For cited: Koç, C. & Kejanlı, D. T. (2018). Land Use and Risks in Yalova After the Earthquake. Journal of Strategic Research in Social Science, 4 (1), 17-40. doi: 10.26579/josress-4.1.2 Research Article/Araştırma Makalesi Journal of Strategic Research in Social Science Year: 2018 (JoSReSS) Volume: 4 www.josress.com Issue: 1 ISSN: 2459-0029 Land Use and Risks in Yalova After the Earthquake Canan KOÇ1 & D. Türkan KEJANLI2 Keywords Abstract Earthquake, Planning, The urbanization emerged with the industrial society transition from agricultural Land Use, society, resulted in destruction of natural structure in consequence of the rise of Urbanization, Yalova. structuring depend on population growth and efforts for constitution of settlement. Yalova is the province where sectors of tourism, industry and agricultural are developed because of its location and morphological characteristics.Yalova experienced the earthquake in 1999 disastrously and it was milestone for Yalova. After earthquake, Yalova was third province that had more loss of life and property. It was exposed to illegal housing due to the sustained migration, also lack of sanctions in the legislation, location of near the fault line and the density of residential in unsuitable geological areas increased the damage of city. Disaster areas were seen on the coastal and alluvion ground as a result of the earthquake. Article History Today, it is observed that geological and ecological features of city are usually Received ignored in the proposal planning decisions and identities such as city of industry, 07 Jan, 2018 agriculture, tourism for Yalova. The earthquake risk should not forget in planning Accepted studies. So, in this study change of land use and earthquake risk in the city are 19 Feb, 2018 discussed. Deprem Sonrası Yalova’da Arazi Kullanımı ve Riskler Anahtar Kelimeler Özet Deprem, Planlama, Tarım toplumundan sanayi toplumuna geçişle ortaya çıkan kentleşme, yerleşim Arazi Kullanım, oluşturma çabaları ve nüfus artışına bağlı olarak yapılaşmanın artmasıyla doğal Kentleşme, Yalova. yapının tahribatına neden olmuştur. Yalova, konumu ve morfolojik özellikleri nedeniyle turizm, sanayi ve tarım sektörlerinin geliştiği bir ildir. 1999’da yaşanan deprem felaketi Yalova için dönüm noktası olmuştur. Deprem sonrası Yalova can ve mal kaybının en fazla olduğu üçüncü il olmuştur. Devam eden göç olgusu sebebiyle yasa dışı yapılaşma, mevzuatta yaptırım eksikliği, fay hattının yakınındaki konumu, Yerleşime uygun olmayan alanlardaki yapılaşma yoğunluğu Kentin tahribatını artırmıştır. Deprem nedeniyle zarar gören alanların kıyıda ve alüvyon alanlarda olduğu görülmektedir. Makale Geçmişi Günümüzde, Yalova için sanayi, tarım, turizm kenti gibi kimlikler yüklenmekte ve Alınan Tarih öneri planlama kararlarında çoğu zaman ilin jeolojik, topoğrafik ve ekolojik 07 Ocak 2018 özelliklerinin göz ardı edilmektedir. Planlama çalışmalarında deprem riski Kabul Tarihi unutulmaması gereklidir. Bu bağlamda çalışmada, kentteki deprem riski ve arazi 19 Şubat 2018 kullanım değişimi tartışılmaktadır. 1 Corresponding author. Res.Asst. Dicle University, [email protected] 2 Ass. Prof. Dicle University, [email protected] 1. Introduction Earthquake, regarded as a natural disaster, has affected the whole environment since the existence of life on earth and led countries and cities to be caught unprepared. Severe and more severe earthquakes can cause losses of life and property depending on the quality of structuring and land use conditions on settlement scale. With a growing world population and increasing urbanization, new research shows that populations are becoming more vulnerable to death and injury from large earthquakes in the past 50 years (Peek-Asa et.al, 2003). Variation in the number of deaths caused by earthquakes of different magnitudes can be attributed to building codes, location of victims, epicenter location, and other factors (Tanga et.al, 2017). In particular, wrong land use decisions have increased these losses. The costs caused by natural hazards are rapidly increasing in urban area, particularly in developing countries, where a number of megacities are growing ( Li et.al, 2017). Cities in the developing world are facing increased risk of disasters and the potential of economic and human losses from natural hazards is being exacerbated by the rate of unplanned urban expansion and influenced by the quality of urban management (Tarhan et.al, 2016). According to the Earthquake Result Report issued by Ministry of Public Works and Settlement (currently called as the Ministry of Environment And Urbanization) in 2004; "In Turkey where 93% of the territory and 98% of the population are affected by various earthquakes, social and economic losses caused by earthquake disaster require