United States Department of Agriculture The San Dimas Forest Service

Pacific Southwest Experimental Forest: Forest and Range Experiment Station 50 Years of Research General Technical Report PSW-104

Paul H. Dunn Susan C. Barro Wade G. Wells II Mark A. Poth Peter M. Wohlgemuth Charles G. Colver The Authors: at the time the report was prepared were assigned to the Station's ecology of chaparral and associated ecosystems research unit located in Riverside. California. PAUL H. DUNN was project leader at that time and is now project leader of the atmospheric deposition research unit in Riverside. Calif. SUSAN C. BARRO is a botanist, and WADE G. WELLS I1 and PETER M. WOHLGEMUTH are hydrologists assigned to the Station's research unit studying ecology and fire effects in Mediterranean ecosystems located in Riverside, Calif. CHARLES G. COLVER is manager of the San Dimas Experimental Forest. MARK A. POTH is a microbiologist with the Station's research unit studying atmospheric deposition, in Riverside, Calif.

Acknowledgments:

This report is dedicated to J. Donald Sinclair. His initiative and exemplary leadership through the first 25 years of the San Dimas Experimental Forest are mainly responsible for the eminent position in the scientific community that the Forest occupies today. We especially thank Jerome S. Horton for his valuable suggestions and additions to the manuscript. We also thank the following people for their helpful comments on the manuscript: Leonard F. DeBano, Ted L. Hanes, Raymond M. Rice, William 0. Wirtz, Ronald D. Quinn, Jon E: Keeley, and Herbert C. Storey.

Cover: Flume and stilling well gather hydrologic data in the Bell 3 debris reservoir, San Dimas Experimental Forest. (Photo: David R. VanDusen.)

Publisher:

Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station P.O. Box 245, Berkeley, California 94701

May 1988 Years o esearch

Paul H. Dunn Susan C. Barro Wade G.Wells II Mark A.Poth Peter M.Wohlgemuth Charles G.Colver

CONTENTS

Introduction ...... 1 Physical Description ...... 1 Research History ...... 4 Water ...... 4 Soils and Slope Stability ...... 8 Effects of Fire ...... 11 Vegetation Management ...... 11 Chaparral Ecology and Physiology ...... 12 Vegetation Classification ...... 13 Litter Decomposition ...... 14 Fauna ...... 15 On-Going Research ...... 15 Appendix ...... 16 A-Flora ...... 16 B-Mosses ...... 25 C-Vertebrate Fauna ...... 27 Amphibians and Reptiles ...... 27 Birds ...... 30 Mammals ...... 41 References ...... 44 Additional Reading ...... 49 Included in this area is Brown's Flat, a locally unique High Sierra- type meadow supporting a grove of large ponderosa pine. Modem facilities on the Forest are available to researchers throughout the world. Requests for use of the laboratory and e San Dimas Experimental Forest (SDEF) is a field labora housing should be sent to: Forest Manager-San Dimas Experi- ry for studies in the ecology of chaparral and related ecosys- mental Forest, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, tems. A broad data base together with unique physical features 110 North Wabash Avenue, Glendora, California 91740 U.S .A. make the SDEF an ideal location for studies of timely topics such The SDEF has been described and its history and research as acid deposition, sediment production, biomass production progress noted in many publications (Hamilton 1940; Hill 1963b; control, and chaparral management systems. Located in the San Hopkins andothers 1958,1961; Kraebel and Sinclair 1940; Millett Gabriel Mountains northeast of Los Angeles, the Forest is a valu- 1974; Mooney and Parsons 1973; Robinson 1980; SDEF Staff able research site because it is close to urban universities, is 1935-1938,1951;Sinclair and Kraebel 1934; Sinclair and others protected from public disturbance, and because little public land is 1958; Storey 1982). currently available for field research as a result of pressure for This report describes the physiography of the San Dimas recreation sites. Experimental Forest and summarizes its research history for The SDEF is under the jurisdiction of the Pacific Southwest amateur biologists, graduate students, and other scientists inter- Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. De- ested in using its research facilities. Also included is a comprehen- partment of Agriculture, and has been recognized by national and sive listing of publications related to the Forest or the research con- international organizations. The Man and the Biosphere Program ducted there. of the United Nations recognizes SDEF as a "Biosphere Preserve." The National Science Foundation and The Institute of Ecology recognize the SDEF as an "Experimental Ecological Reserve." PHYSICAL IPTIO Fern Canyon, a 555-ha (1370 acres) tributary of San Dimas Canyon, was selected as a research natural area in 1972; only The San Dimas Experimental Forest covers an area of 6945 ha nondestructive observational research may be conducted there. (17,153 acres) near Glendora, California (fl. 1). It is 45 km (28

Lat

+ Climatic station Stream gaging station

- Streams control dam Buildings Recording raingage 451 Elevation

Figure 1-The San Dimas Experimental Forest is in a front range of the shows the 2 major watersheds and 10 minor watersheds in the Forest San Gabriel Mountains in southern California. This general map also (Source: Hill 1963b). Elevations are in meters.

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-104.1988 1 Figure 2-Extensive steep canyons dissect the San Dimas Experimental Forest. Contour lines are at 1004 (30.5-m) intervals.

mi) northeast of Los Angeles on the northern edge of the Los vegetation management to obtain maximum water yields with Angeles basin. The headquarters and laboratory are at Tanbark minimum erosion (SDEF Staff 1935). To proceed with this Flats (latitude 34¡12'Nlongitude 117¡46'W) The Experimental research an understanding of the factors influencing the hydro- Forest area is within the San Gabriel Mountain fault block, and is logic budget was necessary. Such environmental factors as the extensively dissected by steep canyons. The elevation on the Ex- temperature of air and soil, precipitation, evaporation, relative perimentalForestranges from 457 to 1677 m (1500 to 5500 ft) (fig. humidity, windspeed and direction, and even solar radiation were 2). The average slope is 68 percent. monitored in this endeavor. Soon after the Forest was established The two major watersheds within the boundaries of theExperi- in 1935, complete climatological stations were established at San mental Forest are Big Dalton (1 155 ha or 2853 acres) and San Dimas Canyon, 442 m (1450 ft); Tanbark Flats, 831 m (2725 ft); Dimas (4079 ha or 10,075acres). These watersheds form an ideal San Gabriel Divide, 1326 m (4350 ft); and Fern Canyon, 1540 m experimental area as they have vegetation patterns typical of (5050 ft). These were equipped with air hygrothermographs, soil southern California; they are separated from the main mass of the hygrothermographs, air and soil thermometers, psychrometers, San Gabriel Mountains by deep canyons (Cow Canyon on the anemometers, wind direction transmitters, evaporation pans, and north, San Antonio Canyon on the east, and Little Dalton on the atmometers (SDEF Staff 1935). Today the only complete weather west); the two major drainages have small tributaries suitable for station on the Forest is located at Tanbark Flats. Past records of study; and both San Dimas and Big Dalton Canyons are harnessed temperature (Reimann 1959a),evaporation (Reimann 1959b),and by County Flood Control Dams (Robinson 1980). climate (Hamilton 1951) have been reported, but a large amount of Tnere are also 10 intermediate size watersheds in the Forest: this data is still unpublished.' seven in the San Dimas watershed (Wolfskill, Fern, Upper East The San Dimas Experimental Forest has a typical Mediterra- Fork, East Fork, North Fork, Main Fork, and West Fork); and three nean-type climate, with mild winters and summer droughts. Most in Big Dalton (Bell, Volfe, and Monroe). The two sets of small of the precipitation falls from December to March in less than 20 watersheds on the Forest are Bell (1,2,3,4) within the Big Dalton storms per year (Hamilton 1951). Average annual precipitation is watershed and Fern (1,2,3) within the San Dimas watershed. 678 mm (26.7 in) but varies from 292 to 1224 mm (1 1.5 to 48.2 in) The purpose of initial investigations on the Forest was twofold: (Hill and Rice 1963). Annual rainfall data from 1929 to 1983 at first, to determine quantitatively the relation of chaparral vegeta- 'Unless otherwise noted, available and unpublisheddata areon file in the SDEF tion to the yield of useable water from mountain watersheds and its archives at the Forest Fire Laboratory,4955 Canyon Crest Drive, Riverside, Cali- function in decreasing erosion; and second, to develop methods of fornia 92507.

2 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-104. 1988 Figure %Annual rainfall averages 678 mm (26.7 in) in the San Dimas Experimental Forest. Data shown are from Tanbark Flats, for 1929-1983.

Tanbark Rats (elevation 83 1 m or 2725 feet) is shown in figure 3. Originally, 380 standard 20.3 cm (8 in) rain gauges and26 intensity rain gauges were distributed along contour trails, sloping trails, and roads at 0.8 km (112 mi) intervals in the Experimental Forest. Currently, eight rain gaugesaremaintainedon theForest. They are located in Wolfskill Canyon, Fern Canyon, Bell Canyon, the Bell - Maximum Canyon Dams, the ridge above Tanbark Flats, -and three along Mean GlendoraRidgeRoad. For onerain gauge (theWest gauge), which - Mininum - is located in the city of Glendora, over 100 years of rainfall data are available. This is the longest continuous record of rainfall in the area. A snow gauge is maintained in Fern Canyon at an elevation of 1585m (5200 ft). This gauge doesn'tmeasure snow directly,but it contains antifreeze, which causes the snow to melt and measures this as precipitation. When the adjoining intensity rain gauge is buried by snow and unable to function, data is collected from this gauge. Maximum summer temperatures on the SDEF frequently ex- ceed 37.8 ¡ (100 OF) but winter minima are rarely below -3.9 "C (25 OF). The average annual temperature is 14.4 OC (57.9 OF) (Hill 1963b). Summarized temperature records for Tanbark Flats are available from 1933 to 1965. The mean monthly mean, maximum, and minimum temperatures for Tanbark Rats are given in figure Month 4. From 1965 to the present, unpublished temperature data are available in chart (unsummarized) form only. Relative humidity at Tanbark Flats ranges from a high of 68 Figure 4-Mean monthly mean (solid line), minimum (nonuniform dash), percent in April and May to a low of 43 percent in September (fig. and maximum (uniform dash) temperatures at Tanbark Flats, averaged for 5). Relative humidity data from Tanbark Rats in the form of 1933-1965.

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-104. 1988 untabulated field data sheets are available from 1933 to the present August 1960. Full sets of aerial photos, covering most of the Forest, with breaks in data collection occurring from October 1957 to were taken in 1978 and 1985.2 September 1960and May 1965to October 1965. Evaporation data were collected between 1935 and 1968 at elevations from 450 to 1555 m (1500 to 1500 ft) (Reimann 1959b) (fig.6). The average RESEARCH HISTORY annual evaporation potential on the Forest is 163 cm (64 in). The predominant windflow in the SDEF is north-south. Diur- nal airflow shifts from up-canyon (north) during the day to down- Water canyon (south) at night. On an annual basis winds occurring May to August have a strong southwest component while in December Research on the Experimental Forest was originally directed and January they have a strong northwest component. Wind toward increasing water yields from southern California water- direction was measured from 1934 to 1944 (fig. 7) on the Experi- sheds (Blythe 1936). Because of the scarcity of adequate baseline mentalForestandintermittentlyfrom 1945 to 1961. From 1934 to dataon such essential hydrologic parameters as rainfall, runoff, and 1939, the data were taken as one of the eight points of the compass. streamflow, one of the first orders of business was to begin From 1940 to 1945, wind direction (eight compass points) and collecting this data. Emphasis was placed on collecting standard windspeed were recorded. climatic data (measured at six climatic stations); surface runoff and Solar radiation patterns on the Experimental Forest conform erosion data(at three stations); streamflow data (at 17 stations); and to what one would expect in the Northern Hemisphere. Diurnal sediment production (at 7 stations). During the course of these peaks in solar radiation occur around noon while annually the studies one of the largest and most concentrated networks of rair. summer months of May to July have the highest solar radiation gauges in the world was established. At the height of these studies values (table 1). Total solar radiation has been measured since more than 450 rain gauges were in continuous operation on the October 1965. Currently an automated weather station is collect- Experimental Forest3with densities in some areas reaching as high ing the following data on an hourly basis: wind speed, wind as one gauge per hectare (250 gauges per square mile). In addition direction, air temperature, relative humidity (percent), and solar to the collection of baseline data, studies were begun to investigate radiation. Soil moisture is measured daily from two soil moisture the various processes associated with the water cycle. These blocks (one on the north- and one on the south-facing slope). included precipitation, interception, infiltration, overland flow, Amount of precipitation is also recorded. hillslope erosion, and evapotranspiration. The SDEF has periodically been photographed from the air. The reliability of computed rainfall averages was determined The first aerial photographs taken, in July 1938, were of Upper by intensively monitoring the two sets of small watersheds and the Dalton, Bell, Volfe, and Monroe watersheds. TheentireSDEF was 10 intermediate watersheds (Wilm and others 1939). The effect of photographed in March 1961 and June 1965. The Tanbark Flats scaling down the network of raingauges in SDEF to one per area was photographed in May 1962. The SDEF west of San watershed (a "minimum raingauge network") on accuracy of Dimas Creek and north of Johnstone Peak was photographed in measurement was tested by HamiltonandReimann (1958). Reduc- February-March 1966 and March 1969. Other aerial photos of ing the number of gauges from 77 to 21 gave averages which agreed unknown coverage were taken in June-September 1957 and within 3 percent Hill (1961) described a method of modifying the

'All aerial photos are in the SDEF archives. 'C. J. Kraebel, California Forest and Range Experiment Station. Unpub- lished field notes (from 6/15/43) on file at the San Dimas Experimental Forest.

Table 1-Mean hourly radiation at Tanbork Flats, Son Dims Experimental Forest, 1983

Hour Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct Nov. Dec.

0500 0600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-104. 1988 Relative Humidity (%)

Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aufl Sept Oct Nov Dec network of rain gauges on the SDEF after the 1960Johnstone fire. and Hamilton 1944). A method of calibrating a fiberglass soil Corbett (1967) summarized the work done on rainfall measure- moisture unit was also established (Hendrix and Colman 1951). ment on the SDEF including the type of instruments used, the The nuclear probe, the gravimetric, and the electrical resistance selection of sites for rain gauge placement, and the calculations techniques for measuring soil moisture were compared by Mer- required to convert measured values to annual rainfall figures. A riam (1959). He found that sampling, using the nuclear probe, was compilation of 25 years of rainfall data encompassing 460 storms limited only by the depth to which the access tube could be was made by Reimann and Hamilton (1959). installed. Sampling time was intermediate between the gravimet- A large variation in rainfall throughout mountain watersheds ric and electrical resistance (Colman) techniques. Limitations due to changes in topography was noted by Storey (1939). Using includedradiation hazard and high initial costs. A new typi of soil rain gauges to measure the vertical and horizontal components of corer was designed specifically for San Dimas soils (Andrews and rainfall in open and exposed locations, Hamilton (1944) deter- Broadfoot 1958). mined the direction from which rainfall was coming and calculated Instrumentation to measure streamflow was also developed and the average angle of inclination. From this data, graphic represen- improved at the SDEF. Responding to a problem involved in tations of storm patterns were developed enabling storms to be measuring debris laden flow in streams in the SDEF, Wilm and classified based on rainfall direction. The problem of measuring others (1938) designed a new type of critical depth flume (The San rainfall in rugged terrain was addressed in two studies (Hamilton Dimas Flume), which accurately measured discharge and was 1949,1954)that compared rainfall samples from gauges in various unaffected by velocity approach or presence of bedload. A meas- placements (vertical and tilted) and exposures. Vertical rain- uring stick to facilitate calculation of discharges from mountain gauges were not as accurate as rain gauges tilted or oriented normal streams (the velocity head rod) was designed to quickly determine to the slope. Because the extensively used vertical rain gauges the energy content of streams (Wilm and Storey 1944). An instru- yielded 15percent less rainfall than tilted rain gauges, a model was ment was designed to rapidly determine the zero value of V- developed to correct previous measurements obtained with the notched weirs (Andrews 1960, Johnson and Storey 1948). Trape- vertical gauges. zoidal flumes were used to evaluate postfire treatments on burned Vegetation was also found to affect the amount of precipita- watersheds in the SDEF (Brock and Krammes 1964). Andrews tion reaching the soil. Throughfall, stemflow, and interception by (1957) developed and described an inexpensive maximum water various brush species were found to be directly related to storm stage recorder which could serve as a back-up to other continuous size (Hamilton and Rowe 1949). Five percent of gross rainfall was recorders to insure that peak flows were recorded or could be used lost annually in a mixed stand of buckeye-ceanothus-oak. alone in cases where a continuous record was not needed or was not Stemflow was related to branching pattern and barkcharacteristics available. He also invented a pen attachment to be added to and was an important component in determining interception. reversal-type measuring devices. The added pen changed posi- Rowe and Colman (1951) measured soil moisture, precipitation, tions when the recording pen reached the top or bottom of the chart and interception in the Sierra Nevada and SDEF to determine and thus helped in interpretation of the streamflow charts (An- disposition of rainfall and relation to water yield. A general drews 1958). Streamflow records from 1939 to 1959 on the SDEF progress report on water research summarized work-to-date on have been summarized (Krammes and others 1965), and unpub- water yield increases, erosion control, and emergency revegeta- lished, unsummarized streamflow records for the past 50 years are tion (Hopkins and Sinclair 1960). kept in the SDEF archives. More recently, Weirich (1987), During the course of these precipitation studies researchers studying the dynamics of debris flows, used pressure and velocity continued to modify existing methods and equipment and develop sensors (arranged either vertically or horizontally) to detect new ones to better meet their specific needs. Hamilton (1943) changes in flow characteristics. Connecting these sensors to data described a method of synchronizing the numerous time clocks on loggers yielded a continuous record of flow velocities and sedi- the hydrologic equipment in the Forest. Tipping buckets were ment concentrations. added to available rain gauges to save the price of purchasing To determine the effects of vegetation removal on water intensity gauges (Hamilton 1947). An instrument that recorded yield, several areas in the SDEF were cleared of vegetation or rainfall and wind velocity with one pen was developed for mete- converted to grass, or both. In Monroe Canyon 38 acres (15.4 ha) orological measurements on the SDEF (Hamilton and Andrews of canyon bottom vegetation were removed. On the Bell 2 1951). Other studies showed that the addition of 0.15 inch of oil watershed chaparral vegetation was converted to grass. The to rain gauges would protect raincatch from evaporation indefi- conversions were accomplished by physical removal of the vege- nitely (Hamilton and Andrews 1953). A shock resistant lucite tation and herbicide treatments. Comparing streamflow from the graduate was developed for use in the rain gauges to reduce loss manipulated Monroe Canyon with an adjacent control watershed from breakage of glass cylinders (Hamilton and others 1952). (Volfe), Orme and Bailey (1970) found that the stream became The movement of water in soil also received considerable at- perennial and that stabilization of sideslopes and rainfall intercep- tention, and several methods for measuring soil moisture, bulk tion were reduced in the manipulated watershed. Considerable density, and field capacity of soils were developed at the Experi- channel widening was notedafter major storms in both canyons but mental Forest. Colman (1944,1947) developed a lab procedure for to a greater extent in Monroe Canyon. measuring field capacity of soil and examined effects of soil depth Water yield increased substantially with removal of riparian on the point at which the soil reaches field capacity. A rugged, vegetation in Monroe Canyon but most of the increase was noted reliable, low cost water stage transmitter for measuring surface in the light early season storms and in the summer, probably due runoff from the lysimeters at TanbarkFlats was designed (Colman to differences in evapotranspiration (Rowe 1963). During large

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-104. 1988 storms, and when soils were wet, differences in streamflow from cleared and control canyons were not observed as the soil water storage capacity was saturated. Dry season streamflow the first season after fire on manipulated watersheds increased appreciably over untreated watersheds (Crouse 1961). Currently work is in progress on the effects of vegetation conversion on water quality 0804 Chaparral1, (fig. 8, Riggan and others 1985). In October 1984, a series of experimental prescribed bums of different intensities was con- ducted at San Dimas, and streamflow from these burned areas is currently being monitored to determine effects of fire intensity on water quality.

