Historical Dictionary of India
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HISTORICAL DICTIONARY OF INDIA second edition SURJIT MANSINGH HD India LITHO MECH.indd 1 4/19/06 12:54:58 PM Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East Edited by Jon Woronoff Asia 1. Vietnam, by William J. Duiker. 1989. Out of print. See No. 27. 2. Bangladesh, 2nd ed., by Craig Baxter and Syedur Rahman. 1996. Out of print. See No. 48. 3. Pakistan, by Shahid Javed Burki. 1991. Out of print. See No. 33. 4. Jordan, by Peter Gubser. 1991. 5. Afghanistan, by Ludwig W. Adamec. 1991. Out of print. See No. 47. 6. Laos, by Martin Stuart-Fox and Mary Kooyman. 1992. Out of print. See No. 35. 7. Singapore, by K. Mulliner and Lian The-Mulliner. 1991. 8. Israel, by Bernard Reich. 1992 9. Indonesia, by Robert Cribb. 1992. Out of print. See No. 51. 10. Hong Kong and Macau, by Elfed Vaughan Roberts, Sum Ngai Ling, and Peter Bradshaw. 1992 11. Korea, by Andrew C. Nahm. 1993. Out of print. See No. 52. 12. Taiwan, by John F. Copper. 1993. Out of print. See No. 34. 13. Malaysia, by Amarjit Kaur. 1993. Out of print. See No. 36. 14. Saudi Arabia, by J. E. Peterson. 1993. Out of print. See No. 45. 15. Myanmar, by Jan Becka. 1995 16. Iran, by John H. Lorentz. 1995 17. Yemen, by Robert D. Burrowes. 1995 18. Thailand, by May Kyi Win and Harold Smith. 1995. Out of print. See No. 55. 19. Mongolia, by Alan J. K. Sanders. 1996. Out of print. See No. 42. 20. India, by Surjit Mansingh. 1996. Out of print. See No. 58. 21. Gulf Arab States, by Malcolm C. Peck. 1996 22. Syria, by David Commins. 1996. Out of print. See No. 50. 23. Palestine, by Nafez Y. Nazzal and Laila A. Nazzal. 1997 24. Philippines, by Artemio R. Guillermo and May Kyi Win. 1997. Out of print. See No. 54. Oceania 1. Australia, by James C. Docherty. 1992. Out of print. See No. 32. 2. Polynesia, by Robert D. Craig. 1993. Out of print. See No. 39. 3. Guam and Micronesia, by William Wuerch and Dirk Ballendorf. 1994 4. Papua New Guinea, by Ann Turner. 1994. Out of print. See No. 37. 5. New Zealand, by Keith Jackson and Alan McRobie. 1996. Out of print. See No. 56. New Combined Series 25. Brunei Darussalam, by D. S. Ranjit Singh and Jatswan S. Sidhu. 1997 26. Sri Lanka, by S. W. R. de A. Samarasinghe and Vidyamali Samarasinghe. 1998 27. Vietnam, 2nd ed., by William J. Duiker. 1998. Out of print. See No. 57. 28. People’s Republic of China: 1949–1997, by Lawrence R. Sullivan, with the assistance of Nancy Hearst. 1998 29. Afghanistan, 2nd ed., by Ludwig W. Adamec. 1997. Out of print. See No. 47. 30. Lebanon, by As’ad AbuKhalil. 1998 31. Azerbaijan, by Tadeusz Swietochowski and Brian C. Collins. 1999 32. Australia, 2nd ed., by James C. Docherty. 1999 33. Pakistan, 2nd ed., by Shahid Javed Burki. 1999 34. Taiwan (Republic of China), 2nd ed., by John F. Copper. 2000 35. Laos, 2nd ed., by Martin Stuart-Fox. 2001 36. Malaysia, 2nd ed., by Amarjit Kaur. 2001 37. Papua New Guinea, 2nd ed., by Ann Turner. 2001 38. Tajikistan, by Kamoludin Abdullaev and Shahram Akbarzedeh. 2002 39. Polynesia, 2nd ed., by Robert D. Craig. 2002 40. North Korea, by Ilpyong J. Kim. 2003 41. Armenia, by Rouben Paul Adalian. 2002 42. Mongolia, 2nd ed., by Alan J. K. Sanders. 2003 43. Cambodia, by Justin Corfield and Laura Summers. 2003 44. Iraq, by Edmund A. Ghareeb with the assistance of Beth K. Dougherty. 2004 45. Saudi Arabia, 2nd ed., by J. E. Peterson. 2003 46. Nepal, by Nanda R. Shrestha and Keshav Bhattarai. 2003 47. Afghanistan, 3rd ed., by Ludwig W. Adamec. 2003 48. Bangladesh, 3rd ed., by Craig Baxter and Syedur Rahman. 2003 49. Kyrgyzstan, by Rafis Abazov. 2004 50. Syria, 2nd ed., by David Commins. 2004 51. Indonesia, 2nd ed., by Robert Cribb and Audrey Kahin. 2004 52. Republic of Korea, 2nd ed., by Andrew C. Nahm and James E. Hoare. 2004 53. Turkmenistan, by Rafis Abazov. 2005 54. Philippines, 2nd ed., by Artemio Guillermo. 2005 55. Thailand, 2nd ed., by Harold E. Smith, Gayla S. Nieminen, and May Kyi Win. 2005. 56. New Zealand, 2nd ed., by Keith Jackson and Alan McRobie. 2005. 57. Vietnam, 3rd ed., by Bruce Lockhart and William J. Duiker, 2006. 58. India, 2nd ed., by Surjit Mansingh, 2006. Historical Dictionary of India Second Edition Surjit Mansingh Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East, No. 58 The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Maryland • Toronto • Oxford 2006 SCARECROW PRESS, INC. Published in the United States of America by Scarecrow Press, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200 Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.scarecrowpress.com PO Box 317 Oxford OX2 9RU, UK Copyright © 2006 by Surjit Mansingh All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mansingh, Surjit, 1937– Historical dictionary of India / Surjit Mansingh.