DOCSLIB.ORG

Effects of Shiranuhi Flower Extracts and Fractions on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Murine RAW 264.7

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Effects of Shiranuhi Flower Extracts and Fractions on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Murine RAW 264.7 Turk J Biochem 2018; 43(4): 375–384 Research Article Min-Jin Kim, Sang Suk Kim, Ji Hye Ko, Young Il Moon, Kyung-Jin Park, Hyun Joo An, Young Hun Choi, Nam Ho Lee and Chang-Gu Hyun* Effects of Shiranuhi flower extracts and fractions on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in murine RAW 264.7 cells https://doi.org/10.1515/tjb-2016-0209 Keywords: Cyclooxygenase-2; Inducible Nitric Oxide Syn- Received January 12, 2017; accepted February 9, 2017 thase; Inflammation; MAPK; Shiranuhi Flower. Abstract Özet Objective: In this study, we evaluated the anti-inflamma- tory effect of Shiranuhi flower in RAW 264.7 cells. Amaç: Bu çalışmada, RAW 264.7 hücrelerinde Shiranuhi Methods: The effects of the extracts and solvent fractions çiçeğinin anti-inflamatuar etkisini değerlendirdik. on cell viability and LPS-induced inflammatory responses Yöntem: Ekstraktların ve çözücü fraksiyonlarının hücre were investigated in RAW 264.7 cells. sağlığı ve LPS ile uyarılan inflamatuvar tepkileri üzerin- Results: The results showed that the ethyl acetate fraction deki etkileri, RAW 264.7 hücrelerinde araştırılmıştır. (HEF) significantly decreased NO production in RAW 264.7 Bulgular: Sonuçlar etil asetat fraksiyonunun (HEF) RAW cells; however, cell viability was not affected. In addition, 264.7 hücrelerinde NO üretimini önemli ölçüde azalttığını ELISA assay revealed that HEF significantly inhibited gösterdi; ancak hücre canlılığı etkilenmemiştir. Buna ek the productions of PGE , TNF-α, and IL-6. As well, using 2 olarak, ELISA tahlili, HEF’in PGE2, TNF-α ve IL-6 üretim- Western blot analysis, it was observed that HEF signifi- lerini önemli ölçüde inhibe ettiğini ortaya koymuştur. cantly reduced the expression levels of iNOS and COX-2 Sonuçlar etil asetat fraksiyonunun (HEF) RAW 264.7 hüc- in a dose dependent manner. Furthermore, we detected relerinde NO üretimini önemli ölçüde azalttığını gösterdi; a reduced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein Ancak hücre canlılığı etkilenmemiştir. Buna ek olarak, kinases such as p38, JNK, and ERK1/2. This indicates that ELISA tahlili, HEF’in PGE2, TNF-α ve IL-6 üretimlerini HEF regulates LPS-induced inflammatory responses, at önemli ölçüde inhibe ettiğini ortaya koymuştur. Bunun least in part, via suppressing the MAPK signaling pathway. yanı sıra, Western blot analizi kullanılarak, Hef’in doza Correlation analysis also showed that anti-inflammatory bağımlı olarak iNOS ve COX-2 ekspresyonu anlamlı bir activities were highly correlated to antioxidant activities şekilde azalttığı gözlenmiştir. Dahası, p38, JNK ve ERK1/2 in this study. Characterization of the Shiranuhi flowers for gibi mitojenle aktive olan protein kinazların fosforilasyo- flavonoid contents using HPLC showed varied quantity of nunun azaldığını tespit edilmiştir. Bu bulgular, HEF’in, en narirutin and hesperidin. azından kısmen MAPK sinyal yolunu baskılayarak, LPS Conclusion: Overall, the results demonstrate that HEF ile uyarılan inflamatuvar tepkileri regüle ettiğini gösterir. may be a potential anti-inflammatory agent. In addition, Ayrıca bu çalışmada yapılan korelasyon analizi, anti-inf- our findings contribute to understanding the molecular lamatuvar aktivitelerin antioksidan aktivitelerle yüksek mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory effect of oranda korele olduğunu göstermiştir. Shiranuhi çiçeğinin Shiranuhi flower. flavonoid içeriği HPLC kullanarak karakterize edildiğinde çeşitli miktarlarda narirütin ve hesperidin bulunmuştur. Sonuç: Genel olarak, sonuçlar HEF’in potansiyel bir *Corresponding author: Chang-Gu Hyun, Department of Chemistry anti-inflamatuar ajan olabileceğini göstermektedir. Buna and Cosmetics, Jeju, Korea (the Republic of), e-mail: [email protected] ek olarak, bulgularımız Shiranuhi çiçeğinin anti-infla- Min-Jin Kim, Ji Hye Ko and Nam Ho Lee: Department of Chemistry matuar etkisinin altında yatan moleküler mekanizmanın and Cosmetics, Jeju, Korea (the Republic of) anlaşılmasına katkıda bulunmaktadır. Sang Suk Kim, Young Il Moon, Kyung-Jin Park, Hyun Joo An and Young Hun Choi: Citrus Research Institute, Seogwipo, Anahtar Sözcükler: Siklooksijenaz-2; Indüklenebilir nitrik Korea (the Republic of) oksit sentaz; Inflamasyonu; MAPK; Shiranuhi çiçeği. 