DOCSLIB.ORG

Diarrhoea, Dysentery, and the Clap: Connecting the Military Lifestyle to Literary & Skeletal Evidence of Reactive Arthropathy Induced by Bacterial Infections

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Diarrhoea, Dysentery, and the Clap: Connecting the Military Lifestyle to Literary & Skeletal Evidence of Reactive Arthropathy Induced by Bacterial Infections DIARRHOEA, DYSENTERY, AND THE CLAP: CONNECTING THE MILITARY LIFESTYLE TO LITERARY & SKELETAL EVIDENCE OF REACTIVE ARTHROPATHY INDUCED BY BACTERIAL INFECTIONS Meghan E. Banton Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON Institute of Archaeology [1] DECLARATION I, Meghan E. Banton, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. ABSTRACT Military combatants are frequently exposed to physical exertion, sleep deprivation, deficient diets, and stress, which can all reduce the immune system’s ability to ward off infections. Making matters worse, combatants frequently inhabit overcrowded and unsanitary living conditions, which allow bacteria to thrive. As a result of these circumstances, the military lifestyle is associated with increased exposure and susceptibility to infectious diseases. This explains why epidemics are extremely common during times of war, especially in pre-twentieth century conflicts. Though military infectious diseases have been the topic of much research, bioarchaeological contributions have been limited, as most infectious diseases do not cause direct skeletal changes. For example, diarrhoea, dysentery, gonorrhea, and tonsillitis do not cause skeletal changes, but all are known to have been common among historical combatants. Though direct skeletal changes are not produced, the pathogenic bacteria causing these ailments can trigger reactive arthropathies (arthritic conditions caused by microbial infections), which includes the Spondyloarthropathies. Spondyloarthropathies cause skeletal changes and can be observed in archaeological remains. As such, the present research has chosen to explore the potential consequences of military infectious disease by answering the following question: were reactive arthropathies an occupational hazard to past military combatants? This question is answered through two methods. First, historical research methods were employed to investigate the primary research question and to provide a detailed medical history of the emblematic example of reactive arthropathy, Reactive Arthritis. Secondly, a palaeoepidemiological study was designed and implemented to understand the prevalence of reactive pathology in military skeletal assemblages; this is a novel bioarchaeological means of understanding the potential impact of military infectious diseases. [2] TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration & Abstract………………………………………………………………..pp.2 Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………...pp.3 List of Illustrations & Tables…………………………………………………………pp.9 Dedication……………………………………………………………………………...pp.15 Preface …………………………………………………………………………………pp.16 Acknowledgments …………………………………………………………………...pp.19 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………pp.21 BACKGROUND CHAPTERS Chapter 1: Clinical Background …………………………………………………………………pp.37 1.1 Reactive Arthropathies: Bacterial Infection & Arthritis ……………………… pp. 38 1.2 Nonreactive Erosive Arthropathies: Erosive Osteoarthritis & Gout…………..pp.43 1.3 A Probable Reactive Arthropathy: Rheumatoid Arthritis………………………pp.48 1.4 Reactive Erosive Arthropathies: The Spondyloarthropathies…………………pp.51 1.4.1 Pathological Expression………………………………………………..pp.51 1.4.2 Bacterial Infections………………………………………………………pp.56 1.4.3 Matters of Classification………………………………………….……. pp.59 1.4.4 The Link to HLA-B27…………………………………………………....pp.60 1.5 SpA as a Measure of 'Reactive' Pathology in Skeletal Material……………...pp.63 1.6 Differential Diagnoses ……………………………………………………………pp.64 1.6.1 Differentiating SpA from other EAs……………………………………pp.64 1.6.1 Differentiating SpA from Non-Erosive Conditions……………………pp.70 [3] Chapter 2: The Military Lifestyle, Infectious Disease, & Rheumatism ............................pp.83 2.1 Historiography & Historical Context….