada Yassar Aqeel Stephen Lampo Tess Herdman University of Utah – WDSE TV YourCause, LLC Stephen Shepard Thania Luisa PBS KUED7 Web Enterprises Zachary Amis Steve Miller Gonzalez Lopez Ursula Ingram Wells Fargo Community Zao Wang Steven Kennedy The Benevity Community Vaishali Bhatia Support Program Zappa Van de Ven Stina Rahnel Impact Fund Valentino Foster Wendy Backes Zee Sh Sue Garrett The Walt Disney Company Valerie Brown Wendy Tucker Zinnia Santeliz Splendoria Sue Matthews Foundation Vanessa Buck Wilko Manthey Zona Stidham Sue Mattson The Woz Good Dog Vanessa Sanchez Will Hiltebeitel Sue Reed Foundation Vanessa Trujillo Will Zakas Sue Short Thomas Berman Vanja Vidojevic William Bacon Sue Wresch Thomas Dumler Surya Tejomurthula Thomas Ottesen Susan & Taylor Marchand Tiger Boswell Susan Baker Tim Guinee Susan Burcham Tim Pankow Susan Mackay Tim Ramsay Susan Marchand Tina Reeves Susan Reinstein Todd Wild Susan Struble Gegner Tom Grainger Susan Stuttard Tommy Wilde Susie Boo Tony Jacobson Suzanne Covoloskie Topeka Zoo Suzanne Hochman Torrey Smith Nd Suzanne Kaller Tory Wudtke Suzy LaDue Tracey Erbert Sydney Englert Tracey Peacock Tamara Northrip Tracy Beiningen Tami Johnston Tracy Brace Tami O’Neal Tracy Cotoni Tammi Thompson Travis Good Tammy Hughes Trevor Clippert Tana Jitaru Trevor Mathews Tara Henson Trina Tardone Tara Nawar Trisha McCagh

*AMERICA’S BEST LOCAL CHARITIES Adam Peters Dale Rhines Helen Leidy Kathi Walker Nancy Ranum Adrienne Pierce Dale Baich Hersel Davis Jr Kathleen Melton Natalia Czar Alfred Tuttle Daryl McGrath Howard Aldrich Keith Conway Norizelle Romena Amanda Brady Deborah Johnson Irvin Christopher Kelly Herrmann Patricia Michaud Amaryllis Cotto Dorothy Snyder J Frappier Kevin Holt Richard Natoli-Rombach Amy Singleton Dyna Rios J Simmons Kevin Oliver Richelle Richter Andrew Russell Eileen Jones James Gowin Kimberly Tooman Roshni Patel Anita Warfford Elaine Somers Janet Bower Kimberly Mundhenk Sarah Gregory Anita Herrick Elaine Forlenza Janine Barden-O’Fallon Leanne Kipp Sarah Cybart Anita Aasen Elizabeth Lightfritz Jenina Aparejo Linde Johnson Shelley Bruce Ann Haley Eric Overton Jennifer Kretchmar Lisa Bollig Simon Frechette Anne Carbone Eric Skowronski John Muther Lori Robarge Sudha Shreeniwas Barbara Altera Erika Nielsen John Scotten Louise Spieler Syndi Webster Beverly Clark Erin Foret John Ralph Lynne Robins Teresa McFarlane Brooklyn Mashaw Evelyn Wallace John McLoughlin Marianne Dale Timothy Austin Caitlin M McMurray Evgenia Gennadiou Jon Peebles Melissa Stephens Trevy McDonald Carina Dambrosi Frances Dykstra Jon Bennett Michael Pettry Wanda Hopkins Carrie Davidson Francine D’Ercole Joseph Heitman Michael Burolla William Kelly Christopher Davis Gabrielle Lewis Joseph McFall Michelle Granucci Yun Jing Clarence Jordahl Gretchen Kershaw Joyce Bolton Nadine Shigezawa Cynthia Bienvenue Harvey Stabbe Karen Lineberry Nancy Thomas 30 2018 Finance & Support

Support the International Elephant Foundation Ways to Give • Make a one-time contribution • Become a monthly supporter • Sponsor an elephant or project • Honor family, friend or loved one with a gift in their name • Fundraise through your own event • Remember IEF in your will or living trust • Give through a donor-advised fund • Donate stocks, bonds or mutual funds • Make a qualifi ed charitable distribution through your individual retirement account (IRA) • Make a gift of real estate

Ask if your workplace participates in these easy ways to give. • Corporate Matching Gifts • Employee Engagement • Combined Federal Campaign for federal employees cfcgiving.opm.gov, IEF designation #11020 Your donation is tax deductible in accordance with U.S. laws and will help fund conservation efforts such as wildlife and habitat protection, education programs and research.

International Elephant Foundation P. O. Box 366 Azle, TX 76098 817-597-0956 www.elephantconservation.org

2018 Income 2018 Expenses Investment Income Organizational Management Fundraising $55,881 Contributions & General $20,416 $219,970 $59,897 Individual Contributions $217,975 Global Programs $757,593 Government Grants Board Member $28,800 Contributions $245,612 IEF 2018 ANNUAL REPORT 31

Projects Supported by the Following Organizations

Anti-Poaching & Patrols Projects Education & Workshop Project Conservation of Elephants in Key Areas Reducing Elephant Casualties Along the Murchison Falls Conservation Area & Queen Siliguri-Alipur Duar Railway Line with Elizabeth Conservation Area Engineering Solutions

Elephant Response Units (ERUs) in Human-Elephant Co-Existence Project Way Kambas National Park in Sumatra Developing Strategies to Mitigate Human Elephant Confl ict Using GPS Collars as an Early Warning System in Aceh

Research & Welfare Project Debunking Critical Assumptions to Improve Forest Elephant Censuses and Monitoring Mount Kenya Horse Patrol Team

Big Tusker Project

Support to Wildlife Protection Efforts in Lower Zambezi P.O. Box 366 Azle, Texas 76098 817-597-0956 elephantconservation.org