Socio-Economic Structure of the Population in Yalova
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УПРАВЛЕНИЕ И ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ MANAGEMENT AND EDUCATION TOM V (2) 2009 VOL. V (2) 2009 SOCIO-ECONOMIC STRUCTURE OF THE POPULATION IN YALOVA Mesut Doğan СОЦИО-ИКОНОМИЧЕСКАТА СТРУКТУРА ПОПУЛАЦИЯТА В ЯЛОВА Месут Доган ABSTRACT: The population is an extremely active phenomenon and one of the factors in the development of the settlement areas. Population structure is closely related with political, economic and social circumstances. In addition, developments in rural and urban population are also indications of the development levels. Popula- tion movements are quite important in our study area. Especially, Yalova, close to the metropolis Istanbul and to important trade centers such as Kocaeli and Bursa and with favorable living conditions is an area where signifi- cant changes take place in populational features. Key Words: Yalova, Population, Social Structure, Development, Green-Blue Line Introduction luck,1910,s.69) . The area was invaded by the Frigians in 1200s BC, settled by the Britons - Yalova situated on the northern side of the which became dominant in the eastern part of the Samanlı Mountains is surrounded by the Mar- Marmara Sea by passing from Thrace to Anatolia mara Sea in the north and west, by Gemlik Bay in the 7th century BC – and then given to the in the south and by Kocaeli in the east. (Graphic Macedonians as a gift somewhere between 230 1) It is generally of a mountanous nature apart and 182 BC. Yalova and the environs, which from the planes consisting of coastal plains and became a district of Roman Empire in 74 BC, deltaic plains located on the eastern side of Ya- remained in the boarders of the Eastern Roman lova Empire after the split of the Roman Empire. The Especially the south of the study area is sur- study area, which gained importance as a recrea- rounded by the Samanlı Mountains in west-east tion and therapy spot during the period of the direction. Yalova is an area where the most im- Byzantine Empire, in other words, as a recreation portant industrial and transportational network of center of the period thanks to its thermal springs, Turkey is found. Therefore, it is quite interesting was later on seized by the Anatolian Seljuks, in terms of population and settlement character- who dominated in Anatolia. The area largely istics. The gradual development of transportation damaged during the Crusades was defined as systems and spread of the alternative transporta- Karayolavaç in Seyahatname by Evliya Çelebi tion vehicles increase the importance of Yalova. (Çelebi, 1896,s.283), as Yalakabad or Yalıova by Yalova which provides a transit route for the Katip Çelebi (Umar, 1993, s.56). Yalova, cov- metropolis Istanbul and for such Anatolian cities ered by the borders of the Ottoman Empire from as Balıkesir, İzmir and Bursa, maintained its 1326 onward, became a town of the province importance through the history. The fact that it is İzmit in 1530, of Bursa Central District in 1867 positioned in an interesting area has resulted in a and of the independent İzmit District in 1901. dense population and caused settlement flows. The study area occupied by the Greek army dur- ing the War of Independence was rescued from Settlement History of Yalova the invasion on the 19th July, 1921 and became a town of Istanbul on the 2nd June, 1929. For the The findings belonging to the Neolithic Pe- study area, Atatürk pointed to the betterment of riod (8000-5500 BC) obtained in the ar- the the spas in Yalova and of agricultural foun- cheaological excavations carried out in our study dations launched by the order of Atatürk, who area are the proofs showing that settlement his- got intensive agricultural methods practiced in tory of Yalova dates back to that period (Has- the area. The precinct Yalova 76 Graphic 1: Yalova location map. Source: http://earth.google.com/ which has become a model of fruit, vegetable Istanbul and the rapid increase in the population and flower production in Turkey owes its eco- in parallel with its development over time. When nomic development to Atatürk’s foresight. the population records of State Statistical Insti- Moreover, Yalova became the summer capital of tute of Prime Ministry is analyzed, it can be seen our Republic during the period of Atatürk be- that population characteristics of Yalova was cause Yalova is close to both Istanbul and An- recorded as if it was a province from 1990 on- kara (Göney, 2009, s.3). Atatürk’s visit to the ward. Yalova is among the 14 provinces that area and his farm built in Yalova increased the received this title after 1989. Yalova became a interest in Yalova and it became a province on province when some settlement spots were sepa- the 3rd June, 1995 due to the difficulties faced in rated from Istanbul, Bursa and Kocaeli with the the administrative and functional relations with 77 law dated 3rd June, 1995 and numbered 550 in the area and