………………………………………….pp.85 2.1.1 Military Medicine & Disease…………………………………………....pp.85 2.1.2 Consideration of Bias ………………………………………..............pp.121 2.2 Military Susceptibility to Infectious Diseases………………….…………...…pp.125 2.3 Military Lifestyle & Bacterial Diseases…………………………………………pp.129 2.3.1 Diseases of Environment: Gastrointestinal & Pharyngeal Infections……………………………………………….…pp.129 2.3.2 Diseases of Behaviour: Venereal Diseases………………………..pp.142 2.4 The Military and Rheumatism…………………………………………………..pp.156 Chapter 3: Research Questions………………………………………………………………..pp.159 3.1 Primary Research Question & Hypotheses………………………………..….pp.159 3.2 Secondary Research Questions………………………………………………..pp.161 Chapter 4: Palaeopathology & Previous Bioarchaeological Research………………....pp.162 4.1 Palaeopathology of EA Classification: Lumpers & Splitters ………………...pp.162 4.2 Palaeopathology of Reactive Arthropathies: The Common Rendition….....pp.165 4.3 SpA Research in Bioarchaeology……………………………………….….….pp.169 4.4 Military Assemblage Research in Bioarchaeology…………………………...pp.174 4.5 Summary on Project Placement………………………………………………..pp.179 [4] MATERIALS & METHODS CHAPTERS Chapter 5: Materials………………………………………………………………………………pp.180 5.1 Assemblage Selection…………………………………………………………...pp.178 5.2 Background on Selected Assemblages………………………………………..pp.185 5.2.1 All Saint’s Church………………………………………………………pp.185 5.2.2 Chelsea Old Church (OCU00)………………………………………..pp.187 5.2.3 St. Brides Lower (FAO90)…………………………………………….pp.189 5.2.4 Towton…………………………………………………………………..pp.191 5.2.5 York Mass Grave…………………………………………………...…pp. 197 5.2.6 Plymouth Royal Naval Hospital………………………………………pp.203 5.2.7 Greenwich Royal Naval Hospital……………………………………..pp.210 5.3 Summary on Assemblages……………………………………………………..pp.216 Chapter 6: Methods……………………………………………………………………………….pp.218 6.1 Methodology: Literature Investigation…………………………………………pp.218 6.2 Methodology: Skeletal Investigation…………………………………………..pp.221 6.2.1 Skeletal Recording………………………………………………….....pp.221 6.2.2 Pathology Identification & Classification …………………………....pp.222 6.2.3 Statistical Analysis……………………………………………………..pp.235 6.3 Examples of Case Classification……………………………………………….pp.243 6.3.1 Reactive Pathology Example…………………………………………pp.243 6.3.2 Unidentified Pathology Example………………………………...…...pp.246 6.3.3 Nonreactive Pathology Example……………………………………..pp.250 6.4 Summary of Methods……………………………………….…………………...pp.251 [5] RESULTS CHAPTERS Chapter 7: Results for the Literature Investigation…………………………………………pp.252 7.1 Summary of Utilized Primary Resources ...…………………………….…..…pp.253 7.2 General Medical References …………………...……………………………...pp.255 7.3 Retrospective Diagnosis of Reactive Arthropathy ………..………………….pp.261 7.4 Military Medical References…………………………………………………….pp.265 7.4.1 Direct Quotations of ReA……………………………………………...pp.265 7.4.2 ARF & ReA in Nineteenth Century Conflicts………………………..pp.272 7.5 Summary of Literature Results………………………………………….……...pp.275 7.6 Conclusions & Interpretations…………………………………………………..pp.278 Chapter 8: Results for the Skeletal Investigation………………………………………...…pp.280 8.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………pp.280 8.2 Prevalence Analysis………………………………………………………….….pp.282 8.2.1 Introduction……………………………………………...……….……..pp.282 8.2.2 Site Comparisons for Prevalence………………………………….…pp.285 8.2.3 Type Comparisons for Prevalence: Military vs. Non-Military……..pp.287 8.2.4 Prevalence Comparison with Previous Bioarchaeological Research………………………………………………………………pp.289 8.3 Nested Case Controls…………………………………………………………...pp.290 8.3.1. Introduction…………………………………………………………….pp.290 8.3.2 Reactive Pathology Nested Case Control Study…………………...pp.291 8.3.3 Reactive Suspect Pathology Nested Case Control Study…………pp.292 8.4 Results for Age Analysis………………………………………………………...pp.293 8.4.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………..pp.293 8.4.2 Greenwich & Plymouth Prevalence Comparison…………………..pp.295 8.4.3 Site Comparisons for Diagnosis Above & Below Age 35………….pp.296 [6] 8.4.4 Type & Total Comparisons for Diagnosis Above & Below Age 35: Military vs. Non-Military………………………………………………pp.298 8.5 Results for (N) Measures………………………………………………………..pp.300 8.5.