United Nations Mission in (UNMISS) Media & Spokesperson Unit Communications & Public Information Office MEDIA MONITORING REPORT

TUESDAY, 25 JUNE 2013

SOUTH SUDAN • South Sudan among top five failed states (Sudan Catholic Radio Network) • governors travel to DR Congo (Radio Bakhita) • S. Sudan losing millions in fake land transactions, says official (Sudantribune.com) • South Sudan faces strong under-nutrition indicators (Catholic Radio Network) • UNHCR introduces new shelters for refugees in kaya camp (Sudan Catholic Radio Network) • Governor to deliver government policy on reopening of state assembly (Gurtong.net) • Governor set to launch book on humanitarian aid in South Sudan (Gurtong.net) SOUTH SUDAN, SUDAN • Undersecretary of foreign ministry and EU representative discuss relations between Sudan and South Sudan (SUNA) • Sudan issue omitted from AUPSC agenda – diplomat (Sudantribune.com) OTHER HIGHLIGHTS • Detention of Sudan former spy chief extended for 2 weeks (Sudantribune.com) • Sudan ex-intelligence boss faces charges (News24.com) • Sudan repeats vaccination campaign should be under its supervision (Sudantribune.com) • Museveni, Uhuru discuss oil ahead of more talks (AllAfrica.com) • Amnesty International condemns 'homophobia' in Africa (BBC News) ANALYSIS/OPINION/EDITORIAL • Egypt risks lonely walk on the Nile (Daily Monitor) • South Sudan: A tumultuous mixture of raw human hatreds (part 5) (South Sudan News Agency (SSNA) LINKS TO STORIES FROM THE MORNING MEDIA MONITOR • Guards protest as new arrangements for security are introduced at UNMIS (Gurtong.net) • Unity state asks UN for funds to build home for street children (Sudantribune.com) • S. Sudan to utilize Nile River for development projects (Sudantribune.com) • Finance Ministry withdraws supplementary budget (Sudan Catholic Radio Network) • MPS, communities discuss county problems (Sudan Catholic Radio Network) • National assembly adopts Abyei report (Sudan Catholic Radio Network) • South Sudan's army holds, beats civilians-HRW (Reuters) • 21 pilgrims represent South Sudan Sudan at Rio Youth Day (Sudan Catholic Radio Network) •

NOTE: Reproduction here does not mean that the UNMISS Communications & Public Information Office can vouch for the accuracy or veracity of the contents, nor does this report reflect the views of the United Nations Mission in South Sudan. Furthermore, international copyright exists on some materials and this summary should not be disseminated beyond the intended list of recipients.

Highlights

South Sudan among top five failed states Sudan Catholic Radio Network, 24/6/2013 – South Sudan ranks fourth in the annual table of failed states prepared by The Fund for Peace. Foreign Policy website published the Failed States Index 2013 on Monday. The index groups states into critical, in danger, borderline, stable and most stable categories. The index analyzes 178 countries under 12 indicators: demographic pressure, refugees/IDPs, group grievance, human flight, uneven development, economic decline, deligitimization of the state, public services, human rights, security, factionalized elites, and external intervention. The top five critical countries are Somalia, DR Congo, Sudan, South Sudan and Chad. The Fund for Peace senior associate JJ Messner writes about South Sudan: “There was much rejoicing at the birth of the world’s newest country in 2011. As it turns out, independence was not a panacea. Violence continues, sometimes perpetrated by those in state uniforms, sometimes along ethnic lines.” Somalia heads the table of failed states for the past six years. Finland, Sweden, Norway, Switzerland and Denmark are the top five most stable states. Fund for Peace publishes the Failed States Index since 2005. (Back to top)

Equatoria governors travel to DR Congo Radio Bakhita , 24/6/2013 – A highly delegation headed by the two governors of Western and States paid an official visit to Kisangani, the second town in DR Congo, to discuss border and security issues between the two neighbouring countries. Western Equatoria Government spokesperson Charles Barnaba Kisanga disclosed that the meeting lasted for three days, Anisa Radio reported. He said the delegation would return home on Monday. The delegation from Western Equatoria included Governor Bangasi Joseph Bakosoro, speaker Bage James Elisa, plus two ministers. Governor Clement Wani Konga headed the Central Equatoria that included a number of key advisors. (Back to top)

S. Sudan losing millions in fake land transactions, says official Sudantribune.com Juba, 24/6/2013 – Unscrupulous land transactions have cost South Sudan government millions of money, which remain unaccounted for, an official said. Alikaya Aligo, the under-secretary in the housing ministry said lots of taxes on land transactions often go unnoticed by concerned authorities in Juba, the country’s capital. According to Article 179 [a] South Sudan’s Transitional Constitution, state land, property tax and royalties are sources of revenue for states. A proper follow-up of land related matters, Mr. Alikaya said, would help government cover up for the gaps that could arise as a result the oil shutdown. Meanwhile, the undersecretary has hailed the upcoming land policy currently before parliament, saying the new law would resolve land matter between the central government and states. “Land policy is a complementary component of national housing policy”, Alikaya said in an interview last week. South Sudan parliament, Alikaya said, has already passed the much-awaited national housing policy, which seeks to attract direct foreign investments in the country. Currently, banks in South Sudan do not provide long-term loans for housing, making investments in housing projects an expensive venture. 2