to take very serious measures. Because 182 disastrous earthquakes occurred and nearly 100.000 people lost their lives in Turkey between 1900 and 2003. In addition to the irreversible consequences of losses of life and property, losses of national wealth and losses of income in national product that constitute our macroeconomic losses also cause important threats for the future” (www.imo.org.tr). Therefore, in order to minimize the losses arising from earthquakes, it is very important to take various measures at every stage from country scale to urban and building scale. After Izmit Gulf and Düzce earthquakes that occurred in Marmara Region in Turkey in 1999 and caused damages in many cities, and the rules, standards, laws and regulations have been set to minimize the hazards caused by earthquake and other natural disasters and to include what to do after these disasters. In addition to legislative regulations such as Compulsory Earthquake Insurance No. 587, Decree Law on Building Inspection No. 595 ad Decree Law No. 601 which regulates competent engineering concept, various measures have been tried to be taken by different legislations such as the Regulation for Buildings to be Built in the Earthquake Regions in 2007 and the Law on Conversion of the Areas Under the Disaster Risk in 2012 in order to reduce the risk of earthquake. Yalova selected as the study area is a province with the smallest surface area of Marmara Region in Turkey and it is located in the first-degree earthquake zone. The city which experienced the earthquake in 1999 disastrously, face with the risk of future earthquake emphasized by many researchers. Yalova is bordered by the Sea of Marmara in the north. This border has led to the fact that the western coasts of the settlement have natural beaches in some places 18 Koç, C. & Kejanlı, D. T. (2018). Land Use and Risks in Yalova After the Earthquake and these areas are used as a summer resort. When it was a district of Istanbul in 1930, it became province in 1995 and started to be attractive for investors. Yalova has six districts as Çınarcık, Altınova, Çiftlikköy, Armutlu, Termal, and Central District. Being renowned for its hot springs, the city is a settlement which mainly tourism in the west, industry in the east, and agricultural sectors in the south develop. Yalova has advantages as being neighborhood with Istanbul, Kocaeli and Bursa; whereas, it has disadvantages as being in development pressure of Istanbul, the effects of industry in Istanbul and Kocaeli, and locating in interaction area for major projects and investments in the region. This situation brings economic return but affects negatively the conservation-use balance in spatial development. The city has been exposed to the increase in population and it has had an irregular development because of incorrect planning decisions. This lead to housing of unsafe areas in terms of ground conditions as well as destroying of agricultural lands, irrigation areas, coasts, and forests in Yalova, The major earthquake occurring in Marmara Region in 1999 was milestone for Yalova as was for whole region. Effects of uncontrolled development appeared with the major earthquake. As a result the earthquake, Yalova was third province where the most losses of life and property were experienced. Even though today identities such as city of industry, agriculture, and tourism are attributed to Yalova, geological, topographic, and ecological features of the city have been usually ignored in the proposal planning decisions. When planning and land use decisions of Yalova that is located in the first-degree earthquake zone and faces with earthquake risk are evaluated, it is seen that it has significant risks.The study discusses the spatial distribution of plan decisions prepared for a city that carries such a risk after the earthquake disaster. 2. Results and discussion Yalova is the province that is located in Marmara Region in Turkey and has the smallest surface with an area of 847 km2. Yalova is bordered by Marmara Sea and Istanbul in the west and north, Kocaeli in the east, and Bursa in the south (Figure 1). Journal of Strategic Research in Social Science, 2018, 4 (1), 17-40. 19 Figure1: Location of Yalova Reference: earth.google.com It has a feature as being the transition point between three major cities. Except for plains on the east coasts, it has a mountainous terrain whose altitude rises towards west and south. Yalova, located within the circle of the North Anatolian Fault line, is located in the 1st degree earthquake zone (Figure 2). Figure2: Fault Line and Earthquake Zone of Yalova References: deprem.gov.tr , www.milliyet.com.tr Population in the center of Yalova was 2635 in 1935 and followed a stable trend until 1955 and after this year,