376 Min-Jin Kim et al.: Effects of Shiranuhi flower extracts and fractions on lipopolysaccharide Introduction anti-inflammatory [21], antioxidant [22], anti-obesity [23], and anti-angiogenic effects [24]. In addition, the Inflammation is a highly regulated defensive process that peel has been noted to inhibit breast cancer cell migra- results from tissue injury or external stimuli. It leads to tion. However, potential biological activities of Shiranuhi the release of numerous inflammatory mediators and flower have not been explored. Therefore, in this study, ultimately triggers the restoration of tissue structure the Shiranuhi flower was investigated for its potential and function [1–3]. However, uncontrolled and excessive anti-inflammatory activity. To the best of our knowledge, inflammatory responses can cause severe tissue damage this is the first study to demonstrate that Shiranuhi flower and secondary inflammatory injuries, such as sepsis, shows an anti-inflammatory activity. asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, vascular diseases, and cancer [4, 5]. Macrophages play a crucial role in provid- ing an immediate defense by directly counteracting the aforementioned stimuli by releasing cellular signaling Materials and methods molecules such as inflammatory mediators and cytokines [6, 7]. In a normal state, these inflammatory mediators Preparation of Shiranuhi flower extracts and cytokines released from macrophages are essential for host survival and tissue repair [8]. Lipopolysaccha- Shiranuhi flowers were collected from Citrus Research ride (LPS) is a molecule obtained from Gram-negative Institute (RDA, Jeju Island) and were identified by Dr. bacteria. It induces the release of many pro-inflamma- Young Hun Choi. A voucher specimen was prepared and tory mediators and cytokines such as nitric oxide (NO), deposited at the Cosmetic Science Center at Jeju National prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, University (Korea). interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β from macrophages [9, 10]. The dried flowers (1.39 kg) were soaked in 5 L of Therefore, a decrease in LPS-induced expression of pro- 80% ethanol at room temperature for 24 h, after which inflammatory mediators and cytokines in macrophages the solvent was evaporated under vacuum. The residue may be considered a significant therapeutic property obtained was freeze-dried and stored in a desiccator at 4°C during the development of anti-inflammatory agents before use. The weight of the dried sample was 52.48 g; [11–13]. Accumulating evidence indicates that mitogen- therefore, the yield of the extraction was 3.78%. The dried activated protein kinases (MAPKs) also induce the pro- extract (20 g) was then sequentially suspended in water duction of inflammatory molecules and immune-related (1 L) and extracted with ethyl acetate (1 L). The recoveries cytotoxic factors via a sequence of phosphorylation of the extract from the ethyl acetate and water fractions events. The MAPK family is composed of subfamilies, were 12.5% (2.49 g) and 70.5% (14.1 g), respectively. which include members such as extracellular signal- For the water extract, the dried flowers (700 g) were regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), ground into powder and extracted with 3 L of water in and p38. Furthermore, many studies have demonstrated a water bath at 80°C for 5 h. Next, the mixture was fil- that MAPKs are important in modulating the expressions tered and the filtrate was concentrated to about 250 mL. of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and inducible NO synthase The water extract of the Shiranuhi flower was thereafter (iNOS) and the productions of NO, PGE2, and pro-inflam- obtained by lyophilizing the concentrate. The yield was matory cytokines, such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 [14–16]. 25.4 g (3.6%). In this study, each fraction and extracts were Thus, regulating the activation of MAPK pathways may be dissolved in DMSO and filtered through syringe filters a useful strategy in modulating inflammatory responses (0.45 μm pore size). [17–19]. Shiranuhi [(Citrus unshiu Marcov × C. sinensis Osbeck) × C. reticulata Blanco] is a seedless and sweet Reagents and cell culture variety of mandarin orange that has been cultivated on Jeju Island (Korea) since 1988, after its development in Murine RAW 264.7 macrophages were purchased from Japan in 1972. Its trade name is ‘Hallabong’, named after American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA). the Hallasan Mountain