Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Project

ISTANBUL METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY Kemalpaşa Mahallesi Şehzadebaşı Cad. No: 25 34134 Fatih / ISTANBUL Tel: (212) 455 1300 Fax: (212) 455 2700

ISTANBUL METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY WASTE INCINERATION AND ENERGY GENERATION PLANT PROJECT

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT

 EIA Report  Final EIA Report

DOKAY-ÇED Çevre Mühendisliği Ltd. Şti. Ata Mah. 1042. Cadde 140/A Dikmen 06460 Çankaya-ANKARA Tel: (312) 475 7131 - Fax: (312) 475 7130 www.dokay.info.tr

2012 ANKARA

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

Project Holder: Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Presidency Kemalpaşa Mahallesi Şehzadebaşı Cad. No:25 Address: 34134 Fatih / ISTANBUL Phone Number: (212) 455 1300 Fax Number: (212) 455 2700 Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Waste Incineration and Project Name: Energy Generation Plant Project Cost: 300.000.000 Euro Address of the Area Chosen for the Project Istanbul, Eyüp District, Kısırmandıra Location (City, District, Site):

Coordinates (UTM Zone: 35 Datum ED50)

Corner East (x) North (y) Point No. 1 400607 4566498 Coordinates of the Area 2 400965 4566038 Chosen for the Project, Zone: 3 400950 4566031 4 400859 4566142 5 400509 4566074 6 400385 4566177 7 400392 4566539

The Project is in the scope of the Article 12 of the List of the Appendix I of EIA Regulation, which has been enforced with the publication of the Official Gazette No. 27980 of 30.06.2011.

The Situation of the Project in Article 12 – Plants to be built to incinerate wastes with a the Scope of EIA Regulation capacity of 100 tons daily or above (incineration through (Sector, Sub - Sector): oxidation, pyrolysis, gasification or thermal disposal processes like plasma, etc.), with an area of 10 hectares or more and / or to apply interim processes and to store wastes regularly for daily 100 tons or more including the target year, excluding the municipality wastes. The Working Group / Institution preparing the EIA DOKAY-ÇED Çevre Mühendisliği Ltd. Şti. Report:

DOKAY-ÇED Çevre Mühendisliği Ltd. Şti. Address, Phone and Fax Ata Mahallesi 1042. Cadde 140/A Dikmen, 06460 Numbers of the Working Çankaya – ANKARA Group / Institution preparing Tel: (312) 475 7131 the EIA Report: Fax: (312) 475 7130

Submission Date of the EIA MAY 28th, 2012 Report

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………………… ii List of Appendices……………………………………………………………...………………… x List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………………….. xii List of Figures ……………………………………………………………………………………. xiv List of Photos ………..…………………………………………………………………………… xv Abbreviations…………………………………………………………………………………….. xvi

1. DEFINITION AND PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT ………………………………...... 1 1.1 Subject of the Project, description of the activity (products planned to be recycled, waste types to be disposed, etc.), operation period, timing table, process flow chart, service purposes, social and economic necessity of the Project ………………………………………. 1 1.1.1. Subject of the Project and Description of the Activity ...... 1 1.1.2. Operation Period ...... 4 1.1.3. Timing Table ...... 4 1.1.4. Number of Personnel to Work in the Project ...... 4 1.1.5. Service purposes of the Project, social and economic necessity of the Project ...... 5 1.2 Characteristics of all the units in the scope of the Project (waste acceptance unit, waste supply unit, incineration unit, crushing, drying, briquetting, power generation, storage facility, … etc.), capacities, operations to be carried out for each activity in every unit (detailed explanation of operations to be carried out in every unit, recycling process and treatment plant with necessary schemes, formulas and figures starting from the waste acceptance) and services to be presented in other units other than the activity units ...... 7 1.2.1. Activity Units ...... 8 1.2.2. Other Structures (Fixed Facilities) ...... 14 1.3 The source of the wastes to be accepted to the plant (separately for each unit), physical, chemical and biological characteristics, waste codes, amounts, waste projection, classification in accordance with related regulations and detailed explanation of how they shall be disposed…………………………………. ………………………...... 15 1.3.1. Population Projection ...... 22 1.3.2. Estimated Amounts of Waste Formation ………………………………………... 24 1.4 Number and characteristics of machines and equipments to be used in activity units, maintenance and cleaning works (cleaning of the vehicle tires, cleaning of the containers and tanks etc.) ...... 29 1.5 Characteristics, capacity and amounts and numbers of the vehicles to be used for transportation, waste transportation method, waste collection and transportation details, number of transportation stations, locations, information regarding transportation stations, ownership status, route, technology to be used ...... 29 1.6 Economic, social and infrastructure activities planned in the scope of the Project ……… 31 1.7 Studies regarding Project and site alternatives and general explanation of reasons of choosing the Project / site of the EIA Report, evaluation of the technology alternatives, evaluation of other applicable recycling methods ……….……………………………………. 31 1.7.1. Project Site Alternative ...... 31 1.7.2. Technology Alternative ...... 36