Lysimeter Studies Installation of a lysimeter complex at Tanbark Flats in SDEF '-- was completed in 1937. (Design, construction, and purpose of the . . ¥^ ,v, . , , , , , , .! k, F3 ^ lysimeters have been described by Colman 1946; Colman and ONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJAS Hamilton 1947; Patric 1961a, 1961b, 1974; and Sinclair and Patric 1983 1959). To allow the soil to settle, the lysimeters remained bare from 1937 to 1940. During 1940 to 1946 most were planted to grass (Bromus mollis). In 1946 they were planted to various shrub and tree 0802 Grassland species. Five types of filled lysimeters (as opposed to Ebermeyer or core cutter lysimeters) were used during the peak research years. Twenty six large lysimeters with a soil capacity of 64 tons (58 tonnes) were used to measure runoff and seepage under plantings of various shrubs and trees. Thirty medium (1800 lb or 818 kg soil capacity) and 72 small (300 lb or 136 kg capacity) lysimeters were used to grow small groups of plants or individual plants and measure transpiration and evapotranspiration. Five unconfined lysimeters allowed plant roots to expand beyond the confines of concrete walls. Finally, five root study lysimeters allowed examination of soil and plant roots by removal of one end wall. The lysimeters were operated for water use studies until 1960 at which time questions Figure 8-Nitrate nitrogen concentration (dots) in sireamwaier ano about the practicality of their use arose (Panic 1974). Of special discharge rate (solid lines) for representative chaparral and grassland concern was the applicability of lysimeter results to field conditions. watersheds in the San Dimas Experimental Forest for hydrologic years 1981-82 and 1982-83 show that vegetation conversion influences nitrate Before planting lysimeters to shrubs and trees, Horton (1950) yield and thus water quality (Source: Riggan and others 1985). studied field plots to determine if it would be necessary to clear lysimeters of grasses and herbs to insure good establishment of perennial seedlings. Helooked at the competition between grass and during both dry and rainy seasons. Brush tended to deplete the Pinus coulteri (Coulter pine), Quercus dumosa (scrub oak), deeper soil layers of water, leaving the upper soil layers relatively Ceanothus crassifolius (hoaryleaf ceanothus), and Adenostoma moister. Grass, on the other hand, depleted only the upper layers fasciculatum (chamise) seedlings. When he found the presence of leaving the lower layers virtually unaffected (fie. 9).This informa- weeds decreased survival of all species, clearing of the lysimeters tion had important implications with regard to the expected effects was necessary prior to planting. Hopkins (1958) outlined the of vegetation type conversion on both water yield and slope stability progression of studies necessary to ultimately determine how more and led to attempts to increase water yield by such conversions. "good water" could be produced from southern California water- Oeche14 also studied soil moisture in relation to brush biomass on the sheds by starting with a raingauge network to get the rainfall "story" Experimental Forest (table 2). Sinclair and Patric (1959) found followed by lysimeter studies, field plot studies, and whole water- vegetative cover of any kind decreased runoff compared to barren shed studies. plots; evaporation on bare plots was 2-3 times that on vegetated In several studies the lysimeters were used to examine and plots; and the most seepage was observed under grass plots. compare water use by plants of various species (Hill 1963b,Hill and Destruction of the lysimeter complex during the 1960 Johnstone Rice 1963). Zinke (1959) compared soil moisture regimes under Fire set the stage for studies on the effect of former plant cover on barren lysimeters to those planted to Coulter pine and found that the herbaceous vegetation. Sections of the large lysimeters, which pines depleted all available soil moisture to the depth of the lysime- contained pure stands of 14-year-old Eriogonwn fasciculatum ter while soil moisturedeficit in barren plots was confined to surface (buckwheat), chamise, hoaryleaf ceanothus, scrub oak, and Coulter layers. Patric (1959b) found scrub oak used water extravagantly pine received one of three treatments: seeded ryegrass, seeded while grass saved water if kept clear of weeds and if soil depth was greater than 3 ft (0.91 m). Rowe and Reimann (1961) found that 'Walt Oechel, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA. Unpublished brush and grass produced markedly different drying patterns in soils data.

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-104. 1988 YEAR Table 2-Soil moisture variation by season on the San Dimas Experimental RAIN(inches1 Forest at 25 cml GROUND- WET DRY WFT DRY LIKE Biomass A July Sept. Early Oct. Late Oct. 24 1 I 1 1 -. (th.4 2 48 -5 Percent 5 72 fe 23.59 18.49 11.69 - 21.18 a 96 5

120 'Walt Oechel, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA. Unpublished data. 144

GROUND LINE - Table 3-Mean and standard deviation (SD) of total soil carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus from three soil profiles in a chaparral watershed near TanbarkFlats in the San Dimas Experimental Forest. Soils were sampled during April 1979' pth Carbon I Nitrogen 1 Phosphoms Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD

Percent 2.1 0.40 0.27 0.025 0.134 0.041

0.9 0.55 0.15 0.065 0.110 0.045

[Fieid capacity Wilting point and belovi 0.5 0.40 0.11 0.047 0.099 0.063 Between field capocity ond wilting point 0.2 0.20 0.09 0.035 0.099 0.062

Figure %Annual soil wetting and drying under oak-brush, grass, and Philip J. Riggan and Mark Poth. Unpublished data on file at the Forest Fire grass-forb vegetation covers in the San Dimas Experimental Forest show Laboratory, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest that brush depletes soil water to greater depths than either grass or grass- Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Riverside, California. forb vegetation (Source: Rowe and Reimann 1961). (1 in = 2.54 cm). ryegrass and mustard, or unseeded. Due to several years of below- ics" (Rogers 1967). The San Gabriel Complex, an assemblage of average rainfall, a good cover of seeded species never developed many rock types, forms soils that are highly variable in their and native herb cover exceeded it in all cases (Rice and Green physical and hydrologic properties. The granitics weather to the 1964). Qashu and Zinke (1964) measured and compared soil coarse, rocky soils typical of that parent material (Storey 1947). temperatures under lysimeter grown grass, scrub oak, and Coulter The Glendora volcanics produce a distinctive, fine-textured soil pine with the temperature of barren lysimeter soil and found that characteristic of volcanic parent material, which has the highest vegetation had a stabilizing effect on soil temperature. Soil under fertility of any soil on the Experimental Forest (Crawford 1962). vegetation had lower mean temperatures and temperature ampli- Zinke (1982) characterized elemental composition and nutrient tudes than did barren soil. storage of chaparral soils throughout California including the SDEF and constructed data tables which enable land managers to "rank" their sites. Soils and Slope Stability The soils of the San Dimas Experimental Forest were mapped in detail according to standard soil series criteria by Craw ford The soils of the San Dimas Experimental Forest are typically (1962). although no attempt was made to correlate these soils with shallow (average depth less than 0.91 m or 3 ft), zonal, coarse- the National System of soil surveys. Six soil series were identified textured with numerous rock outcrops, and of low fertility (table and tentatively designated by capital letters (fig. 11). The three 3). The soils are underlain by an igneous-metamorphic complex most common soils on the ExperimentalForest-A, B, and G-are of parent rocks with three major and several minor units (fig. 10). in general well drained, shallow, and loamy. The other four soil In ascending order of age the major units include: (1) the San types are of minor importance because of their limited extent. Gabriel Complex, a Precambrian assemblage of schists, gneisses, Due to the steepness and tectonic activity of the mountains and other metamorphic rocks; (2) a unit of Mesozoic granitics, where the SDEF is located, the area is subject to much soil consisting primarily of diorite and granodiorite, with many intru- movement in the dry as well as wet seasons. Most sediment moves sions of pegmatite, aplite, dacite, and larnprophyre; and (3) a small in two ways: (1) as granular movements on the soil surface, unit of Miocene volcanics locally known as the Glendora "volcan- including dry "creep" (an early term for what is now known as dry

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-104. 1988 ravel) and slope wash; and (2) as deep-seated movements of soil steep slopes, heavy or prolonged rainfall, and insufficient vegeta- masses (Sinclair 1953). The amount of erosion varies, depending tive cover (Bailey and Rice 1969). Slope is the most important on vegetation cover, slope aspect, and slope gradient. factor in determining occurrence of slips followed by proximity to Wohlgemuth (1986). studying hillslope sediment movement on streams, rooting habit and density of vegetation, soil texture and the SDEF, found vegetation types had significant effect in control- hydraulic conductivity (Bailey and Rice 1969, Rice and others ling surface sediment transport. He found no difference in surface 1969). When brush covered chaparral slopes are converted to transport between upslope and downslope plots and concluded that grass the incidence of soil slips increases (Corbett and Rice 1966, the surface mantle of the slope moves together as a "quasi- Rice and Foggin 1971). continuous mass by sequential downslope sediment transport." Erosion and sedimentation are also controlled by the se- Aspect and slope gradient have been mapped and are available for quence of hydrologic events. When the storms of 1978 and 1980 the major watersheds on the San Dimas Experimental Forest. in the SDEF were compared, Wells (1982) discovered that even Landslides were briefly addressed by Archer (1979). From his though the 1980 storm was the largest recorded on the Forest, 40 study on the origin of the landslide, which resulted in the unique percent less sediment was produced from this storm. It was mountain meadow at Brown's Flat in the SDEF, he concluded that reasoned that the channels had been scoured in the 1978 storms and a combination of factors, not a single factor, was responsible for little sediment had accumulated in the interim from 1978 to 1980. this landslide. Soil slips are a more prevalent erosional agent on the Current storage volumes in high order bedrock channels along the Forest. Soil slippage, which involves only the material above the San Gabriel front were found to be much smaller than the volume unweathered bedrock, is closely associated with shallow soil, very of sediment produced during large sediment yield events

SAN DIMAS

Qal-Quaternary alluvium Qc-Pleistocene nonmarine Ti-Tertiary Intrusive r=rhyolite Gr-Mesozoic Granitic rocks Mv-miocene volcanic PC-pre-cambri an btamorphi c & t=tonal ite & dioli te igneous rock complex g-grandiori te a-qrani'te & adami 11ite

Figure 10-Geological map of the San Dimas Experimental Forest outlines the igneous-metamorphic complex of parent rocks (Source: Rogers 1967).

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-104.1988 Figure 11ÑSoil map of the San Dimas Experimental Forest shows six soil series (Source: Crawford 1962): A-excessively drained, shallow, and coarse textured &well drained, fairly deep, and moderately coarse textured C-well drained, and moderately fine textured, E-well drained, fairly deep, and moderately coarse to medium textured F-deep, and fine to moderately fine textured G-deep, and moderately coarse to medium-textured. A small c indicates that soil is colluvial.

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-104.1988 (Campbell 1986). Campbell speculated that the majority of sedi- amount of nitrogen lost is substantial. Various nitrogen replace- ment is contributed from hillslopes and low order tributaries rather ment mechanisms have been studied to determine appropriate fire than from sediment stored along main channels. Two bibliogra- frequencies for maintaining nutrient balance in the system (Dunn phies on erosion, streamflow and water yield have been compiled and Poth 1979, Poth 1981). (Gleason 1958,1960). Surveying problems have been addressed Soil particle size (Duriscoe and Wells 1982) as well as other soil (Colman 1948), and geology of the Forest documented (Bean physical and chemical characteristics may change during fire 1943, 1944; Miller 1934; Storey 1947). (DeBano and Rice 1971; DeBano and others l976,1977,1979a, 1979b). One phenomenon often found after chaparral fires is a Effects of Fire water repellent layer in the soil. This layer is produced by the volatilization, movement, and condensation of organic com- Fire plays an essential part in the chaparral ecosystem. Since pounds in the soil during fire. The soil layer above this water 1896 there have been nine wildfires in the area now encompassing repellent layer is easily eroded and, therefore, significantly affects the SDEF: erosion rates and debris flow production after fire (Wells in press). Extensive work on water repellent soils has been reported (De- Year Area Bano 1966, 1969a. 1%9b, 1969c, 1969d, 1971, 1974, 1981; acres DeBano and Krammes 1966;DeBano and Rice 1973;DeBano and 1896 4,037 1911 148 others 1970; Krammes and DeBano 1965; Krammes and Osbom 1919 11,330 1969; Osbom and others 1964). The use of wetting agents to 1932 163 eliminate the waterrepellent layer has also been explored (DeBano 1938 509 and others 1967, Krammes and DeBano 1967, Krammes and 1947 128 Hellmers 1963). Osborn and others (1967) looked at the effect of 1953 595 1960 16,556 soil nonwettability and wetting agents on seed germination and 1975 2,963 seedling establishment. 1986 65 Fire aggravates the erosion problem in the SDEF by removing the brush species that normally aid in slope stabilization. From ex- (adapted from Mooney and Parsons 1973) amining sedimentation records over a 22 year period in the San Gabriel Mountains, Wells (1984) noted that increased erosion Twoof these fires (1919 and 1960) destroyed more than half of rates were more closely linked to incidents of fire than to high the Forest. Prescribed burning (in 1984 and 1986) has also been rainfall in nonfire years. The mechanism of postfie erosion and conducted there. General reviews on fire effects and postfire problems have been written (Krammes andRice 1963,Rice 1963). debris flow on southern California slopes has been examined by Fire, the most frequent disturbance on the SDEF, occurs pre- Wells (1981, 1986, in press). He proposed three hypotheses on why erosion is increased after fire: (1) change in panicle size dominately during drought periods in late summer or early fall. Shoots fromresprouting shrubs may appear within 10 days of a fire distribution, (2) waterrepellent soils, and (3) rill formation. SDEF Staff (1954) researchers observed and described a debris flow (Plumb 1961, 1963). Germination of soil stored seeds of many which occurred in January 1954 after a bum in December 1953. shrubs is induced by fire (Horton and Kraebel 1955; Stone and Juhren 1951,1953). Most seedling establishment occurs the first They also compared streamflow from control, once burned, and year after fire. An abundance of annual plants appears in chaparral twice burned watersheds. Sinclair and Hamilton (1954) noted changes in streamflow after fire. A popular article on how water only immediately after fire and disappears 2 to 3 years later, not repellent soils increase the potential for debris flow postfire and returning until the next fire perhaps 50 years later (Horton and Kraebel 1955). Stand densities are highly variable the first year possible remedies was presented by Hay (1974). after fire, ranging from 2.5 to 26 individuals per square meter (Horton and Kraebel 1955). After 15 years, shrub densities Vegetation Management declined to 1.8 to 2.2 per square meter. Microorganisms in soil, which function in nutrient cycling, Emergency Revegetation decomposition, and mycorrhizal associations (all of which di- An intense fire on July 20,1960, burned 6705 ha (96.5 percent) reedy influence plant growth) are affected by fire (Cordes 1974, of the Experimental Forest. Research then focused on emergency Dunn and DeBano 1977, Dunn and others 1979). Recent work rehabilitation of burned watersheds to decrease postfire erosion comparing effects of prescribed fire and wildfire has shown that and flooding (Corbett and Green 1965, Crouse and Hill 1962, the response of soil microorganisms can differ dramatically (Dunn Krammes 1960, Krammes and Hill 1963, Rice and others 1965). and others 1985). Fungi were found to be more sensitive to heat Twenty five watersheds were used to study the effects of various than were bacteria. Also, physiologically active populations in treatments on erosion and vegetation recovery. Treatments con- moist soil (prescribed burning conditions) were more susceptible sisted of broadcast seeding annual grasses at two densities, broad- to heat induced mortality than dormant populations in dry soil cast seeding perennial grasses at two densities, planting barley on (wildfire conditions). Frequently the nutrient most limiting to closely spaced contours,building stream channel check dams, and plant growth in the chaparral is nitrogen. Nutrients may be lost building contour trenches. Establishment of seeded grass species during fire by direct volatilization and movement or indirectly was poor the first year due to low rainfall and the total vegetation through postfireerosion (DeBano andothers 1977,1979a),and the cover in seeded watersheds was never significantly greater than

