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The 19th-century war is the latest charge between the U.S. military and Indians distributed to Indians by Alonzo Chappel in the and 's War19th-century depiction of Kipecanoe on Indiana soil[1] on November 7, 1811LocationNear Battlefield, Tippecanoe County, Indiana40°30′22N 86°50′42W / 40.506°N 86.845°W / 40.506; -86.845Coordinates: 40°30′22N 86°50′42W / 40.506°N 86.845°W / 40.506; -86.845Recent tactical victory[2]Fighting gerents Tecumseh's Confederate United States Commanders and leaders Tenskwatawa William Henry HarrisonStrength 500-700 fighter 250 infantry, 90 cavalry, 700 militia casualties and casualties Unknown Estimated 50-65 killed and 7 0-80 injured 62 dead, 126 injured IndianaBattle of Tippecanoe (United States) in IndianaShow map Location Tippecanoe (/ TTK/ TIP-ee-kə- NOO) United States War map show on November 7, 1811 battle ground, Indiana Governor is among the American forces led by Indian forces associated with the Indiana Territories and leader Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatawa (commonly known as the Prophet), leaders of a confederation of various tribes opposed to American Western European settlements. As tension surged and violence escalated, Governor Harrison marched with an army of about 1,000 people to attack confederate headquarters in Prophetstown, at the intersection of the Tippecanoe River and the Wabash River. Tecumseh was not yet ready to force his way up against the United States, and when Harrison's army arrived, he was gathering allies. Tenskwatawa was a spiritual leader, but not a soldier. Harrison camped near Prophetstown on November 6 and arranged to meet with Tenskwatawa the next day. But in the early hours of the next morning, fighters from Prophetstown attacked Harrison's army. They surprised the army, but Harrison and his men stayed up for more than two hours. The Indians were pushed back when their ammunition was reduced. After the war, they left Prophetstown and Harrison's men burned him, destroying food supplies stored for the winter. The soldiers then returned home. Harrison achieved his goal of destroying Prophetstown and declared a definite victory. Harrison won the 1840 presidential election, and his campaign song Tippecanoe and Tyler Tooda were nicknamed the popular Tippecanoe. Defeat was a setback for Tecumseh's confederation, which never fully recovered. [3] [4] The Americans blamed British interference in American affairs because they provided financial support and ammunition to the Indians. This led to further deterioration of relations with the UK and was a catalyst The , which began six months later. The United States declared war on Britain in June 1812, and Tecumseh's confederation was ready to start a war against the United States in alliance with the British. In preparation, the Indians rebuilt Prophetstown. Tecumseh and his chief war chief Roundhead were killed during the in 1813. Background Main article: Tecumseh's War painted by Rembrandt Peale as William Henry Harrison in 1814 when William Henry Harrison was appointed governor of the newly formed in 1800 and he tried to provide the title to the area for the settlement. In particular, he hoped the Indiana District would attract enough settlers to qualify for state. On September 30, 1809, Miami signed numerous land cessions with Native Americans, including the Treaty of , in which Pottawatomie, Lenape and other tribal leaders sold 3,000,000 acres (about 12,000 sq km) to the United States. [5] [6] Tecumseh had been leading a religious movement among the northwestern tribes in 1848 by Benson Lossing, based on tenskwatawa's drawing by Charles Bird King, known as the Prophet of Tenskwatawa in about 1820 and calling for a return to the ways of his ancestors. His brother, Tecumseh, was very angry at the Treaty of Fort Wayne and revived an idea previously advocated by Shawnee leader Blue Jacket and Mohawk leader Joseph Brant, stating that Indian territory is common to all tribes and that the land cannot be sold without agreement by all tribes. [5] [7] Tecumseh was not ready to face the United States directly and realized that he was opposed by the Indian leaders who signed the agreement. He threatened to kill all those who fulfilled the terms of the treaty and his disciples, and traveled a lot, urged fighters to abandon their chiefs and join his resistance