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Zy Zjнв Zvвдzас Wцаyzа SWP-Studie Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik Deutsches Institut für Internationale Politik und Sicherheit Catherine Guicherd The Enlarged EU’s Eastern Border Integrating Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova in the European Project S 20 Juni 2002 Berlin Nachweis in öffentlich zugänglichen Datenbanken nicht gestattet. Abdruck oder vergleichbare Verwendung von Arbeiten der Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik ist auch in Auszügen nur mit vorheriger schriftlicher Genehmigung der SWP gestattet. © Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, 2002 SWP Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik Deutsches Institut für Internationale Politik und Sicherheit Ludwigkirchplatz 3−4 10719 Berlin Telefon +49 30 880 07-0 Fax +49 30 880 07-100 www.swp-berlin.org [email protected] Inhalt Problemstellung und Empfehlungen 5 Introduction 7 The EU’s Interests 10 The EU’s External Environment 10 The EU’s Cohesion and Capabilities 12 EU Policies and Partner Reactions: The State of Play 15 The EU’s Limited Interests 15 The Partners’ Ambiguous Response 19 Ukraine 19 Belarus 27 Moldova 32 Future EU Policies: The Parameters 38 Political Attitudes in the Partner Countries 38 Ukraine 38 Belarus 40 Moldova 42 Concluding comments 43 EU Enlargement 43 The Schengen frontier 45 The new members and their neighbours 52 Moldova: a special case 56 The Russian Factor 57 The Future Shape of the EU 65 Main trends in the debate 65 The implications for Belarus, Ukraine, and Moldova 68 Concluding Comments 69 Policy Recommendations 71 Regional Policy: Developing an EU “Eastern Dimension” 72 Bilateral Policies 75 Ukraine 75 Moldova 78 Belarus 80 Executive Summary 84 Abbrevations 88 Dr. Catherine Guicherd, 1997–2001 Stellvertretende General- sekretärin der Parlamentarischen Versammlung der NATO in Brüssel, danach Forschungsaufenthalt bei der SWP, wird ab Herbst 2002 für das französische Verteidigungs- ministerium beim britischen Verteidigungsministerium in London tätig sein Problemstellung und Empfehlungen The Enlarged EU’s Eastern Border Integrating Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova in the European Project Die Osterweiterung bereitet der Union in ihren Außenbeziehungen grund- sätzliche Probleme. Erstens wird die wirtschaftliche, soziale, politische und kulturelle Asymmetrie zwischen den neuen Mitgliedern und ihren östlichen Nachbarn in den kommenden Jahren mit der Anpassung an westliche Standards zunehmen. Zweitens werden die neuen Mitglieder durch Annahme des Schengener acquis ihre Grenzen zu den Anrainer- staaten verstärken, was zur Einschränkung der zwischenmenschlichen Beziehungen und des nicht unbedeutenden grenzüberschreitenden Handels führen wird. Insgesamt wird das Potential für Instabilität (ein- schließlich illegaler Migration) anwachsen, das Tempo der Modernisierung und der »Europäisierung« der größtenteils in sowjetisierten Gesellschafts-, Wirtschafts- und Staatsformen verharrenden Nachbarstaaten wird ge- drosselt. Außerdem steht die EU vor der diplomatischen Aufgabe, die Kom- munikationswege zu Belarus wieder zu öffnen, wie unangenehm das Lukaschenko-Regime auch sein mag. Die neue europäisch-russische Partnerschaft hat Auswirkungen, die für die Anrainerstaaten (the countries in-between) von besonderer Bedeutung sind. Erstens führen die beschleunigten Bemühungen Rußlands, sich in den Europäischen Wirtschaftsraum und die Welthandelsorganisation (WTO) einzubringen, seine Konsolidierung als Marktführer und Investor in der Ukraine, in Belarus und Moldova sowie die langsame Gangart der Reformen in diesen drei Ländern, zumindest auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene, eher zu einer Konstellation des »in Europa mit Rußland« als zu der eines »in Europa vor Rußland« oder eines »Europa fernbleiben«. Zweitens bringt der auf beiden Seiten von mächtigen Finanz- und Strategieinteressen unterstützte Energiedialog EU–Rußland eine signifikante Aufwertung von Belarus als Transitstaat für Erdöl und Gas mit sich, und dies auf Kosten der Ukraine. Drittens ermöglicht der verstärkte politische Dialog zwischen der EU und Rußland die Einbeziehung von Themen, die gemeinsame Nachbarn betreffen, so die Transformation von Belarus und die Lösung des Transdniestr-Konflikts in Moldova. Bei der Neugestaltung der Beziehungen in ihrem unmittelbaren Umfeld sollte sich die EU von ihrem langfristigen Interesse leiten lassen. So ist es offensichtlich zum Nutzen der Union, wenn sie die Modernisierung – ein- schließlich der wirtschaftlichen, politischen, institutionellen und kultu- rellen Komponenten – in ihren künftigen östlichen Nachbarstaaten unter- stützt. Brüssel sollte sich deshalb in den genannten Staaten verstärkt enga- gieren, ohne sich in allen drei Fällen zu einer Mitgliedschaft zu verpflich- ten. Denn erstens haben die drei Staaten ungeachtet ihrer Absichtserklärun- gen nicht