USDA Forest &twiceGen. Tech. Rep. PSW-104. 1988 unseeded controls. Response of variously i-reated watersheds so Canyon). Vegetation, water quality, and slope movement are rainfall was a function ofrainfall intensity rather than of storm size. being monitored on these sites. Horton (1949) discussed sources of erosion and environmental General watershedmanagement (Rice 1963,1966-1971; SDEF conditions in southern California as ttvv relatert to the establish- Staff 1957) has been addressed by vrork done on the SDEF, and ment and effectiveness of various gees and shrubs planted for most recently, with increasing energy prices, the utilization of erosion control. chaparral biomass for energy has been examined (Riggan and A laboraiory experiment (Dunn and others 1982) examined the Dunn 1982, PSW and Angeles National Forest 1976). possibility of enhancing populations of heat shock fungi. These fungi occur naturally on burned areas and through production of Chaparral E ology and Physiology mycclia ma} bind soil and ash particles and aid in reduction of ramsplash erosion after fire. Two to three times as much sediment The chaparral is a unique community that is subject to periodic was released from sterile soil than from soils with added fungus, fires but has an amazing ability to return to a site afterward through supporting the thesis that these species do function in stabilization its seeds and res~routinglignotubers. Several researchers have of soil. examined succession in cnaparral after fire in the SDEF. To examine chaparral succession after fire Horton and Kraebel(1955) Brush Manipuiatiun located permanent plots on the south slopes of the §aGabriel and Defoliation of chaparral shrubs, and type onv version ofchapar- San Bernardino Mountains. The sites were located over a 17 ysar ral from brush to grass were two management practices tested to period on seven different bums and were characterized by eleva- conserve water. Patric (1959a) described use of sdfur dioxide gas tion, soil type, and precipitation. Data on regrowth of chaparral as a defoliant to increase water yield. Merriam (1961) compared shrubs and herbs on these bums were collected for up to 25 years. water losses on brush plots before and after application of herbi- They found that long term stand composition was determined in cides. In untreated plots 88 percent of the rain received was lost the first winter after fire with few seedlings establishing thereafter through evapotranspirationwhile after defoliation only 36 percent and the composition of the plots changing little after subsequent was lost. This yielded soil moistures under defoliated plants that bums. Temporary cover disappeared in 2-5 years. were 52 percent higher than under control plants. By comparing shrub composition on similiar sites burned in Bentley (1961) found that the two factors most strongly influ- 1896 and 1919, Patric and Hanes (1964) were able to discern encing success of brush conversion in the San Gabriel Mountains certain successional trends occurring on north- and south-facing are steepness of slope and depth of soil. Only 4 percent of the slopes. On north-facing slopes ceanothus and chamise were being Forest has both mild enough gradients (0-55 percent) and deep eliminated in favor of scrub oak,Heteromeles arbutifolia (toyon), enough soil (> 3 ft) to make brush conversion for increased water and Primus ilicifolia (holly-leafed cherry). A low oak woodland yield feasible. From 1958 through the 1960's the program to was predicted if the site remained fire-free. In older stands on convert chaparral to grass continued on the SDEF and over 101 ha south-facing slopes ceanothus was nearly gone but chamise and (250 acres) were convened. After heavy rainfall in November and Salvia mellifera (black sage) were increasing. December 1965 caused soil slips in both converted and untreated The same sites on which the above study was conducted burned areas, Corbett andRice (1966) chose matched areas in these water- in the 1960 Johnstone Fire at the ages of 41 and 64 years. Hanes sheds for comparative study. They found five times more slips and Jones (1967) reexamined theplots4.5 years after the fire. They covering over five times the area in converted watersheds com- found that the total number of species on similar exposures of the pared with untreated chaparral slopes. Most slips occurred at the 1896 and 1919 bums did not differ significantly, however north- interface of the lower depth of maximum rooting zone and the facing slopes had greater species numbers and diversity than did underlying soil. Corbett and Crouse (1968) found the conversion south-facing slopes. of brush to grass reduced rainfall interception loss by 50 percent if Hanes (197 1) used data from 624.10 m transects throughout precipitation fell in a few large storms (rather than in a series of the southern California Transverse Ranges (including some in small storms). In an average year this amounted toa savings of 7.6 SDEF) to characterize chaparral succession. He generalized that mm (1.3 in) of precipitation. Ultimately, brush conversion to succession is influenced most by aspect (north- or south-facing), increase water yield proved unfeasible as well as expensive on the secondarily by exposure (desert or coastal), and finally by eleva- steep slopes of the Forest. tion. He observed that a chamise chaparral climax usually devel- Other studies focused on reducing the size of wildfires. Bentley ops in 30 years while short-lived species may begin to die at 25 and White (1961) described a system of fuelbreaks on the Forest years. to break up large expanses of brush as a means of conflagration Between fires, shrubsproduce seeds which are stored in the soil control. Except for cursory maintenance of fuelbreaks this prac- and litter. Davey (1982) found seed production in C. crassifolius tice has been discontinued. Prescribed burning under controlled was highly variable from year to year. A large number of seeds conditions to create a mosaic of vegetation ages is the current were produced but few remained in the soil for more than 1 year; practice used by the Forest Service to break up large expanses of enough remained, however, to replace mature shrubs after fire. even-age brush. The hypothesis is that a wildfire would stop at the Little seedling establishment is successful in mature stands. Only edges of a younger stand. Prescribed burns were conducted on the occasional success of chamise, Salvia mellifera (black sage), and Experimental Forest in October 1984 (in the Bell and West Fork ceanothus seedlings has been reported between fires (Horton and San Dimas Canyons) and in December 1986 and June 1987 (Mi Kraebel 1955, Patric and Hanes 1964); openings in senescing

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech.Rep. PSW-104. 1988 chaparral stands usually remain clear (Horton and Kraebel1955). shrubs with roots that grow predominately down, (2) shrubs with Keeley and Keeley5 compared the obligate seeder C. crassifolius major roots that grow laterally, and (3) subshrubs with fibrous on pole- and equator-facing slopes during a 6-year study started roots. Where soils are deep, deep rooted plants deplete soil when shrubs were 18 years old (table 4). C. crassifolius phenol- moisture more than shallow rootedplants. Burk (1978) compared ogy, seeds, seed dispersal, herbivory, and response to fire were seasonal and diurnal water potential of two deep rooted species also ~tudied.~ (chamise and scrub oak) and one shallow rooted species Jacks (1984) comparedchaparral standcomposition in the Bell (Ceanothus crassifolius) near Tanbark Flats. The shallow rooted 4 watershed of SDEF after successive bums in 1919 and 1960. ceanothus adjusted more quickly to changes in water availability Relying on a 1934 survey of vegetation by Horton (1941) 15 years in the winter than deep rooted species. However, chamise and after the 1919 fire and using a model to extrapolate site composi- scrub oak may be able to grow for longer periods of time because tion 15 years after the 1960 fires, she compared species composi- of their access to a larger soil moisture pool. Guntle (1974) tions (with special attention to chamise and Ceanothus crassifo- correlated growth of two common chaparral shrubs to annual lius). If vegetation composition in chaparral is assumed to remain precipitation. relatively stable with successive fires, then composition 15 years A limited number of studies on photosynthesis have been after the 1960 fire should be similar to composition 15 years after conducted on the SDEF. Specht (1969) in a general comparison of the 1919 fire. Jacks (1984) discovered that ceanothus was much sclerophyllous vegetation from France, Australia, and SDEF more abundant after the 1960 fire. After comparing drought measured photosynthesis. Oeche14 (table 5) examined photosyn- tolerances of the two species she hypothesized that ceanothus thesis of C. crassifoUus on SDEF by month. seedlings had higher drought tolerances than chamise. This may have increased ceanothus establishment in the drought years Vegetation Classification following the 1960 fire. She concluded that environmental condi- tions (especially moisture availability) the first year after fire may A useable classification scheme for chaparral is essential in have a major influence on future chaparral stand composition. any type of vegetation work as well as in studies examining fun- Soil moisture is a limiting factor in the southern California damental relations between vegetation cover and erosion, for chaparral and plants may experience up to 8 months of drought example. Several alternate plant community classifications have each year. Chaparral plants have various physiological and mor- been applied to the geographic area that encompasses the Experi- phological methods of coping with this stress. Rooting pattern is mental Forest. Wright and Horton (1951) outlined six vegetation one parameter that enables shrubs to differentially adapt to associations for the SDEF (table 6). Munz (1974) divided the drought. Hellmers and others (1955) excavated numerous shrubs vegetation of the area into coastal sage scrub, chaparral, and and characterized their root systems into three broad groups: (1) southern oak woodland. Jaeger and Smith (1966) added riparian

on E. Keeley, Occidental College, Los Angeles, California, and Sterling Keeley, Chapman College, Orange, California. Unpublished data in SDEF ar- chives. 'Ronald D. Quinn, California Polytechnic State University, Pomona. Unpub- lished data in SDEF archives.

and Table 4ÑCharacteristic of 30 Ceanothus crassifolius shrubs on pole- Table 5ÑCeanothu crassifolius photosynthesis on the San Dimas Experimental equator-facing slopes in the Sun Dimas Experimental Forest Forest'

Early Late Characteristic Feb. Apr. June July Sept. Oct. Oct.

Total plant cover > 100. pet < 80. pet - (pet ground surface)

C. crassifolius Height (m)

Aerial coverage (m/idividual)

Fruit production over 6 yrs (fmitshn aerial coverage)

'Walt Oechel. San Diego State University, San Diego, CA. Unpublished data.

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-104. 1988 13 Table &Vegetation associations of the San DkExperimental Forest (after Table 7ÑComparabl physical parameters of three stands of chaparralfrom Wright and Horton 1951) the San Dimas Experimental Forest (Winn 1977)

Association Dominant species 1 Density 1 Elevation Stand age Soil temperature Litter moisture Soil respiration (Y") (dry weight)

Chamise Adenostoma fasciculatwn Open to < 1524 m OC Percent chaparral Ceanothus crassifolius fairly (5000 ft) mg C042 Arctostaphylos glauca dense 1 Oak chaparral Quercus dumosa Very dense 422m(400 ft) Quercus wislizenii Very dense >I067 m 15 (3500 ft) 54 Stream Quercus agrqolia Open < 1220 m Platanus racemma (with (4000 ft) Acer macrophyllum grassy Populus trichocarpa areas) to Alnus rhombifolia dense Salix species

Oak woodland Dense > 1220 m (4000 ft)

Bigcone fir Pseudotsuga macrocarpa Open to > 1220 m forest fairly (4000 ft) Pinns larnbertiana dense > 1524 m (5000 ft)

Ponderosa Open, 1311 m

woodland. Hanes (1976) subdivided the chaparral vegetation of (Appendix B). An unpublished listing of the SDEF herbarium the San Gabriel Mountains into charnise chaparral and scrub oak collection is also available. chaparral. Hill (1963a) divided SDEF vegetation into two major for- Litter Decomposition mations: chaparral and woodland chaparral. The chaparral was subdivided into three types: chamise-chaparral type, sage-buck- Decomposition is seasonal on the SDEF (Winn 1977). Condi- wheat type, and scrub oak type. The woodland chaparral forrna- tions appropriate for effective decomposition in the litter layer tion includes the live oak woodland type and the bigcone Douglas- occur only 30 days per year. Decomposition rate is controlled by fir forest type. A vegetation classification system developed for water, temperature, placement in the litter layer, and species of California can be applied to vegetation on the Experimental chaparral. Some differencesin decomposition are associated with Forest (Paysen 1982; Paysen and others 1980, 1982). stand age (table 7). Jerome Horton mapped the vegetation of all of the watersheds Kittredge (1955) studied the moisture-holding capacity of on the SDEF. Many of these maps are still available. He and other chaparral litter layers in the SDEF. Some indirect information researchers established vegetation plots that were followed for about decomposition can be inferred from his data: from 13 to 32 many years. The most intense studies were of the vegetation percent of the litter layer decomposes annually, and the decompo- succession after the Fern Canyon Fire of 1938. The vegetation of sition rate of organic material in litter equals the deposition of new the triplicate watersheds had been mapped before the bum and organic material from overstory shrubs in 8- to 55-year-old stands. plots were established in the subsequent years for intense studies Kittredge's data suffer from two shortcomings: first, deposition ofvegetation development andgrowth. These plots were sampled rates were not measured directly, but were estimated using litter yearly for 10 years after the fire. fall and litter accumulation data; and second, litter organic content Jerome Horton, James Patric, and others, over a period of 30 was measured as a function of litter depth. The measurement of years, assembled a flora for the SDEF (Appendix A). There are litter organic content by litter depth may lead to erroneous conclu- over 500 species of plants in the SDEF in 288 genera and 83 sions in chaparral because of the difficulty in distinguishing the families. Nearly 15 percent of this flora is introduced (Mooney point at which litter ends and soil begins. and Parsons 1973). Mishler (1978) studied the systematics and ecology of mosses in the SDEF and compiled a moss flora

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-104. 1988 Fauna successional changes in vegetation over time. Lysimeters built in the early years of the Experimental Forest and planted to a number Woodrats (Neotoma sp.) were the first animals intensively stud- of different species for studies of water use, are now being used in ied on the Forest; in 1936 they numbered 78,000 or 4.6 per acre studies of soil nutrients, nitrogen fixation, and atmospheric depo- (11.4 per ha). Woodrat density is primarily determined by availa- sition. bility of food and especially availability of good nesting sites. The Major studies of national importance are being conducted on focus of the study was the effect of woodrat food consumption on the San Dimas Experimental Forest. For example, Tanbark Rats reproduction and development of natural vegetation (Horton and is an acid deposition monitoring site for the National Trends Wright 1944). At elevations below 4500 ft (1373 m) food storage Network and the National Acid Deposition Program. Wet fall was primarily new leaves and twigs of scrub oak and other samples are monitored for pH, conductivity, and the following chaparral species. At elevations above 4500 ft (1373 m) acorns of ions: Ca^, Mg^, K+,Na+,NH;, NO;, Cl-, SOi2, mi3,and H+. interior live oak (Quercus wislizeni) were the preferred food but Tanbark Rats has been found to have record high levels of NO;, new leaves of scrub oak, chaparral whitethom (Ceanothus leucod- which at times are above drinking water standards. An intensive ermis), and Eastwood manzanita (Arctostaphylos glandulosa) study of the gaseous forms and amounts of dry deposition is were also eaten. Woodrats were found to have no significant effect underway. Data collected from Tanbark Rats and 10 other Forest on vegetative cover except perhaps on acorn populations. Service-operated monitoring sites will be used to develop policy Effects of fire on animal populations and postfire animal suc- recommendations for Congress. The ultimate purpose of this cession have been studied. Some small mammals are killed research is to determine effects of acid deposition on forests. directly by fire, some flee, and others (such as kangaroo rats) take Studies of fire effects on chaparral watershed processes are refuge in burrows (Quinn 1979). Wirtz (1977) observed rapid currently being conducted on replicated watersheds in the San recovery of burrowing rodents on bum sites and slow reinvasion Dimas Experimental Forest that were prescribe-burned in October by other small mammals (i.e., woodrats and Peromyscus). Rodent 1984. Researchers are continuing to examine the effects of fire species richness and diversity was found to increase rapidly the intensity on sediment production, water yield, and regeneration first 2-3 years after fire (Wirtz 1982,1984; Quinn 1979). Rabbits success of Ceanothuschaparral. The study is acollaborative effort preferred to forage in adjacent coastal sage scrub, perennial grass, with contributionsfrom several universities andFederal, State and annual grass and recently burned areas than in mature chaparral local government agencies. (Larson 1985). A prescribed bum was conducted in winter 1986 in the 425 ha Avian repopulation of bum sites is rapid and limited only by the (1050 acres) Lodi Canyon in SDEF. Another bum was conducted availability of good nesting sites (Wirtz 1982). Avian diversity in the same general area to remove vegetation missed in the first and richness appears to increase in the early postfire years probably fire. The primary objective was to produce a smoke plume, which due to increased availability of food but overall trends were not was monitored by aircraft to determine physical and optical prop- clear (Alten 1981, Wirtz 1984). erties of smoke. Secondary objectives included these: characteri- Reptile activity was found to increase over time after fire on zation of the environment within the primary fire zone, estimation south-facing slopes perhaps due to increasing vegetation structure of nitrogen volatilization and energy release, characterization of (Simovich 1979). Insectsreach their highestrichness anddiversity biomass before and after fire and development of predictive the first year after fire on relatively small bum sites where they can models, and determination of nitrogen and carbon loss and soil easily migrate to the center of the bum (Force 1981). After the temperatures as a result of the fire. initial peak, there is an overall decline in insect richness and Research on the San Dimas Experimental Forest is expected to diversity the first 3 years followed by a dramatic peak the fourth continue far into the future. On the Forest research emphasis has year (Force 1982). WrightandHorton (195 1,1953)compileda list changed over the years. It began with basic measurement of of vertebrate fauna of SDEF. Appendix C is an updated list of the meteorologic and hydrologic phenomena as well as development vertebrate fauna of the SDEF. of equipment to facilitate this type of measurement. This was in support of early studies which examined water use by plants and attempted to increase water yields through type conversion. Stud- ON-GOING RESEARCH ies of sediment production and slope stabilization were conducted concurrently. The emphasis changed after the 1960 fire (which burned most of the Forest) and efforts were then focused on The accumulated database for replicated watersheds on the San emergency rehabilitation and revegetation. Current research Dimas Experimental Forest is the oldest in the western United examines sediment movement, prescribed burning, nutrient cy- States. Much of thecurrent research on the SDEFrests on the large cling, air pollution impacts as well as basic ecological studies on foundation of data developed since 1935. For example, early work recovery of flora and fauna after fire. Research planned for the on water budgeting in the San Dimas watersheds has led to current future includes remote sensing of vegetation and fire temperatures. research on atmospheric inputs and mobilization of nitrogen and As technology advances and research continues to change focus sulfur. Previous quantitative work on soil slips on the Experimen- based on the needs and interests of the day, the San Dimas tal Forest serves as a basis for current work on the geomechanical Experimental Forest will remain as a huge, protected field labora- mechanisms of soil slips. Vegetation plots established in the tory to be used by researchers throughout the world. 1920's and 1930's have been reexamined recently to determine

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-104.1988 Lomutium utriculatum (Nutt.) Disturbed area, APPENDIX A-FLORA Coult. & Rose Dalton firebreaks Osmorhiza brachypoda Torr. Common throughout Sanicula arguta Greene ex Coult. Dry grassy slopes, Flora of the San Dimas Experimental Forest are listed below al- & Rose < 2000 ft phabetically by family. This list was assembled from the 1930's Sanicula bipinnatifldaDougl, ex Openings, occasional through the 1950's and updated in August 1984. Hook Sanicula crassicaulis Poepp. ex. Shady, wooded DC. places ACERACEAE Sanicula tubcrosa Ton. Openings in Acer macrophyllum Pursh. Common, stream woodlands woodlands Tauscitia arguta (T. & G.) Macbr. Dry slopes and washes, throughout AGAVACEAE Tauschia parishii (Coult. & Rose) Dry Lake Yucca whipplei Torr. Abundant throughout Macbr.

