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Sustainable Shores

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Sustainable Shores Sustainable Shores Technical Report February 2018 Andy HayAndy (rspb - images.com) A UK-wide review of Past and future losses of coastal habitats The potential opportunities for creating new habitat The policy and funding context for delivering new habitat PAGE LEFT BLANK Sustainable Shores Technical Report February 2018 Authors Rosie Miles Nathan Richardson RSPB, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire, SG19 2DL, UK Citation This report should be cited as: Sustainable Shores (Technical Report). Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (2018). Miles. R and Richardson. N Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge and thank staff from the Environment Agency, Natural England, Natural Resources Wales, Scottish Environmental Protection Agency, Scottish Natural Heritage, National Trust and ABPmer for their assistance in helping us prepare this report. Contents Section 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 Section 2 Background ........................................................................................................... 3 2.1 National Background ................................................................................................... 3 2.1.1 UK Biodiversity Action Plan ................................................................................... 3 2.1.2 EU Birds and Habitats Directives .......................................................................... 3 2.2 ‘Seas of Change’ 1998-2002 ....................................................................................... 4 2.2.1 Background ........................................................................................................... 4 2.2.2 Methodology ......................................................................................................... 5 2.2.3 Results and Conclusions ....................................................................................... 6 2.3 Progress since ‘Seas of Change’ ................................................................................. 7 2.3.1 To investigate in more detail the opportunities identified by this study ................... 7 2.3.2 To develop recognition and agreement from the government and stakeholders that coastal change needs to be managed ............................................................................ 9 2.3.3 To secure a strategic approach to intertidal habitat creation ................................ 10 2.3.4 To work in partnership to deliver multiple objectives. ........................................... 11 2.3.5 To find the funding required ................................................................................ 11 2.4 The ‘Sustainable Shores’ Project ............................................................................... 12 Section 3 The Conservation Value and Benefits of our Coastal Habitats............................. 13 3.1 Conservation Importance of Coastal Habitats ............................................................ 13 3.2 Priority Species.......................................................................................................... 14 3.2.1 Curlew Numenius arquarta .................................................................................. 15 3.2.2 Oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus ............................................................... 18 3.2.3 Redshank Tringa totanus .................................................................................... 21 3.2.4 Little tern Sternula albifrons ................................................................................. 24 3.2.5 Species Headlines .............................................................................................. 26 3.3 Other Ecosystem Services Delivered by Coastal Habitats ......................................... 27 3.3.1 Flood and Coastal Defence ................................................................................. 29 3.3.2 Carbon Sequestration and Storage ..................................................................... 31 3.3.3 Tourism, Amenity & Other Socio-Economic Values ............................................. 32 3.3.4 Provisioning values ............................................................................................. 32 3.3.5 Water Quality Provisioning .................................................................................. 32 3.4 The Cost of Creating Coastal Habitats .......................................................................... 33 Summary ......................................................................................................................... 35 Section 4 The Condition of Our Coastal Habitats and Protected Sites ................................ 37 4.1 Condition of Coastal Habitats around the UK ............................................................. 37 4.2 Condition of Protected Sites around the UK ............................................................... 38 4.2.1 England ............................................................................................................... 38 4.2.2 Wales .................................................................................................................. 45 4.2.3 Scotland .............................................................................................................. 47 4.2.4 Northern Ireland .................................................................................................. 50 4.4 Other risks to coastal habitats ................................................................................ 50 4.6 Summary ................................................................................................................... 51 Section 5 Review of Habitat Balance Estimates .................................................................. 53 5.1 National Perspective .................................................................................................. 53 5.2 England Habitat Accounts ......................................................................................... 57 5.2.1 Historic Damage.................................................................................................. 57 5.2.2 Future Projections ............................................................................................... 58 5.3 Wales Habitat Accounts ............................................................................................. 61 5.3.1 Historic Damage.................................................................................................. 61 5.3.2 Future Projections ............................................................................................... 61 5.4 Scotland Habitat Accounts ......................................................................................... 64 5.4.1 Historic Damage.................................................................................................. 64 5.4.2 Future Projections ............................................................................................... 64 5.5 Northern Ireland ......................................................................................................... 67 5.6 Summary of historic and projected losses around the UK compared to the amount of habitat projected to be created. ....................................................................................... 69 5.7 Conclusions and Recommendations .......................................................................... 71 Section 6 Review of Policy Drivers and Funding for Coastal Habitat Creation ..................... 79 6.1 Summary of the main policy drivers and associated funding routes for habitat creation on the coast ..................................................................................................................... 79 6.2 EU Birds and Habitats Directives ............................................................................... 83 6.3 Flood Risk Management ............................................................................................ 88 6.4 Water Framework Directive ....................................................................................... 94 6.5 Marine Planning ....................................................................................................... 101 6.6 Waste Management and Beneficial Reuse of Material ............................................. 101 6.7 Climate Change Policy ............................................................................................ 103 6.8 Innovative Finance and Impact Investing ................................................................. 104 6.9 The Defra 25 Year Plan and the Suffolk Marine Pioneer .......................................... 106 6.10 Conclusions and Recommendations ...................................................................... 107 Section 7 Opportunities for Coastal Habitat Creation ........................................................ 111 7.1 Coastal Management Options for Restoring and Creating Coastal Habitats ............ 111 7.2 Opportunity Mapping Methodology .......................................................................... 115 7.3 Overview of Results ................................................................................................. 117 Section 8 Conclusions and Recommendations ................................................................. 119 References ......................................................................................................................
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