EARTH SCIENCE Assignment # _____

Name:______Date:______Period:_____

Regents Questions Chapters 4 & 5: Weathering,Erosion,Glaciers

August 2015

11 The map below shows a portion of the Hudson River and three tributaries: Catskill Creek, Fishkill Creek, and Wallkill River.

The greatest discharge of the Hudson River is generally observed near (1) Albany (2) Kingston (3) Poughkeepsie (4) Ossining

13 The Adirondacks are classified as mountains because of the high elevation and bedrock that consists mainly of (1) deformed and intensely metamorphosed rocks (2) glacial deposits of unconsolidated gravels, sands, and clays (3) Cambrian and Ordovician quartzites and marbles (4) horizontal sedimentary rocks of marine origin

30 The photograph below shows both erosional and depositional features formed by an agent of erosion.

Which agent of erosion produced the features shown in the photograph? (1) running water (2) glacial ice (3) ocean waves (4) prevailing wind

31 Which cross section best represents the pattern of sediments deposited on the bottom of a lake as the velocity of the stream entering the lake steadily decreased?

Base your answers to questions 36 and 37 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram represents four tubes, labeled A, B, C, and D, each containing 150 mL of sediments. Tubes A, B, and C contain well-sorted, closely packed sediments of uniform shape and size. Tube D contains uniformly shaped, closely packed sediments of mixed sizes. The particle size of the sediment in each tube is labeled.

36 Water was added to each tube to just cover the sediments and the volumes of water added were recorded. These data can best be used to determine the (1) particle size of the sediments (3) water retention of the sediments (2) particle shape of the sediments (4) porosity of the sediments

37 If tubes A, B, and C were set up to test for capillarity, the data would show that capillarity is (1) greatest in tube A (3) greatest in tube C (2) greatest in tube B (4) the same for tubes A, B, and C

The map below shows the Outer Banks and part of North Carolina along the southeastern coast of the United States.

48 The Outer Banks were formed primarily from sediments eroded and deposited by ocean waves. Which type of landform are the Outer Banks? (1) outwash plains (2) moraine deposits (3) river deltas (4) barrier islands

Base your answers to questions 74 through 76 on the block diagram below, which represents a landscape drained by a stream system, and on your knowledge of Earth science. The actual sizes and shapes of three rock samples, labeled A, B, and C, and the locations where they were found in the stream are indicated in the diagram. A New York State index fossil is shown in rock sample A.

74 Explain how the appearance of rock sample A indicates that the sample has spent very little time being transported by the stream. [1]

75 Rock sample C has a diameter of 2 centimeters. Determine the minimum stream velocity needed to transport rock sample C to its present location. [1]

76 The stream profile below shows the locations of rock samples A, B, and C in the streambed. Calculate the stream gradient between the locations of rock sample A and rock sample C. [1]

June 2015 4 Flash flooding is most likely to occur when heavy rain falls on (1) deforested landscapes with clay soils (3) forested landscapes with clay soils (2) deforested landscapes with sandy soils (4) forested landscapes with sandy soils

12 Which two factors have the most influence on the development of landscape features? (1) bedrock age and weathering rates (3) rate of deposition and thickness of the bedrock (2) bedrock structure and climate variations (4) rate of erosion and fossils in the bedrock

14 What is the minimum water velocity necessary to maintain movement of 0.1-centimeter-diameter particles in a stream? (1) 0.02 cm/s (2) 0.5 cm/s (3) 5.0 cm/s (4) 20.0 cm/s

21 The cross sections below represent three beakers that were used to test porosity. Beakers A, B, and C each contain a different size of bead. Each beaker holds an equal volume of beads. The amount of water needed to fill the total pore space between the beads in each beaker was measured.

Which statement best describes the porosity that was found for these three samples? (1) A had a greater porosity than B and C. (3)C had a greater porosity than A and B. (2) B had a greater porosity than A and C. (4) All three samples had the same porosity.

22 Which graph best indicates the general relationship between soil particle size and the amount of water retention by a permeable soil?