AMARANTHACEAE APOCYNACEAE Amaranthus albus L. Disturbed areas Apocynum cannubinum L. Patches in stream Amaranthus retroflexus L. Rare in SDEF v. glaberrimum A. DC. woodland

AMARYLLIDACEAE ARALIACEAE Allium haemutochiton Wats. Grassy areas, Aralia californica Wats. Common, stream < 2000 f-. woodland Allium peninsulare Lemtnon Upper East Fork SDEF ASCLEPIADACEAE Bloomeria crocea (Ton-.) Cov. Occasional in Asclepias eriocarpa Benth. Dry portion of chaparral reservoir Brodiaea terrestris Kell. Rare, in grassy areas, Asclepias fascicularis Dcne Occasional in ssp. kernensis (Hoov.) < 2000 ft in A. DC. woodlands Niehaus Asclepias vestita H. & A. Dry, rocky places, rare Brodiaea pulchella (Salisb.) Common, open areas Greene ASPIDIACEAE Muilla maritima (Torr.) Wats. Throughout Cystopteris fragilis D. Bernh. Common, stream woodland/chaparral woodland Dryopteris arguta (Kaulf.) Watt. Common in stream and ANACARDIACEAE oak, throughout Rhus integrlfolia (Nutt.) Benth. Rare in Forest, Polystichum munitum (Kaulf.) Abundant, oak and & Hook < 2000 ft Presl. spruce woodland, Rhus laurina Nutt. in T. & G. Common open > 4000 ft chamise, < 3500 ft Rhus ovata Wats. Abundant in oak and ASTERACEAE chamise chaparral Achillea millefolium L. v. Oak and stream Rhus trilobata Nutt. ex T. & G. Common, cyn. lanulosa (Nutt.) Piper woodlands v. pilosissima Engler in DC. bottoms, throughout Agoseris grandiflora (Nutt.) Rare, Brown's Flat Toxicodendron diversiloba Frequent/stream Greene (T. & G.) Greene woodlands Agoseris heterophylla (Nutt.) Open grassy areas- Greene rare APIACEAE Agoseris retrorsa (Benth.) Greene Occasional throughout Angelica tomentosa Wats. Oak > 4000 ft; fire Ambrosia acanthicarpa Hook Common weed stimulated Ambrosia psilostachya DC. v. Occasional colonies Apiastrum angustifolium Nutt. Occasional, grassy callfornica (Rydb) Blake in T. & G. areas < 2000 ft Artemisia callfornica Less. Abundant in sagebrush Apium graveolem L. Occasional, moist areas < 2000 ft Caucalis microcarpa H. & A. Rare Artemisia douglasiana Bess. in Abundant along Conium maculatum L. Weed Hook. streams Daucus pusillus Michx. Common on dry slopes Aster hesperius Gray Common in Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Weed below Dalton s tream/woodland Dam Baccharis glutinosa Pers. Common along streams Lomatium dasycarpum (T. & G.) Openings in chamise Bidenspilosa L. Weed, Tanbark Flats Coult. & Rose > 2000 ft Brickellia callfornica (T. & G.) Common, open places Lomatium lucidum (Nutt.) Jeps. Oak chaparral Gray Brickellia nevinii Gray Occasional, drylrocky slopes

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-104. 1988 Calycadenia tenella (Nutt.) Occasional, grasslands, Haplopappus cuneatus Gray Rock outcrops and cliffs T. & G. Johnstone Peak Haplopappus parishii (Greene) Abundant throughout, Carduus tenuiflorus Curt. Weed, disturbed open Blake increases after bum areas Haplopappus pinifolius Gray Openings and disturbed Centawea cyanus L. Weed, disturbed open areas, throughout areas Haplopappus squarrosus H. & A. Common, dry or Centawea melitensis L. Common, grassy places disturbed areas Chaenactis artemisiaefolia Occasional, grassy Haplopappus suffruticosus Collected-Dalton Rd. (Harv. & Gray) Gray openings (Nutt.) Gray Chaenactis glabriscula DC. v. Occasional, dry Haplopappus venetus (HBK.) Disturbed places, low lanosa (DC.) Hall places Blake ssp. vernonioides (Nutt.) elevations Chaetopappa aurea (Nutt.) Keck Dry, grassy places, Hall > 2000 ft Helenium puberulum DC. Rare in stream Chrysanthemumparthenium (L.) Roadsides woodland Bemh. Helianthus annuus L. Occasional colonies Chrysopsis villosa (Pursh.) Occasional throughout ssp. lenticularis (Dougl.) Nutt. v. fastigiata (Greene) Ckll. Hall Helianthus gracilentus Gray Cornrnon/abundant Chrysothamnus nauseosus (Pall.) Disturbed areas Hemizonia ramosissima Benth. Not common, dry areas Britton ssp. consimilis < 2000 ft (Greene) Hall & Clem. Heterotheca grandiflora Nutt. Open areas, throughout Chrysothwwlus nauseosus (Pall.) Disturbed areas Hieracium argutum Nutt. v. Common in Britton ssp. hololeucus parishii (Gray) Jeps. openings (Gray) Hall & Clem. Hulsea heterochroma Gray Rare, oak chaparral/ Cirsiwn californicum Gray Common in chaparral woodland Cirsium occidentale (Nutt.) Jeps. Common roadside Hypochoeris glabra L. Weed Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq. Weed-Tanbark Flats Lactuca serriola L. Weed, common open Conyza cancdensis (L.) Cronq. Common weed grassy places places Lagophylla ramosissima Nutt. Open places Corethroeynefilaginifolia Dry Lake, openings Lasthenia chrysostorna (F.& M.) Open grassy areas (H. & A.) Nutt. v. bernardina in chamise chaparral Greene < 3000 ft (Abrams) Hall Layia glandulosa (Hook.) Openings in Fern Corethrogyne filaginifolia Common, grassy areas H. & A. ssp. glandulosa Canyon (H. & A.) Nutt. v. pinetorium Lepidosportum squanatum (Gray) Dry washes, low Jtn. Gray elevations Corethrogynefilaginifolia In dry, grassy places, Madia exigua (Sm.) Gray Outside forest, 4500 ft (H. & A.) Nutt. v. virgata low elevations Madia gracilis (Sm.) Keck. Openings, firebreaks (Benth.) Gray Malacothrix clevelandii Gray Openings throughout Cotula australis (Sieber) Hook. Weed in disturbed Malocothrix glabrata Gray In bum near Tanbark places Malacothrix saxatilis (Nutt.) Common below 3000 ft Erigeron foliosus Nutt. v. In chamise and oak T. & G. v. tenuifolia foliosus chaparral, bums (Nutt.) Gray Erigeron foliosus Nutt. v Common in disturbed Matricaria matricarioidos Common weed stenophyllus (Nutt.) Gray areas, bums (Less.) Porter Eriophyllum confertiflorum (DC.) Ridges and dry rocky Microseris linearifolia (DC.) Grassy openings Gray v. confertifolium slopes.abundant Sch.-Bip. Filago californica Nutt. Occasionally Perezia microcephela (DC.) Gray Occasional in charnise/ abundant, < 2000 ft oak c 3000 ft Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Rare weed Rajinesquia californica Nutt Occasional, oak, Gnaphalium beneolens A. Davids Common in openings in chamise chamise chaparral Senecio astephanus Greene Collected on N. Gnaphalium bicolor Bioletti Occasional in openings firebreak Gnaphalium californicum DC. Common in chamise/oak Senecio douglasii DC. Abundant throughout Gnaphalium chilense Spreng. Occasionallmoist v. douglasii washesldry places openings Senecio vulgaris L. Common weed Gnaphalium microcephalum Nutt. Occasional in Solidago californica Nutfc Common throughout chamise/oak forest Gnaphalium pwpwewn L. Occasional at low Sonchus asper (L.)Hill Weed-disturbed places elevations Sonchus oleraceus L. Disturbed places Grindelia camporum Greene Occasional grassy Stephanomeria cichoriacea Gray Common throughout places c 2000 ft Stephanomeria virgata Benth. Disturbed placeslgrassy Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh.) Rare, San Dirnas Wash openings throughout Britt. & Rusby. Stylocline gnaphalioides Nutt. San Dimas wash

USDA Forest Service Gen.Tech. Rep. PSW-104. 1988 Taraxacum offlcinale Wiggers Occasional weed Sisymbrium altissimum L. Weed, open grassy Tetradymia comaGray Rare places Venegasia carpeswides DC. Occasional, stream Sisymbrium irio L. Common weed woodland Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. Weed, grassy places Xanthium strumarium L. v. Weed Thelypodium lasiophyllum Occasional canadense (Mill.) T. & G. (H. & A.) Greene v. laswphyllum Thysanocarpus laciniatus Nutt. Grassy openings in BERBERIDACEAE ex T. & G. v. crenatus oak/ chamise Berberis dictyota Jeps. Locally common, (Nutt.) Brew. N. Fork CACTACEAE BETULACEAE Opuntiahybrid population In meadow below Ainus rhombifolia Nutt. Along stream woodland "occidentalis" San Dimas Dam

BLECHNACEAE CAMPANULACEAE Woodwardiafimbriata Sm. In wet areas, throughout Githopsis specularioides Nutt. Bums, open or disturbed in Rees places/oak and chamise chaparral BORAGINACEAE Heterocodon rariflorum Nutt. Rare, grassy areas, Amsinckia intermedia F. & M. Occasional, disturbed incl. Brown's Rat areas, firebreaks Lobelia dunnii Greene v. Common along Cryptanthaflaccida (Dougl.) Rare, disturbed areas serrata (Gray) McVaugh streams Greene in chamise Triodanis biflora (R. & P.) Open area near stream Cryptantha intermedia (Gray) Abundant, disturbed McVaugh Greene or burned areas, chamise chaparral CAPRIFOLIACEAE Cryptantha muritimu (Greene) Fern Cyn. only Lonicera subspicata H. & A. Abundant oak/chamise Cryptantha micromeres (Gray) Disturbed areas chaparral Greene Sambucus mexicana Raf. Occasional in chaparral Cryptantha microstachys Disturbed areas Symphoricarpos mollis Nutt. Throughout shady (Greene ex Gray) Greene Tanbark inT. &G. slopes in chaparral Cryptantha muricata (H. & A.) In washes or rocky v. jonesii (Gray) Jtn. open slopes CARYOPHYLLACEAE Pectocarya penicillata (H. & A.) Occasional/sandy Arenaria douglasii Fed. Occasional throughout A. DC. washes<1500 ft ex T. & G. Plagwbothrys nothofulvu. (Gray) Rare, open grassy areas Cerastium glomeratum (L.) Thill Disturbed areas Gray < 2000 ft < 3000 ft Polycarpon tetraphyllum (L.) L. Only at flume West Fork BRASSICACEAE Silene antirrhina L. Only in Sycamore Flat Arabis glabra (L.) Bernh. Common, stream/ Silene gallica L. Weed along roads/trails woodland Silene laciniata Cav. ssp, major Openings or shady Arabis sparsiflora Nutt. in Common in openings Hitchc. & Maguire places, oak/chamise T. & G. v. arcuata (Nutt.) throughout chaparral chaparral Roll Silene kmmonii Wats. Woodland, higher Athysanus pusillus (Hook.) Occasional, grassy elevation Greene openings Silene multinervia Wats. Bums/disturbed places Brassica geniculata (Desf.) Occasional weed Spergula arvensis L. Openings, lower J. Ball elevations Brassica nigra (L.) Koch. Occasional weed Spergularia villosa (Pers.)Camb. Weed Brassica rapa L. ssp. sylvestris Occasional weed Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Common weedfmoist (L.) Janchen places Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Disturbed areas Stellaria nitens (Nutt.) Occasional along trails Medic. Cardarnine californica (Nutt.) Rare, stream woodland CHENOPODIACEAE Greene Chenopodium album L. Occasional weed Cardamine oligosperrna Nutt. Common in stream/oak Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Occasional weed woodland Chenopodium californicum Occasional/stream Erysimum capitatum (Dougl.) Dry, rocky (WatsJWats. woodland Greene slopes/chamise Chenopodiumpumilio R.Br. Occasional weed Lepidium virginicum L. v. Disturbed areas Salsola iberica Semen & Pau Throughout weed/ pubescens (Greene) Thell disturbed grassy Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum Rare, streams areas (L.) Schiiz & Thell

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep.PSW-104.1988 CISTACEAE Euphorbia melanadenia Ton. Chamise chaparral, Helianthemum scoparium Occasional, in c2000ft Nutt. v. vulgare Jeps. openings < 4000 ft Euphorbia peplus L. Weed Euphorbiapolycarpa Benth. Rare, dry, rocky CONVOLVULACEAE v. polycarpa openings Convolvulus occidentalis Gray Openings, chaparral/ Euphorbia serpyllifolia Pers. Not common, Tanbark woodland, native Flats to more N. sites Euphorbia spathulata Lam. Grassland, c 2000 ft Cuscuta californica H. & A. Parasite throughout Ricinus communis L. Weed along roads forest Cuscuta ceanothi Ser. Tanbark Flats parasitic FABACEAE Cuscuta suaveolens Behr. Introduced weed Amorpha californica Nutt. Openings in oaks/ woodland,< 3000 ft CRASSULACEAE Astragalus gambelianus Sheld. Grassy areas, < 2000 ft Crassula erecta (H. & A.) Berger Common, grassy Lathyrus laetiflorus Greene Common vine in oak places, c 2000 ft alefeldii (White) Brads chaparral throughout Dudleya cymosa (Lem.) Britt. & Common, rocky areas Lotus argophyllus (Gray) Greene Oak woodland > 4000 ft Rose ssp. minor (Rose) Moran ssp. decorus (Jtn.) Mum Dudleya lanceolata (Nutt.) Britt. Openings, coastal Comb. Nov. & Rose sagebrush Lotus crassifolius (Benth.) Common on firebreaks Dudleya multicaulis (Rose) Moran Rare Greene /bums > 4500 ft ~edukspathulifolik ~ook. Only in Fern Canyon, Lotus hamatus Greene Firebreaks ssp. anomalum (Britt.) 3000-4000 ft Lotus heermannii (Dur. & Hilg.) Opening in streams/ Clausen and Uhl Greene chaparral CUCURBITACEAE Lotus micranthus Benth. Firebreaks/openings Marah macrocarpus Chamise and oak Lotus oblongifolius (Benth.) Occasional, stream (Greene) Greene chaparral, c 4000 ft Greene woodland Lotus purshianus (Benth.) Clem. Occasional, dry CUPRESSACEAE & Clem. open grassy places Calocedrus decurrens (Ton.) Scattered, isolated, Lotus salsuginosis Greene Occasional chamise Florin >4000 ft ssp. sasuginosus Lotus scoparius (Nutt. in T. & G.) Abundant, dry areas and CYPERACEAE Ottley ssp. scoparius bums < 4000 ft Carex alma Bailey Common in stream Lotus strigosus (Nutt. in Common throughout woodland T. & G.) Greene Carex globosa Boon. Openings in oak Lotus subpimatus Lag. Dry, grassy openings, woodland < 1500 ft Carex lanuginosa Michx. Stream woodland Lupinus adsurgens E. Drew Collected in 1961 bum Carex multicaulis Bailey Common in woodland Lupinus bicolor Lindl. Occasional Carex nebrascensis Dewey Stream woodland Lupinus formosus Greene Open places throughout Carex spissa Bailey Stream woodland v.formosus Carex triquetra Boon. Lower level grasslands Lupinus hirsutissimus Benth. Open places chaparral Lupinus latifolius Agardh. Occasional DATISTACEAE v.parishii C. P. Sm. Datisca glomerata (Presl.) Baill. Common throughout Lupinus longifolius (Wats.) Abundant on disturbed Abrams and open areas, EQUISETACEAE dominant on bums Equisetum laevigatum A. Br. Common, stream Lupinus sparsiflorus Benth. Openings in chaparral woodland ssp. sparsiflorus Equisetum telmateia Eluh. v. Stream woodland Lupinus truncatus Nutt. ex Openings grassy places braunii Mil& H. & A. Medicago lupulina L. Occasional in grassy ERICACEAE areas Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw. Abundant throughout Medicago polymorpha L. Common weed Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl. Chamise chaparral, Melilotus indicus (L.) All. Roadside weed destroyed by closely Pickeringia montana Nutt. Chamise chaparral, repeated fires Bell Cyn. #1, rare Psoralea physodes Dougl. Open spots, streams EUPHORBIACEAE Trifolium albopurpweum T. & G. Grassy places, rare Croton californicus Muell. Arg. Dry, sandy area Trifolium ciliolatum Benth. Grassy places < 3000 ft v. californicus Trifolium gracilentum T. & G. Open, grassy places Eremocarpus setigerus (Hook.) Occasional, grassy Trifolium microcephalum Pursh. Occasional, grassy Benth. areas, < 3000 ft places

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-104. 1988 Trifolium obtusiflorum Hook. Stream woodland, moist Phacelia brachyloba (Benth.) Occasional except after Trifolium tridentatum Lindl. Monroe Canyon only Gray 1938bum v. aciculare (Nutt.) McDer. Phacelia cicutaria Greene Common in chaparral, v. hispida (Gray) J. T. Howell abundant after FAGACEAE bums Quercus agrifolia Nee. Dominant in woodland, Phacelia curvipes Ton". ex Wats. Dry Lake only, openings v. agrifolia < 3500 ft Phacelia distam Benth. Dry open grassy places, Quercus chrysolepis Liebm. Above 4000 ft dominant < 2000 ft in oak woodland, Phacelia grandiflora (Benth.) Open or disturbed area occasional below Gray 4000 ft Phacelia imbricata Greene ssp. Dry openings, bums Quercus dumosa Nutt. Dominant in oak patula (Brand) Heckard chaparral mostly Phacelia longipes Torr. ex Gray Roadside south of < 4000 ft Dry Lake Quercus engelmannii Greene Rare, several PhaceZia minor (Harv.) Thell. Common throughout individuals on SW Phacelia parryi Torr. Rare slope Johnstone Peak Phacelia ramsissima Dougl. ex Common, abundant Quercus morehus Kell. Rare, only 2 individuals, Lehrn. v. suffrutescens Parry inburns 5000 ft Phacelia viscida (Benth.) Torr. Occasional Quercus wislizenii A. DC. Dominant in oak Pholistoma auritum (Lindl.) Common, < 3000 ft v.frutescens Engelm chaparral above Lilja. 4000 ft, common Turricula parryi (Gray) Macbr. On firebreaks, dominant <4000 ft after burning chaparral GARRYACEAE Garrya veatchii Kell. Abundant in and oak IRIDACEAE chaparral Sisyrinchium bellum Wats. Moist, grassy places, broadleaved < 2500 ft GENTIANACEAE Centaurium venustum (Gray) Rob. Common, grassy JUGLANDACEAE places, < 2000 ft Juglans calijornica Wats. Woodlands < 4000 ft Frasera parryi Tom. Grassy areas south of San Dimas Dam JUNCACEAE Juncus balticus Willd. Meadow, below San GERANIACEAE Dimas Dam 1400 ft Erodium botrys (Cav.) Bertol. Grassy places, Juncus bufonius L. Only at Big Dalton Dam openings, < 2000 ft Juncus macrophy llus Cov. Stream woodland Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Her. Common in openings Juncus oxymeris Englem. Stream woodland throughout Juncus rugulosus Englem. Stream woodland Erodium macrophyllum H. & A. Grassy places, < 2000 ft Juncus textilis Buch. Stream woodland Erodium moschatum (L.) L'Her. Openings on better sites < 2000 ft LAMIACEAE Geranium carolinianwn L. Stream woodland, Lepechiniafragrans(Greene) Epl. Common oak chaparral Marrubium vulgare L. Common weed Mentha peperita L. Weed at Tanbark HYDROPHYLLACEAE Monardella lanceolata Gray Common, dry places Emmenanthe penduliflora Benth. Disturbed areas, bums Monardella lanceolata Gray v. Brown's Rat Eriodictyon crassifolium Benth. Openings, disturbed glandulifera Jtn. areas, west side of Monardella macrantha Gray Dry, exposed openings Monroe Cyn. Monardella viridis Jeps. ssp. Dry openings Eriodictyon trichocalyx Heller Abundant throughout saxicola (Jtn.) Ewan oak and chamise Pycnanthemum californicum Torr. Occasional in openings chaparral Salvia apiana Jeps. Abundant, dry,rocky Eucrypta chrysanthemifolia Disturbed places places (Benth.) Greene v. Salvia columbariae Benth. Common on open chrysanthemifolia v. columbariae areas and bums Nemophila memiesii H. & A. Throughout grassy Salvia mellifera Greene Abundant in chamise ssp. memiesii openings Scutellaria tuberose Benth. Grassy openings < 2500 ft Nemophila memiesii H. & A. Stream woodland, Stachys albens Gray Common in openings ssp. integrifolia (Parish) oak chaparral Trichostema lanceolatum Benth. Grassy areas Munz Trichostema parishii Vasey Chamise chaparral