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

1.8 Short description of Works and operations carried out until today regarding the Project … 37 1.8.1. Geotechnical Works ………..……………………………………….……………… 37 1.8.1.1. Drilling Works…………………………………………………………… 38 1.8.1.2. Geological Mapping ………………………………..…………………… 38 1.8.1.3. In – situ Tests …………………………………………………… 38 1.8.2. Geophysical Surveys ……………………………………………………………… 39 1.8.2.1. Laboratory Tests ………………………………………………………… 39 1.8.3. Works to Determine the Existing Situation ………………………..……………… 40 1.8.3.1. Surface Water Analysis Report ………………………………………….. 40 1.8.3.2. PM10 Measurement Results ……………………………………………… 40 1.8.3.3. Noise Measurement Results ………………………………………………. 40

1.8.3.4. NO2, SO2, HCl and HF Measurement Results …………………………… 41 1.8.3.5. Dioxin and Furan Measurement Results ……….………………………… 41 1.8.4. Modeling Studies …………………………………………………………………... 41 1.8.4.1. Acoustics Report Modeling Study …………………………………….… 41 1.8.4.2. Air Quality Modeling Study ……………………………………..……… 42 1.8.5. Design Studies …………………..…………………………………………………. 42 1.8.6. Basic Engineering Studies ………………………………………..………………… 44 1.8.7. Works Regarding the Road and Alternative Roads ………………………………… 44 1.8.8. Studies Regarding the Determination of Existing and Planned Infrastructure Facilities ...... 45 1.8.8.1. Drinking and Utility Water ……………………………………………… 45 1.8.9. Archaeological Study ………………………………………………………………. 45 1.8.10. Ecological Study ………………………………………………………………… 47 1.8.11. Public Participation Meeting ……………………………………………………… 48 2. LOCATION OF THE SITE CHOSEN FOR THE PROJECT …………………………… 50 2.1 Approved Landscaping Plan (1 / 100.000 scaled) of the Project site, ratified for accuracy from the related administration, also containing legends and plan notes, Master Plan, display on Application Tentative Plan (if existing 1 / 5000 and / or 1 / 1000 scaled Development Plans), location and use of the Project area on all plans, showing health protection strip on these plans, showing industrial and residential areas existing near the Project area on a scaled map, specifying distances, showing the place on which part of the Project, directions, site location map, road routes to access the plant, the relationship of the planned plant with existing structures and 1 / 25000 scaled contour map of the area, Project area and panoramic photos of the surroundings, necessary permissions (explanations related with the subject must be given in the report text) …………………………………………...... … 50 * Plans must be presented with legends and plan notes, and stamped with “same as original” seal ………………………………………………………………………………….…………… 50 2.2 Underground water, surface water, earthquake zones, geological structure, residential areas, transportation network, power transmission lines, land capability and other utilities around the activity area to be shown on 1 / 25000 scaled topographic map with legend information to be able to evaluate the existing field situation of the facility area and its adjacent surroundings (Explanations related with the subject must be given in the text) ……….………. 54

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Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