24 The two block diagrams below represent the formation of caves.

Which types of weathering and erosion are primarily responsible for the formation of caves? (1) chemical weathering and groundwater flow (3) physical weathering and groundwater flow (2) chemical weathering and runoff (4) physical weathering and runoff 27 Which diagram represents a side view of a sand dune most commonly formed as a result of the prevailing wind direction shown?

Base your answers to questions 58 through 61 on the block diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram represents a meandering stream flowing into the ocean. Points A and B represent locations along the streambanks. Letter C indicates a triangular-shaped depositional feature where the stream enters the ocean.

58 The top of the box below represents the stream surface between points A and B. In the box, draw a line from point A to point B to represent a cross-sectional view of the shape of the bottom of the stream channel. [1]

59 Explain how sediments eroded by the water in this stream become smoother and rounder in shape. [1]

60 Identify the triangular-shaped depositional feature indicated by letter C. [1]

61 Identify two factors that determine the rate of stream erosion. [1]

January 2015 18 Which cross section best represents the valley shape where a rapidly flowing stream is cutting into the bedrock in a mountainous area?

19 The photograph below shows scratched and grooved bedrock with boulders on its surface.

The scratches and grooves were most likely created when (1) alternating thawing and freezing of water cracked the bedrock

(2) flooding from a nearby lake covered the bedrock

(3) a glacier dragged rocks over the bedrock

(4) rocks from a landslide slid along the bedrock

20 The natural sandblasting (abrasion) of surface bedrock in a desert region is the result of (1) wind erosion (2) wave erosion (3) mass movement (4) chemical precipitation

26 The diagram below represents three identical beakers, A, B, and C, each containing an equal volume of uniform-sized spherical beads. Water is poured into each beaker until all of the pore spaces are filled.

Which table best indicates the percentage of pore space compared to the total volume of each beaker?

Base your answers to questions 69 through 73 on the landscape diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram represents a long river system from its origin (source) in the mountains to its end (mouth) at the ocean.

69 Describe one characteristic of the coastal plain that caused the river to develop meanders. [1]

70 Identify one change that would cause an increase in the rate of stream erosion in the river valley in the mountains. [1]

71 Explain why the sediments deposited in the delta are arranged in layers. [1]

72 List two processes that would change the accumulated sediments in the delta into sedimentary rock. [1]

73 State one reason for the restriction of the construction of buildings near a meandering river on a coastal plain. [1]

August 2014

7 Which processes are most likely to cause a rise in the water table? (1) runoff and erosion (3) deposition and burial (2) precipitation and infiltration (4) solidification and condensation

24 The block diagram below represents a landscape where caverns and sinkholes have gradually developed over a long period of time. Why did these caverns and sinkholes form? (1) The bedrock chemically reacted with acidic groundwater. (2) This type of bedrock contained large amounts of oxygen and silicon. (3) Glacial deposits altered the shape of the bedrock. (4) Crustal uplift formed gaps in the bedrock.

25 The block diagram below represents a stream flowing from a mountain region. A brief, heavy rainstorm occurs in the mountains.

How will the volume of water and the rate of erosion in the stream change shortly after the rainstorm? (1) The volume of water will decrease and the rate of erosion will increase. (2) The volume of water will increase and the rate of erosion will decrease. (3) Both the volume of water and the rate of erosion will decrease. (4) Both the volume of water and the rate of erosion will increase. 26 The photograph below shows scratched and polished bedrock produced by weathering and erosion.

Which agent of erosion most likely carried sediment that scratched and polished this bedrock surface? (1) a moving glacier (2) running water (3) wave action (4) wind

34 The block diagram below represents an igneous dome that uplifted overlying rock layers, which were then weathered and eroded.

Which stream drainage pattern is most likely found on the surface of the area represented by the block diagram?

Base your answers to questions 48 through 50 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram represents setups of laboratory equipment, labeled A, B, C, and D. This equipment was used to test the infiltration rate and water retention of four different particle sizes. Each column was filled to the same level with uniform-sized dry, spherical particles. Water was poured into each column until the water level rose to the top of the particles. Then, the clamp was opened to allow the water to drain into the beaker beneath each column.