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-104. 1988 LAURACEAE Camissonia strigulosa (Fisch. & Recorded from Brown's Umbellulariacalifornica Stream and oak Meyer) Raven Flat only (H. & A.) Nutt woodland at higher Clarkia dudleyana (Abrams) . Common, grassy areas elevations Macbr Clarkia epilobioides (Nutt.) Nels. Occasional < 2500 ft LILIACEAE & Macbr. Calochortus albus Dougl. ex Occasional in stream Clarkia purpurea (Curt.) Nels. & Low elevation, Benth. woodland Macbr. ssp. quadrivulnera grassy areas Calochortus cakalinae Wats. Common, grasslands, (Dougl.) Lewis & Lewis < 2000 ft Clarkia rhomboidea Dougl. Dry Lake, open areas, Calochortus clavatus Wats. Rare Fern Cyn. v. gracilis Ownbey Clarkia sirnilis Lewis & Ernst. East Fork San Dirnas Calochortusplummerae Greene Occasional in charnise Clarkia unguiculata Lidl. Shady places, chamise Calochortus splendens Dougl. Grassy areas Epilobiurn adenocaulon Hausskn. Stream woodland ex Benth. v. parishii (Trel.) Mum Chlorogalumporneridianwn Often abundant Epilobiurn glaberrimum Barb. Stream woodland (DC.) Kunth. Epilobium minutum Lindl. ex Dry openings, chamise, Fritillaria biflora Lindl. Common in grassland Hook.native to more <2000 ft N. sites Liliurn humboldtii Roezl. & Common < 3000 ft Epilobium paniculatum Nutt. ex Openings, disturbed Leichtl. v. ocellatum T. & G. dry places in chamise (Kell.) Elwes. chaparral Zigademusfremontii Ton". Not common, found Gayophytum ramosissimum Rare, grassy areas, v.fremontii in Little Dalton T. & G. 5000 ft Dry Lake chamise Oemthera Hookeri T. & G. Rare, stream woodland Oenothera micrantha Homem. ex Bums, disturbed areas LO AS ACEAE Spreng Mentzelia congesta T. & G. Disturbed, < 5000 ft Zauschneria californica Presl. Common throughout Mentzelia dispersa Wats. Bums or disturbed, ssp. californica v. obtusa Jeps. > 4000 ft Zauschneria californica Presl, Not commonTanbark Mentzelia laevicaulis (Dougl. Occasional roadsides, ssp. latifolia (Hook.) Keck Flats and Fern ex Hook.) T. & G. dry washes Canyon throughout Zauschneria cam Greene Occasional chamise Mentzelia micrantha Bums, disturbed places chaparral (H. & A.) T. & G. ORCHIDACEAE Epipactis gigantea Dougl. ex Rare in steep areas LYTHRACEAE Hook. Lythrum californicum T. & G. Occasional,stream Habenaria elegans (Lindl.) Occasional in woodland Boland woodlands Habenaria unalascensis (Spreng.) Rare, grassy areas MALVACEAE Wats. < 2000 ft Malacothamnusfasciculatus Openings in chamise (Nutt.) Greene < 4000 ft OROBANCHACEAE Orobanche bulbosa (Gray.) Parasitic on chamise NYCTAGINACEAE G. Beck. roots Mirabilis laevis (Benth.) Curran. Dry, stony places Orobanche fzsciculata Nutt. Parasitic Orobanche unijYora L. ssp. Parasitic OLEACEAE occidentalisFerris Fraxinus dipetala H. & A. Oak chaparral and stream woodland OXALIDACEAE Fraxinus latifolia Benth. Rare, oak chaparral, Oxalis albicans ssp. californica Sage brush and grass one shrub Bell #4 (Abrams) Knuth. Eiten < 2000 ft Oxah corniculata L. Weed, Tanbark lawn ONAGRACEAE Carnissonia bistorta Dry washes, south of PAEONIACEAE (Nutt. ex T. & G.) Raven SDEF Paeonia californica Nutt. ex Common in open Carnissonia californica (Nutt. ex Bums, disturbed places T. & G. chamise < 3000 ft T. & G.) Raven Camissonia hirtella (Greene) Disturbed areas PAPAVERACEAE Raven Dicentra chrysuntha (H. & A.) Common on disturbed Camissonia igmta (Jeps.) Raven Dry washes, low Walp. places, burned oak elevation chaparral

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-104.1988 Eschscholzia caespitosa Benth. Grassy places Browrubens L. Dominant grass ssp. caespitosa throughout forest Eschscholzia californica Cham. Grassy places Browtectorwn L. Dominant grass, Meconella oregana Nutt. in Stream, oaks especially after fire T. & G.v. denticulata (Greene) Common throughout Bromus tectorwn L. v. glabratus In openings above Jeps. Spenner. 4000 ft Papaver callfornicum Gray Uncommon Bromus trinii Desv. in Gay Rare, Tanbark Rats Platystemon californicus Benth. Rare, Dalton Cyn. Cenchrus incertus M. A. Curtis Weed v. crinitus Greene Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pen. Common weed Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Occasional weed PINACEAE Echinochha crusgalli (L.) Beauv. Weed, introduced, Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Scattered trees, Fern v. zelayensis (HBK) Hitchc. more common Lindl. Cyn. 5000 ft fartherN. Pinus lamhertiana Dougl. Few trees, 5000 ft Elymus condensatus Presl. Common throughout Pinus ponderosa Laws. Dominant tree in Elymus glaucus Buckl. Occasional in openings Brown's Rat Festuca megalura Nutt Common in openings, scattered elsewhere, burns 5000 ft Festuca octoflora Walt. Occasional in Pseudotsuga macrocarpa (Vasey) Dominant, Big Cone disturbed areas May. Spruce Forest Festuca reflexa Buckl. Occasional in grassy areas PLANTAGINACEAE Gastridium ventricoswn (Gouan) Rare, openings and Plantago hookeriana v. Common < 2000 ft Schinz. & Thell. disturbed places callfornica (Greene) Poe. Hordewn californicwn Covas. & Weed Plantago virginica L. Weed, Lawn, Steb. Tanbark Flats Hordeum glaucum Steud. Weed Imperata brevifolia Vasey Rare in 2 wet seeps, PLATANACEAE San Dimas Cyn. Platanus racemosa Nutt, Dominant, dry stream 2000 ft <4500 ft Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Meadow 1400 ft Spreng. POACEAE Lamarckia aurea (L.) Moench. Common weed Agropyron subsecundum (Link:) Abundant throughout, Melica imperfects Trin. Abundant open, Hitchc. native to more disturbed areas N. sites Muhlenbergia microsperma (DC.) Only outside SDEF, Agrostis diegoensis Vasey Occasional, open Kunth. Dalton wash grassy areas Muhlenbergia rigens (Benth.) Abundant throughout Agrostis exarata Trin. Occasional, oak Hitchc. chaparral Pemiseturn setaceum (Forsk.) One recording, Agrostis semiverticillata (Forsk) Common < 3500 ft Chiov Monroe cyn. c.Chr. Phalaris minor Retz. Rare, firebreaks Aristida adscensionis L. Dry open places Poa amma L. Weed and grasslands < 3500 ft Poa sandbergii Vasey Occasional grassy Aristida divaricata Humb. & Disturbed area, chamise places, abundant Bonpl. ex Willd. chaparral Dry Lake, native Aristida parishii Hitchc. Dry openings, chamise to Great Basin Avena barbata Brot. Common weed Poa scabrella (Thurb.) Benth. ex Common, openings Avena sativa L. Occasional weed Vasey Bothriochloa barbirwdis (Lag.) Charnise, dry slopes Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Common, moist, open Herder < 2000 ft Desf. places Bromus arenarius Labill. Weed, disturbed areas Setaria lutescens (Weigl.) Weed Bromus breviaristatus Buckl. Monroe Canyon stream Hubbard channel only Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. Occasionally on waste Bromus carinatus H. & A. Common in woodlands Sitanionjubatum J. G. Sm. Herbarium collection and oak chaparral Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Weed, wet places throughout Stipa coronata Thurb. in Wats. Abundant in openings Bromus diandrus Roth Dominant grass in Stipa lepida Hitchc. Openings, disturbed openings < 4000 ft areas Bromus grandis (Shear) Hitchc. Abundant throughout Stipapukhra Hitchc. Openings in chamise, in Jeps. oak Bromus mollis L. Common weed Bromus orcuttianus (Hook.) Disturbed areas, Shear. > 4000 ft

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-104. 1988 POLEMONIACEAE Calyptridiummonandrum Nutt. Occasional, disturbed Allophyllum divaricatum (Nutt.) Common in shady inT. & G. areas A. & V. Grant grassy areas, Claytonia perfoliata (Dom)v. Abundant, especially dominant herb in perfoliata after fire in woodland and oak woodland chaparral after fire Eriastrum sapphirinum (Eastw.) Common PRIMULACEAE Mason Anagallis arvensis L. Weed, grassy areas Gilia achilleaefolia Benth. ssp. Grassy areas Dodecatheon clevelandii Greene. Orassy, open places multicaulis (Benth.) V. & A. < 2000 ft < 2000 ft Grant Gilia angelensis Grant. Dalton Canyon PTERIDACEAE Gilia capitata Sirns ssp. Occasional Adiantum capillus-venerisL. Coitunftrt, stream abrotanifolia(Nutt. ex woodland Greene) V. Grant. Adianturn jordani K. Muell. Stream and oak. Gilia latiflora (Gray) Gray Occasional, common woodlands in burns Adiantumpedatum L. v. Rare stream woodland, Ipomopsis tenuifolia (Gray) In grassy areas, aleuticumRupt. moist seeps. V. Grant dominant in all Cheilianthus californica Mett. Occasional, shady types after bum slopes Leptodactylon californicum Dry areas and burns Cheilianthus covillei Maxon. Common, dry,rocky H. & A. throughout slopes Linanthus breviculus (Gray) Occasional Pellaea andromedaefolia (Kaulf.) Common, dry, rocky Greene throughout Fee. v. andromedaefolia places Linanthus dianthiflorus (Benth.) Not common, Pellaea mucronata (D.C. Eat.) Common, cliffs, dry, Greene grassland < 2000 ft D.C. Eat. rocky slopes Linanthus liniflorus (Benth.) Rare Pityrogramma triangularis Common, throughout Greene ssp. pharnaceoides (Kaulf.) Maxon. (Benth.) Mason Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn v. Often abundant in Navarretia atractyloides (Benth.) Chamise, low pubescens Underw. stream and oak H. & A. elevations woodland

RANUNCULACEAE POLYGONACEAE Aquilegia formosa Fisch. in DC. Common throughout Chorizanthe procwnbens Nutt. Only in San Dirnas wash v. truncata (F. & M.) Baker in moist areas Chorizanthe staticoides Benth. Often abundant Clematis lasiantha Nutt. in Common throughout ssp. staticoides <4000 ft T. & G. Eriogonum davidsonii Greene. Ponderosa pine, dry Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt. in Stream woodland rocky places T. & G. c 3000 ft Eriogonum elongatum Benth. In chamise chaparral Clematispauciflora Nutt. in Occasional in sage, Eriogonum fasciculatum Benth. Abundant, often T. & G. chaparral ssp.foliosum (Benth.) Stokes, dominant, sage, road Delphinium cardinale Hook. Common in stream slopes woodlands Eriogonumfdsciculatum Benth. Common in openings Delphinium parryi Gray Common, dry, grassy ssp. pollfolium (Benth.) > 4500 ft areas Stokes. Delphinium patens Benth. Common in openings Eriogonum gracile Benth. Dry, rocky openings throughout Eriogonum saxatile Wats. Dry openings, woodland Ranunculus californicus Benth. Only on west side of Polygonum aviculare L. Rare, weed, disturbed v. californicus Johnstone Peak areas Thalictrumpolycarpum (Torr.) Occasional, stream Pterostegia drymarioides F. & M. Common, shady places Wats. woodland Rumex crispus L. Weed of openings Rumobtuslfolius L. ssp. Openings in stream RHAMNACEAE agrestis (Fries.) Danser woodland, weed Ceanothus crassifolius Torr. Usually a dominant in Rumex salicifolius Weinm. Stream woodland, weed chamise chaparral Ceanothus integerrimus H. & A. Abundant in oak POLYPODIACEAE woodland > 4000 ft Polypodium californicum Kaulf. Common, often especially after abundant recent bums Ceanothus leucodermis Greene Dominant shrub in PORTULACACEAE chaparral >4000 ft, Calandrinia ciliata (R. & P.) Occasional occasional below DC. v. menziesii (Hook.) Macbr.

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-104. 1988 Cewwthus oliganthus Nutt. in A dominant in oak Lithophragma affine Gray. Openings throughout T. & G. chaparral < 4000 ft Lithophragma heterophylla Stream and woodland for 25 yrs after (H. & A.) T. & G. throughout. burning Ribes amarum McClat. Common in understory Rhamnus californica Esch. Common understory, Ribes aureum Pursh Rare, gravel washes, throughout v. gracillimwn south of Forest Rhamnus crocea Nutt. in T. & G. Occasional, dry washes (Cov. & Britt.) Jeps < 2000 ft Ribes californicum H. & A. v. Common, stream Rhamnus illicifolia Kell. Common, chaparral hesperium (McClat.) Jeps. woodland Ribes indecorum Eastw. Few shrubs in chamise ROSACEAE < 2000 ft Adenostoma fasciculatum H. & A. Dominant throughout Ribes malvaceum Sm. Common, canyon Cercocarpus betuloides Nutt. ex Abundant in chamise bottoms throughout T. & G. and oak chaparral Ribes roezlii Regel. Common, oak Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt. One shrub in oak woodland > 4000 ft chaparral. Brown's Ribes speciosum Pursh. One shrub, San Dimas Flat Guard Station Heteromeles arbutifolia M. Roem. Abundant, oak Saxifraga californica Greene. In shady places, oak chaparral, c 4500 ft chaparral, woodlands Holodiscus discolor (Pursh.) Uncommon, Johnstone Maxim. Peak, 3000 ft SCROPHULARIACEAE Potentilla glandulosa Lindl. Common throughout Antirrhinum coulterianum Benth. Grassy areas and Prunus ilicifolia (Nutt.) Walp. Common in oak in DC. disturbed places chaparral Antirrhinum kelloggii Greene Dry slopes, < 2000 ft Rosa californica C. & S. Common, stream Antirrhinum multiflorum Perm. Disturbed areas, bums woodland Castilleja applegatei Fern. Collected in Fern Cyn Rubus ursinus C. & S. Common, stream bum, more common woodland farther north Castillejafoliolosa H. & A. Common, dry RUBIACEAE washes, openings Galium angustifolium Nutt. in Common, chamise Castilleja miniata Dougl. ex Occasional in T. & G. chaparral, also bums Hook. woodlands in woodland Castilleja stenantha Gray. Occasional, stream Galium aparine L. Common, shaded areas woodland Galium grande McClat. Common in oak Collinsia childii Parry ex Gray Dry, shaded places, oak woodland, bums woodland, chaparral, Galium nuttallii Gray Frequent, chamise bums chaparral Collinsia heterophylla Buist. ex Oak woodland, Sherardia arvensis L. Weed, Tanbark Rats Grah. austronwntana (Newsom) grassy areas Munz throughout ALICACEAE Collinsia parryi Gray. Disturbed or open areas Populus fremontii Wats. v. Scattered trees in San Cordylanthus rigidus (Benth.) Disturbed places fremontii Dimas Cyn. Rume Jeps. ssp. brevibracteatus throughout, bums #6 to reservoir (Gray) Munz Populus trichocarpa T. & G. Dominant in stream Keckiella cordifolia (Benth.) Common vine woodland Straw throughout Salk hindsiana Benth. v. Occasional below Keckiella ternata Common chamise leucodendroides (Rowlee) Ball Dalton Dam (Torr. ex Gray) chaparral, abundant Salk laevigata Bebb. Common, stream Straw ssp. ternata on burns woodland < 3000 ft Linaria canadensis (L.) Sandy Dalton Wash, Salk lasiandra Benth. Stream woodlands Durn.-Cows. v. texana 1200 ft < 3000 ft (Scheele) Perm. Salk lasiolepis Benth. Strearn woodlands Mimulus Bolanderi Gray Bum in Fern #1, native throughout farther north Mimulus brevipes Benth. Common, chamise and SALVINIACEAE oak chaparral Azollafiliculoides Lam. Floating weed in Mimulus cardinalis Dougl. ex Common, stream San Dimas reservoir Benth. woodland, oak SAXIFRAGACEAE Mimulusfloribundus Dougl. ex Stream woodland Boykinia rotundifolia Parry. Common Lindl. throughout Heuchera elegans Abrams. Only from a rocky point, Mimulusfremontii (Benth.) Gray San Dirnas wash south of Dry Lake, Mimulus guttatus Fisch. ex DC. Abundant, stream 5000 ft woodland

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-104.1988 Mimulus longiflorus (Nutt.) Abundant throughout WTACEAE Grant ssp. longiflorus Vitis girdiana Munson. Stream woodland Mimulus longiflorus v. rutilus Coastal sagebrush < 3000 ft Grant Mimuluspilosus (Benth.) Wats. Stream woodland1 ZYGOPHYLLACEAE chaparral Tribulus terrestris L. Weed Orthocarpuspurpurascens Benth. Grassy, open places < 2000 ft Pedicularis densiflora Benth. ex Rare, Monroe Cyn. Hook. Penstemon heterophyllus Lindl. Occasional, openings Penstemon spectabilis Thurb. ex Common, chaparral, Gray. abundant on bums Scrophularia californica C. & S. Throughout in oak APPENDIX B-MOSSES v. floribunda chaparral,woodlands, abundant on bums Verbascum blattaria L. Weed Verbascum virgatwn Stokes ex Weed Moss species of the San Dimas Experimental Forest are listed With. below alphabetically by family. Numbers indicate the presence of the moss species in these plant communities (Mishler 1978): SELAGINELLACEAE 1-Lake, pond, and quiet stream aquatic Selaginella bigelovii Underw. Abundant, open areas 2-Reservoir semiaquatic 3-Riparian woodland SOLANACEAE 4-Inland sage scrub Datura meteloides A. DC. Sandy, gravelly open 5ÑSouther mixed evergreen forest places 6ÑSouther oak woodland Datura stramonium L. v. tatula Disturbed places 7-Mixed chaparral (L.) Torr. Nicotiana glauca Grah. Common, disturbed AMBLY STEGIACEAE areas Amblystegiumjuratzkanwn Schimp. Physalis philadelphia Lam. Weed at Tanbark Amblystegium varium (Hedw.) Lidb. Solarium douglasii Dunal in DC. Shady, open places Cratoneuronfilicinum (Hedw.) Spruce Solarium xanti Gray Common in openings, Leptodictyum riparium (Hedw.) Wamst. abundant on bums Leptodictyum trichopodium (Schultz) TYPHACEAE Warnst. Typha latifolia L. Marshy places, along BARTRAMIACEAE streams Anacolia menziesii (Turn.) Paris URTICACEAE BRACHYTHECIACEAE Urtica holosericea Nutt. Stream woodland Brachytheciwnfrigidwn (C. Muell.) VALERIANACEAE Besch. Brachythecium velutimum (Hedw.) Plectr itis ciliosa (Greene) Jeps . Occasional, stream ssp. insignis (Suksd.) Morey woodland B.S.G. Homalothecium nevadense (Lesq.) Ren. VERBENACEAE & Card. Scleropodium cespitans (C. Muell.) Verbena lasiostachys Link. Occasional in shady L. Koch woodlands Scleropodium obtusifolium (Jaeg. & Sauerb.) Kindb. ex Macoun. & Kindb. VIOLACEAE Scleropodiwn tourettei (Bird.) L. Koch Violapedunculata T. & G. Rare, < 2000 ft Viola purpurea Kell. not Stev. Common grassy BRYACEAE ssp. purpurea areas. Dry Lake Bryum argenteum Hedw. Viola sheltonii Ton". Occasional oak Bryum bicolor Dicks. woodland > 4000 ft Bryum caespiticiwn Hedw. VISCACEAE Bryum capillare Hedw. Bryum gemmiparum De Not. Phoradendron villosum (Nutt. in Common throughout, Bryum miniatum Lesq. T. & G. Nutt. parasite on oak Leptobryum pyriforme (Hedw.) Wils. and many others Pohlia wahlenbergii (Web. & Mohr.) Andr.

