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The Effect of Foreign Aid on Political Violence: Learning from Case Studies of Nigeria and Sierra Leone

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The Effect of Foreign Aid on Political Violence: Learning from Case Studies of Nigeria and Sierra Leone Ursinus College Digital Commons @ Ursinus College Politics Honors Papers Student Research 4-29-2019 The Effect of Foreign Aid on Political Violence: Learning From Case Studies of Nigeria and Sierra Leone Charlotte Rohrer Ursinus College, chrohrer@ursinus.edu Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/pol_hon Part of the African Studies Commons, Defense and Security Studies Commons, Economic Policy Commons, Growth and Development Commons, International Relations Commons, Peace and Conflict Studies Commons, Political Economy Commons, and the Terrorism Studies Commons Click here to let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Rohrer, Charlotte, "The Effect of Foreign Aid on Political Violence: Learning From Case Studies of Nigeria and Sierra Leone" (2019). Politics Honors Papers. 9. https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/pol_hon/9 This Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Research at Digital Commons @ Ursinus College. It has been accepted for inclusion in Politics Honors Papers by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Ursinus College. For more information, please contact aprock@ursinus.edu. The Effect of Foreign Aid on Political Violence: Learning from Case Studies of Nigeria and Sierra Leone By: Charlotte Rohrer April 29, 2019 Submitted to the Faculty of Ursinus College in fulfillment of the requirements for Honors in the Department of Politics and International Relations 2 Abstract Policymakers in OECD countries regularly cite reducing political violence as a fundamental purpose of foreign aid. For example, countries such as Pakistan and Iraq have received considerable amounts of aid meant to address the root causes of political violence. This project analyzes quantitative and qualitative evidence to assess whether foreign aid can reduce political violence. The quantitative and qualitative analyses study Boko Haram in Nigeria and the Revolutionary United Front in Sierra Leone to focus on regional and country-wide political violence. The study further focuses on aid projects in Sierra Leone and Nigeria as a means to reduce or curb this violence. This paper finds evidence for aid projects playing a significant role in reducing political violence or reconsolidating a country after a conflict. However, this is highly contingent on the projects addressing and adequately understanding the needs in these countries. Note: This honors thesis began as a Ursinus College Summer Fellows project in June/July 2018. Sections on the following pages are taken from Rohrer (2018): pgs. 7, 14-16, 22 3 Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... 2 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................................ 5 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 7 Can aid reduce political violence? Existing literature ................................................................................... 7 Why people engage in political violence: Theories on relative deprivation ............................................. 7 Why people engage in political violence: Theories on religious and ethnic motivation ........................ 10 Theories on the relationship between foreign aid and political violence .............................................. 12 Aid, political violence and politics ........................................................................................................... 15 The role of aid in post-conflict reconciliation ............................................................................................. 17 Negative effects of aid ............................................................................................................................ 18 Summaries of theory-generating literature ............................................................................................ 20 Theory ......................................................................................................................................................... 21 Research Design .......................................................................................................................................... 23 Sierra Leone and Nigeria: The cases ....................................................................................................... 23 Quantitative Analysis .............................................................................................................................. 25 Variables ................................................................................................................................................. 27 Qualitative Analysis ................................................................................................................................. 30 Background on Case Studies ....................................................................................................................... 31 A military response to Boko Haram by the Nigerian government .......................................................... 32 Human Rights Abuses in Nigeria ................................................................................................................. 34 A non-military approach ......................................................................................................................... 35 Sierra Leone today .................................................................................................................................. 36 Quantitative Analysis .................................................................................................................................. 38 Nigeria ..................................................................................................................................................... 38 Sierra Leone ............................................................................................................................................ 46 Summary of Quantitative Analysis .......................................................................................................... 49 Qualitative Analysis ..................................................................................................................................... 51 A humanitarian approach to Boko Haram by aid organizations ............................................................. 51 Education in Nigeria ................................................................................................................................ 51 Project Success ........................................................................................................................................ 55 Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 57 Poverty in Nigeria .................................................................................................................................... 58 4 Project Success ........................................................................................................................................ 61 Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 64 Reconstructing Sierra Leone through aid projects ................................................................................. 65 DDR in Sierra Leone ................................................................................................................................ 66 Project Success ........................................................................................................................................ 68 Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 71 Education in Sierra Leone ....................................................................................................................... 72 Project Success ........................................................................................................................................ 75 Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 78 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 78 Summary and Discussion of the Qualitative Analysis ............................................................................. 79 Summary and Discussion of the Quantitative Analysis........................................................................... 80 Comparison to Expectations and Limitations in this Study .................................................................... 81 Implications of this Project ..................................................................................................................... 82 Further research ..................................................................................................................................... 84
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