located on Jeju Island. Shiranuhi Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM) and fetal is also the name of a genus of flowering plants in the bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Gibco (Grand Rutaceae family. The Shiranuhi fruit is primarily used Island, NY, USA). LPS, antibiotics (penicillin and strepto- for its juice; however, its peel has diverse pharmacologi- mycin), and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were obtained cal properties including anti-tumor, anti-metastatic [20], from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Lactate Min-Jin Kim et al.: Effects of Shiranuhi flower extracts and fractions on lipopolysaccharide 377 dehydrogenase (LDH) cytotoxicity detection kit and Determination of cytokine levels enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antibody sets were purchased from Promega (Madison, WI, USA) The concentrations of PGE2, TNF-α, and IL-6 in the and R&D Systems Inc. (Minneapolis, MN, USA),
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Thesis of Potentially Sweet Dihydrochalcone Glycosides
    University of Bath PHD The synthesis of potentially sweet dihydrochalcone glycosides. Noble, Christopher Michael Award date: 1974 Awarding institution: University of Bath Link to publication Alternative formats If you require this document in an alternative format, please contact: [email protected] General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 05. Oct. 2021 THE SYNTHESIS OF POTBTTIALLY SWEET DIHYDROCHALCOITB GLYCOSIDES submitted by CHRISTOPHER MICHAEL NOBLE for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Bath. 1974 COPYRIGHT Attention is drawn to the fact that copyright of this thesis rests with its author.This copy of the the­ sis has been supplied on condition that anyone who con­ sults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with its author and that no quotation from the thesis and no information derived from it may be pub­ lished without the prior written consent of the author.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Phenolics: Bioavailability As a Key Determinant of Their Potential Health-Promoting Applications
    antioxidants Review Plant Phenolics: Bioavailability as a Key Determinant of Their Potential Health-Promoting Applications Patricia Cosme , Ana B. Rodríguez, Javier Espino * and María Garrido * Neuroimmunophysiology and Chrononutrition Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; [email protected] (P.C.); [email protected] (A.B.R.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (J.E.); [email protected] (M.G.); Tel.: +34-92-428-9796 (J.E. & M.G.) Received: 22 October 2020; Accepted: 7 December 2020; Published: 12 December 2020 Abstract: Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites widely spread throughout the plant kingdom that can be categorized as flavonoids and non-flavonoids. Interest in phenolic compounds has dramatically increased during the last decade due to their biological effects and promising therapeutic applications. In this review, we discuss the importance of phenolic compounds’ bioavailability to accomplish their physiological functions, and highlight main factors affecting such parameter throughout metabolism of phenolics, from absorption to excretion. Besides, we give an updated overview of the health benefits of phenolic compounds, which are mainly linked to both their direct (e.g., free-radical scavenging ability) and indirect (e.g., by stimulating activity of antioxidant enzymes) antioxidant properties. Such antioxidant actions reportedly help them to prevent chronic and oxidative stress-related disorders such as cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, among others. Last, we comment on development of cutting-edge delivery systems intended to improve bioavailability and enhance stability of phenolic compounds in the human body. Keywords: antioxidant activity; bioavailability; flavonoids; health benefits; phenolic compounds 1. Introduction Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites widely spread throughout the plant kingdom with around 8000 different phenolic structures [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Novel Neohesperidin Dihydrochalcone Analogue Inhibits Adipogenic Differentiation of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Through the Nrf2 Pathway