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-104. 1988 CRYPHAECEAE POLYTRICHACEAE Dendroalsia abietina (Hook.) Brid. Polytrichwn piliferum Hedw.

DICRANACEAE POTTIACEAE Dicranella varia (Hedw.) Schimp. Aloim rigida (Hedw.) Limp. Dicranoweisia cirrata (Hedw.) Lidb. Barbula brachyphylla Sull. ex Milde Barbula convoluta Hedw. Ba.rbu.la cylindrica (Tayl. ex Mackay) DITRICHACEAE Schimp. ex Boul. Ceratodonpwpureus (Ftedw.) Brid. Barbula vinealis Brid. Pleuridium bolanderi C. Muell. ex Crumia latifolia (Kindb. ex Macoun) Jaeg. Schof. Desmatodon latifolius (Hedw.) Brid. FAB RONIACEAE Didymodon tophaceus (Brid.) Lisa Fabronia pusilla Raddi Eucladium verticillatum (Brid.) B.S.G. Gymnostomum cakarewn Nees, FISSIDENTACEAE Hornesch. & Sturm. Fissidens grandifions Brid. Gymnostomum recurvirostrwn Hedw. Fissidens limbatus Sull. Timmiella crassinervis (Hampe.) L. Kwh. FUNARIACEAE Tortula bartramii Steere Funaria hygrometrica Hedw, Tortula bolanderi (Lesq.) Howe Tortula brevipes (Lesq.) Broth. Funaria muhlenbergii R. Hedw. ex Turn Tortula inermis (Brid.) Mont. Tortula laevipila (Brid.) Schwaegr. GRIMMIACEAE Tortula ruralis (Hedw.) Gaertn., Meyer Grimmia alpicola v. dupretii (Ther.) & Scherb. v. crinita Grimmla apocarpa Hedw. Tortula ruralis (Hedw.) Gaertn., Meyer Grimmia hartmanii Schimp. v. & Scherb. v. rwalis hartmanii Toriula subulata Hedw. Grimmia laevigata (Brid.) Brid. Weissia controversa Hedw. Grimmia pulvinata (Hedw.) Sm. Grimmia tenerrima Ren. & Card. THUIDIACEAE Grimmia trichophylla Grev. Claopodiwn whippleanum (Sull.) Ren. & Card. LEUCODONTACEAE Antitrichia callfornica Sull. ex Lesq. Pterogiynlum gracile (Hedw.) Sm.

ORTHOTRICHACEAE Orthotrichum laevigatum Zett. Orthotrichm lyellii Hook. & Tayl. Orthotrickurn rupestre Schleich. ex Schwaegr. Orthotrichum tenellum Bnich. ex Brid.

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-104. 1988 APPENDIX C-VERTEBRATE FAUNA General status and distribution:

The following is a list of the vertebrate fauna (except fish) that Amphibians, reptiles, and mammals have been observed, known or predicted to occur, in and within 1 Abundant = Almost always present in high numbers within the km (0.62 mi) of the San Dimas Experimental Forest. This list range and suitable habitat of the species. incorporates the current taxonomic revisions and gives general Common = Often present in moderate numbers within the range plant or aquatic community occurrence and affinity or relation- and suitable habitat of the species. ship, and current general status and distribution. The list is adopted Uncommon = Occurs in low numbers or only locally within the from a more detailed treatment of the vertebrate fauna in southern range and suitable habitat of the species. California (Keeney and Loe in prep) and of the Experimental Scarce =Very rare or extremely restricted to localized areas within Forest (Keeney and others in prep). The bird species are listed in suitable habitat of the species. order of the American Ornithologists Union checklist (A.O.U. 1983). The amphibians, reptiles and mammals are arranged with Birds most primitive groups first and least primitive groups last, (see Abundant =Always encountered in proper suitable habitat in large Jennings 1983,Jones and others 1982). numbers. Plant community names are modified from Wieslander Common to Abundant = Almost always encountered in proper (1934a,b). suitable habitat, usually in moderate to large numbers. The following definitions are used for general plant or aquatic Fairly Common = Usually encountered in proper suitable habitat communities and for the general status and distribution. in the given season(s). generally not in large numbers. Uncommon = Occurs in small numbers or only locally under the General plant or aquatic communities: indicated conditions. Rare = Occurs annually (or virtually annually) during the season indicated, but generally in very small numbers. Also applies to ' BDF = Bigcone Douglas-fir ChC = Charnise Chaparral species which breed extremely locally and in very small numbers. CoS = Coastal Shrub FrM = Freshwater Marsh MxC = Mixed Chaparral OkW = Woodland (Montane and Valley Foothill Hardwood) Pit = Plantation Resv = Reservoirs Rip = Riparian (Montane and Valley Foothill)

Plant or Aquatic Status and Amphiibians and Reptiles Community Distribution

NEWTS California Newt Rip, Resv, FrM Common, may be reduced Taricha torosa

LUNGLESS SALAMANDERS Ensatin ChC, MxC, Rip, Locally common Ensatina eschscholtzi BDF. Pit

Pacific Slender Salamander OkW Locally common Batrachoseps pacificus

Arboreal Salamander OkW Locally common Aneides lugubris

SPADEFOOT TOADS Western Spadefoot Rip Fairly common Schaphiopus hammondi

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-104. 1988 Plant or Aquatic Status and Community Distribution

TRUE TOADS Western Toad ChC, MxC, Rip Common Bufo boreas OkW, BDF, Pit FrM

TREEFROGS AND RELATIVES California Treefrog Rip, Resv, FrM Common Hy la cadaverina

Pacific Treefrog Rip, ChC, MxC, Most abundant anuran Hy la regilla OkW, Resv, FrM in the San Gabriel Mountains TRUE FROGS Red-legged Frog Rip Uncommon Rana aurora

Foothill Yellow-legged Frog Rip Sail Gabriel River Rana boylei drainage, may represent a relict population

Mountain Yellow-legged Frog Rip Most common Ram species Rana muscosa

POND AND MARSH TURTLES Western Pond Turtle Rip, Resv, FrM Rare Clemrnys marmorala

IGUANIDS Desert Collared Lizard Rip Scarce; found only in Crotaphytus insulari unshaded canyon bottoms and dry rocky stream beds up to 5500 ft

Western Fence Lizard ChC, OkW, BDF Most common lizard in Sceloporus occidentalis Pit, Rip the mountains, abundant

Side-blotched Lizard Rip, MxC, ChC, Common Vta stansburiana OkW

Coast Homed Lizard Abundant, may be reduced Phrynosoma coronaturn from former numbers

SKINKS Western Skulk ChC, MxC, Rip No records on forest, Eumeces skiltonianus OkW, BDF, Pit but should be there

Gilbert Skink Rip, OkW Rare in mountains, Eumeces gilberti associated with oak savannah

WHIPTAILS AND RELATIVES Western Whiptail Rip, ChC, BDF, Third most common lizard Cnemidophorus tigris Pit, OkW after S. occidentalis and U.stansbwiana

ALLIGATORS, LIZARDS, AND RELATIVES Southern Alligator Lizard Rip, OkW, BDF Common Elgaria multicarinatus ChC, MxC

USDA Forest Service Gen.Tech. Rep. PSW-104. 1988 Plant or Aquatic Status and Community Distribution

CALIFORNIA LEGLESS LIZARDS California Legless Lizard OkW, Rip Uncommon Anniella nigra

SLENDER BLIND SNAKES Western Blind Snake Rip, ChC Rare (scarce-an artifact Leptotyphlops hwnilis of collecting methods?)

BOAS Rosy Boa ChC, Rip, MxC Uncommon Lichanura trivirgata

COLUBRIDS Ringneck Snake OkW, Rip Common Diadophis punctatus

Racer OkW, Rip Rare Coluber constrictor

Coachwhip cos May not be on forest; Masticophis flagellam rare; observed near Claremont

California Whipsnake ChC, OkW, Rip Abundant; most abundant Masticophis lateralis snake in San Gabriels

Western Patch-nosed Snake ChC, OkW, Rip Uncommon Salvadora hexalepis

Gopher Snake MxC, ChC, OkW, Common Pituophis melanoleucus BDF, Pit, Rip

Common Kingsnake ChC, Rip, OkW Common up to 1900 ft Lampropeltis getulus

California Mountain Kingsnake Rip, ChC, BDF, Common, replaces Lampropeltis zonata Pit L. getulus above 1500 ft

Long-nosed Snake ChC, MxC May not be present on Rhinocheilus lecontei SDEF: Scarce

Two-striped Garter Snake Rip, Resv, FrM Common Thmpis hammandii

California Black-headed Snake ChC, MxC, Rip Rare; may not be in Tantilla planiceps SDEF, or may just be hard to fmd

Lyre Snake ChC, MxC Rare; one specimen from Trimorphodon biscutatus Claremont

Night Snake ChC, MxC Rare: no specimens Hypsiglena torquata except near Clarernont

VIPERS Western Rattlesnake Rip, OkW, ChC Abundant Crotalus vividis MxC, BDF, Pit

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-104.1988 Birds Plant or Aquatic Status and Community Distribution

GREBES Pied-billed Grebe Resv Fairly commom Podilymbus podiceps resident; breeding not confirmed

Eared Grebe Resv, FrM Commonv winter visitant; Podiceps nigricollis breeds locally and ephemerally; no breeding record for SDEF

CORMORANTS Double-crested Cormorant Resv Uncommon winter visitant Phalacrocorax auritus

HERONS AND BITTERNS Great Blue Heron Resv, FrM Fairly common winter and Ardea herodias summer visitant

Snowy Egret Resv, FrM Uncommon winter visitant Egretta thula and transient

Green-backed Heron Rip, FrM, Resv Uncommon to fairly Butorides striatus common resident

Black-crowned Night Heron Rip, FrM, Resv Uncommon to rare Nycticorax nycticorax resident nested in 1936

DUCKS AND RELATIVES Green-winged Teal FrM, Resv Uncommon winter visitant Anas crecca

Mallard FrM, Resv Fairly common to common Anas platyrhynchos winter visitant; uncommon in summer

Northern Pintail FrM. Resv Common winter visitant; Anas acuta uncommon local nester; nesting not confirmed on the SDEF

Cinnamon Teal FrM, Resv Common spring and fall Anas cyanoptera transient; uncommon winter visitant

Northern Shoveler FrM, Resv Common winter visitant Anus clypeata

Gadwall FrM, Resv Uncommon winter visitant Anas strepera and transient

American Wigeon FrM, Resv Common winter visitant Anas americana

Canvasback Resv Fairly common winter Aythya valisineria visitant

Redhead FrM, Resv Uncommon winter visitant Aythya americana

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-104.1988 Plant or Aquatic Status and Community Distribution

Ring-necked Duck Resv Fairly common winter Aythya collaris visitant

Lesser Scaup Resv Common winter visitant Aythya qffinis

Bufflehead Resv Fairly common winter Bucephala albeola visitant

Common Merganser Resv Uncommon to fairly common Mergus merganser winter visitant

Ruddy Duck FrM. Resv Common winter visitant Oxyura jamaicensis

AMERICAN VULTURES Turkey Vulture CoS, ChC, MxC, Uncommon transient and Cathartes aura OkW, Pit, Resv summer visitant

HAWKS AND HARRIERS osprey Resv Rare fall and winter Pandion haliaetus visitant and transient; sometimes observed in late spring and summer

Black-shouldered Kite Grass, FrM, OkW Uncommon resident; no Elanus caeruleus nesting records for SDEF

Northern Harrier Grass, CoS, ChC, Fairly common winter Circus cyaneus MxC, OkW, FrM, Resv visitant

Sharp-shinned Hawk Rip, OkW, Pit Fairly common winter Accipiter striatus resident; nesting records exist for Icehouse and Cyns. adjacent SDEF

Cooper's Hawk CoS, MxC, ChC, Uncommon resident; breeds Accipiter cooperii Rip, OkW, Pit

Red-shouldered Hawk Rip, BDF, Pit Uncommon resident; breeds Buteo lineatus

Red-tailed Hawk All except Common resident; breeds Buteo jamaicensis Resv, FrM

Golden Eagle CoS, MxC, ChC Uncommon resident; breeds Aquila chrysaetos OkW, Grass adjacent to SDEF

FALCONS American Kestrel All except Common resident; breeds Fako sparverius Resv, FrM

Prairie Falcon CoS. MxC. ChC, Uncommon transient Falco mexicanus Grass, OkW

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-104.1988 Plant or Aquatic Status and Community Distribution

QUAILS, PHEASANTS, AND RELATIVES California Quail CoS, MxC, ChC, Common resident; breeds Callipepla californica Rip, OkW, BDF, Pit

Mountain Quail MxC, ChC, Rip, Uncommon resident; Oreortyx pictus OkW, BDF breeding not confinned

RAILS, GALLINULES, AND COOTS Common Moorhen FrM Uncommon winter visitant Galllnula chloropus

American Coot FrM. Resv Common winter visitant Fulica arnericana

PLOVERS AND RELATIVES Killdeer Resv Common resident; influx Charadrius vociferus of winter visitants; breeds

SANDPIPERS AND RELATIVES Spotted Sandpiper Resv, FrM Uncommon summer transient Actitis macularia

Western Sandpiper Resv, FrM Rare fall migrant, winter Calidris mauri visitant

Common Snipe Resv, FrM, Rip Uncommon winter visitant Gallinago gallinago

GULLS AND RELATIVES Ring-billed Gull Resv Uncommon winter visitant Larus delawarensis

California Gull Resv Uncommon winter visitant LOTUScalifornicus

PIGEONS AND DOVES Rock Dove Human habitation Abundant resident; breeds Colum6a livia

Band-tailed Pigeon MxC, OkW, Pit, Common resident; breeds Columbafasciata BDF

Spotted Dove Human habitation Common resident; breeds Streptopelia chinensis

Mourning Dove CoS. ChC. MxC, Uncommon resident; breeds Zenaidu macroura Rip, OkW, BDF, Pit

TYPICAL CUCKOOS Yellow-billed Cuckoo Rip Extirpated Coccyzus americunus

Greater Roadrunner CoS, MxC. ChC, Uncommon resident; breeds Geococcyx californianus Rip, OkW

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-104.1988 Plant or Aquatic Status and Community Distribution

BARN OWL Common Barn-Owl CoS, MxC, ChC, Uncommon resident; Tyto alba Rip, OkW breeding not confirmed on SDEF

TYPICAL OWLS Western Screech-Owl CoS, MxC, ChC, Uncommon resident; breeds Otus kennicottii Rip, OkW, BDF, Plt

Great Homed Owl CoS, MxC, ChC, Common resident; breeds Bubo virginianus OkW, BDF, Pit, Grass

Burrowing Owl Grass Rare; status unclear: Athene cunicularia possibly extirpated

Spotted Owl Rip, OkW, BDF Uncommon resident; breeds Strix occidentalis

Long-eared Owl Rip, OkW, BDF, Rare transient Asio otus Pit

Short-eared Owl Grass, FrM Rare migrant Asio flanvneus

Northern Saw-whet Owl Rip, OkW, BDF Rare winter migrant Aegoliu acadicus

GOATSUCKERS Common Nighthawk Rip, BDF, Grass, Rare summer migrant Chordeiltes minor OkW, Resv, FrM

Common Poorwill CoS, MxC, ChC Fairly common resident; Phalaenoptilus nuttallii breeds

SWIFTS Black Swift MxC, Rip, OkW, Rare transient Cypseloides niger BDF, FrM, Resv

Vaux's Swift All Fairly common transient Chaetura vauxi in spring and fall

White-throated Swift All Fairly common resident; Aeronautes saxatalis breeds

HUMMINGBIRDS Black-chinned Hummingbird Rip, CoS, MxC, Common summer resident; Archilochus alexandri OkW breeds

Anna's Hummingbird CoS, MxC, ChC, Abundant resident; breeds Calypte anna Rip, OkW, BDF, Pit

Costa's Hummingbird CoS, MxC, ChC Fairly common summer Calypte costae resident; breeds