in Prophetstown, insisting the Fort Wayne agreement was illegitimate. [8] In 1810, he met with Governor Harrison and asked Harrison to void the deal, and warned that settlers should not try to close the land sold in the agreement. Harrison rejected their demands and insisted that the tribes could have individual relations with the United States. [9] Tecumseh warned him that if fighting broke out, he would form an alliance with the British. [10] There was months of tension between the United States and Britain as a result of Britain's interference in American trade with France. In early 1810, British agents tried to form an alliance with the Indians to help Canada defend it, but the Indians were reluctant to accept their offer, fearing they had little to take advantage of such a deal. [5] In August 1811, Tecumseh met harrison again in Vincennes. He assured Harrison that the Shawnee brothers should remain at peace with the United States. [9] Tecumseh later traveled to the Southeast to gather allies among the Five Civilized Tribes. Many of the Southern tribes rejected his objections, but a faction of the People of Creek responded to the call to arms and became known as the Red Sticks. They led a civil war between factions divided over the Battle of Creek, the ups and downs of some American ways. This was part of the War of 1812, when the Red Rods opposed the United States. [11] [12] Shortly after a meeting with Tecumseh, Harrison left the area for a job in , and secretary John Gibson served as acting governor. Gibson lived among the Miami tribe for many years and quickly learned tecumseh's plans for war. He immediately called in militias in the area and sent emergency letters urging Harrison to return. [11] Most of the militia regiments were formed in mid-September, and Harrison returned with a small army-goer's force and took command. He had already communicated with his tops in Washington, D.C., and was authorized to march against the confederacy in a show of force in the hope that his members would accept peace. [13] [14] Harrison gathered scattered militia companies in Fort Knox, near a settlement in Maria Creek, north of Vincennes. [15] [16] [17] He joined the in addition to his bright yellow coats, along with a 60-strong company called Yellow Jackets from Corydon, Indiana. [note 1] The force of about 1,000 people arrived in Terre Haute, Indiana, on October 4[14] where they camped and built Fort Harrison while waiting for supplies to be delivered. A reconnaissance team in a Yellow Jacket was ambushed by the Indians on October 10, and several casualties were reported. The Americans stopped looking for food, and supplies began to decline rapidly. Until October 19, officers cut off supplies and the men survived with low thinging until October 28, when fresh supplies arrived on the Wabash River from Vincennes. With the army re-supplied, Harrison continued to advance to Prophetstown on October 29. [18] [19] War Read more: Harrison's forces of war approached The Prophetstown late on November 6 in order of Tippecanoe and were greeted by tenskwatawa followers waving the white flag. He sent a message from Tenskwatawa demanding a ceasefire until the next day, when the two sides could hold a peaceful meeting. Harrison agreed to a meeting, but was wary of Tenskwatawa's overture, believing the talks would be futile. He moved his army up a hill at the intersection of the Wabash and Tippecanoe rivers. He camped out his men in the war series and kept the night watch men on duty. [20] The layout of the battlefield was on the west side of the Burnett Creek hill, and a very steep set was on the east side, so Harrison did not order temporary work around the position, as is normally done by the camp armies. [21] The Yellow Jacket company, under the command of Captain Spier Spencer, was located at the southern end of the camp, and the rest of the militia formed a rectangular formation along the edges of the bluff surrounding the camp. Lt. Col. Joseph Bartholomew commanded the Indiana militia, which guarded the steep bluff on the eastern side of the formation, and was regular behind the main line under Major Floyd, Major Joseph Hamilton Daveiss and former congressman Capt. , and the Dragons were kept in reserve. [13] [22] Tenskwatawa told Michigan Gov. Lewis Cass in 1816 that he had not ordered his fighters to attack Harrison, and accused ho-chunk (Winnebago) fighters in the camp of launching the attack. Other narrations accuse Ho-Chunk of encouraging the attack and assect that Tenskwatawa was unable to control his followers as he was in a panic. [23] Tenskwatawa's followers were concerned by the nearby army and feared an near attack. They started defending the town, but they couldn't complete their defenses. Earlier in the evening, Tenskwatawa decided that sending a party to kill Harrison in his tent was the best way to avoid war. He assured the warriors that he would cast spells to prevent them from being harmed and why harrison would not fight back against his army. The warriors began to encircle Harrison's army. [22] A man named Ben was a wagon driver traveling with Harrison's army and fled to during an expedition. Late at night he agreed to lead a group of fighters to Harrison's tent, but he was captured by camp guards, taken back to the camp and tied up. He was later convicted of treason, but Harrison forgave him. [21] Accounts of how the war began are unclear, but Harrison's guards encountered fighters advancing before dawn on November 7. Lt. Col. Joseph Bartholomew was the officer of the day and ordered the soldiers to sleep with guns full. Around 4:30 a.m., soldiers woke up to scattered gun fire and saw tenskwatawa almost surrounded by his forces. Contact was first made at the northern end of the perimeter, but the move was probably thought to be a diversion. Shortly after the first innings, fierce clashes broke out on the other side as the warriors charged Harrison's line in the south corner. The militia's small caliber rifles rushed the fighters to the defenders. He was among the first to be killed, shot in every umit. Governor Harrison later recorded his death in a shipment to Washington: Spencer was wounded in the head. He advised his men to fight bravely. She was hit with both thighs and fell; Still continuing to encourage them, he grew up and took a ball through his body to put an immediate end to his presence. [24] [note 2] The remaining Yellow Jacket officers were Lieutenants Nuge and Klaus, but they were also shot dead, and the Yellow Jackets began to retreat from the main line, retreating with the guards. Joseph Bartholomew followed the retreating unit of the Indians and entered the camp, but Colonel Bartholomew asked for a platoon of 25 regular soldiers and opened a bayonet charge to repel them. During that charge, Bartholomew was shot in the lower arm and broke both bones, but when he was treated hours later, he was still holding his sword. He was later promoted to brigadier general to appreciate his leadership during the war. [note 3] The soldiers re-assembled under Lieutenant with the help of two reserve companies under Captain Robb and closed the breach within the line. [13] [25] [26] The second Indian offensive was against the northern and southern ends of the camp, and the heaviest southern tip took the heaviest hit. More than half of Harrison's losses occurred among companies on the southern end, including Captain Spencer, five men at his company and seven at the adjoining company. [note 4] As the attacks continued, the Americans kept their ground, with regulars strengthening the critical part of the line. At the northern end of the camp, Major Daveiss directed the cavalry in a counter-attack that punched the Indian line before being repelled. Most of Daveiss' company retreated to Harrison's main line, but Daveiss was killed. [note 5] Over the next hour, Harrison's troops fought several more charges. Indians began to reduce their ammunition, and the rising sun revealed the small size of Tenskwatawa's forces, so the Indians slowly began to retreat; [13] [25] [26] A second charge by the cavalry forced the Indians to flee. [27] In 1902, the Prophet's Rock near the Tippecanoe battlefield. Tenskwatawa is believed to have singed or chanted from this rock to encourage his warriors against Harrison's forces. [28] The war lasted about two hours, and Harrison lost 62 men, 37 of them killed in combat and 25 were fatally wounded; about 126 fewer were seriously injured. [26] [27] The Yellow Jackets suffered the biggest losses of the war, with 30 percent killed or injured. The number of Indian casualties is still a matter of debate, but it was certainly lower than american forces. Historians estimate that as many as 50 people were killed and about 70 to 80 