УПРАВЛЕНИЕ И ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ MANAGEMENT AND EDUCATION TOM V (2) 2009 VOL. V (2) 2009

SOCIO-ECONOMIC STRUCTURE OF THE POPULATION IN

Mesut Doğan

СОЦИО-ИКОНОМИЧЕСКАТА СТРУКТУРА ПОПУЛАЦИЯТА В ЯЛОВА

Месут Доган

ABSTRACT: The population is an extremely active phenomenon and one of the factors in the development of the settlement areas. Population structure is closely related with political, economic and social circumstances. In addition, developments in rural and urban population are also indications of the development levels. Popula- tion movements are quite important in our study area. Especially, Yalova, close to the metropolis and to important trade centers such as Kocaeli and and with favorable living conditions is an area where signifi- cant changes take place in populational features. Key Words: Yalova, Population, Social Structure, Development, Green-Blue Line

Introduction luck,1910,s.69) . The area was invaded by the Frigians in 1200s BC, settled by the Britons - Yalova situated on the northern side of the which became dominant in the eastern part of the Samanlı Mountains is surrounded by the Mar- Marmara Sea by passing from Thrace to Anatolia mara Sea in the north and west, by Gemlik Bay in the 7th century BC – and then given to the in the south and by Kocaeli in the east. (Graphic Macedonians as a gift somewhere between 230 1) It is generally of a mountanous nature apart and 182 BC. Yalova and the environs, which from the planes consisting of coastal plains and became a district of Roman Empire in 74 BC, deltaic plains located on the eastern side of Ya- remained in the boarders of the Eastern Roman lova Empire after the split of the Roman Empire. The Especially the south of the study area is sur- study area, which gained importance as a recrea- rounded by the Samanlı Mountains in west-east tion and therapy spot during the period of the direction. Yalova is an area where the most im- , in other words, as a recreation portant industrial and transportational network of center of the period thanks to its thermal springs, is found. Therefore, it is quite interesting was later on seized by the Anatolian Seljuks, in terms of population and settlement character- who dominated in Anatolia. The area largely istics. The gradual development of transportation damaged during the Crusades was defined as systems and spread of the alternative transporta- Karayolavaç in Seyahatname by Evliya Çelebi tion vehicles increase the importance of Yalova. (Çelebi, 1896,s.283), as Yalakabad or Yalıova by Yalova which provides a transit route for the Katip Çelebi (Umar, 1993, s.56). Yalova, cov- metropolis Istanbul and for such Anatolian cities ered by the borders of the from as Balıkesir, İzmir and Bursa, maintained its 1326 onward, became a town of the province importance through the history. The fact that it is İzmit in 1530, of Bursa Central District in 1867 positioned in an interesting area has resulted in a and of the independent İzmit District in 1901. dense population and caused settlement flows. The study area occupied by the Greek army dur- ing the War of Independence was rescued from Settlement History of Yalova the invasion on the 19th July, 1921 and became a town of Istanbul on the 2nd June, 1929. For the The findings belonging to the Neolithic Pe- study area, Atatürk pointed to the betterment of riod (8000-5500 BC) obtained in the ar- the the spas in Yalova and of agricultural foun- cheaological excavations carried out in our study dations launched by the order of Atatürk, who area are the proofs showing that settlement his- got intensive agricultural methods practiced in tory of Yalova dates back to that period (Has- the area. The precinct Yalova

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Graphic 1: Yalova location map. Source: http://earth.google.com/ which has become a model of fruit, vegetable Istanbul and the rapid increase in the population and flower production in Turkey owes its eco- in parallel with its development over time. When nomic development to Atatürk’s foresight. the population records of State Statistical Insti- Moreover, Yalova became the summer capital of tute of Prime Ministry is analyzed, it can be seen our Republic during the period of Atatürk be- that population characteristics of Yalova was cause Yalova is close to both Istanbul and An- recorded as if it was a province from 1990 on- kara (Göney, 2009, s.3). Atatürk’s visit to the ward. Yalova is among the 14 provinces that area and his farm built in Yalova increased the received this title after 1989. Yalova became a interest in Yalova and it became a province on province when some settlement spots were sepa- the 3rd June, 1995 due to the difficulties faced in rated from Istanbul, Bursa and Kocaeli with the the administrative and functional relations with