Already underway, officials say, is plan by the central bank to develop a policy on housing finance that will range from 10 to 15 years. Meanwhile, the government policy on eviction has been widely hailed as a strategy to rid Juba city of unplanned settlement. At least 1.2 million housing units, officials from the housing ministry said, are due to be built in the country in the coming years. (Back to top)

South Sudan faces strong under-nutrition indicators Catholic Radio Network, 24/6/2013 – South Sudan is suffering of under-nutrition reflected by strong indicators of prevalent micronutrient deficiencies. UN children agency, UNICEF, on Monday said South Sudan Food Security and Nutrition 2012 Report indicated that 60 per cent of people in the country survive on less than four food items or food groups. The report explained that essential nutrition services are very low and 45 percent of infants received exclusive breastfeeding up to six months, and 21 percent started eating complementary feeding at the age six months. UNICEF said South Sudan needs integrated and comprehensive policies and programming framework to address under-nutrition. This sets the stage for capitalizing on this political commitment and translates it into increased public and private sector awareness of the problem of under-nutrition in the country. (Back to top)

UNHCR introduces new shelters for refugees in kaya camp Sudan Catholic Radio Network, 24/6/2013 – The UN Refugee agency UNHCR is working to replace the old 2011 tents with more durable wooden shelters in Kaya refugee camp in Upper Nile state. In press statement issued on Monday, UNHCR said the shelter kits include pre-fabricated wooden walls and roof frames, tarpaulins, bamboo poles, binding wire and nails. The kits are designed to provide refugee families with mid to long-term shelter. Since May, walls and roof trusses for approximately 4,500 family shelters were pre-assembled and distributed to all refugees in Kaya. Refugees are responsible for the actual assembly and construction of the housing unit on their allocated sites. UNHCR Programme Officer in Bunj, Gwenolenn le Couster, said weather conditions, wear and tear degraded many of the tents in Kaya. She added that by providing the new shelters UNHCR hopes to reduce the risk of further environmental degradation caused by the cutting of trees for construction. (Back to top)

Governor to deliver government policy on reopening of state assembly Gurtong.net Torit, 25/6/2013 – The Governor of Eastern Equatoria State, Hon. Louis Lobong Lojore is expected to deliver a key government policy statement on the occasion of reopening of the state assembly today. State Assembly Speaker Right Hon. Emmanuel Ambrose Ocholimoi has announced to all Members of Parliament, the state Ministers, the state heads of Commissions, representatives of UNMISS, the NGOs, CBOs, police, Wildlife, fire brigade and all Directors General of the state Ministries to attend the occasion this morning. Resuming their Parliamentary duty in their fourth session, the state Assembly MPs end their three month-recess period today. The re-opening of the state Assembly earlier scheduled for Thursday 20th June 2013 was postponed citing commitment of the state governor Louis Lobong Lojore in series of meetings in Juba.

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According to the letter, the top two leaders of the state agreed after consultations for the extension of the reopening of the Assembly. (Back to top)

Governor set to launch book on humanitarian aid in South Sudan Gurtong.net Torit, 25/6/2013 – The Eastern Equatoria State Deputy Governor Hon. Jerome Gama Surur is set launch his book on the role of humanitarian organizations in development of the young nation titled, ‘Reaping without Sowing’. Announcing confidently about the book to be launched, the Author says his book whose subtitle reads ‘Humanitarian Aid in South Sudan’, is very imperative to changing lives of his fellow citizens as it teaches them how to become self-reliant. He says that the book becomes one of his greatest achievements in life as he disclosed that he started writing it in 2010 and begun to gather data in 1997 and has been written in South Sudanese perspectives. The leader elaborates that South Sudan has gained her independence on 9 July 2011 following decades of civil wars in the then Sudan saying the wars unquestionably made South Sudanese people view food relief as everything they should always depend on not knowing what next when the UN Agencies or International Humanitarian Organizations begin withdrawing themselves from offering their services. He says South Sudanese communities should be given what they want or demand but not what the NGOs want to give adding that deciding for them as NGOs won’t work. Hon. Surur discloses that the book expected to be launched shortly after the upcoming South Sudan’s Independence Day celebrations primarily focuses on South Sudanese but not outside clarifying that it covers related issues right from time of Sudan’s independence 1956 until post Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) era. He says one of the reasons behind official launch is simply to inspire South Sudanese young writers apart from informing the entire community. In order to create access, the writer assures the press that copies of the book expected to arrive in Torit this week and will be made available to all South Sudanese population in the country once launched. He believes once the book reaches the hands of fellow young South Sudanese populace, it will teach them how to become self-reliant as this has been its primary’s intention. Hon. Surur says in his book, he quoted the former Executive Director for the formerly Southern Sudan Relief and Rehabilitation Authority (SSRRA), late Mario Mormor who said relief aid is good for shorter time but in the long run, it creates dependency and addictions. (Back to top)

Undersecretary of foreign ministry and EU representative discuss relations between Sudan and South Sudan SUNA Khartoum, 24/6/20113 – The Undersecretary of the Foreign Ministry, Ambassador Rahamtalla Mohamed Osman, received at his office Monday the EU Representative to Sudan and South Sudan State, Rosalind Marsden, and discussed developments in the relations between Sudan and South Sudan State and the decision of the government to stop passing of South Sudan oil through Sudan due to South Sudan government support of the rebel movements. The two sides discussed the situation in South Kordofan and the Blue Nile States. (Back to top)

Sudan issue omitted from AUPSC agenda - diplomat Sudantribune.com Khartoum, 24/6/2013 – The African Union Peace and Security Council (AUPSC) has informed Khartoum that progress of its talks with Juba was excluded from its agenda in Monday’s meeting, a Sudanese diplomat said today. The deputy head of Sudan’s mission at the AU Abdullah Wadi told the pro-government Ashorooq TV that the chairman of the AU High-Level Implementation Panel (AUHIP) Thabo Mbeki was unable to brief the council as originally planned.

