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The Rebellion of 1483: a Study of Sources and Opinions (Part 2)
The Rebellion of 1483: A Study of Sources and Opinions (Part 2) KENNETH HILLIER NEARLY as much mystery surrounds Sir Thomas More's History of King Richard the Third'1 as the fate of the two princes! Five versions of the text survive of differing length, with the first published version (1543) being markedly altered from the 'authentic' text of over a decade later. Moreover, some question More's authorship, giving Morton a major role in the work at the very least. Alison Hanham,2 contributing to the further problem of what was More's intentions in the work, maintains it is a 'Satirical Drama'. That the book is important is not doubted: 'The work not only gives in minute detail an account of all the important events from the death of Edward IV to the outbreak of Buckingham's rebellion, but it presents the most finished portrait of Richard's person and character.'3 Certainly More's work appears (as often as any) in the footnotes of most books on Richard. The Duke of Buckingham plays a central role in the tale, from his first appearance as 'Edwarde [sic] Duke of Buckingham, and Richarde [sic] Lorde Hastinges and Chaumberlayn, both men of honour and of great power' to the last line (in Rastell's 1557 English edition) of the text, where the Bishop of Ely has planted the idea of the crown itself in his mind. Buckingham, until his rebellion, is linked with Richard throughout: he sees that Gray and Vaughan are arrested, when young Edward protests; with Rivers, they are traitors because 'they hadde contryued the destruccyon of the Dukes of Gloucester and Buckingham', whilst, later, Hastings' conspiracy was 'to have slaine ye lord protector and ye Duke of Buckingham sitting in ye counsel'. -
HVII Activity Sheet (Answers)
Welcome to the Henry VII Experience. My name is Thomas Briggs, and I lived in Micklegate Bar during the reign of Henry VII. I have set you a number of tasks to learn some information about my King Henry VII and the time period. The first one starts on the top floor. Do be careful on the stairs! Missing Letters The first challenge is to fill in the missing letters of the different armour below! K E T T L E P A D D E D G A U N T L E T H E L M E T J A C K B R E A S T P A D D E D B A R B U T E P L A T E C O I F True or False? I am sure that some of my facts are wrong. Can you please help me to work out which ones? (Put ‘true’ or ‘false’ next to the statements) 1 . Henry’s mother, Margaret Beaufort, was 14 when she gave birth to Henry TRUE 2 . The red rose was one of the badges of the House of York, and the white rose was one of the badges of the House of Lancaster FALSE 3 . Henry declared that his reign started the day before the Battle of Bosworth Field. This meant that anyone who fought against Henry in the battle could TRUE be found guilty of treason 4 . John Cabot, an Italian explorer, was sponsored by Henry VII and, in 1497, landed in mainland North America, the first European to be there since the Vikings TRUE 5 . -
History- Year 8 – the War of the Roses Time to Complete: 50 Minutes
HOME LEARNING Subject: History- Year 8 – The War of the Roses Time to complete: 50 minutes Learning Objective: To find information about the War of the Roses using a timeline. Investigate the lives of kings Henry VI and Edward IV. TASK 1: Read the information on War of the Roses. Task 2: Match each date to the King who was ruling at that time (Use the information in the timeline to help you). TASK 3: Read the information about Henry VI and Edward IV and the Battle of Towton and fill in the correct details about each king. Task 4: Watch the video clip of “Horrible Histories” showing the War of the Roses. Save your work: If you are using a computer, open a blank document to do your work (you can use Word or Publisher). Don’t forget to SAVE it with your name, the lesson you are doing and the date. For example: T.Smith Maths 8 April If you would like us to see or mark your work please email it or send a photo of your completed work to the member of staff. [email protected] TASK 1 – Read the following information about the War of the Roses THE WAR OF THE ROSES The War of the Roses was a difficult time for England. During this time 2 rich and powerful families both wanted to rule England. They had many battles against each other to try to take the crown (become King). The families were the House of Lancaster and the House of York. -
Bosworth Battlefield