77 law dated 3rd June, 1995 and numbered 550 in the area and the distribution of the people are (Genel Nüfus Sayımı,2000). incessantly changing (Tanoğlu, 1969, s 31 ). Administrative regulations were implemented Yalova possessing a temperate climate and in Armutlu Borough of Gemlik in Bursa, important transporation routes to favourable and Çiftlikköy Boroughs of Yalova in Istanbul. agricultural areas, open to educational and cul- Accordingly, there are 5 towns, such as Altınova, tural developments, close to important industrial, Armutlu, Çiftlikköy, Çınarcık and Termal along business and commerce centers, such as Istanbul, with the central district and 15 municipalities and Bursa and Kocaeli, achieved a drastic rise in 43 villages. terms of population growth. Because our study is a province-based one, General Characteristics of Population tables showing the social and economic structure of the general properties of the population were Due to the birth, death, migration and some based on the data belonging to the year 1990, reactive phenomena, the number of people living when the census was carried out in Yalova with province status.

Table 1: Urban, Rural and Total population by census years.

Census Yea rs 1990 2000 2007 Settlement Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Centrum 65823 11314 77137 70118 15973 86091 87372 15499 102871 Altınova 2176 13512 15688 3231 19570 22801 3429 17487 20916 Armutlu 3201 2815 6016 4221 3637 7858 4633 2577 7210 Çınarcık 7629 9661 17290 8953 12697 21650 9170 12915 22085 Çiftlikköy 5750 8922 14672 9622 15167 24789 15290 8756 24046 Termal 2453 1865 4318 2516 2888 5404 2181 2449 4630 Total 87032 48089 135121 98661 69932 168593 122075 59683 181758 Source: Turkish Statistical Institute, Prepared with the Data Obtained from the General Censuses

When Table 1 is examined, it is interesting to tion movements from rural areas into the cen- see that urban and rural population of the towns trum or vice versa have resulted in a dense in the province Yalova is on constant rise. When population in the centrum. According to the 2007 total population ranges are compared, it can be census, 102871 of the total population live in the seen that central district of Yalova is far more centrum of Yalova. The most populated towns populated than the rest of the province. The fact other than the central Yalova are respectively that central district is the administrative center of Çiftlikköy (24046), Çınarcık (22085), Altınova the whole province and the fact that service sec- (20916), Armutlu (7210) and Termal (4630). The tors such as shopping centers, schools, hospitals, towns outside the centrum are largely populated cinemas and theaters are intensively found in the in the town centers, on the coastline and on the central district has led to an increase in the valley bottom, also in the villages scattered in population (İbrahim ,2002 s.15). Daily popula- paralel with various heights.

Table 2: The proportion of the total population to the rural and urban population by census years.

Census Yea rs Urban Rural Total Total/Urban % Total/Rural % 1990 87032 48089 135121 65% 35% 2000 98661 69932 168539 58% 42% 2007 122075 59683 181758 68% 32% Source: Turkish Statistical Institute, Prepared with the Data Obtained from the General Censuses

Accordingly, when Table 2 is analyzed, the in 2007. These ratios indicate that Yalova has population of the central Yalova is 65% of the undergone a rapid urbanization. total population in 1990, 58% in 2000 and 68%

78 As seen in Table 1 (2007), total population of 2000 census. However, the construction of the the province is 81758, whereas that of the cen- buildings by the earthquake regulations created trum is 22075. While 65% of the province an atmosphere of mutual trust and the advantages population was living in the centrum before the the city provides were emphasized and urban Marmara Earthquake of 1999, the population population increased by …% in the total popula- reduced to 58% after the earthquake according to tion (Bütkül,1992.s. 34) .

Table 3 – Annual population growth rate

1990- 2000 (per mille) 2000- 2007 (per mille) Urban Rural Urban Rural Yalova 12,54 37,44 13,48 37,50 28,26 21 31,29 24 Turkey 27 39 28 43 Source: Turkish Statistical Institute, Prepared with the Data Obtained from the General Censuses

When we compare annual population growth rate reconstruction of the city and reinforcement of of Yalova with the Marmara Region and Turkey the buildings after the earthquake, people got (according to Table 3), it is worth noting that back to the city center and therefore a significant urban population growth rate of the study area increase in the population occurred as a result of increased relatively in the census years covering the 2007 census. 1990-2000 and 2000 – 2007, but relatively lower When rural population growth rates are exam- in comparison with the total urban population ined, there could be found no significant differ- increase both in the Marmara Region and Tur- ence between the periods 1990-2000 and 2000- key. It is possible to account for the increase in 2007. As is known, population increase rates of the urban population rate between 2000 and 2007 rural areas are generally higher than those of the with the fact that, as stated above, after the great urban areas (Dinçer, 2004.s.45). But depending disestar as a result of the Marmara Earthquake in on the reasons stated above although there was a 1999, the city got heavily damaged and thus the noticeable growth in the rural population because inhabitants left the city and moved to the rural of the rush into the city, there was a difference of areas (Table 4). Nevertheless, as a result of the 0,06 in the population growth rate.