48 All of the particles in these four columns are classified as (1) clay (2) silt (3) sand (4) pebbles

49 Which graph best shows the rate of infiltration of water through the particles in these four columns?

50 Which column of particles retained the most water after the clamps were opened and the water was drained into the beakers? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D

June 2014

21 The block diagram below represents caves that developed in a region over time.

Which type of weathering was primarily responsible for the development of these caves? (1) physical weathering of sandstone (2) physical weathering of limestone (3) chemical weathering of sandstone (4) chemical weathering of limestone

22 Which agent of erosion is most likely responsible for the deposition of sandbars along ocean shorelines? (1) glaciers (2) mass movement (3) wave action (4) wind action

23 The block diagram below represents the drainage basins of some river systems separated by highland divides, shown with dashed lines. The arrows show the directions of surface-water flow.

The three areas separated by highland divides are called (1) meanders (2) floodplains (3) watersheds (4) tributaries

24 Which New York State landscape region is mostly composed of horizontal sedimentary bedrock at high elevations? (1) Hudson Highlands (3) Taconic Mountains (2) Allegheny Plateau (4) Atlantic Coastal Plain

34 The topographic map below shows the largest island of the Hawaiian Islands.

Which map below best shows the most likely stream drainage pattern of this island?

35 Photographs A and B below show two different valleys.

Which list best identifies the agent of erosion that primarily determined the shape of each valley? (1) photograph A—glacier; photograph B—river (3) both photographs—river (2) photograph A—river; photograph B—glacier (4) both photographs—glacier Base your answers to questions 75 through 78 on the three diagrams below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The diagrams represent stages in the formation of a large depositional feature formed as a river deposited sediment over time in the ocean. Letter A represents a location in the ocean.

75 State the name of this large depositional feature forming in the ocean. [1]

76 Describe the arrangement of the sediments deposited where the river enters the ocean. [1]

77 Identify the largest particle diameter of sediment that can be carried by the water current at location A, if the water has a velocity of 0.05 cm/s. [1]

78 Large amounts of dissolved calcite were carried by the river into the ocean and precipitated onto the ocean floor. Identify the sedimentary rock composed only of calcite that most likely formed. [1]

January 201 4

17 A group hiking in the Catskill region of New York State finds several large boulders composed of metamorphic rock. These boulders most likely resulted from the weathering of bedrock formed in the (1) Catskills, and were transported to their present location by mass movement (2) Catskills, and were transported to their present location by glaciers (3) Adirondack Mountains, and were transported to their present location by mass movement (4) Adirondack Mountains, and were transported to their present location by glaciers

21 During a rainstorm, when soil becomes saturated, the amount of infiltration (1) decreases and runoff decreases (3) increases and runoff decreases (2) decreases and runoff increases (4) increases and runoff increases

22 Sediment is deposited as a river enters a lake because the (1) velocity of the river decreases (3) volume of water increases (2) force of gravity decreases (4) slope of the river increases

23 Stream drainage patterns that develop in a landscape region are controlled mostly by (1) bedrock structure (3) nearness to a large body of water (2) precipitation amounts (4) air temperature variations

33 Which cross section best represents a plateau landscape region?

34 Lichens are usually the first organisms that appear in barren, rocky areas. They use rootlike structures to split bedrock into small fragments. Lichens also secrete acidic solutions that help break down rock. The cross sections below represent an area when lichens first appeared (time 1) and that same area hundreds of years later, after it was changed by lichens and exposed to air and water (time 2).

The soil shown in time 2 was formed mainly by (1) compaction and cementing (3) faulting and tilting of rock strata (2) weathering and biological activity (4) mass movement and deposition of particles

35 The map below shows coastal features of a portion of Long Island, New York. Point A represents a location on a landscape feature that resulted from wave action and longshore currents.

On which landscape feature is point A located? (1) moraine (2) delta (3) barrier island (4) floodplain

Base your answers to questions 61 through 63 on the block diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram represents a meandering stream. Point A represents a location within the meandering stream. Arrows represent the direction of stream flow.

61 Identify the name of the largest sediment particles that can be transported at point A when the stream’s velocity is 100 cm/s. [1]

62 Describe the relative changes in the stream velocity and the rate of erosion that will occur after 2 days of heavy rainfall. [1]

63 Explain why rock particles transported by the stream often become more rounded. [1]