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………….pp.300 8.5.2 Prevalence Differences between (N) Measures……………………pp.301 8.6 Results for Criteria Analysis…………………………………………………….pp.302 8.6.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………..pp.302 8.6.2 Numerical Accounting of Criteria……………………………………..pp.302 Chapter 9: Interpreting Skeletal Results……………………………………………………...pp.303 9.1 Interpreting Prevalence Results………………………………………………..pp.303 9.1.1 Site Comparisons for Prevalence…………………………………….pp.303 9.1.2 Type Comparisons for Prevalence: Military vs. Non-Military……..pp.305 9.1.3 Prevalence Comparison with Previous Bioarchaeological Research………………………………………………………………pp.310 9.2 Interpreting the Nested Case Control Results………………………………...pp.312 9.2.1 Reactive Pathology Nested Case Control…………………………..pp.312 9.2.2 Reactive Suspect Pathology Nested Case Control………………...pp.312 9.3 Conclusions on the Primary Research Question……………………………..pp.314 9.4 Interpreting Methodological Results…………………………………………...pp.316 9.4.1 Interpreting the Intrinsic Factor of Age………………………………pp.316 9.4.2 Interpreting the Results for (N) Measures…………………………..pp.318 9.4.3 Interpreting Criteria Results………………………………………......pp.319 9.4.4 Conclusions on Methodological Results…………………………….pp.320 9.5 Conclusions on Skeletal Results……………………………………………….pp.321 [7] Chapter 10: One Man’s Experience: A Case Study………………………………………….pp.322 10.1 Case Background.......................................................................................pp.322 10.2 Description of Skeletal Changes: Differential Diagnosis…………………...pp.326 10.3 Description
Load more

Recommended publications
  • MA Dissertatio
    Durham E-Theses Northumberland at War BROAD, WILLIAM,ERNEST How to cite: BROAD, WILLIAM,ERNEST (2016) Northumberland at War, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11494/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk ABSTRACT W.E.L. Broad: ‘Northumberland at War’. At the Battle of Towton in 1461 the Lancastrian forces of Henry VI were defeated by the Yorkist forces of Edward IV. However Henry VI, with his wife, son and a few knights, fled north and found sanctuary in Scotland, where, in exchange for the town of Berwick, the Scots granted them finance, housing and troops. Henry was therefore able to maintain a presence in Northumberland and his supporters were able to claim that he was in fact as well as in theory sovereign resident in Northumberland.
    [Show full text]
  • From Towton to Bosworth: the Leicestershire Community and the Wars of the Roses 1461-1485 by Daniel Williams
    From Towton to Bosworth: the Leicestershire community and the Wars of the Roses 1461-1485 by Daniel Williams A medieval battle was the most transient of events, armies converged, confronted one another, fought and either died or departed. Their effects upon the landscape were obliterated within the seasonal cycle though the occasion often lingered on in local folk memory. Bosworth Field was no exception, fought almost by chance on an area of marsh and waste in western Leicestershire 'mete for twoo battales to encountre' 1 lying south of Market Bosworth between the villages of Shenton, Sutton Cheney, Dadlington and Stoke Golding. 2 Yet the consequences of that fierce engagement were by no means transient for it heralded a period of one hundred and eighteen years of Tudor monarchy. The historical significance of the Battle lies somewhere between these extremes of event and consequence. Its effects upon the local community of Leicestershire are equally difficult to pin down though they encompassed far more than just folk memory. At the heart of the problem lies the death of Richard III, one of the very few kings of England to die in combat upon the battle field, and the consequences of that untoward event upon both the nation and the shire community. With the dubious advantages of hindsight the victory of Henry VII - for there were two kings upon that battlefield, one crowned and other proclaimed - has been regarded by later generations as a watershed in English history marking the transition from Medieval to Modern. Those living in 1485 might be pardoned for not seeing things quite that way.