BOSWORTH BATTLEFIELD A Reassessment Glenn Foard 2004 This report has been prepared by Glenn Foard FSA MIFA for Chris Burnett Associates on behalf of Leicestershire County Council. Copyright © Leicestershire County Council & Glenn Foard 2004 Cover picture: King Richard’s Field as depicted on Smith’s map of Leicestershire of 1602 Page 2 22/07/2005 BOSWORTH BATTLEFIELD A Reassessment Glenn Foard Page 3 22/07/2005 Figure 1: A view by Rimmer (1898) of the Ambion Hill site looking east, showing King Richard's Well. This is the battlefield as currently interpreted at the Battlefield Centre, which now occupies the farm in the background. Page 4 22/07/2005 CONTENTS CONTENTS.............................................................................................................................. 5 List of Illustrations.................................................................................................................... 7 Acknowledgements................................................................................................................... 8 Copyright .................................................................................................................................. 9 Abbreviations............................................................................................................................ 9 SUMMARY............................................................................................................................ 10 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... -
THE ROSES ✥ 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 36 37 38X
This content downloaded from 136.167.3.36 on Thu, 11 Jan 2018 18:42:15 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ✥ THE WARS OF THE ROSES ✥ 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 36 37 38x This content downloaded from 136.167.3.36 on Thu, 11 Jan 2018 18:42:15 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 THE WARS OF 8 9 ✥ ✥ 10 THE ROSES 1 2 3 MICHAEL HICKS 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 36 YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS 37 NEW HAVEN AND LONDON 38x This content downloaded from 136.167.3.36 on Thu, 11 Jan 2018 18:42:15 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Copyright © 2010 Michael Hicks 8 9 All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and 20 except by reviewers for the public press) without written permission from the publishers. 1 For information about this and other Yale University Press publications, please contact: 2 U.S. Office: [email protected] www.yalebooks.com 3 Europe Office: sales @yaleup.co.uk www.yaleup.co.uk 4 Set in Minion Pro by IDSUK (DataConnection) Ltd 5 Printed in Great Britain by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall 6 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data 7 8 Hicks, M. -
The Wars of the Roses: a Timeline of Key Events Edward III Reigns From
The Wars of the Roses: A Timeline of Key Events . Edward III reigns from 1327 – 1377. Edward has many sons the heirs of which become the key players in the Wars of the Roses (see family tree). o Edward’s first son Edward (The Black Prince) dies in 1376. His son, Richard becomes Richard II following Edward III’s death and reigns from 1377 until 1399. o Edward’s third son Lionel also predeceases him. Lionel’s daughter, however, is integral to the claim made by The House of York to the throne at the time of the Wars of the Roses. Her granddaughter marries Richard, Duke of York who is the son of Edward III’s fifth son, Edmund, Duke of York. Their child Richard, 3rd Duke of York will eventually make a claim for the throne during the Wars of the Roses. o Edward’s fourth son John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, founds The House of Lancaster. His son, Henry (Bolingbroke), overthrows Richard II to become Henry IV. The descendants of Henry IV are King Henry V and King Henry VI. The House of Lancaster therefore has an uninterrupted reign of 62 years. o Edward’s fifth son Edmund of Langley, Duke of York founds The House of York. His son Richard, 2nd Duke of York marries the great- granddaughter of Edward’s third son. 1377: Edward III dies, and Richard II, his grandson, becomes king. Richard II is overthrown by his cousin Henry Bolingbroke who becomes King Henry IV. 1413: Henry IV dies, and Henry V becomes king. -
Battles and Warfare