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Novel Neohesperidin Dihydrochalcone Analogue Inhibits Adipogenic Differentiation of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells through the Nrf2 Pathway Ga Eun Han 1,†, Hee-Taik Kang 2,† ID , Sungkyun Chung 3, Changjin Lim 3, John A. Linton 4, Jin-Hee Lee 1, Wooki Kim 5, Seok-Ho Kim 3,* and Jong Hun Lee 1,* 1 Department of Food science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si 13488, Korea; [email protected] (G.E.H.); [email protected] (J.-H.L.) 2 Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk 28644, Korea; [email protected] 3 Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CHA University, Seongnam-si 13488, Korea; [email protected] (S.C.); [email protected] (C.L.) 4 Department of Family Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea; [email protected] 5 Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (S.-H.K.); [email protected] (J.H.L.); Tel.: +82-31-881-7169 (S.-H.K.); +82-31-881-7158 (J.H.L.) † These authors contributed equally to this work. Received: 18 June 2018; Accepted: 24 July 2018; Published: 29 July 2018 Abstract: Obesity, characterized by excess lipid accumulation, has emerged as a leading public health problem. Excessive, adipocyte-induced lipid accumulation raises the risk of metabolic disorders. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that can be obtained from abundant adipose tissue.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Materials Evodiamine Inhibits Both Stem Cell and Non-Stem
    Supplementary materials Evodiamine inhibits both stem cell and non-stem-cell populations in human cancer cells by targeting heat shock protein 70 Seung Yeob Hyun, Huong Thuy Le, Hye-Young Min, Honglan Pei, Yijae Lim, Injae Song, Yen T. K. Nguyen, Suckchang Hong, Byung Woo Han, Ho-Young Lee - 1 - Table S1. Short tandem repeat (STR) DNA profiles for human cancer cell lines used in this study. MDA-MB-231 Marker H1299 H460 A549 HCT116 (MDA231) Amelogenin XX XY XY XX XX D8S1179 10, 13 12 13, 14 10, 14, 15 13 D21S11 32.2 30 29 29, 30 30, 33.2 D7S820 10 9, 12 8, 11 11, 12 8 CSF1PO 12 11, 12 10, 12 7, 10 12, 13 D3S1358 17 15, 18 16 12, 16, 17 16 TH01 6, 9.3 9.3 8, 9.3 8, 9 7, 9.3 D13S317 12 13 11 10, 12 13 D16S539 12, 13 9 11, 12 11, 13 12 D2S1338 23, 24 17, 25 24 16 21 D19S433 14 14 13 11, 12 11, 14 vWA 16, 18 17 14 17, 22 15 TPOX 8 8 8, 11 8, 9 8, 9 D18S51 16 13, 15 14, 17 15, 17 11, 16 D5S818 11 9, 10 11 10, 11 12 FGA 20 21, 23 23 18, 23 22, 23 - 2 - Table S2. Antibodies used in this study. Catalogue Target Vendor Clone Dilution ratio Application1) Number 1:1000 (WB) ADI-SPA- 1:50 (IHC) HSP70 Enzo C92F3A-5 WB, IHC, IF, IP 810-F 1:50 (IF) 1 :1000 (IP) ADI-SPA- HSP90 Enzo 9D2 1:1000 WB 840-F 1:1000 (WB) Oct4 Abcam ab19857 WB, IF 1:100 (IF) Nanog Cell Signaling 4903S D73G4 1:1000 WB Sox2 Abcam ab97959 1:1000 WB ADI-SRA- Hop Enzo DS14F5 1:1000 WB 1500-F HIF-1α BD 610958 54/HIF-1α 1:1000 WB pAkt (S473) Cell Signaling 4060S D9E 1:1000 WB Akt Cell Signaling 9272S 1:1000 WB pMEK Cell Signaling 9121S 1:1000 WB (S217/221) MEK Cell Signaling 9122S 1:1000
    [Show full text]
  • Flavonoid Glucodiversification with Engineered Sucrose-Active Enzymes Yannick Malbert
    Flavonoid glucodiversification with engineered sucrose-active enzymes Yannick Malbert To cite this version: Yannick Malbert. Flavonoid glucodiversification with engineered sucrose-active enzymes. Biotechnol- ogy. INSA de Toulouse, 2014. English. NNT : 2014ISAT0038. tel-01219406 HAL Id: tel-01219406 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01219406 Submitted on 22 Oct 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Last name: MALBERT First name: Yannick Title: Flavonoid glucodiversification with engineered sucrose-active enzymes Speciality: Ecological, Veterinary, Agronomic Sciences and Bioengineering, Field: Enzymatic and microbial engineering. Year: 2014 Number of pages: 257 Flavonoid glycosides are natural plant secondary metabolites exhibiting many physicochemical and biological properties. Glycosylation usually improves flavonoid solubility but access to flavonoid glycosides is limited by their low production levels in plants. In this thesis work, the focus was placed on the development of new glucodiversification routes of natural flavonoids by taking advantage of protein engineering. Two biochemically and structurally characterized recombinant transglucosylases, the amylosucrase from Neisseria polysaccharea and the α-(1→2) branching sucrase, a truncated form of the dextransucrase from L. Mesenteroides NRRL B-1299, were selected to attempt glucosylation of different flavonoids, synthesize new α-glucoside derivatives with original patterns of glucosylation and hopefully improved their water-solubility.