the distribution of the people are (Genel Nüfus Sayımı,2000). incessantly changing (Tanoğlu, 1969, s 31 ). Administrative regulations were implemented Yalova possessing a temperate climate and in Armutlu Borough of Gemlik in Bursa, Termal important transporation routes to favourable and Çiftlikköy Boroughs of Yalova in Istanbul. agricultural areas, open to educational and cul- Accordingly, there are 5 towns, such as Altınova, tural developments, close to important industrial, Armutlu, Çiftlikköy, Çınarcık and Termal along business and commerce centers, such as Istanbul, with the central district and 15 municipalities and Bursa and Kocaeli, achieved a drastic rise in 43 villages. terms of population growth. Because our study is a province-based one, General Characteristics of Population tables showing the social and economic structure of the general properties of the population were Due to the birth, death, migration and some based on the data belonging to the year 1990, reactive phenomena, the number of people living when the census was carried out in Yalova with province status. Table 1: Urban, Rural and Total population by census years. Census Yea rs 1990 2000 2007 Settlement Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Centrum 65823 11314 77137 70118 15973 86091 87372 15499 102871 Altınova 2176 13512 15688 3231 19570 22801 3429 17487 20916 Armutlu 3201 2815 6016 4221 3637 7858 4633 2577 7210 Çınarcık 7629 9661 17290 8953 12697 21650 9170 12915 22085 Çiftlikköy 5750 8922 14672 9622 15167 24789 15290 8756 24046 Termal 2453 1865 4318 2516 2888 5404 2181 2449 4630 Total 87032 48089 135121 98661 69932 168593 122075 59683 181758 Source: Turkish Statistical Institute, Prepared with the Data Obtained from the General Censuses When Table 1 is examined, it is interesting to tion movements from rural areas into the cen- see that urban and rural population of the towns trum or vice versa have resulted in a dense in the province Yalova is on constant rise. When population in the centrum. According to the 2007 total population ranges are compared, it can be census, 102871 of the total population live in the seen that central district of Yalova is far more centrum of Yalova. The most populated towns populated than the rest of the province. The fact other than the central Yalova are respectively that central district is the administrative center of Çiftlikköy (24046), Çınarcık (22085), Altınova the whole province and the fact that service sec- (20916), Armutlu (7210) and Termal (4630). The tors such as shopping centers, schools, hospitals, towns outside the centrum are largely populated cinemas and theaters are intensively found in the in the town centers, on the coastline and on the central district has led to an increase in the valley bottom, also in the villages scattered in population (İbrahim ,2002 s.15). Daily popula- paralel with various heights. Table 2: The proportion of the total population to the rural and urban population by census years. Census Yea rs Urban Rural Total Total/Urban % Total/Rural % 1990 87032 48089 135121 65% 35% 2000 98661 69932 168539 58% 42% 2007 122075 59683 181758 68% 32% Source: Turkish Statistical Institute, Prepared with the Data Obtained from the General Censuses Accordingly, when Table 2 is analyzed, the in 2007. These ratios indicate that Yalova has population of the central Yalova is 65% of the undergone a rapid urbanization. total population in 1990, 58% in 2000 and 68% 78 As seen in Table 1 (2007), total population of 2000 census. However, the construction of the the province is 81758, whereas that of the cen- buildings by the earthquake regulations created trum is 22075. While 65% of the province an atmosphere of mutual trust and the advantages population was living in the centrum before the the city provides were emphasized and urban Marmara Earthquake of 1999, the population population increased by …% in the total popula- reduced to 58% after the earthquake according to tion (Bütkül,1992.s. 34) . Table 3 – Annual population growth rate 1990- 2000 (per mille) 2000- 2007 (per mille) Urban Rural Urban Rural Yalova 12,54 37,44 13,48 37,50 Marmara Region 28,26 21 31,29 24 Turkey 27 39 28 43 Source: Turkish Statistical Institute, Prepared with the Data Obtained from the General Censuses When we compare annual population growth rate reconstruction of the city and reinforcement of of Yalova with the Marmara Region and Turkey the buildings after the earthquake, people got (according to Table 3), it is worth noting that back to the city center and therefore a significant urban population growth rate of the study area increase in the population occurred as a result of increased relatively in the census years covering the 2007 census. 1990-2000 and 2000 – 2007, but relatively lower When rural population growth rates are exam- in comparison with the total urban population ined, there could be found no significant differ- increase both in the Marmara Region and Tur- ence between the periods 1990-2000 and 2000- key.