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Wadi said that Mbeki was forced to devote attention to the recent crisis that erupted between the two neighboring states after Sudan. He said that AUHIP chair is still awaiting formal responses from the two states to his proposals to defuse the crisis. "Recent developments have changed the situation ... and Mbeki does not have anything to present to the AUPSC". The Sudanese diplomat said the AU body is waiting to see the fate of the new initiative and the implementation of previous cooperation agreements. (Back to top)

Detention of Sudan former spy chief extended for 2 weeks Sudantribune.com Khartoum, 24/6/2013 – The judge of Khartoum’s Central Criminal Court Osama Ahmed Abdalla, has decided to renew the detention of the former head of the National Intelligence and Security Services (NISS), Salah Gosh for two more weeks pending a decision on the appeal submitted by his defense team to the justice minister. On Sunday, Sudan’s attorney General Omar Ahmed Mohammed confirmed that the minister of justice had received an appeal submitted by Gosh’s lawyers on charges filed against him in connection with a coup attempt thwarted last year. He said that the minister of justice will decide on the appeal upon his return from a business trip to Saudi Arabia. After more than six months in detention, the ex-spy chief and his associate Major General Salah Ahmed Abdalla were formally charged this month with undermining the constitutional order, inciting violence to topple the legitimate government and breaching the anti-terrorism law. Sudan Tribune has learned that some parties are leading mediation efforts to secure his release. Sources with knowledge of the ongoing investigation into the recent coup attempt have told Sudan Tribune that Gosh and the four security officers detained with him refused to demand the presidential pardon as it was done by the military. (Back to top)

Sudan ex-intelligence boss faces charges News24.com, 25/6/2013 – Sudan's former intelligence chief has been charged with plotting against the state and could face the death penalty, his lawyer said on Monday as he tries to get the charges withdrawn. Gosh was charged several days ago under the criminal code and anti-terrorism law for his alleged role in the conspiracy, the lawyer, Ali Al-Saeed, told AFP. Gosh headed Sudan's national intelligence service for about a decade until Bashir replaced him in 2009. During his tenure Gosh boosted cooperation with the American Central Intelligence Agency. After leaving the security service he became presidential security adviser but was sacked in early 2011. He had been pushing for dialogue with the political opposition. Analysts say the case reflects a political struggle within Bashir's government. (Back to top)

Sudan repeats vaccination campaign should be under its supervision Sudantribune.com Khartoum, 24/6/2013 – The foreign ministry reiterated Monday its position that a Polio vaccination campaign for children in rebel held areas should be fully carried out under the supervision of the Sudanese government. The foreign ministry spokesperson said on Monday they officially reaffirmed to the United Nations Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator in Sudan, Mr. Ali Al-Za’tari, the position of the Sudanese government over this campaign. Abu Bakr Siddiq Al-Amin, spokesperson of the ministry, on Monday said they renewed Sudan’s keenness t to vaccinate children and its commitment to reach an agreement with the UN agencies allowing carrying out this campaign.

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The Sudanese Foreign Ministry ,in its letter to the UN representative , stressed on the importance of taking into account, in any agreement in this respect, "Sudan’s sovereignty over its territory and the government’s responsibility for its citizens", he said. Al-Amin further said that UN Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator, Valerie Amos, explained during her visit to Sudan last May that "the SPLM-N is hampering the implementation of the Trilateral Initiative to address the humanitarian situation in South Kordofan and Blue Nile". (Back to top)

Museveni, Uhuru discuss oil ahead of more talks AllAfrica.com Entebbe, 25/6/2013 – Kenyan President Uhuru Kenyatta Monday evening arrived in Uganda for a two-day official visit hosted by his Ugandan counterpart Yoweri Museveni for a series of meetings. The two leaders have a range of bilateral as well as pertinent regional and international issues to discuss. In a closed-door meeting at State House Entebbe, according to a Monday press release, they discussed various issues including the rehabilitation and upgrading of the existing railway to standard gauge and the building of a crude oil pipe line and refinery. The two presidents also talked about the need for fast-tracking clearance of goods at the Kenyan port of Mombasa. Other issues exchanged were the need to undertake a joint road project – Kapchorwa-Suam-Kitale – to facilitate trade between the two countries and the need to support Uganda’s pharmaceutical manufactures, Quality Chemicals to supply drugs to Kenya. President Paul Kagame, who jets in today, is expected to join in on more talks. While this will be another of several official visits to Uganda for Kagame, it will be his Kenyan counterpart’s first during his presidency, having taken over power at the helm of east Africa’s most industrialized nation from Mwai Kibaki earlier this year. Since assuming office, President Kenyatta has called for countries in the region to carry out joint projects. Uganda and Kenya have indicated interest in working together on oil and gas production. Just recently, he visited South Sudan, where he discussed with host Salva Kiir issues to do with the Lamu oil pipeline. Kenyan media reported that after Uganda, President Kenyatta will travel to Japan. (Back to top)