Table 4: Values related with migration within Yalova

Migration Migration (From Urban to Rural Areas) (From Rural to Urban Areas) 1990-2000 11717 1439 2000-2007 1733 7462 Source: Turkish Statistical Institute, Prepared with the Data Obtained from the General Censuses

Socio-economic Structure of the Population Table 5: Age groups of Yalova

Age Groups Total Male Female 0-4 11292 5732 5560 5-9. 13707 7071 6636 10-14. 14929 7641 7288 Dependent Population 39928 20444 19484 15-19 14781 7601 7180 20-24 13176 6606 6570 25-29 15266 7480 7786 30-34 14478 7104 7374 35-39 14182 7015 7167

79 40-44 13364 6550 6814 45-49 12920 6580 6340 50-54 11279 5654 5625 55-59 8844 4409 4435 60-64 6747 3204 3543 Active Population 125037 62203 62834 65-69 5786 2758 3028 70-74 4765 2265 2500 75-79 3573 1562 2011 80-84 1889 755 1134 85-89 567 194 373 90-+ 213 65 148 Dependent Population 16793 7599 9194 Total 181 758 90 246 91 512 Source: Turkish Statistical Institute, Prepared with the Data Obtained from the General Censuses

As given in Table 5, the age groups 0-14 and compared with the overall population, 70% of 65-90 are regarded as the dependent population the population are employed or can be legally in our study area. Accordingly, the dependent employed. The age group 0-14 of the dependent population within the province Yalova amounts population covers 39928 people. This age group to 56721, 28043 of which are male and 28648 of is quite important in terms of the province’s ca- which are female. The percentage of the total pacity of prospective employees. In the pyramid dependent population is 30% within the whole formed out through the same data, the line de- population. That is, 30% of the total population fining the age group 0-4 is relatively narrowing in Yalova accounts for 56721 and they aren’t down (Graphic 2), but also less than an upper age employed. Contrary, to say, active working group 5-9. This indicates that birth rate across population covers 125037 people, of which the province is decreasing. 62203 are male and 63834 are female. When

90-+

80-84

70-74

60-64

50-54

40-44

30-34

20-24

10-14.

0-4

-10000 -8000 -6000 -4000 -2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

Male Female

Graphic 2: Population Pyramid of Yalova (2007)

80 Table 6: Sectoral distribution of the actively working population

Profession Male Female Total Liberal Profession – Technical Staff 3497 1807 5304 Entrepreneur and Top Executive 1037 92 1129 Administrative Personel 1951 1832 3783 Tradesman and Salesman 3961 831 4792 Employee in Service Sector 5256 952 6208 Employee in Agriculture, Stockraising, Forestry, 11579 16595 28174 Employee in Production Sector other than agricul- 21082 2296 23378 Source: Turkish Statistical Institute, Prepared with the Data Obtained from the General Censuses

When sectoral distribution of the population is esting that there are more women than men (Mu- examined in terms of labour force, it can be seen hittin,B.,2007,s.123) that men have the dominance within the working Whereas men are dominant in the open econo- population. But in the working sector in which mies, it is the women that are dominant in the agricultural activities are prominent, it is inter- closed ones and family enterprises, such as agri- cultural activities.

Table 7-a: Education status of the population (2000)

Education Status Male Female Total No Formal Education 1630 1534 3164 Primary School (5 years) 23857 12064 35921 Primary School (8 years) 366 209 575 Secondary School 6695 1912 8607 Vocational School 245 38 283 High School 6554 2891 9445 Vocational High School 3388 1152 4540 University 4612 2103 6715 Unknown 2 3 5 Total 47349 21906 69255 Source: Turkish Statistical Institute, Prepared with the Data Obtained from the General Censuses

Table 7-b: Percentages of Lliteracy (2000)

Illiteracy Literacy Unknown Male % Female % Male % Female % Male Female Turkey 6,14 19,36 93,85 80,63 4047 6158 Yalova 3,26 11,32 96,73 88,67 2 3 Source: Turkish Statistical Institute, Prepared with the Data Obtained from the General Censuses