    [Show full text]
  • Glycosides in Lemon Fruit
    Food Sci. Technol. Int. Tokyo, 4 (1), 48-53, 1998 Characteristics of Antioxidative Flavonoid Glycosides in Lemon Fruit Yoshiaki MIYAKE,1 Kanefumi YAMAMOT0,1 Yasujiro MORIMITSU2 and Toshihiko OSAWA2 * Central Research Laboratory of Pokka Corporation, Ltd., 45-2 Kumanosyo, Shikatsu-cho, Nishikasugai-gun, Aichi 481, Japan 2Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 46401, Japan Received June 12, 1997; Accepted September 27, 1997 We investigated the antioxidative flavonoid glycosides in the peel extract of lemon fruit (Citrus limon). Six flavanon glycosides: eriocitrin, neoeriocitrin, narirutin, naringin, hesperidin, and neohesperidin, and three flavone glycosides: diosmin, 6~-di- C-p-glucosyldiosmin (DGD), and 6- C-p-glucosyldiosmin (GD) were identified by high- performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Their antioxidative activity was examined using a linoleic acid autoxidation system. The antioxidative activity of eriocitrin, neoeriocitrin and DGD was stronger than that of the others. Flavonoid glycosides were present primarily in the peel of lemon fruit. There was only a small difference in the content of the flavonoid glycosides of the lemon fruit juice from various sources and varieties. Lemon fruit contained abundant amounts of eriocitrin and hesperidin and also contained narirutin, diosmin, and DGD, but GD, neoeriocitrin, naringin, and neohesperidin were present only in trace amounts. The content of DGD, GD, and eriocitrin was especially abundant in lemons and limes; however, they were scarcely found in other citrus fruits. The content of flavonoid compounds in lemon juice obtained by an in-line extractor at a juice factory was more abundant than that obtained by hand-squeezing. These compounds were found to be stable even under heat treatment conditions (121'C, 15 min) in acidic solution.
    [Show full text]
  • Absorption and Pharmacokinetics of Grapefruit Flavanones in Beagles
    Downloaded from British Journal of Nutrition (2007), 98, 86–92 doi: 10.1017/S0007114507707262 q The Authors 2007 https://www.cambridge.org/core Absorption and pharmacokinetics of grapefruit flavanones in beagles Maria de Lourdes Mata-Bilbao1, Cristina Andre´s-Lacueva1, Elena Roura1, Olga Ja´uregui2, Elvira Escribano3, 4 1 Celina Torre and Rosa Maria Lamuela-Ravento´s * . IP address: 1Department of Nutrition and Food Science, CerTA, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, Barcelona, Spain 2 Scientific and Technical Services, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain 170.106.35.229 3Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, Barcelona, Spain 4Affinity Pet-care, Barcelona, Spain , on (Received 25 August 2006 – Revised 8 January 2007 – Accepted 24 January 2007) 29 Sep 2021 at 02:36:36 The present study evaluated the pharmacokinetics of three different grapefruit flavanone forms in dog plasma and demonstrated their absorption after an oral intake of a grapefruit extract; pharmacokinetic parameters of these forms were also determined. Ten healthy beagles were adminis- tered 70 mg citrus flavonoids as a grapefruit extract contained in capsules, while two additional dogs were used as controls and given an excipient. The grapefruit flavanone naringin, along with its metabolites naringenin and naringenin glucuronide, was detected in dog plasma. Blood , subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at samples were collected between 0 and 24 h after administration of the extract. Naringin reached its maximun plasma concentration at around 80 min, whereas naringenin and naringenin glucuronide reached their maximun plasma concentrations at around 20 and 30 min, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • GRAS Notice (GRN) No.901, Glucosyl Hesperidin