    [Show full text]
  • Rosse Papers Summary List: 17Th Century Correspondence
    ROSSE PAPERS SUMMARY LIST: 17TH CENTURY CORRESPONDENCE A/ DATE DESCRIPTION 1-26 1595-1699: 17th-century letters and papers of the two branches of the 1871 Parsons family, the Parsonses of Bellamont, Co. Dublin, Viscounts Rosse, and the Parsonses of Parsonstown, alias Birr, King’s County. [N.B. The whole of this section is kept in the right-hand cupboard of the Muniment Room in Birr Castle. It has been microfilmed by the Carroll Institute, Carroll House, 2-6 Catherine Place, London SW1E 6HF. A copy of the microfilm is available in the Muniment Room at Birr Castle and in PRONI.] 1 1595-1699 Large folio volume containing c.125 very miscellaneous documents, amateurishly but sensibly attached to its pages, and referred to in other sub-sections of Section A as ‘MSS ii’. This volume is described in R. J. Hayes, Manuscript Sources for the History of Irish Civilisation, as ‘A volume of documents relating to the Parsons family of Birr, Earls of Rosse, and lands in Offaly and property in Birr, 1595-1699’, and has been microfilmed by the National Library of Ireland (n.526: p. 799). It includes letters of c.1640 from Rev. Richard Heaton, the early and important Irish botanist. 2 1595-1699 Late 19th-century, and not quite complete, table of contents to A/1 (‘MSS ii’) [in the handwriting of the 5th Earl of Rosse (d. 1918)], and including the following entries: ‘1. 1595. Elizabeth Regina, grant to Richard Hardinge (copia). ... 7. 1629. Agreement of sale from Samuel Smith of Birr to Lady Anne Parsons, relict of Sir Laurence Parsons, of cattle, “especially the cows of English breed”.
    [Show full text]
  • Crime and Disorder Review – Report SC/11/4
    Meeting: SCRUTINY COMMITTEE Date: 20 SEPTEMBER 2011 Time: 5.00PM Venue: COMMITTEE ROOM To: Councillors I Chilvers, M Dyson, K Ellis, M Hobson, D Mackay, Mrs W Nichols (Chair), C Pearson, D Peart, R Price (Vice Chair) Agenda 1. Apologies for absence 2. Disclosures of Interest Members of the Scrutiny Committee should disclose personal or prejudicial interest(s) in any item on this agenda. 3. Minutes To confirm as a correct record the minutes of the proceedings of the meeting of the Scrutiny Committee held on 27 July 2011 (pages 3 to 7 attached). 4. Chair’s Address to the Scrutiny Committee 5. Crime and Disorder Review – Report SC/11/4 Chief Inspector Richard Anderson, Ian Wolstenholme North Yorkshire Police Authority, Ian Cunningham, North Yorkshire Police, Senior Analyst and Colin Moreton, Community Safety Partnership Officer, Selby in attendance (pages 8 to 79 attached). 6. 1st Interim Corporate Plan Progress - Report SC/11/5 Report of the Director of Community Services (pages 80 to 92 attached). 7. New Homes Bonus Scheme – Report SC/11/6 Report of the Executive Director (S151) (pages 93 to 96 attached). 8. Access Selby Service Provision – Waste Collection and recycling Report SC/11/7 Report of the Senior Contracts Officer (pages 97 to 99 attached). Scrutiny Committee 20 September 2011 1 9. Section 106 Agreements – Report SC/11/8 Report of the Executive Director (S151) (pages 100 to 106 attached). 10. Scrutiny Committee Work Programme To consider the Scrutiny Committee’s Work Programme (pages 107 to 108 attached). M Connor Chief Executive
    [Show full text]
  • Osteological Analysis Towton Hall & Towton Battlefield Towton North Yorkshire