Another socio-economic indicator is the edu- active participation in social life. However, when cation status of the population. When Table 7-b Table 7-a is examined, it is interesting that male is analyzed, it can be seen that literacy percent- population is relatively more educated. Men’s age of women is 88.67% and that of men is easier access to education is a characteristic of 96.73%. When these percentages are compared the closed societies. Especially traditional mode with Turkey-wide values, it can be realized that of thought in the rural areas has not been able to the study area is over the average. Yalova’s liter- be eradicated even from the education system. acy rates are close to the desirable level of the Furthermore, most women could not complete 21st century thanks to Yalova’s location in a their education because they were not allowed relatively developed region of Turkey, the in- out to the city for higher education. crease in the education awareness and women’s

81 Table 8: Accomodation Status (2000)

Neither Total owner household Public nor paying population Houseowner Tenant Housing tenant Others Unknown Total Accomodation 42765 24149 10330 1065 5785 1433 3 Urban Areas 9803 13492 8268 289 3532 1005 3 Rural Areas 16176 10657 2062 776 2253 428 -

Another issue to be taken into consideration over, another interesting aspect is that the num- while accounting for the socio-economic char- ber of the households in a dwelling is higher than acteristics of Yalova is the tables presenting the that of the ones living in the urban areas. The records of the households and accomodation fact that the birth rate is relatively higher in the rates. Inhabitants’ living in their own residences rural areas than in the Urban ones is common in and in low-charged dwellings, such as public Yalova and the environs as is in the eastern re- housing, results in a boost in the welfare. More- gions of Turkey. (Table 8)

Table 9: Marital status in the city and the villages.

Never- Married Divorced Deceased Unknown id S Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Urban 14451 10559 24719 24435 574 965 559 3666 9 1 A Rural 12523 6252 19192 16075 313 360 431 2277 1 1 A Total 26974 16811 43911 40510 887 1325 990 5943 10 2 Source: Turkish Statistical Institute, Prepared with the Data Obtained from the General Censuses

There are differences between urban and rural the seaside, but both due to the fact that sea sea- areas and also between male and female groups son is relatively shorter and sea water tempera- in terms of marital status. This can be explained ture is relatively lower than the southern coast- with the fact that social phenomena, such as line, summer tourism capacity of the area is lim- “never-married” and “divorced” related to the ited. The construction of the marina should be marital status are more widespread in the city performed completely with the aim of tourism than the rural areas and one living in the city is and economic benefit, and accordingly necessary both economically independent and suffers from effort should be expended. Nevertherless, espe- the negative sides of the social pressure less than cially summer and spa tourism cause changes in the ones in rural areas. Besides, in the number of the demographical structure of the province. the men whose spouse is deceased, the difference Even if these changes are temporary, it is true between the numbers of the female group and that they have socio-economic effects on the those of the male one can be easily seen in province. Still, revitalization of the tourism of Graphic 1 (The Population Pyramid). When the the spa, one of the important natural resources of age group 60-64 and over is analyzed, it can be the province, and development of the otel and seen that female population is higher. pension sector are necessary. Founding thermal facilities and spa centers in the province, which Conclusion and Suggestions could be publicized worldwide, both creates employment for the young population and makes Our study area, having attracted attention the province known, which, thus, will be able to both with its geographical location and socio- contribute both to the economy of Yalova and economic structure, will maintain these char- that of the country. The farms have taken the acteristics in the future; however; some natural lead in the finance of the province and thus Ya- values should be driven forward to improve the lova has become a model for Turkey in terms of socio-economic structure of the province Yalova, fruit, vegetable and flower production as a result dealt with its towns. Tourism could be one of the of the development of the agricultural activities. significant activities for the study area located on All these products obtained through such activi-