Calliope Hummingbird CoS, MxC, ChC, Uncommon migrant Stellula calliope Rip

Rufous Hummingbird CoS, MxC, ChC, Fairly common transient Selasphorus rufu Rip, OkW, BDF

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-104. 1988 Plant or Aquatic Status and Community Distribution

Allen's Hummingbird CoS, MxC, Rip, Common migrant Selasphorus asin BDF, OkW

KINGFISHER Belted Kingfisher Rip Uncommon transient and Ceryle alcyon winter visitant

WOODPECKERS AND RELATIVES Lewis' Woodpecker Rip, OkW, BDF, Rare winter visitant; Melanerpes lewis Pit irruptive species; can be common Acorn Woodpecker Rip, OkW. BDF, Common resident; breeds Melanerpes formicivorus Pit

Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Rip, OkW, BDF Rare fall transient and Sphyrapicus varius possible winter visitant

Red-breasted Sapsucker Rip, OkW, BDF Uncommon resident; Sphyrapicus ruber breeds

Williamson's Sapsucker BDF Uncommon resident; breeds Sphyrapicus thyroideus at higher elevations adjacent to SDEF

Nuttall's Woodpecker Rip, OkW, BDF Common resident: breeds Picoides nuttallii MxC

Downy Woodpecker Rip, OkW, BDF Uncommon resident; breeds Picoides pubescens

Hairy Woodpecker Rip, OkW, BDF, Fairly common resident; Picoides villosus Pit breeds

White-headed Woodpecker BDF Rare breeding resident; Picoides albolarvatus uncommon winter visitant

Northern Flicker MxC, ChC, Rip Common resident; breeds; Colaptes auratus OkW, BDF, Pit winter downslope movement

TYRANT FLYCATCHERS Olive-sided Flycatcher Rip, OkW, BDF, Uncommon summer Contopus borealis Pit resident; breeds

Western Wood-Pewee Rip, OkW, BDF Common summer resident; Contopus sordidnlus breeds

Willow Flycatcher Rip, OkW Rare fall transient; Empidonax traillii former breeder

Hammond's Flycatcher MxC, Rip, OkW, Rare migrant Empidonax hammondii BDF

Dusky Flycatcher MxC, Rip, OkW, Rare migrant Empidonax oberhdqeri BDF

Gray Flycatcher MxC, Rip, OkW, Rare migrant Empidonax wrighfii BDF

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-104. 1988 Plant or Aquatic Status and Community Distribution

Western Flycatcher Rip, OkW, BDF Common summer resident; Empidonax difflcilis breeds

Black Phoebe Rip Fairly common resident; Sayornis nigricans breeds

Say's Phoebe CoS, MxC, OkW Uncommon transient and Sayornis saya winter visitant

Ash-throated Flycatcher CoS. MxC, ChC, Common summer resident; Myiarchus cinerascens Rip, OkW, BDF, Pit breeds

Cassin's Kingbird Rip, OkW. BDF Rare summer resident; Tyrannus vociferans possible breeding

Western Kingbird CoS, MxC, ChC, Fairly common summer Tyrannus verticalis Rip, OkW resident: breeds

LARKS Homed Lark Grass Fairly common transient Eremophila alpestris and irregular winter visitant SWALLOWS Tree Swallow All Uncommon migrant Tachycineta bicolor

Violet-green Swallow All Fairly common summer Tachycineta thalassina resident at higher elevations; breeds

Northern Rough-winged CoS, MxC, ChC, Uncommon migrant Swallow OkW, Rip, FrM, Resv Stelgidopteryx serripennis

Cliff Swallow All, especially Common summer resident Hirundo pyrrhonta Rip and Resv

Barn Swallow CoS, MxC, ChC, Uncommon migrant Hirundo rustica Rip, FrM, Resv, OkW

JAYS, MAGPIES, AND CROWS Steller's Jay MxC, Rip, OkW, Fairly common resident; Cyanocitta stelleri BDF, Pit breeds

Scrub Jay CoS, ChC, MxC, Common resident; Aphelocoma coerulescens Rip, OkW, Pit breeds

American Crow CoS, ChC, MxC, Fairly common resident; Corvus brachyrhynchos Rip, OkW, Pit, breeds Grass

Common Raven CoS, ChC, MxC, OkW, Common resident; Corvus corm BDF, Pit, Grass breeding unrecorded

TITMICE Mountain Chickadee Rip, OkW, BDF Fairly common resident; Parus gambeli breeds

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-104.1988 Plant or Aquatic Status and Community Distribution

Plain Titmouse CoS, ChC, MxC, Common resident; Parus inornatus Rip, OkW, Pit breeds

BUSHTIT Bushtit CoS, ChC, MxC, Common resident; breeds Psaltriparus minimus Rip, OkW, BDF, Pit

NUTHATCHES Red-breasted Nuthatch BDF Irregular fall and Sitta canadensis winter visitant

White-breasted Nuthatch Rip, OkW, BDF Uncommon resident; breeds Sitta carolinensis

Pygmy Nuthatch BDF Uncommon resident and Sitta pygmaea winter visitant; breeding

CREEPERS Brown Creeper OkW, BDF Uncommon resident and Certhia americana rare winter visitant at lower elevations; breeds

WRENS Cactus Wren CoS, MxC Very local resident; Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus breeds

Rock Wren ChC, MxC Uncommon resident in Salpinctis obsoletus suitable rocky habitats; breeds

Canyon Wren ChC, MxC, Rip Common but local resident Catherpes mexicanus in rocky canyons; breeds

Bewick's Wren CoS, ChC, MxC, Common resident; breeds Thryomanes bewickii Rip, OkW

House Wren CoS, ChC, MxC, Common summer resident; Troglodytes aedon Rip, OkW breeds

Winter Wren Rip Very rare transi atand Troglodytes troglodytes winter visitant Marsh Wren FrM Rare winter visitant Cistothorus palustris

DIPPERS American Dipper Rip Rare and very local Cinclus mexicanus resident; unrecorded breeding

OLD WORLD WARBLERS, GNATCATCHERS, KINGLETS, THRUSHES, BLUEBIRDS, AND WRENTTTS Golden-crowned Kinglet Rip, OkW, BDF Rare transient Regulus satrapa

Ruby-crowned Kinglet CoS, ChC, MxC, Common transient and Regulus calendula Rip, OkW winter visitant; breeding localized

Blue-gray Gnatcatcher CoS, ChC, MxC, Fairly common summer Polioptila caerulea OkW resident; breeds

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-104. 1988 Plant or Aquatic Status and Community Distribution

Black-tailed Gnatcatcher cos Very rare resident; may Polioptila melanura be extirpated from the SDEF and adjacent habitat

Western Bluebird MxC, Rip, OkW, BDF Uncommon resident; Sialia mexicana Pit breeds; erratic movement downslope in winter

Mountain Bluebird OkW, BDF, Grass Uncommon winter visitant; Salia currucoides breeds at higher montane woodlands adjacent to SDEF

Townsend's Solitaire Rip, OkW, BDF Fairly common resident; Myadestes townsendi breeds; some winter movement

Swainson's Thrush Rip Rare summer resident Catharus ustulatus

Hermit Thrush CoS, MxC, Rip, Fairly common winter Catharus guttatus OkW, BDF, Pit visitant

American Robin MxC, Rip, OkW, Fairly common resident; Turdus migratorius BDF, Pit irruptive winter visitant

Varied Thrush Rip, OkW, BDF Rare and irregular winter Ixoreus naevius visitant

wrentit CoS, MxC, ChC, Common resident; breeds; I Chamueafmciata Rip Common winter visitant to the lower elevations

I MOCKINGBIRDS AND THRASHERS I Northern Mockingbird I Common resident at lower Mimus polyglottos I elevations: breeds I California Thrasher CoS, ChC, MxC, Common resident; breeds Toxostorna redivivum Rip

PIPITS Water Pipit Resv, Grass Fairly common transient Anthus spinoletta and winter visitant

WAXWINGS Cedar Waxwing CoS, MxC, Rip, Irregular, fairly common Bombycilla cedrorum OkW, Pit transient and winter visitant

SILKY FLYCATCHERS Phainopepla CoS, ChC, MxC, Uncommon resident; Phainopepla nitens Rip, OkW breeds; status complex involving a seasonal shift

SHRIKES Loggerhead Shrike CoS, ChC, MxC, Fairly common resident; Lanius ludovicianus OkW breeds

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-104. 1988 Plant or Aquatic Status and Community Distribution

STARLINGS European Starling CoS, MxC, Rip, Abundant resident with a Sturnus vulgcarIS OkW, BDF, Pit winter influx at lower elevations; breeds TYPICAL VIREOS Least Bell's Vireo Rip Very rare summer Vireo belli resident; probably extirpated

Solitary Vireo Rip, OkW, BDF Uncommon transient and Vireo solitarius summer visitant; breeds

Hutton's Vireo MxC, Rip, OkW, Fairly common resident; Vireo huttoni BDF breeds

Warbling Vireo Rip, OkW, BDF Uncommon transient and Vireo gilvus summer resident; breeds

WOOD WARBLERS, SPARROWS, BLACKBIRDS, AND RELATIVES Orange-crowned Warbler CoS, MxC, Rip, Fairly common summer Vermivora celata OkW, BDF, Pit resident; breeds

Nashville Warbler CoS, MxC, Rip, Uncommon transient Vermivora ruflcapiHa OkW, BDF, Pit

Yellow Warbler Rip, OkW Common transient; locally Dendroica petechia uncommon summer transient; breeds

Yellow-rumped Warbler CoS, ChC, MxC, Common winter visitant Dendroica coronata Rip, OkW, BDF, Pit

Black-throated Gray Warbler CoS. ChC, MxC, Common transient Dendroica nigrescens Rip, OkW, BDF

Townsend's Warbler CoS, ChC, MxC, Fairly common transient; Dendroica townsendi Rip, OkW, BDF uncommon winter visitant

Hermit Warbler CoS, MxC, Rip, Uncommon transient Dendroica occidentalis OkW. BDF

Common Yellowthroat Rip Fairly common resident; Geothlypis trichas local seasonal movement; breeds

Wilson's Warbler Rip, OkW Commom migrant; Wilsonia pusilla uncommonsummer resident; breeding declining

Western Tanager Rip, OkW, BDF Fairly common summer Piranga ludoviciana resident and common transient; breeds

Black-headed Grosbeak CoS, ChC, MxC, Fairly common transient Pheucticus melanocephalus Rip, OkW, BDF and summer resident; breeds

Blue Grosbeak Rip Very rare to uncommon Guiraca caerulea transient

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-104. 1988 Plant or Aquatic Status and Community Distribution

Lazuli Bunting CoS, ChC, MxC, Fairly common transient Passerina amoena Rip and summer resident; breeds

Green-tailed Towhee ChC, MxC, OkW, Uncommon summer resident Pipilo chlorurus BDF and rare transient at lower elevations; breeds

Rufous-sided Towhee CoS, ChC, MxC, Common resident; breeds Pipilo erythrophthalmus Rip, OkW, BDF, Pit

Brown Towhee CoS, ChC, MxC, Common resident; breeds Pipilo fuscus Rip, OkW, Pit

Rufous-crowned Sparrow CoS, ChC, MxC Uncommon resident; breeds Aimphila rujceps

Chipping Sparrow OkW, BDF, Grass Uncommon summer resident Spizella passerina and transient

Black-chinned Sparrow CoS, ChC, MxC Uncommon summer resident; Spizella atrogularis breeds

Lark Sparrow OkW. BDF Uncommon resident; some Chondestes grammucus winter movement; breeds

Sage Sparrow CoS. ChC Uncommon local resident; Amphispiza belli breeding not confirmed

Savannah Sparrow Grass, FrM Fairly common transient Passerculus sandwichensis and winter visitant

Fox Sparrow CoS, ChC, MxC, Fairly common summer Passerella iliaca OkW, BDF, Pit resident; uncommon winter visitant breed

Song Sparrow Rip, FrM, OkW Common resident; breeds Melospiza melodia

Lincoln's Sparrow Rip, FrM uncommon winter visitant, Melospiza lincolnii local summer resident; breeding not confirmed

Golden-crowned Sparrow CoS, ChC, MxC, Fairly common winter Zonotrichia atricapilla Rip, OkW visitant

White-crowned Sparrow CoS, ChC, MxC, Common winter visitant Zomtrichia leucophrys OkW

Dark-eyed Junco CoS, ChC, MxC, Fairly common resident Junco hyemalis Rip, OkW, BDF, and common winter Pit visitant; breeds

Red-winged Blackbird Rip, FrM Uncommon transient and Agelaius phoeniceus resident; breeding not confirmed

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-104.1988 Plant or Aquatic Status and Community Distribution

Western Meadowlark Grass Uncommon local resident; Sturnella neglecta breeds

Brewer's Blackbird Grass, FrM Fairly common resident at Euphagus cyanocephalus lower elevations; breeds

Brown-headed Cowbird Rip, OkW, BDF Fairly common summer Molothrus ater resident and winter visitant; parasitic breeder

Hooded Oriole Rip, OkW, BDF Rare to uncommon summer Icterus cucullatus resident; breeding not confirmed

Northern Oriole Rip, OkW, BDF Fairly common summer Icterus galbula resident and transient; breeds

Purple Finch MxC, Rip, OkW, Fairly common resident; Carpodacus purpureus BDF, Pit breeds at higher elevations; erratic winter visitant at lower elevations

Cassin's Finch Rip, OkW, BDF Common resident; breeds Carpodacus cassinii at higher elevations; some winter movement to lower elevations

House Finch CoS, ChC, MxC, Abundant resident; breeds Carpodacus mexicanus Rip, OkW, Pit, Grass

Red Crossbill BDF Rare and erratic winter Loxia curvirostra visitant

Pine Siskin ChC, MxC, Rip, Fairly common resident Carduelis pinus BDF, Pit and erratic winter visitant at lower elevations

Lesser Goldfinch CoS, ChC, MxC, Fairly common resident; Carduelis psaltria Rip, OkW, Pit breeds

Lawrence's Goldfinch CoS, ChC, MxC, Uncommon transient Carduelis lawrencei Rip, OkW, BDF

American Goldfinch Rip, OkW, BDF Uncommon winter visitant Carduelis tristis

Evening Grosbeak OkW, BDF Rare to uncommon Coccothraustes vespertinus irruptive winter visitant

WEAVER FINCHES House Sparrow Urban dwellings Abundant breeder Passer domesticus

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-104. 1988 Mammals Plant or Aquatic Status and Community Distribution

OPOSSUMS Virginia Opossum All Rare; found below Didelphis virginian 3500 ft; active yearlong; nocturnal

LEAF-NOSED BATS California Leaf-nosed Bat All Uncommon; found below Macrotus calfornicus 2000 ft; nocturnal

VESPERTILIONID BATS Little Brown Myotis ChC, MxC, Rip, Rare; primarily found Myotis lucifugus FrM, OkW, BDF, above 5000 ft; hibernator Resv nocturnal

Long-eared Myotis All Uncommon; all elevations; My otis evotis nocturnal

Fringed Myotis All Uncommon; all elevations; Myotis thysamdes hibernator; nocturnal

California Myotis All Rare; found below My otis calfornicus 6000 ft; hibernator, nocturnal

Small-footed Myotis All Uncommon; all elevations; Myotis leibii hibernator; nocturnal

Western Pipistrelle All Rare; found below Pipistrellus hesperus 7000 ft hibernator; crespuscular

Big Brown Bat All Rare; found below Eptesicus fitscus 8000 ft hibernator; nocturnal

Red Bat Grass, CoS, ChC, Status and distribution Lasiurus borealis complex; uncommon; summers above 1000 ft, spring and fall below 3900 ft; nocturnal;

Hoary Bat All Rare; found below Lasiurus cinereus 1500 ft; active yearlong; nocturnal

Spotted Bat All but Pit Very rare; may be Euderma maculatum extirpated from SDEF

Pallid Bat All but Resv. Rare; found below Antrozous pallidus 6000 ft; hibernator, crepuscular

FREE-TAILED BATS Brazilian Free-tailed Bat All Rare; found below Tadarida brasiliensis 4000 ft; hibernator, nocturnal

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-104.1988 Plant or Aquatic Status and Communltv Distribution

Western Mastiff Bat All Rare; found below Eumops perotis 6000 ft; nocturnal

RABBITS AND HARES Brush Rabbit CoS, ChC, MxC, Common to abundant; found Sylvilagus bachrnani Rip, OkW. BDF. Plt below 7000 ft; active yearlong; nocturnal

Desert Cottontail Grass, CoS, ChC, Common; found below Sylvilagus audubonii MxC, Rip, OkW, BDF 7000 ft; active yearlong; nocturnal

Black-tailed Hare Grass, CoS, ChC, Uncommon; all elevations; Lepus californicus MxC, Rip, OkW, BDF active yearlong

SQUIRRELS AND CHIPMUNKS California Ground Squirrel Grass, CoS, ChC, Common yearlong at all Spermophilus beecheyi MxC, OkW, BDF, Pit elevations; diurnal

Western Gray Squirrel Rip, OkW, BDF Rare; may be extirpated; Sciurus griseus diurnal

POCKET MICE AND KANGAROO RATS California Pocket Mouse Grass, CoS, ChC, Common yearlong at all Perognathus californicus MxC, OkW, BDF elevations; nocturnal

Pacific Kangaroo Rat Grass, CoS, ChC, Abundant yearlong at all Dipodomys agilis MxC elevations; nocturnal

DEER MICE, VOLES. AND RELATIVES Western Harvest Mouse Grass, CoS, ChC, Occurs below 2000 ft; Reithrodontomys megalotis MxC, Rip, OkW, BDF abundant yearlong; nocturnal

California Mouse CoS. ChC, MxC, Common at all elevations Perornyscus californicus Rip, OkW, BDF, Pit yearlong; nocturnal

Deer Mouse CoS, ChC, MxC, Found at all elevations; Peromyscus maniculatus OkW, BDF, Pit abundant yearlong; nocturnal

Brush Mouse CoS, ChC, MxC, Occurs at all elevations; Peromyscus boylii OkW, BDF uncommon yearlong; nocturnal

Desert Woodrat Grass, CoS, ChC, Found at all elevations; Neotoma lepida MxC, Rip, OkW, Pit uncommon yearlong; nocturnal

Dusky-footed Woodrat CoS, ChC, MxC, Common at all elevations Neotoma fuscipes Rip, OkW, BDF, Pit yearlong; nocturnal

California Vole Grass, CoS, Rip, Common at all elevations; Microtus californicus OkW diurnal and nocturnal

FOXES, WOLVES, AND RELATIVES Coyote All except Resv Common at all elevations; Canis latrans yearlong; diurnal and nocturnal

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-104. 1988 Plant or Aquatic Status and Community Distribution

Gray Fox All except Resv Common; below 5200 ft Urocyon cinereoargenteus elevations; yearlong; nocturnal