injured. [25] [26] [27] The Warriors withdrew Prophetstown is where, according to a chef's account, the fighters face Tenskwatawa. They accused him of cheating because of the many deaths his spells prevented. He blamed his wife for disrespecting his magic medicine and offered to cast a new spell; He insisted that the fighters have a second attack, but they refused. [23] Fearing Tecumseh would return with reinforcements, Harrison ordered his men to reinforce their camp with their work for the rest of the day. As the guards move back, they find the bodies of 36 warriors and scalp them. [27] The next day, November 8, Harrison sent a small group of men to inspect the town of Shawnee and was found abandoned except for an elderly woman too ill to escape. The rest of the defeated indians had evacuated the village during the night. Harrison ordered his troops to spare the woman, but to burn down Prophetstown and destroy American food, without it, the confederacy would have been difficult to survive through the winter. Everything of value, including 5,000 kile corn and beans stored for winter, has been confiscated. [27] Some of Harrison's soldiers pulled bodies from the cemetery in Prophetstown into his scalp. Harrison's soldiers buried their own dead in their camp. They lit huge fires on the mass grave to hide it from the Indians. [note 6] After Harrison's soldiers left the area, the Indians returned to the burial site, digging up most of the bodies in retaliation and scattering the bodies. See also aftermath: After the battle of the enemy Indians in Wabash ring in the Battle of Indiana 1812 released a map containing information including prophetstown and tippecanoe war site treaty, 1819 days after the war, the American was loaded onto wounded wagons and transported back to Fort Harrison for medical care. Most of the militias were dismissed on November 9 and returned home, but most of the long-time soldiers remained in the area. [29] Harrison informed Secretary William Eustis of a battle near the Tippecanoe River and named it after the river; he added that he feared close retaliation. The first shipment did not explicitly state which side had won the conflict, and the secretary interpreted it as a defeat. The follow-up shipment made clear the American victory, and the defeat of Tecumseh's confederation became even more certain when a second attack did not take place. Eustis responded with a lengthy note to find out why Harrison had not taken adequate measures to strengthen his camp. Harrison said he saw the position strong enough without fortifications. The dispute was the catalyst for the dispute between Harrison and the War Ministry, and he resigned from the military in 1814. [30] At first, newspapers were very few As they focused on the events of the ongoing Napoleonic Wars in Europe, it's about war. A Louisville, Kentucky newspaper printed a copy of Harrison's first shipment, described the war as a defeat for the United States; [31] However, most major American newspapers began carrying stories about the war until December. Public anger grew rapidly, with many Americans accused the British of inciting tribes to violence and providing them with firearms. was at the forefront of those calling for war and said Tecumseh and his allies were thrilled by secret British agents[32] and other western governors called for action. This link between tecumseh's rise and British influence has led to growing resentment of British interference and led to the War of 1812. [34] Historians have long believed that Tecumseh was angry with Tenskwatawa for losing the war and that Tecumseh threatened to kill his brother for the attack. Tenskwatawa lost his prestige after the war and no longer served as leader of the confederation. In subsequent talks with Harrison, several Indian leaders claimed tenskwatawa's influence had been destroyed; Some rumors say he was persecuted by other leaders. (Historians Alfred A. Cave and Robert Owens argued that the Indians tried to mislead Harrison to defuse the situation and that Tenskwatawa continued to play an important role in the confederacy.) [33] [35] Harrison claimed a definite victory, but some modern historians were skeptical. According to Alfred Cave, can we confirm harrison's claim that Harrison won a definite victory in any of the [simultaneous] reports from Indian agents, traders and public officials after