    Osteological Analysis Towton Hall & Towton Battlefield Towton North Yorkshire Site Code: TOWMG03 & TOWARO03 NGR: SE 48444 3956 & SE 479 382 Report No 0504 June 2004 Prepared for Prepared by Towton Battlefield Society Malin Holst 30 Enfield Drive York Osteoarchaeology Ltd Pontefract Fox & Hounds Cottage West Yorkshire Tockwith Road WF8 2EZ Long Marston York YO26 7PQ Reviewed by Niki Gilding Contributions by Jennifer Coughlan © Copyright York Osteoarchaeology Ltd Registered in England No 4982542 Towton04 i TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS Page Summary iii Acknowledgements iii 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 2 1.2 METHODOLOGY 2 2.0 OSTEOLOGICAL ANALYSIS 3 2.1 PRESERVATION 3 2.1.1 Skeletal Remains Excavated around Towton Hall 3 2.1.2 Skeletal Remains Recovered from the Battlefield 5 2.2 MINIMUM NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS 6 2.3 ASSESSMENT OF AGE 7 2.4 SEX DETERMINATION 8 2.5 STATURE 8 2.6 METRIC ANALYSIS 8 2.7 NON-METRIC TRAITS 9 2.8 CONCLUSION 9 3.0 PATHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS 10 3.1 CONGENITAL ANOMALIES 10 3.2 INFECTION 10 3.3 METABOLIC CONDITIONS 11 3.4 DEGENERATIVE JOINT DISEASE 11 3.5 TRAUMA 13 3.5.1 Activity-Related Trauma 13 3.5.2 Circulatory Disorders 15 3.5.3 Fractures 15 3.5.4 Weapon-Related Trauma 16 3.6 CONCLUSION 18 4.0 DENTAL HEALTH 18 Towton04 ii 5.0 MORTUARY PRACTICE 20 6.0 DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY 20 References 23 Plates 1 BF03, articulated left foot from SF32 6 2 Skeleton 103, inflammation on right fibula – note the irregular bone surface 10 appearance 3 Thoracic vertebra from BF03 with large osteophyte (arrow) 12 4 Schmorl’s node
    [Show full text]
  • PDF Download Towton 1461: Englands Bloodiest Battle Ebook
    TOWTON 1461: ENGLANDS BLOODIEST BATTLE PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Christopher Gravett,Graham Turner | 96 pages | 20 Apr 2003 | Bloomsbury Publishing PLC | 9781841765136 | English | Oxford, England, United Kingdom Towton 1461: Englands Bloodiest Battle PDF Book A Traveller's Guide to the Battlefields of Britain. The Lancastrian army marched to Tadcaster, about 2 miles 3. Baldwin, D Book Category. Various archaeological remains and mass graves related to the battle were found in the area centuries after the engagement. The situation deteriorated in the s into a civil war between the supporters of his queen, Margaret of Anjou , and those of his cousin Richard, Duke of York. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing. It may take a while for them to show on the page. Warwick the Kingmaker. W and St Joseph, J. Contemporary sources like William Gregory's Chronicle of London claim the two armies were huge, with estimates ranging up to , The ten-hour clash between the Yorkists and the Lancastrians ended with the slaughter of 28, men - the equivalent of one per cent of the English population at the time. London, United Kingdom: Routledge. Further information: Wars of the Roses. Evans Brothers Ltd, London. The Lancastrian nobility had heavy losses. The Lancastrians lost more troops in their rout than from the battlefield. Having cleared the vicinity of enemy forces, the Yorkists repaired the bridge and pressed onwards to camp overnight at Sherburn-in-Elmet. Researchers believe it would have been used at Towton as a method of intimidating the opposition. Further information: Wars of the Roses. Weary, wounded or half-frozen, they drowned by the dozen, until eventually the beck was so dammed with corpses that their colleagues could scramble to safety over what became known as the Bridge of Bodies.