—2nd ed. p. cm.—(Historical dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East ; no. 58) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN-10: 0-8108-4770-1 (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-0-8108-4770-5 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. India–History–Dictionaries. I. Title. II. Series: Historical dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East ; 58. DS405.M27 2006 954.003—dc22 2005030343 First edition by Surjit Mansingh, Asian/Oceanian Historical Dictionaries, No. 20, Scarecrow Press, Lanham, MD, 1996 ISBN 0-8108-3078-7 ϱ ™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. Manufactured in the United States of America. For my sons, Arjun and Kabir Contents Editor’s Foreword Jon Woronoff xi Acknowledgments xiii Abbreviations and Acronyms xv Maps xix Chronology xxvii Introduction 1 THE DICTIONARY 35 Appendix A Chief Executives of British India 695 Appendix B Heads of State of Independent India 697 Appendix C Prime Ministers of India 699 Appendix D Chief Justices of India 701 Appendix E Chief Election Commissioners of India 703 Appendix F Population of India by State, Gender, and Location, 2001 705 Appendix G Population of India by State and Religious Affiliation, 2001 709 Appendix H India’s Political Parties 713 Appendix I India’s Major Economic Reforms 1991–2004 717 Appendix J India’s Foreign Trade 725 ix x•CONTENTS Glossary 731 Bibliography 739 About the Author 833 Editor’s Foreword Few countries are as vast and as varied as India. Few possess as large a population and as strategic a location. And few can boast as impressive a past as well as a promising future. As many observers have realized, India is a special place and one that is extremely difficult to sum up within a single book. Nonetheless, this Historical Dictionary of India is an excellent introduction to the country, touching on its size and variety, its population and position, its past history, present situation, and future prospects. This is done with considerable insight and almost palpable affection. Obviously, one volume—however large—cannot cover all of the rel- evant aspects. But this second edition does include an amazingly broad range of entries on significant persons, places, and events, government institutions and political parties, and important facets of the economy, society, culture, and religion. There are more than a hundred new entries in the dictionary, and many others have been expanded and updated. The same was done for other sections. There is also a useful glossary, comprising key vernacular terms that will be encountered here and else- where. A broad chronology and an extensive introduction pave the way. For those who want to read more, a comprehensive if selective bibliog- raphy suggests many other works of interest. Although it is possible to know India well from having lived there and examined it from within, it is certainly easier to present it to others after having viewed it from a distance as well. Surjit Mansingh, until re- cently a professor at the School of International Studies of Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi, has done just that. She studied history at Delhi University and international relations at American University and taught at universities in India and abroad. Dr. Mansingh has lec- tured widely and authored or coauthored several books. Based on her xi xii • EDITOR’S FOREWORD knowledge and experience, she has prepared this highly readable, inter- esting, and informative passage to India. Jon Woronoff Series Editor Acknowledgments This second edition of the Historical Dictionary of India is an intro- duction to Indian history and civilization, as was the first edition. The invaluable help in their preparation that has been provided by the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library and the India International Centre Li- brary in New Delhi and the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C., is gratefully acknowledged. Many friends, relatives, and colleagues have shared their experiences and insights, to illuminate many of the entries. Errors in fact or interpretation are mine alone. New maps 1, 2, 3, and di- agram 8 are from Geographical Dictionary of India and are used with permission of its publisher, Vision Books. Oxford University Press kindly renewed permission to again use maps 4, 5, 6, and 7 from Collin Davies’ Historical Atlas of the Indian Peninsula.