BATTLES AND WARFARE GENERAL Le Jeu de la Hache: A Fifteenth-century Treatise on the Technique of Chivalric Axe Combat ANGLO Sydney Description: From Archaeologia, Vol. 109 Date of publication: 1991 Synopsis: Text and commentary on Le Jeu de la Hache (Bibliothèque Nationale, manuscrit français 1996), the only surviving treatise devoted exclusively to medieval axe combat. [LIBRARY NOTE: Filed under Fine and Applied Arts] The Times Guide to Battlefields of Britain ANON Description: From The Times Dates of publication: 3rd & 4th August, 1994 Synopsis: Articles on some of the battles included in English Heritage’s official new battlefields list (The Complete Guide to the Battlefields of Britain by David Smurthwaite), viz. Bannockburn, Shrewsbury, Blore Heath, Tewkesbury and Bosworth. The Wars of the Roses ANON Description: From Military History Monthly, Issue 50 Date of publication: November 2014 Synopsis: Well illustrated twenty-page editorial feature on the English civil conflicts of the fifteenth century. Includes an overview of the dynastic struggles and military campaigns, a discussion of military equipment and tactics, a longer feature on the Battle of Barnet and a brief revisionist analysis of Richard III. The strongest sections are those dealing with military matters. The brief historical explanations are, however, generally reliable, the most obvious error being the inclusion of a portrait of Elizabeth of York labelled ‘Elizabeth Woodville, Edward’s queen.’ The Wars of the Roses 1455-87 COATES Dr. J. I. Description: Typescript Date of publication: N/A Synopsis: Outline of the causes and main events of the wars. Heraldic Banners of the Wars of the Roses: Counties of Anglesey to Hampshire COVENEY Thomas Description: Freezywater Publications booklet, ed. -
MA Dissertatio
Durham E-Theses Northumberland at War BROAD, WILLIAM,ERNEST How to cite: BROAD, WILLIAM,ERNEST (2016) Northumberland at War, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11494/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk ABSTRACT W.E.L. Broad: ‘Northumberland at War’. At the Battle of Towton in 1461 the Lancastrian forces of Henry VI were defeated by the Yorkist forces of Edward IV. However Henry VI, with his wife, son and a few knights, fled north and found sanctuary in Scotland, where, in exchange for the town of Berwick, the Scots granted them finance, housing and troops. Henry was therefore able to maintain a presence in Northumberland and his supporters were able to claim that he was in fact as well as in theory sovereign resident in Northumberland. -
Play Book • December 2013
Living Play Book • December 2013 PLAY BOOK Table of Contents PB 1.0 Optional Rules ....................................................... 2 PB 5.0 Example of Play .................................................. 13 PB 2.0 Game Setup ........................................................... 4 PB 6.0 Historical Notes ................................................... 19 PB 3.0 Scenarios ............................................................... 4 PB 7.0 Expanded Sequence of Play ................................ 28 PB 4.0 Designer Notes .................................................... 11 This is the “Living Play Book” document for the game. It includes errata and clarifications to the original rules. To aid readability, errata is indicated in blue text. GMT Games, LLC • P.O. Box 1308, Hanford, CA 93232-1308 www.GMTGames.com 2 CROWN OF ROSES Play Book Example: On Turn 3, March is the Senior York Heir, but Rivers is currently not controlled by York; though York has influence placed on him, as well as Warwick. As such, York loses one Popular Support at the beginning of the King Phase but the IPs placed on Warwick are subject to no negative modifier. On Turn 4, assuming Rivers is still controlled by York, York will have to place at least one (1) IP on Warwick or lose him during the Parliament Phase (3 pro-York Roses – 4 [Game Turn] equals negative 1). PB 1.3 Distrustful Margaret Rule (Historical Rule) Queen Margaret was very distrustful of Henry Holland, the Duke of Exeter (Exeter Block), especially early in the conflict, as Exeter was Henry VI’s immediate Heir at the time. Because of this mistrust (which turned out to be misplaced), Exeter can- not Lead any non-Office Blocks for Movement or Combat while Margaret is In-Play in England (i.e., not in Exile). -
Imagine Finding a Man's Whole Skeleton. Then Discovering The