Amnesty International condemns 'homophobia' in Africa BBC News/Africa, 25/6/2013 – Homophobic attacks have reached dangerous levels in sub-Saharan Africa and must stop, Amnesty International has said in a report. Governments are increasingly criminalizing "homosexual acts" by seeking to impose new laws and draconian penalties, it adds. This sends the "toxic message" that lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people are criminals, Amnesty says. Many Africans regard homosexuality as un-Christian, correspondents say. In 2011, the US and UK warned they would use foreign aid to push for homosexuality to be decriminalised on the socially conservative continent. However, Amnesty said Western countries like the US "actively fund and promote homophobia in Africa". These poisonous laws must be repealed and the human rights of all Africans upheld” Homosexual acts are still a crime in 38 sub-Saharan African countries it said in a report titled "Making Love a Crime: Criminalization of same-sex conduct in sub-Saharan Africa".

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In the last five years, South Sudan and Burundi have introduced new laws criminalizing same-sex relations, it says. The parliaments of Uganda, Liberia and Nigeria have draft laws before them, seeking to increase penalties, Amnesty adds. "These poisonous laws must be repealed and the human rights of all Africans upheld," Amnesty said. "In some African countries political leaders target sexual orientation issues to distract attention from their overall human rights records, often marked by rampant discrimination and violence against women, corruption and lack of media freedoms," it added. In South Africa, at least seven people, five of them lesbians, were murdered between June and November 2012 in what appears to have been targeted violence related to their sexual orientation or gender identity, the report says. This is despite the fact that homosexual acts are not illegal in South Africa and the country boasts one of the most progressive constitutions in the world, it adds. In many instances, media reports also inflame hostility towards people not conforming to heterosexual norms, Amnesty says. In 2010, Uganda's Rolling Stone magazine published a photograph of gay rights activist David Kato next to a headline reading "Hang Them", it says. Just a month later, he was killed in his home, Amnesty adds. In Cameroon, people are regularly arrested after being denounced as being gay or lesbian because of their "appearance or conjecture, rather than evidence", Amnesty says. Some individuals accused of same sex conduct in Cameroon have been imprisoned for three years without trial or charge, it adds. Former detainees from Cameroon told Amnesty that they were subjected to "invasive procedures such as forced anal exams" while in custody, the report says. In Kenya, people told Amnesty that sometimes the police threaten to arrest them under provisions in the penal code related to same-sex relations in order to obtain a bribe, the report adds. "Extortionists also use the existence of these laws to demand money or goods in exchange for not revealing real or even made-up private details to the media, community or police," Amnesty said. (Back to top)

Egypt risks lonely walk on the Nile Daily Monitor, 25/6/2013 – President Museveni seemed to throw diplomacy to the wind when during the budget reading on June 13 he referred to attempts by the government of Egypt to stop the building of a mega hydro power dam on the Nile as chauvinistic. But he is not alone. Many observers say that it is not only Egypt’s position on the use of the Nile waters which is untenable. They now also disapprove of the way the North African country has responded to the fallout from comments made by different Egyptian political leaders during a “national dialogue” about the Nile. Egypt’s foreign Affairs Minister, Mr Kamel Amr, rushed to Ethiopia to cool the tempers and at the end of his visit last Tuesday, the Reuters news agency quoted him as saying: ““Some pronouncements were made in the heat of the moment because of emotions. They are behind us.” Tempers had flared before, with Egyptian President Mohamed Morsy being quoted as saying although they did not favour war over the dam issue, they would keep “all options open”. During an inclusive meeting of Egyptian politicians to discuss Ethiopia’s use of the Nile waters to build a dam that was aired live on television without the participants’ knowledge, suggestions ranging from brooding disharmony inside Ethiopia to destroying the dam were made. Ethiopia’s Great Renaissance Dam, projected to cost $4.7b with an installed capacity of 6,000MW of electricity, will be the largest power plant in Africa. But Egypt fears the dam could reduce the Nile’s 7 water flow, affecting the country’s over 80m people, the vast majority of whom live in the Nile valley, getting virtually all their water from the river. Egypt bases its claim on a 1929 colonial agreement which guaranteed it an annual 55.5b cubic meter out of the Nile’s total flow out of an estimated 84b cubic meter. Egypt’s new push The Egyptian state-owned Mena news agency reported ahead of Mr Kamel’s visit to Ethiopia that the foreign affairs minister was expected to follow up the trip with flights to Khartoum and Juba. But why does Egypt prefer to talk to some of the Nile basin countries and not the others? Mr Mwambutsya Ndebesa, a political historian at Makerere University, says the circumstances have changed and Egypt must come into the fold. On May 14, 2010, Uganda signed an agreement with three of the Nile Basin countries regarding the use of the waters of the Nile in Entebbe. In the accord, called the Entebbe Framework Agreement, Rwanda, Tanzania and Ethiopia joined Uganda to ignore the colonial agreement and the century’s old threats respective Egyptian governments had been making over the use of the Nile waters. The agreement was approved after Burundi endorsed it in March 2011. Kenya and the Democratic Republic of Congo also backed the agreement and with the birth of South Sudan two years ago, the number of countries bound to defy Egypt increased, further weakening Egypt’s position. Sudan had kept with Egypt to refuse to endorse the Entebbe pact. An agreement signed in 1959 had given Sudan secondary rights to the Nile waters, guaranteeing it an annual allotment of 18b square meters of Nile waters. The deal did not take due care about the other Nile basin countries, which, apart from Ethiopia, were still under colonialism. But things changed pretty fast in the recent past. Sudan quickly gravitated towards the new Nile basin alliance, probably taking into account the new realities. A popular uprising swept Mr Hosni Mubarak off the presidency in Egypt, giving rise to an elected government which is still trying to find its footing. Also, Sudan launched expansion works on the Roseiris Dam to raise its power production by 50 percent to 1,800MW just this year. It may no longer want to always seek Egypt’s approval when it undertakes such projects. But more importantly, with Sudan’s President, Mr Omar al Bashir, indicted by the International Criminal Court (ICC), says Mr Ndebesa, cooperating with countries like Uganda, Ethiopia and Kenya against Egypt seems more profitable. Egypt has not been an influential power within the community of African states for a long time now, yet Sudan needs allies within the African Union to fight off the ICC. Ethiopia hosts the headquarters of the African Union and holds some sway over matters pan-African. Uganda, on the other hand, is leading the crusade against the ICC within the African Union, while Kenya has its President and his deputy awaiting trial by the ICC at The Hague. But whereas Egypt was never sure of the support of the other Nile basin countries and took a patronising position against them, it at least expected the backing of Sudan. This is why some Egyptians are frustrated by Sudan’s new approach to the issue. “Sudan’s stance on the crisis is disgusting,” the liberal Egyptian politician Ayman Nour is quoted by the state-owned online newspaper, Al Ahram, as having said in the televised dialogue. Building dams on the Nile not a luxury – experts Daily Monitor was not able to speak to officials at the Egyptian High Commission in Kampala. Our emailed request went unanswered and the official who received our telephone call said they would not be commenting on the matter at this stage. However, “building dams like Uganda and Ethiopia are doing is not a luxury,” says Mr Moses Dhizaale, head research, innovation and monitoring and evaluation at the National Planning Authority. 8