    [Show full text]
  • ANNEX B Part 1
    Annex 1 York Museums Trust Performance Report: October 2013 – March 2014 Executive Summary YMT’s biggest current project continues to be the York Art Gallery Development. The gallery closed to the public on 31 December 2012 and the main works are currently underway; we are planning to re-open in June 2015 with 60% more exhibition space, improved visitor facilities and the new Centre of Ceramic Art (CoCA). Over this reporting period we were awarded £300,000 from the DCMS/Wolfson Fund for the project. The project is now fully funded. Work has begun thinking about the opening exhibitions which will focus on the gallery’s permanent collection, particularly the gifts and bequests the gallery has received over the years, including from collectors such as John Burton, FD Lycett Green, Dean Milner White and W.A Ismay. We are also very close to the end of our major development at York Castle Museum. This has been funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund. This will see a refurbished Debtors Prison creating new exhibition spaces, better learning spaces and offices and, for the first time, a visitor lift. The first exhibition to be held in these new spaces will be 1914: When the World Changed Forever, a major changing exhibition on the social impact of World War One that opens to the public on 28 June. Scrutiny members have been invited to the private view on 16 July. YMT are also leading on a regional marketing initiative to publicise the various events, exhibitions and displays focusing on WWI in this centenary years across museums and galleries in Yorkshire and the Humber.
    [Show full text]
  • March 2018 Price
    March 2018 Price 70p Church of the Epiphany, Tockwith Rota 4th 11th 18th 25th March 11.00am 6pm 11.00am Mothering Sunday Evening Prayer Informal Service Service 1662 n/a Rachel Kelly (G) Imogen Woods (G) Reading Jenn Waller (1) Barbara Harris (G) Janet Marriner (1) Neil Stobert(2) n/a n/a Intercessions Jenny Tham Angela Jenkins n/a tbc n/a Chalice Sides n/a John McKernan Deryck Wilson Stuart Coggrave persons Susan McKernan Peter Harris n/a Tea & n/a Diane Wakelin Audrey Gough coffee Margaret McBride Julia Plowman n/a Audio Neil Stobert Deryck Wilson Local Team Church John McKernan Barbara Harris Jenn Waller Neil Stobert cleaning w/c Susan McKernan Janet Pozman Norman Waller Karen Stobert Church opening John McKernan Rachel Kelly Janet Marriner Angela Jenkins SOMEONE’S DYING TO MEET YOU. Maybe it’s your own true self dŚĂƚĨŽŽƚďĂůůŝŶŐůĞŐĞŶĚ͕:ŝŵŵLJ'ƌĞĂǀĞƐ͕ ĞůŝĂ:ŽŚŶƐŽŶƌŝĞĨŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌ ŬŶĞǁŚĞǁĂƐŶ͛ƚŚŝŵƐĞůĨǁŚĞŶŚĞƚƌŝĞĚ ǁŝƚŚďƌŽŬĞŶŐůĂƐƐƚŽƐĐŽŽƉǀŽĚŬĂŽƵƚŽĨ ŚŝƐĚƵƐƚďŝŶ͘/ƚǁĂƐĂWƌŽĚŝŐĂů^ŽŶĐŽŵŝŶŐ ƚŽŚŝƐƐĞŶƐĞƐŵŽŵĞŶƚ͘,Ğ͛ĚĚĞƐĐĞŶĚĞĚ ŝŶƚŽ,ĞůůĂŶĚŶŽǁǁĂƐĨĂĐŝŶŐŚŝƐĂůĐŽŚŽůŝĐ ĚĞŵŽŶƐ͘ƌĂǁŝŶŐƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĨƌŽŵ'ŽĚ ŬŶŽǁƐǁŚĂƚ;ĐĞƌƚĂŝŶůLJŶŽƚŚŝŵƐĞůĨͿŚĞ ƉĂŝŶĨƵůůLJďĞŐĂŶŐĞƚƚŝŶŐŚŝƐůŝĨĞďĂĐŬ͘ ĐůĂƐƐŝĐƚĂůĞŽĨĐƌƵĐŝĨŝdžŝŽŶ͕ĚĞĂƚŚĂŶĚ ƌĞƐƵƌƌĞĐƚŝŽŶ͘ ƐĂLJƐ͞zŽƵΖǀĞďĞĞŶĂůŽŶŐǁĂLJ ĂǁĂLJ͙dŚĂŶŬLJŽƵĨŽƌĐŽŵŝŶŐďĂĐŬƚŽŵĞ͘͟ zŽƵĚŽŶ͛ƚŚĂǀĞƚŽďĞ'ƌĞĂǀƐŝĞŽƌĂůĐŽŚŽůŝĐ ƌƵĐŝĨŝdžŝŽŶ;ƉĞƌŚĂƉƐĨŽƌďŽƚŚŽĨƚŚĞŵͿ͕ ƚŽŝĚĞŶƚŝĨLJǁŝƚŚŝƚ͘tŚŽŚĂƐŶ͛ƚďĞĞŶŝŶ,Ğůů ĚĞĂƚŚƚŽƚŚĞĂĨĨĂŝƌ͕ĂŶĚĨŝŶĂůůLJƌĞƐƵƌƌĞĐƚŝŽŶ ĂƚƐŽŵĞƉŽŝŶƚ͕ŽǀĞƌƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐŽƌ ĨŽƌŝƚǁŝůůŶĞĞĚĂŶĞǁĂŶĚĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚƐƚĂƌƚ͘ ƐŽŵĞŽŶĞ͍^ŽŶŐƐĂƌĞĨƵůůŽĨůŽǀĞŐŽŝŶŐ ǁƌŽŶŐĨƌŽŵůǀŝƐ͛ƌĞzŽƵ>ŽŶĞƐŽŵĞ ůůŽƵƌůŝǀĞƐƚĞŶĚƚŽǁĂƌĚƐƚŚŝƐƉĂƚƚĞƌŶ͘/ƚ͛Ɛ