    GRAS Notice (GRN) No. 901 https://www.fda.gov/food/generally-recognized-safe-gras/gras-notice-inventory ~~~lECTV!~ITJ) DEC 1 2 20,9 OFFICE OF FOOD ADDITI\/c SAFETY tnC Vanguard Regulator~ Services, Inc 1311 Iris Circle Broomfield, CO, 80020, USA Office: + 1-303--464-8636 Mobile: +1-720-989-4590 Email: [email protected] December 15, 2019 Dennis M. Keefe, PhD, Director, Office of Food Additive Safety HFS-200 Food and Drug Administration 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy College Park, MD 20740-3835 Re: GRAS Notice for Glucosyl Hesperidin Dear Dr. Keefe: The attached GRAS Notification is submitted on behalf of the Notifier, Hayashibara Co., ltd. of Okayama, Japan, for Glucosyl Hesperidin (GH). GH is a hesperidin molecule modified by enzymatic addition of a glucose molecule. It is intended for use as a general food ingredient, in food. The document provides a review of the information related to the intended uses, manufacturing and safety of GH. Hayashibara Co., ltd. (Hayashibara) has concluded that GH is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) based on scientific procedures under 21 CFR 170.30(b) and conforms to the proposed rule published in the Federal Register at Vol. 62, No. 74 on April 17, 1997. The publically available data and information upon which a conclusion of GRAS was made has been evaluated by a panel of experts who are qualified by scientific training and experience to assess the safety of GH under the conditions of its intended use in food. A copy of the Expert Panel's letter is attached to this GRAS Notice.
    [Show full text]
  • Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Citrus Flavanones Mix
    antioxidants Article Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Citrus Flavanones Mix and Its Stability after In Vitro Simulated Digestion Marcella Denaro †, Antonella Smeriglio *,† and Domenico Trombetta Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy; [email protected] (M.D.); [email protected] (D.T.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-090-676-4039 † Both authors contributed equally. Abstract: Recently, several studies have highlighted the role of Citrus flavanones in counteracting oxidative stress and inflammatory response in bowel diseases. The aim of study was to identify the most promising Citrus flavanones by a preliminary antioxidant and anti-inflammatory screening by in vitro cell-free assays, and then to mix the most powerful ones in equimolar ratio in order to investigate a potential synergistic activity. The obtained flavanones mix (FM) was then subjected to in vitro simulated digestion to evaluate the availability of the parent compounds at the intestinal level. Finally, the anti-inflammatory activity was investigated on a Caco-2 cell-based model stimulated with interleukin (IL)-1β. FM showed stronger antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity with respect to the single flavanones, demonstrating the occurrence of synergistic activity. The LC-DAD-ESI- MS/MS analysis of gastric and duodenal digested FM (DFM) showed that all compounds remained unchanged at the end of digestion. As proof, a superimposable behavior was observed between FM and DFM in the anti-inflammatory assay carried out on Caco-2 cells. Indeed, it was observed that both FM and DFM decreased the IL-6, IL-8, and nitric oxide (NO) release similarly to the reference Citation: Denaro, M.; Smeriglio, A.; anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone.