Mr Dhizaale says Uganda, for instance, needs enormous amounts of electricity to support economic growth, “necessitating the harnessing of any possible source”. He says the need for tapping Uganda’s hydro potential to generate power is even more pertinent since “our sunshine is not good enough to produce enough electricity for industrial purposes.” Mr Titus Mugume, a hydrologist, says countries like Egypt may need to seek alternative sources of water and reduce dependence on the Nile. He says water can be drilled from underground, even in the Sahara Desert, like Libya did under Muammar Gaddafi. Barring such initiatives, says Mr Mugume, the Nile waters may at some point proves insufficient and brews further disagreements. Mr Ndebesa already fears that the disagreements over the Nile have touched off an arms race in the region. Uganda has budgeted to spend a trillion shillings on defense next financial year, much of it meant for buying equipment. Facts on the Nile Length: longest River in the world – approximately 4,160 miles (6,670 km) long.Tributaries. Have two major branches – the White Nile which originates in Lake Victoria and the Blue Nile which originates from Lake Tana in Ethiopia. The two branches join at Khartoum and flow through Egypt to the Mediterranean Sea: Path. The Nile and its tributaries flow through ten countries - Egypt, Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzanian, Rwanda, Uganda, Burundi, Ethiopia, Sudan, South Sudan and Kenya. Nile basin nations dispute over supplies Resource clash. While Egypt is entirely dependent on the Nile for its water supply and regards any possible reduction as an issue of national security, some of the world’s poorest countries see the river as a vital source for national development. 1929 colonial agreement gave Egypt full control of the river but in 1959 Sudan was also given a share. Diplomatic spat In a televised meeting on June 3, Egyptian politicians suggested attacks against Ethiopia to sabotage the construction of the Grand Renaissance Dam. Egyptian President Mohammed Morsy (above) warned that “all options are open” to challenge Ethiopia’s Nile project. In response, Ethiopian Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn (below) vowed “nothing” and “no one” will stop the dam’s construction. However, the two countries have tried to mend fences, with their foreign affairs ministers meeting in Addis Ababa last week. Museveni's take President Museveni says the belief that only Egypt is entitled to the Nile waters is chauvinistic and fails to realize the need for speeding up economic growth up the Nile. Speaking after the reading of the budget last Thursday, Mr Museveni warned the new government of Egypt and “some chauvinistic groups inside Egypt” not to “repeat the mistakes of the past Egyptian governments.” Mr Museveni called for “rational (not emotional and uninformed statements) discussions” under the auspices of the Nile Valley Organisation, adding, “No African wants to hurt Egypt; however, Egypt cannot continue to hurt black Africa and the countries of the tropics of Africa.” He argued that unless the countries up the Nile valley utilize the Nile to generate electricity, not even Egypt is safe because poor people upstream will degrade the environment, lead to dwindling rains and less water flowing in the Nile. With the 1929 agreement that gave Egypt rights to a large majority of the Nile waters and veto powers over development projects now effectively shunted aside by the new Nile basin treaty, it remains to be seen how long it will take Egypt to embrace the framework. Egypt generates much of its power from the two Aswan dams on the Nile and the river supports grand irrigation projects and deposits the fertile soils that mainly support the country’s agriculture. 9