    [Show full text]
  • Selby District (Area 7)
    Reported Road Casualties in North Yorkshire: Annual Report 2015 Selby district (Area 7) Selby district in brief One adult person, was killed on Selby’s roads during 2015, this is the lowest number of people killed on Selby’s roads since modern records began in 1990. In 2014 6 people were killed on Selby’s roads. The 1 person killed was a powered two wheeler (PTW) rider. The number of people killed or seriously injured (KSI) was 36 in 2015 and has decreased from 53 in 2014. In terms of road user groups, the number of KSI has decreased amongst PTW (-6), pedal cyclists (-5), pedestrians (-5), car occupants (-2) and other category (-1), and increased in the number of goods vehicle occupants (+2). The number of total casualties in road collisions reported to the police in 2015 was 250, down 5% on 2014 (264). This decrease is mostly due to the pedestrian group which saw a 42% decrease in casualties in 2015 (from 24 to 14), the car occupant group also saw an overall decrease from 151 to 144 and the PTW group reduced from 41 to 36. The pedal cyclists and goods vehicles groups saw increases from 29 to 35 and from 16 to 18 respectively. The reported number of child KSI casualties (ages 0-15) in the district in 2015 (1) is below the previous year (7) and the lowest year since modern records began. The one child who was seriously injured was a pedestrian. The number of cyclist casualties has increased by 21% from 29 in 2014 to 35 in 2015.
    [Show full text]
  • The Towton Battlefield Archaeological Survey Project: an Integrated Approach to Battlefield Archaeology T.L
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Bradford Scholars The Towton Battlefield Archaeological Survey Project: An Integrated Approach to Battlefield Archaeology T.L. Sutherland and A. Schmidt (Dept. of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford) Sutherland, T. & A. Schmidt 2003. Towton, 1461: An Integrated Approach to Battlefield Archaeology. Landscapes 4(2): 15-25. Introduction The small village of Towton is situated four kilometres to the south of the market town of Tadcaster and 18 kilometres southwest of the city of York, the medieval secular and ecclesiastical centre of northern England (Plate 1). This small medieval hamlet gave its name to what is regarded as the largest battle ever fought on British soil, with over 100,000 combatants allegedly taking part and approximately 28,000 dead (English Heritage 1995). The Battle of Towton took place on Palm Sunday, 29th March 1461 between the armies of King Henry VI of the house of Lancaster and Edward Earl of March, later Duke of York, of the house of York. Preceding the battle Edward had been proclaimed the new king, and after his victory at Towton he was crowned King Edward IV (Myers 1969) It is known from King Edward IV’s 1461 Act of Attainder that the battle took place ‘in a field …called Saxtonfield and Towtonfield’ (Rotuli. Parliamentorum,1st Edward IV. (1461), vol V fo. 477-8, cited in Boardman 1996; 160-161), upon the rolling landscape on the very edge of the vale of York. However, although much has been written about the battle, most of it is based on surprisingly little primary historical resources.