BEARS Black Bear CoS, MxC, Rip, Uncommon between 1300 ft Ursus americanus FrM, OkW, BDF, Pit to 9800 ft elevations; hibernator; diurnal and nocturnal

RACCOONS AND RELATIVES Ringtail All except Uncommon below 5900 ft Bassariscus astutus Resv, OkW elevations; hibernator; nocturnal

Raccoon All Common at all elevations; Procyon lotor hibernator; nocturnal

WEASELS, BADGERS, AND RELATIVES Long-tailed Weasel All except Resv Rare to uncommon at all Mustela frenata elevations; yearlong; nocturnal and diurnal

Badger All except Rare at all elevations; Taxiaka taxus Resv, OkW hibernator, diurnal and nocturnal

Western Spotted Skunk All except Resv Rare; below 5400 ft; Spilogale gracilis hibernator, nocturnal

Striped Skunk All except Resv Rare at all elevations; Mephitis mephitis hibernator; nocturnal

CATS Mountain Lion CoS, ChC, MxC, Scarce; all elevations; Felis concolor Rip, OkW, BDF yearlong activity; diurnal and nocturnal

Bobcats All except Rare at all elevations; Lynx rufus Resv. Grass yearlong activity; diurnal and nocturnal

DEER Mule Deer All Common at all elevations; Odocoileus hemionus yearlong activity; diurnal and nocturnal

SHEEP Nelson's Bighorn Sheep Grass, CoS, MxC, Scarce; above 3000 ft Ovis canadensis nelsoni Rip, OkW, BDF elevations; diurnal activity yearlong

USDA Forest Service Gen.Tech. Rep. PSW-104. 1988 CA: Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; 14 p. Corbett, Edward S. 1967. Measurement and estimation of precipitation on experirnentai watersheds. In: Proceedings of the International symposium on forest hydrology; 1965 August 29-September 10; Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, Washington DC: National Science Foundation; 107-129. Alten, Gary R. 1981. Post-fire avian community ecology. Pomona, CA: Corbett, Edward S.; Crcuse, Robert P. 196% Rainfall interception by annual California State Polytechnic University; 50 p. MS. Thesis. grass and chaparral ...losses compared. Res. Paper PSW-48. Berkeley, CA: American Ornithologists' Union Checklist of North American Birds. 6th edition, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. 1983,809 p. Department of Agriculture; 12 p. Andrews, L. A. 1957. Inexpensive maximum water stage recorder. In: Corbett, Edward S.; Rice, Raymond M. 1966. Soil slippage increased by brush Engineering News Record. Vol. 86. June 13. conversion. Res. Note PSW-128. Berkeley, CA: PacificSouthwest Forest and Andrews, L. A. 1958. Added pen takes guess out of flow gage. In: Engineering Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; News Record. Vol. 125. June 19. 8 P. Andrews, L. A. 1960. Procedure for checking zeroes on weirs andflumes, San Cordes, C. 1974. Mycorrhizae in the chaparral of southern California. Dimas Experimental Forest. Internal Report SDEF. San Dimas, CA: San Pomona, CA: California State Polytechnic University; 48 p. M.S. Thesis. Dimas Experimental Forest, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Crawford, James M., Jr. 1962. Soils of the San Dimas Experimental Forest. Station; 5 p. Misc. Paper 76. Berkeley, CA: Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experi- Andrews, L. A.; Broadfoot, W. M. 1958. The §a Dimas soil core sampler. Soil ment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; 21 p. Science 85(6): 297-301. June. Crouse, R. P. 1961. First-year effects of land treatment on dry-season Archer, Robert L. 1979. Brown's fiat landslide: a study of a landslide in streamflow after a fire In southern California. Res. Note No. 191. Berkeley, gneissic terrain. Pomona, CA: California State Polytechnic University; 34 p. CA: Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, Senior thesis. US. Department of Agriculture; 5 p. Bailey, Robert G.; Rice, Raymond M. 1969. Soil slippage: an indicator of slope Crouse, R. P.; Hill, L. W. 1962. What's happening at San Dimas? Misc. Paper instability on chaparral watersheds of southern California. The Profes- No. 68. Berkeley, CA: Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment sional Geographer 21(3): 172-177. May. Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; 6 p. Bean, R. T. 1943. Geology of the Big Dalton and Little Dalton watersheds. 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B. 1963. Streamflow increases after removing woodland-riparian Southwest Forest andRange Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Depart- vegetation from a southern California watershed. Joumalof Forestry 61 (5): ment of Agriculture; 4 p. 365-370. May. Rice, R. M.; Corbett, E. S.; Bailey, R. G. 1969. Soil slips related to vegetation, Rowe, P. B.; Colman, E. 1951. Disposition of rainfall in two mountain areas topography, and soll in southern California. Water Resources Research of California. Tech. Bull. 1048. Berkeley, CA: California Forest and Range 5(3): 647-659. June. Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; 84 p. Rice, R. M.; Crouse, R. P.; Corbett, E. S. 1965. Emergency measures to control Rowe, P. B.; Reimann, L. F. 1961. Water use by brush, grass, and grass-forb erosion after a fire on theSan Dimas Experimental Forest. hi: Proceedings, vegetation. Journal of Forestry 59(3): 175-181. March. federal interagency symposium; Misc. Publ. No. 970. 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Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service. U.S. Depart- SDEF (Staff). 1937. Fact finding over 17,000 acres. Southern California ment of Agriculture. 30p. Available from Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Business 16(8): 8-9. Experiment Station, Riverside, CA. SDEF (Staff). 1938. Fighting fire and flood with science.Union Oil Bulletin Rice, Raymond M. 1966. Cooperative studies of applied watershed manage- 19(8): 14-19. August. ment. Annual progress report FY-1966. Berkeley, CA: Pacific Southwest SDEF (Staff). 1951. Watershed management in southern California. Misc. Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Station Paper 1. Berkeley, CA: California Forest and Range Experiment Agriculture; 20 p. Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; 29 p. Rice, Raymond M. 1967. Cooperative studies of appiied watershed manage- SDEF (Staff). 1954. Fire-flood sequences on the San Dimas Experimental ment. Annual progress report FY-1967. Berkeley, CA: Pacific Southwest Forest. Tech. Paper6. Berkeley, CA: California Forest and Range Experiment Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; 28 p. Agriculture; 9 p. SDEF (Staff). 1957. Program of watershed management research in southern Rice, Raymond M. 1967. Cooperative studies of appiied watershed manage- California. San Dimas. CA: Califomia Forest and Range Experiment Station, ment. Annual progress report FY-1967. Berkeley, CA: Pacific Southwest Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; 18 p. Available from Pacific Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Riverside, CA. Agriculture; 9 p. Simovich, Marie A. 1979. Post fire reptile succession. In: Cal-Neva Wildlife; Rice, Raymond M. 1968. Cooperative studies of applied watershed manage- 1979 February 1-3; Long Beach, CA. Smartsville, CA: Wildlife Society and ment. Annual progress report FY-1968. Berkeley, CA: Pacific Southwest the California-Nevada Chapter of the American Fisheries Society; 104-113. Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Sinclair, J. D. 1953. Erosion in the San Gabriel Mountains of California. Agriculture; 10 p. Transactions, American Geophysical Union. 35(2): 264-268. Rice, Raymond M. 1969. Cooperative studies of appiied watershed manage- Sinclair, J. D.; Hamilton, E. L. 1954. Streamflow reactions of fire-damaged ment. Annual progress report FY-1969. Berkeley, CA: Pacific Southwest watershed. In: Proceedings, Hydraulics division, American Society of Civil Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Engineers; 1954 September; Berkeley, CA: Califomia Forest and Range Agriculture; 8 p. Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; 15 p.

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-104. 1988 Sinclair, J. D.; Hamilton, E. L; Waite, M. N. 1958. A guide to San Dimas Wilm, H. G.; Cotton, John S.; Storey, H. C. 1938. Measurement of debris-laden Experimental Forest. Misc. Paper 11. Berkeley, CA: California Forest and streamflow with critical-depth flumes. Transactions 103: 1237-1278. Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; Wilm, H. G.; Nelson, A. Z.; Storey, H. C. 1939. An analysis of precipitation 8 P. measurements of mountain watersheds. Monthly Weather Review 67: 163- Sinclair, J. D.; Kraebel, Chas. J. 1934. Report on the San Dimas Experimental 172. June. Forest, Angeles National Forest, California. Berkeley, CA: Califomia Wi,Chris D. 1977. Litter decomposition in the California chaparral. Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Fullerton, CA: Califomia State University; 59 p. M.S. Thesis. Agriculture; 9 p. Unpublished report. Wirtz, W. 0..II. 1982. Postfire community structure of birds and rodents in Sinclair, J. D.; Patric, J. H. 1959. The San Dimas disturbed soil lysimeters. In: southern California chaparral. In: Proceedings,dynamics and management Proceedings, intemational association of scientific hydrology symposium; of Mediterranean-typeecosystems symposium; 1981 June 22-26; San Diego, 1959 September 8-13; Hannoversch-Munden. Gentbmgge, Belgium: Intema- CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-58. Berkeley. CA: Pacific Southwest Forest and tional association of scientific hydrology; 116-125. Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; Specht, R. L. 1969. A comparison of the sclerophylious vegetation character- 241-246. istic of Mediterranean type climates in France, California and southern Wirtz, William 0. 1977. Vertebrate post-fire succession. hi: Proceedings, Australia. 11. Dry matter, energy and nutrient accumulation. Australian Environmental consequences of fire and fuel management in Mediterranean- Journal of Botany 17(2): 293-308. August. ecosystems symposium; 1977 August 1-5; Palo Alto, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. Stone, E. C.; Juhren, G. 1951. The effect of fire on the germination of the seed WO-3. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture; Forest Service; 46- of Rhus ovata Wats. American Journal of Botany 38(5): 368-372. May. 57. Stone, Edward C.; Juhren, Gustaf. 1953. Fire stimulated germination. Califor- Wirtz, William 0.1984. Postfire rodent and bird communities in the chapar- nia Agriculture 7(9): 13-14. September. ral of southern California. In: Medecos IV,Proceedings of the 4th intema- Storey, H. C. 1947. Geology of the San Gabriel Mountains, California, and tional symposium on Mediterranean ecosystems; Perth, W. Australia, August its relation to water distribution. Sacramento, CA: In cooperation with 1984, University of Western Australia; 167-168. Califomia Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Depart- Wohlgemuth, P. M. 1986. Spatial and temporal distribution of surface sedl- ment of Agriculture; 19 p. Available from Pacific Southwest Forest and Range ment transport in southern California steeplands. In: Proceedings of the Experiment Station, Riverside, CA. chaparral ecosystems conference; 1985 May 16-17; Santa Barbara, CA. Storey, Herbert. 1939. Topographic influences on precipitation. In: Proceed- Report 62. Davis, CA: University of California, Water resources center. 29- ings. Pacific Science Congress of the Pacific Science Association; 1939 July 32. 24-August 12; Berkeley and San Francisco, CA. Berkeley, CA: University of Wright, John T.; Horton, Jerome S. 1951. Checklist of the vertebrate fauna of Califomia; 985-993. San Dimas Experimental Forest and supplement. Misc. Paper No. 7. Storey, Herbert C. 1982. The San Dimas Experimental Forest: a 50-year Berkeley, CA: Califomia Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest review. Unpublished manuscript. Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; 19 p. Weirich, Frank H. 1987. Sediment transport and deposition by fire-related Wright, John T.; Horton, Jerome S. 1953. Supplement to checklist of the debris flows in southern California. In: Erosion and sedimentation in the vertebrate fauna of the San Dimas Experimental Forest. Misc. Paper No. Pacific rim (Proceedings of the Corvallis symposium); 1987 August 3-7; 13. Berkeley, CA: California Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Corvallis, OR. IAHS Publication 165; 283-284. Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; 4 p. Wells, W. G., II. 1984. Fire dominates sediment production in California Zike, Paul J. 1959. The influence of a stand of Pinus coulferi on the soil chaparral. In: Medecos IV, Proceedings of the 4th intemational symposium moisture regime of a large San Dimas lysimeter in southern California. In: on Mediterranean ecosystems; Perth, W. Australia, August 1984, University of Proceedings, intemational association of scientific hydrology symposium; Western Australia, 163-164. 1959 September 8-13; Hannoversch-Munden. Gentbmgge, Belgium: Intema- Wells. W. G.. II. 1986. The influence of fire on erosion rates in California tional Association of Scientific Hydrology; 126-138. chaparral. In: Proceedings of the chaparral ecosystems conference; 1985May Zinke, Paul J. 1982. Fertility element storage in chaparral vegetation, leaf 16-17; Santa Barbara, CA. Report 62. Davis, CA: University of California, litter and soil. hi: Proceedings, dynamics and management of Mediterranean- Water Resources Center. 57-62. June. type ecosystems symposium; 1981 June 22-26; San Diego, CA. Gen. Tech. Wells, W. G., II. (In press). The effects of brush fire on the generation of debris Rep. PSW-58. Berkeley, CA: Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment flows in southern California. In: Proceedings of the geological society of Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; 297-305. America; 97th annual meeting; November 5-8, 1984, Reno, Nevada. Wells, Wade G., E. 1981. Some effects of brushfires on erosion processes in coastal southern California. In: Erosion and sediment transport in Pacific Rim steeplands symposium; 1981 January 25-31; Int. Assoc. Hydrol. Sci.- Assoc. Intl. Sci. of Hydrol. Christchurch, New Zealand. Publ. No. 132. New ADDITIONAL READING Zealand: Royal Society of New Zealand, New Zealand Hydrol. Society,IAHS, National Water and Soil Conservation Authority of New Zealand; 305-342. Wells, Wade G., II. 1982. The storms of 1978 and 1980 and their effect on sediment movement in the eastern San Gabriel Forest. In: Proceedings of The following proceedings volumes are from symposia that dealt with chapar- the storms, floods, and debris flows in southern Califomia and Arizona 1978 ral and related ecosystems similar to those found on the San Dimas Experimental and 1980 symposium; 1980 September 17-18; Pasadena, CA: Report: CSS- Forest. CND-019 National Research Council. Washington, DC: Comm. on Natural Disasters, Comm. on Sociotechnical Syst., National Research Council, Envi- Conrad, C. Eugene; Oechel, Walter C., eds. 1982. Proceedings, dynamics and ronmental Quality Laboratory, California Institute of Technology; 229-242. management of Mediterranean type ecosystems symposium; 1981 June 22- Wieslander, A. E. 1934a. Vegetativetypes of California (Exclusive of deserts and 26; San Diego, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-58. Berkeley, CA: Pacific cultivated lands): Cucamonga Quadrangle. Berkeley, CA: California Forest Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, US. Depart- and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agricul- ment of Agriculture; 637 p. ture. Miller, Paul R., tech. coord. 1980. Proceedings of symposium on effects of air Wieslander, A. E. 1934b. Vegetative types of California (Exclusiveof deserts and pollutants on Mediterranean and temperate forest ecosystems; 1980 June cultivated lands): Pomona Quadrangle. Berkeley, CA: California Forest and 22-27; Riverside, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-43. Berkeley, CA: Pacific Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Depart- Wilm, H. G.; Storey, H. C. 1944. Velocity-head rod calibrated for measuring ment of Agriculture; 256 p. streamflow. Engineer's Notebook 14(11): 475-476.

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-104. 1988 Mooney, Harold A.; Conrad, C. Eugene, eds. 1977. Proceedings, environmental Tiedemann, Arthur R.; Conrad, C. Eugene; Dieterich, John H.; Hombech, James consequences of fire and fuel management in Mediterranean ecosystems W.; Megahan, Walter F.; Viereck, Leslie A.; Wade, Dale D. 1979. Effects of symposium; 1977 August 1-5; Palo Alto, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-3. fire on water: a state-of-knowledge review; 1978 April 10-14; Denver, CO. Washington, DC: US. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service; 498 p. , Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-10. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Plumb, Timothy R., ed. 1980. Proceedings, ecology, management, and Forest Service; 28 p. utilization of California oaks symposium; 1979 June26-28; Claremont, CA. Wells, Carol G.; Campbell, Ralph F..; DeBano, Leonard P.; Lewis, Clifford E.; Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-44. Berkeley, CA: Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Fredriksen,Richard L.; Franklin, E. Carlyle; Froelich. Ronald C.; Dunn, Paul Experiment Station, Forest Service, US. Department of Agriculture; 368 p. H. 1979. Effect of fire on soil: a state-of-knowledgereview; 1978 April 10- Rosenthal, Murray, ed. 1974. Symposium on living with the chaparral, 14; Denver, CO. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-7. Washington, DC: U.S. Department proceedings; 1973 March 30-31; Riverside, CA. San Francisco, CA: Sierra of Agriculture, Forest Service; 34 p. Club; 225 p.

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USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-104. 1988 The Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, is responsible for Federal leadership in forestry. It carries out this role through four main activities: Protection and management of resources on 191 million acres of National Forest System lands. Cooperation with State and local governments, forest industries, and private landowners to help protect and manage non-Federal forest and associated range and watershed lands. Participation with other agencies in human resource and community assistance programs to improve living conditions in rural areas. Research on all aspects of forestry, rangeland management, and forest resources utilization.

The Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station Represents the research branch of the Forest Service in California, Hawaii, and the western Pacific. Dunn, Paul H.; Barro, Susan C.; Wells, Wade G., II; Poth, Mark A,; Wohlgemuth, Peter M.; Colver, Charles G. 1988. The San Dimas Experimental Forest: 50Years of Research. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-104. Berkeley, CA: Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experi- ment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 49 p.

The San Dimas Experimental Forest serves as a field laboratory for studies of chaparral and related ecosystems, and has been recognized by national and international organizations. It covers 6,945 ha (17,153 acres) in the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains northeast of Los Angeles, and has a typical Mediterranean-typeclimate. The Forest encompasses the San Dimas and Big Dalton watersheds, which have vegetation typical of southern California, are separated by deep canyons from the rest of the San Gabriel Mountains, have small tributaries suitable for study, and are harnessed by flood control dams. Unique physical features and a broad database covering over 50 years of research make the Forest an irreplaceable resource. Over the years data has been collected on water (precipitation, streamflow, etc.), soils and slope stability, effects of fire, vegetation management, chaparral ecology and physiology, vegetation classification, litter decomposition, and community structure of fauna. On-going studies include these: investigations into erosion processes; sediment movement in streams; particle size shifts with burning; air pollution impacts on vegetation, soil and water; denitrification in streams and nitrogen fixation; regeneration of oaks, postfire vegetation composition changes, dynamics of seed populations in soil; long term changes in site quality including Ceanothus dieback; and wildlife interactions.

Retrieval Terms: San Dirnas Experimental Forest, chaparral research, watershed monitor- ing, flora, fauna, mosses, hydrology, physiography