The other countries also want a share of the benefits. Uganda launched the 250MW capacity Bujagali dam last year and will start work on the bigger Karuma Dam, also on the Nile, later this year, without having to seek Egypt’s consent. History of the wrangle The Nile has been referred to as the “lifeblood” of Egypt, without which the Mediterranean country would have been a desert. Because of this, Egypt has historically reacted sharply to any perceived attempts to threaten its interests in the Nile. On the other hand, Egypt’s rivals have also historically threatened Egypt with diverting the course of the Nile. Such threats are said to have been historically made by especially Ethiopian kings. Egypt’s desire to colonise the countries upstream the Nile had a lot to do with securing the river. In 1882 when Britain outmaneuvered France and colonised Egypt, France reacted by moving upstream and attempting to take over Sudan, with the reported aim of diverting the Nile to the western parts of the Sahara Desert, particularly Tunisia, where it had colonial interests. Britain reacted strongly and in 1892, at Fashoda in Sudan, Britain and France nearly went to war until a French force withdrew from the scene. Britain later facilitated the controversial pact of 1929 which gave Britain veto powers over development projects on the Nile, at the expense of the other countries in the Nile Valley. (Back to top) [email protected]

South Sudan: A tumultuous mixture of raw human hatreds (part 5) South Sudan News Agency (SSNA), 24/6/2013 – The SPLM/A leaders came to town in 2005, with bad political faith. Based on their conducts and political, as well as socio-cultural attitudes, I can adduce evidence which indicate that, if not all, the majority of SPLM/A operatives and members; came to town saturated, with dangerous political culture of differentiation; as opposed to that of integration of South Sudanese. The political dice, for comprehensive instabilities of South Sudan, were cast; immediately, after the assassination, murder, or death of the late Dr Garang. All political and other processes, for the re-formation of the government of South Sudan (GoSS) in 2005, after the untimely demise of the late Garang, were ubiquitously characterised by fratricidal bloody feuds. These feuds were between the late Dr Garang supporters, or the Orphans, and Lt. Gen. Kiir loyalists. The operationalisation of these feuds, heralded in, destructive policies and politics of hate and revenge, during the era of internal self-determination (2005-2011); or the interim period as per the CPA. These feuds were partly played out in the form of armed conflicts in South Sudan, between various groups and the SPLM/A. The SPLM/A only know the language of the AK47, and it could not, and shall not be able to devise peaceful political modalities, for the resolution of all entrenched disputes between known tribes in South Sudan. The era of internal self-determination 2005-2011 witnessed the perfection of tribal warfare in South Sudan. The SPLM/A made is worse by forceful and selective disarmament of some tribes in South Sudan, while at the same time, allowing other tribes to carry fire arms; under the pretext of protecting their livestock. The SPLM/A were, and are still, using policies and politics of hate and revenge, in the selective disarmament of tribes in South Sudan. For example, those other tribes, allowed, to carry their fire arms, by the SPLM/A, were, and are not, the only people, and tribes, in South Sudan, who are in need of fire arms, to protect their livestock and assets. If that was, and it still is, the logic, for allowing other South Sudanese, to carry fire arms, in South Sudan, then, there is no logical and legal reason, to disarm others. Those unfortunate tribes, who are maliciously disarmed by the SPLM/A, are rendered vulnerable to armed attacks, by other South Sudanese, using fire arms, provided to them, by the SPLM/A. I am not by all means, encouraging uncontrolled possession of fire arms in South Sudan. What I am saying is that, the SPLM/A lead government in the RoSS must come to its senses that, it cannot tailor make laws, for specific groups and tribes in South Sudan. All South Sudanese ought to have the same rights, duties,