82 ties will make significant contributions in terms ties. Coastal areas are benefitted from for indus- of both export and import and affirmative out- trial, touristic, defensive and agricultural pur- comes obtained through a sustainable field plan- poses (Gürbüz et al.,2004,S:374). Implementation ning will increase more and more. Fertile areas of “Green-Blue Line” project as soon as possible not used with agricultural purposes can be used so as to create alternative tourism opportunities to this end by taking these affirmative outcomes through reciprocal interaction of the natural into consideration. Especially export values properties of the Samanlı Mountains and coast- should be increased by putting the emphasis on lines will be beneficial. Yalova possesses many flower production prominent in Yalova. Today significant characteristics, such as a large surface through the investments that will enable Ya- area covered with woods, favourable spots for lova’s natural and demographical resources to be nature sports, camping areas, natural lakes, vil- used more efficiently, the study area will be able lages, plateaus, waterfalls, caves, historical to go further. makeup, numerous plant species, organic prod- The study area has extremely fertile agricul- ucts grown in villages and farms and sold in the tural areas. Moreover, the intensification of the market places. It is of utmost significance that agriculture will also revitalize the trade sector the Green-Blue Line Project planned to cover through production. Accordingly, industrial areas roads from the Samanlı Mountains to the sea and should be revised and new projects should be the lakes, excursion spots, a road network with initiated in non-agricultural areas. Increasing the the main road of 127 km and detours of 62 km activities carried out within the context of Or- (189 km in total) encompassing every settlement ganical Agriculture Project launched in 2005 will and connecting the nature and the sea should be increase the daily population flow both within carried out meticulously and made functional by Yalova and from the environs to rural areas of preserving the nature; this will allow us to run Yalova and reinforce the dialogue between the away from the strenuous life style in the cities rural and urban areas. and to experience various opportunities pre- Attention should be paid to the education of sented by the nature through daily and a-few- women like that of men. Besides, medical and day-long holidays, and create alternative tourism cultural services should be made common and opportunities and have affirmative effects on the available in the rural areas. The number of thea- change and development of socio-economic ters, cinemas and concert places should be in- structure of Yalova. creased and be accessable by every citizen, Yalova, defined as “the summer capital” of which will yield positive effects on the socio- our country by Atatürk, will achieve the high economic structure of the population. The most potential to make use of its geographical richness striking problem for Yalova in terms of popu- by means of state incentives and investments lation and settlement is earthquake. In the study made by private entrepreneurs and thus will area located close to an active and destructive achieve the goals pertaining to the socio-eco- fault, provision of safe living conditions will nomic developments. increase the populaiton and accordingly the po- tential of investment. Therefore, caution should References be exercised about the following issues; settle- ment around an insecure area (sandy, clayey, 1. Büktül, A., 1992, Urban Services and waterlogged floor, cultivated marshes and so on), Problems Faced in Yalova, Bursa. (in Turkish) correct design of the stereobate suitable for the 2. Dinçer, B., 2004, A Study into the Order construction area and carrying the building, cor- of the Towns in Terms of Socio-economic rect material choice, rearrangements by the non- Development, State Planning Organization, expert people (removal of the columns and Ankara (in Turkish) beams, digging the ground to have more 3. Evliya Çelebi, 1869, Itinerary, Vol. V, space).Geographical location of the province Istanbul (in Turkish) Yalova is of great importance from many per- 4. Göney, S., 2009, Atatürk and Spas in spectives. Yalova has a long coastline. Coastlines Armutlu, Istanbul University Press, Istanbul (in having a fragile and dynamic makeup because it Turkish) is a transition area between land and marine eco- 5. General Census: Administrative Division, systems are places where human activities take 1997, State Institute of Statistics, Ankara (in place more intensely than the rest of the world Turkish) due to the attractiveness of their physical proper- 6. General Census, 2000, State Institute of

83 Statistics , Ankara (in Turkish) Translator Tanju Gökçöl, Iletişim Press, Istanbul 7. Gürbüz, O-Akbulak, C-Doğan, M and (in Turkish) Doğan S, Ö, 2004, Geographical Analysis of 14. Tanoğlu, A., 1969, Population and Area Use on the Northwestern Coast of the Settlement, Istanbul University, Faculty of , pp. 373-382, Coasts of Letters, Geography Institute Press, Vol.I, Turkey 04 Coastal and Marine Areas of Turkey, Istanbul (in Turkish) 5th National Conference Ankara. (in Turkish) 15. Tunay, I., 1986, The History and 8. Hasluck, F. W., 1910, Kzikos, Cambridge Archeaology of Yalova, Turkish Historical Archeaological and Ethnological Series, Society Press, Ankara (in Turkish) Cambridge 16. Umar, B., 1993, Historical Names in 9. Ibrahim, Y., 2002, Here it is Yalova, The Turkey, Inklap Press, Istanbul (in Turkish) Center of Marmara Market Survey, Yalova (in 17. www.tuik.gov.tr Turkish) 18. http://earth.google.com 10. Karal, E. Z., 1943, The First Census in the Ottoman Empire, 1831, Ankara Press, Ankara (in Turkish) Mesut Doğan 11. Mansel, A. M., 1946, Guidebook for İstanbul University Yalova, State Press, Istanbul (in Turkish) Department: Geography 12. Muhittin, B., 2007, The Changes and İstanbul University, Faculty of Letters, Depart- Transformations in the Economic and Political ment of Geography, Room Number 718, Structure of Turkey within the EU Negotiations, Beyazıt/Istanbul Kütahya (in Turkish) e- mail: [email protected] 13. Pierre G.,1991, Population Geography,

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