Tippecanoe? [36] The defeat was a setback for Tecumseh's confederation, but they rebuilt Prophetstown and indian violence increased at the border after the war. [37] Adam Jortner says that apart from strengthening Tenskwatawa's religious movement, the war is a disaster for both sides. [38] On December 16, 1811, the first of the New Madrid earthquakes rocked the South and Midwest. [39] Many Indians considered the quake a sign that Tenskwatawa's apocalyptic prophecies had come to life, and supported Tecumseh in large numbers, including many of the former dissidents. They increased their attacks against American settlers and isolated outposts in Indiana and the Illinois Area, killing many civilians. [33] Shawnee partially rebuilt Prophetstown the following year, but Cat Creek in 1812. Tecumseh continued to play an important role in military operations at the border. When the United States declared war on Great Britain in the War of 1812, Tecumseh's confederation was ready to start its own war against the United States. [40] Tecumseh's fighters formed almost half of the British forces that captured Detroit from the United States in the 1812 War, and Tecumseh's confederation did not stop threatening the Americans until his death in the 1813 Thames War. [41] William Henry Harrison was nominated for president in 1840 and used the slogan Tippecanoe and Tyler Too to remind people of his heroism during the war. [42] It is the general assembly's duty to ensure the permanent preservation and protection of the Memorial Tippecanoe Battlefield. — Indiana Constitution, Article 15, Section 10 Those who participated in the war thanked Congress. The decision involved the name and surname william henry harrison, but his name was removed before the gate. Harrison called it an insult and suggested that Congress implied that he was the only person in the campaign who wasn't worthy of praise, and that it accepted him as obloluk and disrespect. [43] However, he was awarded the Congressional Thank You Medal and the Congressional Gold Medal for his victory in the Battle of the Thames in 1818. [44] Harrison returned to the battlefield in 1835 to speak during his first presidential campaign, calling for the creation of a monument to protect the battlefield. John Tipton later bought the land to protect it, and the Methodist Church bought the mission school on the hill and used it as a vicar's school. In his will, Tipton left the battlefield to the vicar's school and built a larger facility in this place in 1862. Harrison and the war were memorialized by two towns called Tippecanoe; In 1938, he changed his name to Tipp City, Ohio. In 1908, the monument near the battlefield, the Indiana General Assembly built a 24-meter-high obelisk monument on the battlefield. On October 9, 1960, the Tippecanoe Battlefield was named a national historic landmark. [45] In the 150th [46] Years of the war in 1961, the battlefield attracted fewer visitors and fell into disreped, and the Tippecanoe County Historical Society maintained the battlefield and the seminary building that built a house for a war-related museum. In 1986, they added an amphitheatre to the monument[46] and in 1989 and 1990 it was used for The Outdoor Drama shows. [47] A list of battles also fought in the Indiana portal Curse of Tippecanoe Indiana Category:1812 From Indiana in the battle of the USS Tippecanoe U.S. Navy ships USNS Tippecanoe (T-AO-199) Notes ^ Indian raids on Indiana Rangers were established in the early days of the territory to protect settlers, but had seen little action in the previous five years. ^ Elected in honor of Captain Spencer of Spencer County, Indiana. ^ On December 4, 1811, the Indiana territorial legislature agreed to a decision to thank Colonel Luke Decker and Colonel Joseph Bartholomew, their officers, petty officers and the men who make up the militia under their command... For their superior heroism, heroism and courage they fought the morning of November 7th with shawnee prophet and his confederations in brilliant battle, under the command of His Excellency William Henry Harrison by the Army of 1811. Bartholomew County, Indiana was also elected in his honor. ^ Captain Jacob Warrick of the adjoining company was also killed in charge and elected in his honor in Warrick County, Indiana. ^ Daviess County, Indiana Major Joseph Hamilton was elected in honor of Daveiss. ^ It is implied that Harrison fears that indians will dig up dead soldiers in revenge for his men who disrespect prophetstown cemetery. (See Cave, p. 122 and Langguth, p. 169) Footnotes ^ Sugden, facing 211. Tunnell p. xvi ^ Blaine T. Brownell; Robert C. Cottrell (2010). Lives and Times: Individuals and Problems in American History: 1877. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 130. ISBN 9781442205581. Spencer C. Tucker (2014). Battles That Changed American History: The 100 Greatest Victories and Defeats. ABC-CLIO. p. 83. ISBN 9781440828621. ^ a b c Langguth, p. 164 ^ Owens, p. 210 ^ Owens, p. 211 ^ Langguth, p. 164-65 ^ a b Langguth, p. 165-66 ^ Langguth, p. 166 ^ a b Langguth, p. 167 ^ Owens, p. 212 ^ a b c d Langguth, p. 168 ^ a b Owens, p. 214 ^ Fort Knox II, Fort Knox ^ a b Funk in Kentucky, p. 27 ^ Fort Knox II. Archived from source in 2009. 2011-08-18. Date of access: 2011-05-07. Funk, p. 28 ^ Owens, p. 216 ^ Funk, p. 29 ^ a b Owens, p. 219 ^ a b Owen, p. 217 ^ a b Cave, p. 121 ^ Dillon, p. 471 ^ a b c Funk, p. 30 ^ a b c d Owen, p. 218 a b c d e Langguth, p. 169 ^ Tucker, vol. 1, p. 786, col. ^ Funk, p. 31 ^ Owens, p. 219-220 ^ Owens, p. 220 ^ Owens, p. 221 ^ a b c Owens, p. 222 ^ Congressional Anees. p. 12. Congress, session 1, pt. 1, p. 425-26, 446 (Grundy), 602, 914 (Clay). ^ Cave, p. 122 ^ Cave, p. 127 ^ Sugden, p. 260-61 ^ Jortner, 196. ^ Sugden, p. 249 ^ Sugden, p. 275 ^ Langguth, p. 214 ^ Carnes, p. 41 ^ Burr, Samuel Jones (1840) Life and times of William Henry Harrison, p. 237. ^ Stathis, Stephen. Congress Gold Medal, 1776-2008 (PDF). Archived from source in 2015-04-03. ^ Tippecanoe Battlefield. National Historic Places program. National Park Service. from the original 2015-04-02. Date of access: 2009-06-05. ^ a b Tippecanoe Battlefield Date. Tippecanoe County Historical Society. Archived from source in 2009-04-17. Date of access: 2009-03-27. ^ Welcome Page, Tippecanoe War Open Drama 1990 Commemorative Program, Summer 1990. References Carnes, Mark C.; Mieczkowski, Yanek (2001). Presidential Campaigns Routledge Historical Atlas. : Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-92139-8. Cave, Alfred A (2006). Prophets of the Great Spirit. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-1555- 9. Dillon, John Brown (1859). Letters by William Henry Harrison. History of Indiana. Bingham & Doughty. ISBN 978-0-253-20305-2. Funk, Arville (1983) [1969]. Indiana Historic Sketchbook (revised ed.). Rochester, Indiana: Christian Book Press. [ISBN missing] Jortner, Adam. (2011). The Gods of Prophetstown: The Battle of Tippecanoe and the Holy War for the American Border. Oxford University Publishing House. ISBN 978-0199765294 Langguth, A. J. (2006). Unity 1812: Americans who fought in the Second Liberation War. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-2618-9. Owens, Robert M. (2007). Mr. Jefferson's Hammer: The origins of William Henry Harrison and American Indian Policy. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma. ISBN 978-0-8061-3842-8. Sugden, John (1999). Tecumseh: A Life. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0- 8050-6121-5. Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2011). Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607-1890: A Political, Social and Military History. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-8510-9603-9. Tunnell, IV, H.D. (1998). For Compel with the Armed Force: A Personnel Ride Handbook for the Battle of Tippecanoe. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Institute for Combat Studies, U.S. Army Command and Joint Chiefs of Staff College. Archived from source in 2003-11-05. Read more from Edmunds, David R (1983). The Freighter Prophet. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-1850-5. Feldman, Jay (2005). When Mississippi Ran Backwards. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-4278-3. Pirtle, Alfred. (1900). Battle of Tippecanoe. Louisville: John P. Morton & Co./Library Editions. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-7222-6509-3. As read to the Filson Club. J. Wesley Whickar, Shabonee's Account of Tippecanoe, Indiana History Magazine, volume 17, no. 4 (December 1921), p. 353-63. JSTOR External links as Battlefield History. Tippecanoe County Historical Society. Archived from source in 2009-02-24. Date of access: 2009-02-24. from The New Year

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