10 obligations and privileges. All South Sudanese must suffer same legal sanctions, for breach of legal rules. I strongly support all genuine governmental efforts to establish the rule of law in sovereign South Sudan. However, the current SPLM/A lead government in Juba, does not seem to appreciate the logic of peace among South Sudanese. The government in Juba is acting as if, this wished for tranquility among the peoples of South Sudan, ought to come raining down like Manna from Heaven, on us. The RoSS is the direct outcome of peaceful negotiation. Why should not the SPLM/A use the letter and the spirit of the CPA as the guiding star in their journey of leadership in South Sudan? I sincerely do not understand as to why, the majority of SPLM/A leaders, operatives and members, allow themselves, to be controlled by individual and group hatreds and revenge, against other South Sudanese? Not only this, but, these hateful and vengeful SPLM/A leaders, operatives and members, do unfortunately; translate their personal hate and revenge, into national policies and politics. With this kind of political culture in place, in South Sudan, I cannot see any semblance of positive human futures, for the peoples of South Sudan, in a sovereign South Sudan, under the leadership of the SPLM/A, liberation history notwithstanding. With the perfection of these hateful and vengeful policies and politics in South Sudan, it is just a wishful thinking for us, to sit here in South Sudan, and miraculously expect the emergence of a conflict free South Sudan, in both relative and absolute terms. It is just illogical, for us in South Sudan, under the leadership of the SPLM/A, to become engrossed in tribal politics, saturated in fratricidal hate, and revenge, and then, blames regional and international legal and human persons for such human carnage. Why do we become so morally, religiously, socially, and culturally so feeble, to the extent that, we become political pawns, in other people’s hands, for self-destruction? I am profoundly concern that, should this degree of internal violent conflict persist in South Sudan, we shall not be able to refute or rebut accusations, by others, that, we are not fit to rule ourselves by ourselves. Specialised UN Agencies are already taking note, and becoming interested in the gross violations of human rights in South Sudan. The SPLM/A can easily attract the attention of the UN Security Council, to the extent that, South Sudan can easily becomes a subject of Chapter VII of the UN Charter 1945. If it happened to other nations, it can also happen to us. This is a fact, and the SPLM/A leadership in Juba must take note of this. I am writing as a hurting South Sudanese, who wants to be led by honest and sincere leaders in South Sudan. I detest, being lead, by some collection of individuals, who aggregately, possess the herd mentality of paramount tribal African chiefs. Due to this said mentality, the SPLM/A in Juba, treat the Public Central Bank of South Sudan, and other associated public financial and economic institutions, therein, like village tribal granaries; under their sole and absolute primordial and parochial control. In fact, logical and objective analyses of SPLM/A leadership conducts in Juba, invoke in me, the feelings that, we South Sudanese, are, under the leadership of some tribal hunters, gatherers, fishermen, herdsmen, warriors, medicine men, and the lot, entrusted with the fiduciary duties of running a modern government in the 21st Century. For example, the current debacle in Juba around Deng Alor and Kosti Manibe. Where on earth do presidents approve the procurement of public assets? That ought to be the duties of senior civil servants, as run-of-the-mill government procurement processes subject to procurement laws. I have run the General Directorate for Procurement, in the Federal Ministry of Finance and National Economy in Khartoum, in the then united Sudan, and I have supervised over the disbursement of hundreds of millions of dollars, earmarked for government procurements. I did all this without even referring to the Cabinet of Ministers for approval. Not only that, Federal Ministers do not even come in for such procurement processes. In fact, I have even rejected the procurement of the Republican Palace’s telephony project because; it did not follow the right procurement procedures. The Palace had to resubmit their documents to my office. That is what we call government procumbent process. Anyway, what has the SPLM/A done in South Sudan, during the internal self-determination era 2005- 2011, and what are they doing now, during this era of external self-determination, in order to stifle internal conflict in South Sudan, which has been under their absolute control since 2005? For example,

11 can we consider the institutionalisation of tribalism in South Sudan as semblance of a process, for stifling conflict in South Sudan? Can we consider the grazing of livestock on other peoples’ agricultural food crops as the stifling of conflict in South Sudan? Can we treat random raping of women by SPLA soldiers in Munuki residential area in Juba and elsewhere, as the stifling of conflict? Is the imposition of inexperienced, badly educated, and arrogant civil servants on other experienced, properly educated and highly qualified South Sudanese, the stifling of conflict in South Sudan? Is the fencing off of other people’s private lands, as well as tribal lands, to be distributed to SPLM/A operatives and others, the stifling of conflict in South Sudan? Is general political and military arrogance by SPLM/A operatives the stifling of conflict in South Sudan? I can go on forever, in terms of acts and omissions, that are attributable to the SPLM/A, that cannot be considered as instances, or, processes of stifling conflict in South Sudan. Critical thinking, in terms of comprehensive conflicts in South Sudan, appears to indicate that, the SPLM/A is to blame. I always, and shall continue to objectively argue that, SPLM/A leaders, operatives and members, are submerged in negative political self-adulation, to the extent that, they think of themselves as political deities, and deities that are morally upright. No. SPLM/A leaders, operatives and members; are humans like all of us. They must work harder; towards, disabusing themselves, of all acts and omissions, that are not consistent with the stifling conflict in South Sudan. I can strongly argue that, SPLM/A’s, irresponsible leadership, is one sure way of stirring and sustaining conflict in South Sudan. There are strong reasons to worry that, SPLM/A style of leadership verges on the dysfunctional. Responsible leaders do not run their countries on the basis of herd tribal mentality. Tribalism is an irrational tool for the comprehensive management of human and other resources. Tribalism is akin to a body of violent flood waters, which are difficult to channel into a reasonable and safe course. Tribalism is a dangerous weapon that can cut for oneself and against oneself. SPLM/A leader, operatives, and members should know this. If they did not know it, they ought to know it now. National politics are issues of utmost delicacy that need to be handled with utmost political care. National politics are not akin to working up a tribal mob of volunteers in preparation for an armed attacked against a universal tribal enemy. Critical and logical analyses of the comprehensive emotions of South Sudanese indicate that, for perfectly logical reasons, these emotions are raw, due to decades of politics of hate, hurt, deprivation, marginalisation, and isolation. This being the case, prudent leaders cannot expect to mobilise such raw emotions, into positive inputs, for constructing national development, through politics, akin to students’ politics. Such raw political emotions ought to be handled with utmost political objectivity. Such raw political emotions need not to be exploited for tribal and party political ends, and at the same time, the exploiter expects to harvest a tranquil political environment. That is impossible. What does one expect after distorting political facts in order to win the sympathy of traumatised peoples like the South Sudanese? The most logical answer is that, there shall be a general unreasonable discontent for unfounded political and security reasons, manufactured for personal, tribal and partisan interests and not for the interests of the downtrodden peoples of South Sudan. It can be strongly argued that, the myriad of unconventional and unconstitutional methodologies, used by the SPLM/A, since 2005 to date, for resolving constitutional misunderstandings are real sources of conflict in South Sudan. I must reiterate here that, SPLM/A leaders, operatives and members, cannot just indulge in unconventional and unconstitutional methods, of running South Sudan, as if they were still in the bushes of South Sudan. These politically uncouth and culpable conducts, by the SPLM/A, are comprehensively damaging the regional and international political and intellectual profile of South Sudanese. At times, I develop this feeling that, the SPLM/A’s, conduct of national politics, is tactically and strategically, to impress and win the support of international sponsors. This is a dangerous game that national leaders like the leaders of the SPLM/A ought not to be engaged in. While recognising the importance of international governments as species and actors of international law; I strongly believe that, rulers who run their countries, to please other foreign heads of states are not good leaders.