    [Show full text]
  • A Standardized Extract Prepared from Red Orange and Lemon Wastes Blocks High-Fat Diet-Induced Hyperglycemia and Hyperlipidemia in Mice
    molecules Communication A Standardized Extract Prepared from Red Orange and Lemon Wastes Blocks High-Fat Diet-Induced Hyperglycemia and Hyperlipidemia in Mice Santina Chiechio 1,2,* , Magda Zammataro 1, Massimo Barresi 1, Margherita Amenta 3 , Gabriele Ballistreri 3 , Simona Fabroni 3 and Paolo Rapisarda 3 1 Section of Pharmacology, Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; [email protected] (M.Z.); [email protected] (M.B.) 2 Oasi Research Institute IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy 3 Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca Olivicoltura, Frutticoltura e Agrumicoltura, 95024 Acireale, Italy; [email protected] (M.A.); [email protected] (G.B.); [email protected] (S.F.); [email protected] (P.R.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Citrus fruits are a rich source of high-value bioactive compounds and their consumption has been associated with beneficial effects on human health. Red (blood) oranges (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) are particularly rich in anthocyanins (95% of which are represented by cyanidin-3- glucoside and cyanidin-3-6”-malonyl-glucoside), flavanones (hesperidin, narirutin, and didymin), Citation: Chiechio, S.; Zammataro, and hydroxycinnamic acids (caffeic acid, coumaric acid, sinapic, and ferulic acid). Lemon fruit (Citrus M.; Barresi, M.; Amenta, M.; limon) is also rich in flavanones (eriocitrin, hesperidin, and diosmin) and other polyphenols. All Ballistreri, G.; Fabroni, S.; Rapisarda, of these compounds are believed to play a very important role as dietary antioxidants due to their P. A Standardized Extract Prepared ability to scavenge free radicals.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Post-Harvest LED and UV Light Irradiation on the Accumulation of Flavonoids and Limonoids in the Segments of Newhall Navel Oranges
    molecules Article Effect of Post-Harvest LED and UV Light Irradiation on the Accumulation of Flavonoids and Limonoids in the Segments of Newhall Navel Oranges (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) Shengyu Liu 1, Linping Hu 1, Dong Jiang 2 and Wanpeng Xi 1,3,* 1 College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; [email protected] (S.L.); [email protected] (L.H.) 2 Citrus Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 400712, China; [email protected] 3 Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-23-68250483; Fax: +86-23-68251274 Received: 20 March 2019; Accepted: 4 May 2019; Published: 6 May 2019 Abstract: To investigate the effect of post-harvest light irradiation on the accumulation of flavonoids and limonoids, harvested Newhall navel oranges were continuously exposed to light-emitting diode (LED) and ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation for 6 days, and the composition and content of flavonoids and limonoids in the segments were determined using UPLC-qTOF-MS at 0, 6, and 15 days after harvest. In total, six polymethoxylated flavonoids (PMFs), five flavone-O/C-glycosides, seven flavanone-O-glycosides, and three limonoids were identified in the segments. The accumulation of these components was altered by light irradiation. Red and blue light resulted in higher levels of PMFs during exposure periods. The accumulation of PMFs was also significantly induced after white light, UVB and UVC irradiation were removed. Red and UVC irradiation induced the accumulation of flavone and flavanone glycosides throughout the entire experimental period.
    [Show full text]
  • 8 Weeks of 2S-Hesperidin Supplementation Improves Power Output at Estimated Functional Threshold Power and Maximum Power in Amat
    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 16 September 2020 doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0341.v1 1 Article 2 8 Weeks of 2s-Hesperidin Supplementation Improves Power Output 3 at Estimated Functional Threshold Power and Maximum Power in 4 Amateur Cyclist 5 Full names of the authors and institutional/corporate affiliations 6 Francisco Javier Martínez Noguera *1, Cristian Marín Pagán 1, Jorge Carlos Vivas 7 2, Pedro E. Alcaraz 1. 8 1 Research Center for High Performance Sport. Catholic University of Murcia, campus de 9 los Jerónimos Nº 135 (UCAM, 30107, Murcia, Spain). 10 2 Health, Economy, Motricity and Education Research Group (HEME), Faculty of Sport 11 Sciences, University of Extremadura. Avda. de Elvas, s/n. (06006, Badajoz, Spain), 12 13 Contact details for the corresponding author 14 * Francisco Javier Martínez Noguera: Research Center for High Performance Sport. 15 Catholic University of Murcia, campus de los Jerónimos Nº 135 (UCAM, 30107, Murcia, 16 Spain); [email protected].; Tel.: +34 968 278 566 (F.J.M.N.) 17 18 Email addresses 19 FJMN: [email protected]. 20 CMP: [email protected]. 21 JCV: [email protected]. 22 PEA: [email protected]. 23 24 25 26 27 28 © 2020 by the author(s). Distributed under a Creative Commons CC BY license. Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 16 September 2020 doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0341.v1 29 ABSTRACT 30 2S-hesperidin is a flavanone (flavonoid) found in high concentrations in citrus 31 fruits. It has an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect, improving performance 32 in animals. This study investigated the effects of chronic intake of an orange extract 33 (2S-hesperidin) or placebo on aerobic-anaerobic and metabolic performance 34 markers in amateur cyclists.
    [Show full text]