    [Show full text]
  • Despatches Summer 2017 July 2017
    Summer 2017 www.gbg-international.com DESPATCHES IN THIS ISSUE: PLUS IR35 and You Air Traffic Mayhem - over Rome Medieval Towton AND Goodbye to all that Albert Glover and the Zulu War 02 | Despatches FIELD guides Our cover image: Middleham Castle viewed from the old motte and bailey. This gives a great opportunity to assess the development of medieval fortifications and generally tends to please any Ricardians in the group. Australian GBG Dinner 28 June 2017 Guests at the table in the Adam Room for our inaugural GBG Dinner ‘Down Under’. On the evening of Wednesday 28 June, three of the four Australian members of the Guild held their inaugural black tie dinner in the elegant surroundings of the Adams Room of the NSW Masonic Club, Sydney. We took this opportunity to gather a number of military history and battlefield tour enthusiasts to promote membership of the Guild, with 16 attendees at the dinner. Two of the guests had been on a South African safari with Dennis earlier in February and another had recently returned from a US Civil War battlefield tour. We also took the opportunity to have Dennis Weatherall present David Wilson with his gold badge, which he qualified for in May of this year. It is hoped that we can now find other speaking-type opportunities to promote the Guild along with an annual dinner to kick off an Antipodean tradition. Dennis Weatherall (#34) presenting David Wilson with Badge #81. Old Sea Dog ‘Weathers’ congratulating David Wilson on his award. Guild Members from left: Dennis Weatherall (#34); David Wilson (#81) and Associate Member Ron Lyons.
    [Show full text]
  • Sherburn in Elmet North Yorkshire
    SHERBURN IN ELMET NORTH YORKSHIRE 5.80 Acres (2.34 Ha) PERMANENT GRASSLAND Selby 8 miles Leeds 13 miles York 23 miles A single field of permanent grassland, suitable for those with agricultural or equestrian interests. FOR SALE BY PRIVATE TREATY OFFERS IN THE REGION OF £75,000 York Auction Centre, Murton, York YO19 5GF Tel: 01904 489731 Fax: 01904 489782 Email: [email protected] GENERAL INFORMATION rights are included in the sale. SITUATION: WAYLEAVES & EASEMENTS: Heading south on the A64 towards Leeds, take the The property is sold subject to and with the benefit of all A162 signed towards Towton, continue on through rights of way, easements, and wayleaves whether the villages of Towton and Barkston until you reach a mentioned in these particulars or not. roundabout. At the roundabout take the second exit TENURE: into Sherburn in Elmet. Turn right onto Kirkgate at the Freehold with vacant possession on completion. crossroads and continue along, as the road bears to the left the land is situated on the right hand side LOCAL AUTHORITY: before the church and is indicated by a Stephenson Selby District Council, Civic Centre, Doncaster Road, and Son For Sale board. Selby, North Yorkshire, YO8 9FT. Tel: 01757 705101 DESCRIPTION: PLANS, AREAS AND SCHEDULES: A single parcel of permanent grassland extending to The plans provided and areas stated in these sales 5.80 acres (2.34 hectares), accessed from St Johns particulars are for guidance only and are subject to Lane and sloping up towards Church Hill. verification with the title deeds. The land is classified as Grade 2/ Grade 3 agricultural VALUE ADDED TAX: land on the Soil Survey for England and Wales and falls Any price quoted or discussed is exclusive of VAT.
    [Show full text]