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If leaders in South Sudan, including the SPLM/A leaders, want to run South Sudan, in order to gain respect internationally, at the expense of real national issues, then, it is sorry to say that, these are not the kind of leaders we really need in South Sudan. To rule South Sudan, in accordance with some foreign agenda is a permanent source for conflict. I cardinally believe that, our leaders must always put our interests in South Sudan first. For example, in 2007, in Juba, commenting about the CPA, the then President of the GoSS, and the current President of the RoSS, Lt. Gen. Mayardit said, “…it was designed to ensure an equitable and transparent distribution of wealth and resources. It was intended to create a level of ground for all Sudanese political forces so that they compete freely, in their multiple diversities, and so that the Sudanese people themselves democratically choose their leaders in free and fair elections. Above all, it has ensured for you the people of southern Sudan, the right to self-determination while urging us to create an environment for making unity of our country an attractive opinion…” The above quote contains important issues to us South Sudan, in 2007, as well as now, in 2013, in an independent and sovereign South Sudan. On the issue of equitable and transparent distribution of wealth and resources, then, in 2007, and now in 2013, I am sorry to say that, the SPLM/A has abysmally failed the downtrodden peoples of South Sudan. Do the SPLM/A leaders, operatives and members; know the state and degree of relative and absolute inequality in South Sudan within the framework of all wealth and resources distribution? I am going to pretend that, SPLM/A leaders, operatives and members knew then, and know now, the state and degree of inequality in South Sudan, in terms of power and wealth distribution respectively. So then, What steps were taken then, and are being taken right now, by SPLM/A leaders, operatives and members, via the GoSS then, and the RoSS now, to realize equality, equity and transparency of distribution of the said wealth and resources? Do you, the heterogeneous peoples of South Sudan, recognise any semblance of equality, equity and transparency of distribution of the said wealth and resources? In my case, I honestly and humbly believe that, there were no semblances of equality, equity and transparency of distribution of wealth and resources in South Sudan, in 2007, and I cannot see the same now in 2013, in South Sudan, under the military, political and administrative control of the SPLM/A. Way back in 2007, it was extremely painful to see our peoples suffering for want of beneficial goods and services. Some of us knew what was happening, but, SPLM/A iron grip of South Sudan could not allow the peoples of South Sudan to know the truth. I mentioned somewhere that, the amounts of monies that were poured into South Sudan during the era of internal self-determination, 2005-2011, was more than the budgets of Uganda and Kenya combined during the same period. However, the politics of hate and revenge saw to it that, while the majority of States in South Sudan were groaning under the unrelenting poverty, other lucky and favoured States like Aweil, were lavishly supplied with all goods and services, over and above those supplied to the other parts of South Sudan? I would love to be educated about the logic of this wanton discrimination in wealth and resources distribution. It is logical and reasonable to argue that, equality, equity and transparency of wealth and resources distribution is also applicable to all governmental institutions, as well as economic sectors in South Sudan. I have commented loudly since 2005, about the allocation of wealth and resources, to various institutions such as the army in South Sudan. Then, I asked the then GoSS, to make prudent decisions, not influenced by personal and group tribal and partisan interests. I argued then that, I did not understand why, the SPLA got 40% of total budget of South Sudan? Others claimed that, it was important to build a powerful army. I argued then, and I continue to argue now that, how could you build a powerful army at the expense of the livelihood of the downtrodden peoples of South Sudan? Is the modernisation of the SPLA the top development priority of the GoSS then, and the RoSS now? How could this be, when millions of South Sudanese were, and are, dying from hunger and diseases? In fact, the majorities of our peoples are dying now, and died then, not from enemy bullets, but, from bullets of tribal hate and revenge. Our people died, and continue to die due to tribally motivated gross negligence, fueled by hate and revenge.

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I argued then, and I argue now that, what are the guarantees that, these huge sums of monies, purportedly allocated for the SPLA, were, and are being managed, in the best interests of South Sudanese? If these monies were, and are being managed properly, why was, and why is, the SPLA, in such a ragtag condition? Where did, and where do these monies go? Why were there recurrent riots among the SPLA ranks and file, for want of salaries? Why were some SPLA soldiers selling the chairs at the late Dr Garang mausoleum in Juba, to make ends meet? Who were, and who are benefiting from this unequal distribution of our wealth, and resources, in the name of the SPLA? If nobody can answer all these questions, we do want lectures from the SPLM/A. The SPLM/A cannot lecture us on the importance of equality, equity and transparency of distribution of societal wealth and resources. They lack these moralities. How can they give us what they do not have? See you in (part 6). (Back to top) The author is Professor of Social and Rural Development and Lecturer in Laws. He be reached at [email protected]

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