ausreichend erkennen lassen, daß sie die für eine Bewerbung SWP-Berlin The Enlarged EU’s Eastern Border Juni 2002 5 Problemstellung und Empfehlungen erforderlichen Änderungen auch tatsächlich durchführen wollen, und zweitens ließen sich zusätzliche Mitgliedschaften angesichts des Umfangs der laufenden inneren Reformen, der Erweiterung um 10 bis 13 Mitglieder und einer stufenweisen Integration der Balkanstaaten in absehbarer Zeit der europäischen Öffentlichkeit nicht vermitteln. Unter Berücksichtigung der EU-Kapazitäten, der Dringlichkeit, die Konsequenzen der Erweiterung für die östlichen Anrainer in den Griff zu bekommen, und der starken Ver- bindungen zwischen Rußland und den drei Staaten ergeben sich folgende Empfehlungen. In den bilateralen Beziehungen sollte die EU vor allem ihre Politik gegenüber Belarus und Moldova neu gestalten. Sie sollte von der Politik der Isolierung Belarus’ Abstand nehmen und, gestützt auf ihre neuen Beziehungen zu Rußland, auf wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit mit Belarus setzen, um Reformen dort zu fördern. Moldova sollte als ein Balkan-Staat angesehen werden, dem man langfristig die EU-Mitgliedschaft in Aussicht stellen sollte, da dies der einzige Weg für eine dauerhafte Stabilisierung des Landes ist. Das bedeutet für die EU auch die Übernahme einer aktiven Rolle im regionalen Konfliktmanagement. Die EU sollte insgesamt eine »östliche Dimension« ihrer Politik ent- wickeln, die Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova und Rußland einschließt. Sie könnte drei Hauptziele haben. Das erste wäre, ein Bündel von Maßnahmen zu entwickeln, die geeignet sind, die mit der EU-Expansion für Zentral- europa einhergehenden Asymmetrien zu mildern und auszugleichen sowie dem durch die Erweiterung hervorgerufenen Gefühl der Isolierung zu begegnen, insbesondere durch eine »nachbarschaftsfreundliche« Justiz- und innere Sicherheitspolitik sowie durch die Förderung des Grenz- verkehrs und der regionalen wirtschaftlichen und infrastrukturellen Zusammenarbeit. Das zweite Ziel wäre die Aufhebung der Einschrän- kungen im bilateralen Strategieansatz der EU gegenüber Ukraine, Belarus und Moldova, der fast ausschließlich im Hinblick auf die innenpolitische Entwicklung in diesen Ländern ausgestaltet wird, obwohl deren politische, wirtschaftliche und gesellschaftliche Lage von der russischen Präsenz und den Beziehungen zwischen EU und Rußland stark geprägt wird. Als weiteren Schritt könnte die EU in bestimmten Bereichen die Entwicklung einer multilateralen Integrationsdynamik der östlichen Anrainerstaaten und Rußlands fördern. Dadurch könnten Reformbestrebungen unterstützt werden, ohne Rußland die Gelegenheit zu bieten, seine Kontrolle über diese Länder im früheren Maßstab wiederherzustellen. Insgesamt könnte ein breiteres Engagement der EU in der Ukraine, in Belarus und Moldova dazu beitragen, das mangelnde Verständnis für die Union in diesen Ländern zu verbessern und die in der öffentlichen Meinung vorhandenen, übertrieben positiven oder negativen Stereotype zu beseitigen. Das würde im Ergebnis den Regierungen dieser Länder hel- fen, eine auf ihre nationalen Interessen und Kapazitäten zugeschnittene Politik zu entwickeln. SWP-Berlin The Enlarged EU’s Eastern Border Juni 2002 6 Introduction Introduction Over the years, and even more since the end of the Cold War, the European Union (EU) has become a major structuring pole of inter-state relations on the European continent. This will be even more so as it enlarges and makes inroads in new policy areas. The attraction of this pole is strong, as demon- strated by the eagerness of some 20 countries of Northern, Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe, including Ukraine and Moldova (plus Turkey, Cyprus and Malta) to “join the club.” The EU has responded to those aspirations in part, but not totally. Whereas most countries of Central Europe are well on their way into the Union and the Balkan states have been offered a membership prospect through the Stabilisation and Association Process, the EU has given no such reassurance to countries born out of the dismembering of the Soviet Union – outside the Baltics. Rather, it has remained non-committal vis-à-vis Ukraine’s and Moldova’s aspirations to join, neither promising membership at any time, nor ruling it out. In this context, Belarus has remained an exception in making only ambiguous declarations as to a possible desire for rapprochement with the Union. Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova, however, will be de facto coming closer to the EU as a consequence of enlargement. By 2004–2005 the first two will be EU neighbours, as a result of Poland’s, Hungary’s, the Baltic States’, and Slovakia’s accession. Moldova’s turn is more distant, but the country is also slated to border on the EU as Romania itself progresses towards membership. The EU’s policy vis-à-vis Ukraine and Moldova reflects
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