Dig Imagine finding a man’s whole skeleton. Then discovering the injured bones were once King Richard III, dead since 1485. You go to work to operate the steam shovel, excavate a parking lot in Leicester and uncover the hacked bones of a despised king, the scoliosis plus evidence of battle wounds that re-open wounds and battles: who gets the bones? where should they rest? who’s legitimate? who not? The bones left long ago in a Franciscan priory fallen to disrepair since Henry VIII (heir to Richard’s killer one generation removed) separated England’s church from Rome, dissolved the monasteries seized their wealth. Now new quarrels: cities of Leicester and York both want the bones to separate tourists from their money. Queen Elizabeth II doesn’t want them in Westminster Abbey: she is, after all, the consequence of the line of succession laid down by Richard’s killer. Leicester in the midlands, where the Battle of Bosworth Field was fought, where Shakespeare’s wicked Richard cries, A horse, a horse, my kingdom for a horse! (and once, I’ve heard, during a performance, a drunken audience member laughed, at which the actor on stage flung out, Make haste and saddle yonder braying ass!) York to the north also claims the bones--- Richard was of the House of York, contender in the Wars of the Roses, civil and uncivil battle, dynasties fighting, Lancastrians and Yorkists--- Henry Tudor winning out at Bosworth Field. Richard and Henry were rival parts of the same royal line--- Plantagenet---different branches of one tree. -
Diarrhoea, Dysentery, and the Clap: Connecting the Military Lifestyle to Literary & Skeletal Evidence of Reactive Arthropathy Induced by Bacterial Infections
DIARRHOEA, DYSENTERY, AND THE CLAP: CONNECTING THE MILITARY LIFESTYLE TO LITERARY & SKELETAL EVIDENCE OF REACTIVE ARTHROPATHY INDUCED BY BACTERIAL INFECTIONS Meghan E. Banton Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON Institute of Archaeology [1] DECLARATION I, Meghan E. Banton, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. ABSTRACT Military combatants are frequently exposed to physical exertion, sleep deprivation, deficient diets, and stress, which can all reduce the immune system’s ability to ward off infections. Making matters worse, combatants frequently inhabit overcrowded and unsanitary living conditions, which allow bacteria to thrive. As a result of these circumstances, the military lifestyle is associated with increased exposure and susceptibility to infectious diseases. This explains why epidemics are extremely common during times of war, especially in pre-twentieth century conflicts. Though military infectious diseases have been the topic of much research, bioarchaeological contributions have been limited, as most infectious diseases do not cause direct skeletal changes. For example, diarrhoea, dysentery, gonorrhea, and tonsillitis do not cause skeletal changes, but all are known to have been common among historical combatants. Though direct skeletal changes are not produced, the pathogenic bacteria causing these ailments can trigger reactive arthropathies (arthritic conditions caused by microbial infections), which includes the Spondyloarthropathies. Spondyloarthropathies cause skeletal changes and can be observed in archaeological remains. As such, the present research has chosen to explore the potential consequences of military infectious disease by answering the following question: were reactive arthropathies an occupational hazard to past military combatants? This question is answered through two methods. -
Bosworth: the Dawn of the Tudors
Bosworth: the dawn of the Tudors From childhood imprisonment in Brittany to the violent execution of Richard III in a Leicestershire field, Henry Tudor's passage to the throne was lengthy and labyrinthine. Chris Skidmore charts the origins of the Tudor dynasty This competition is now closed Wales, 7 August 1485. As the sun lowered beneath the horizon across the Milford estuary, a flotilla of ships drifted across the mouth of the Haven. It had been a week since the fleet had sailed from the shelter of the Seine at Honfleur, but the ships had made fast progress in the balmy August weather. Onboard, the soldiers waited. They included a rabble of 2,000 Breton and French soldiers (many only recently released from prison and, according to the chronicler Commynes, “the worst sort… raised out of the refuse of the people”). There were also a thousand Scottish troops and 400 Englishmen, whose last sight of the country had been two years previously, when they had fled in fear of their lives. The ships entered the mouth of the estuary where, looking leftwards, the dark red sandstone cliffs, several hundred feet in height and impossible to scale, gave way to a small cove hiddenrom sight from the cliffs above. High tide had passed an hour previously, enabling the ships to creep silently to the edge of the narrow shoreline, allowing the troops to disembark. Their arrival stirred no one. The waters soon clouded with sand as the men began to heave cannon, guns and ordnance from the boats, leading horses from the ships and onto land.