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Peasant and Slave Rebellion in the Roman Republic Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Donaldson, Adam E. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 26/09/2021 06:47:26 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/268576 PEASANT AND SLAVE REBELLIONS IN THE ROMAN REPUBLIC by Adam Donaldson _____________________ Copyright © Adam Donaldson 2012 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Department of History In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2012 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Adam Donaldson entitled “Peasant and Slave Rebellion in the Roman Republic” and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Alison Futrell _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 1/8/13 Steve Johnstone ____________________________________________________________________ Date: 1/8/13 John Bauschatz ____________________________________________________________________ Date: 1/8/13 Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. Dissertation Director: Alison Futrell ______________________________ Date: 1/8/13 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: Adam Donaldson 4 DEDICATION There are many people who deserve thanks for their roles in helping me bring this project to fruition. In no particular order I would like to thank all of various people (and cats) who have helped me write or contributed to keeping me sane during the long years of writing. I would like to say thank you from the bottom of my heart to Alison Futrell and to Steven Johnstone, wonderful people who happen to also be amazing academic mentors and advisors. Their generous support (accompanied by a certain amount of gentle prodding) have made me the scholar and teacher that I have managed to become. I count myself fortunate to have learned from them. I would like to say thank you to Masami Kimura, who has journeyed through graduate school with me and endured the same grinding work load, the same brutal heat and cold, and the same close encounters with Tucson's insect life. I would like to say thank you to my family. They have always provided moral support and have been there for non-academic conversations that were more valuable to me that they perhaps realized. A special thanks needs to be extended to Maple and Stitch, wonderful cats whose total lack of understanding of what graduate school is has combined with inexhaustible enthusiasm to make them perfect roommates for tired graduate students. You have both done more than you know, small fuzzy people. Lastly I need say thank you to my mother, Janice, for supporting me in every way she could throughout my career as a student. She has always been there for me and I love her more than mere words can possibly express. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ................................................................................................................... 6 ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................................... 7 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 8 CHAPTER ONE: SLAVE AND PEASANT REBELLION IN SICILY, 135-101 B.C.E. .............................. 18 CHAPTER TWO: THE REBELLION OF SPARTACUS ........................................................................... 83 CHAPTER THREE: SLAVE AND PEASANT REBELLIONS COMPARED ................................................ 152 CHAPTER FOUR: THE TRANSFORMATION OF SOCIAL STRUGGLE ................................................. 225 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................ 276 WORKS CITED .............................................................................................................................. 278 6 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURE 1. MAP OF SICILY...............................................................................................................29 FIGURE 2. VIEW FROM THE SUMMIT OF ENNA.................................................................................61 FIGURE 3. THE COURSE OF THE SPARTACAN WAR.........................................................................101 7 ABSTRACT In the second and first centuries BCE a series of three large-scale slave revolts erupted in Sicily and central Italy, each of which ravaged wide swathes of territory and were suppressed only after serious loss of life. These slave rebellions, which were unprecedented in Roman experience to that point, provoked horrified reactions from most ancient authors. Modern scholars have generally treated the late-Republican uprisings as isolated events, the unexpected consequence of military expansion. A focus on the label “slave,” however, instead of on the social and economic roles of the specific rebels, has compartmentalized studies of the slave wars, allowing discussion only within the confines of Roman slavery studies. Since the rebel armies in each war were composed principally of agricultural laborers, a profitable comparison can be drawn from peasant uprisings and other manifestations of collective violence that occurred in throughout the Roman world. This study offers a new context for analyzing the slave wars, which re-integrates them into the broader sweep of Roman history and understands them as one manifestation of a broader pattern of social and cultural transformation. 8 INTRODUCTION Rome's Republic lasted for roughly five hundred years, and during that time it grew from a backwater city-state that blended the cultures of the Latins, Etruscans, and Greeks into a pan- Mediterranean superpower dominating the whole of the classical world. The last two centuries of the Roman Republic witnessed a series of increasingly violent social disruptions that were both a cause and a consequence of Rome's transformation into an empire. As the state expanded its control over lands and peoples that were non-Roman, the inclusion and assimilation of these 'others' instigated a process whereby what it meant to be Roman was constantly being redefined.1 While this process of negotiated change went on it was accompanied by a similar sort of negotiation in terms of the nature of the prevailing social hierarchy. The social world of the Roman Republic was a complex amalgam of social relationships, moderating human interactions in day to day life, and in particular in the political and economic realms. Like other groups, Roman society was stratified asymmetrically. Vertical power relations linked people together, sublimating the individual to the state, and the poor to the rich. This was the normal state of things; indeed, as Rome expanded outwards from its Italian heartland it encountered a bewildering variety of other peoples, states and cultures whose own societies contained similar hierarchies. Inequality was and continues to be a key mechanism that orders the workings of human societies. In a world of finite resources, social equality is a rare thing indeed. 1 Hereafter all dates are BCE unless otherwise noted. 9 Just and Unequal In the complex civilization that was the Roman Republic, hierarchical social constructions were normal. They were accepted. But the concept of an unequal social hierarchy was not the same thing as an unjust one, and this basic principal operated at all points of the social ladder, from the realm of the elites who owned and ruled and legislated, to the slaves who served, farmed and endured. Outside the realm of written law, the social order in all places and at all times recognized an unwritten code of human behavior. Even at the level of the field slave, the lowest of the low, individuals were capable of understanding who was "good" and who was "bad" and anticipating their futures based on that analysis. The agricultural how-to manuals of men like Cato the Elder and Columella make it clear that a responsible slave owner needed to recognize and reward good behavior, and act to punish bad behavior. Historians like Diodorus Siculus inform us that not all landowners acted justly, and that some mistreated both slave and tenant alike. The social equilibrium of this complex society
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