2.3 The Location of the Activity Units in the Scope of the Project (showing locations of all administrative and social units, technical infrastructure units, and other units, if any, in the layout plan, outdoor and indoor area values specified for these locations, floor numbers of buildings, and their heights) …………………………………………………………………… 55 2.4 The amount of the area to be used during the construction and operation duration of the Project and the description of the field, the degree of sensitivity, geographical shape of the area, the geographical definition of the area, (country coordinates – geographical coordinates), ownership status…………..……………………………………………………………………. 55 2.5 Traffic situation in the area of the field and the traffic management of the field, the way to Access the field, the distance to highways, showing the road to Access the field on a plan …… 56 3. ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROJECT AREA AND ITS IMPACT AREA ………………………………………………………………………………. 60 3.1 Geological Characteristics (geological and soil information of the region and Project site, type of the soil, showing the Project area on the 1 / 1000 scaled plant plan, geotechnical survey report, showing the well locations in the geotechnical survey report with their places and elevation values and lithologic characteristics, giving the massive permeability values with geo-mechanical characteristics, determining the underground water situation in the field, water analysis in terms of environmental situation determination) ……………………..…… 60 3.1.1. Regional geology, explaining and showing the Project field on a 1 / 25000 scaled geological map ………………………………………………………………….………. 61 3.1.1.1. Regional Geology ………………………………………………………. 61 3.1.1.2. Tectonic Structure …………………..…………………………………... 62 3.1.1.3. Stratigraphy …………………………………………………………….. 63 3.1.1.4. Landslide and snow slide ……………….……………………………..... 64 3.1.1.5. Floods ……………………………..……………………………………. 65 3.1.1.6. Mine Beds and Emanations ……………………………………………… 66 3.1.2. Geology of the activity area, explaining and showing on the 1 / 50000 scaled geology map of the activity field, stratigraphic column cross section, physical, geological, geo-morphological, hydro-geological characteristics of surfacing units in the activity area 66 .… * Giving references in the text for the Geotechnical Survey Report which shall be placed in the Appendix part, characteristics of the Project field must be explained …………….. 66 3.1.2.1. Foundation Drilling Studies …………………….……………………… 68 3.1.2.2. Geophysical Studies ………………..…………………………………… 68 3.1.2.3. Engineering Studies ……………………..………………………………. 69 3.1.2.4. Geotechnical Studies ……………….……………………………………. 71 3.1.2.5. Results …………………………………………………………………… 71 3.2 Seismicity, tectonic characteristics of the storage facility, showing the plant area on the active fault map, showing distances, disaster situation, measures to be taken ………………… 75 3.2.1. Measures to be Taken during an Earthquake …………………………………….. 72 3.3 Hydrological characteristics and existing and planned usage of surface water resources, flow rates, distances of these resources to the activity area …………………………………….. 75

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

3.4 Hydro-geological characteristics and existing and planned usage of underground water resources, flow rates, distances of these resources to the activity area ……………………… 80 3.5 Flora and Fauna information (the format given in Appendix -3 must be taken into account) ……………………………………………………………………………………..… 82 3.5.1. Flora of Project Site and Impact Area ………………………………………….. 82 3.5.2. Fauna of Project Site and Impact Area …………………………………………… 83 3.6 Meteorological and climatic Characteristics …………………………………………... 88 General climate conditions of the region, pressure (average, maximum, minimum), temperature (average, maximum, minimum), rain (average total rainfall, Daily maximum rainfall), highest amount of rain measured in standard days, repetition graphics, average relative humidity, numbered days (average snowfall days number, average snow covered days number, average foggy days number, average hail days number, average rime days number, average thunderstorm days), maximum snow depth, evaporation (average open surface evaporation, Daily maximum open surface evaporation), wind (annually, seasonal, monthly wind direction, wind speed according to directions, maximum wind speed and direction, average stormy days number, average high winds days number) ………………… 88 (updated meteorological data for very long years including last year should be placed in the report and monthly - seasonal - annual distribution of the information should be given in the report with graphical and written explanations) ……………………..……………………… 89 3.6.1. General Climate Conditions of the Region ……………………………………….. 89 3.6.2. Local Climate Conditions …………………………………………………………. 89 3.6.3. Pressure ………………………………………………………………………….. 90 3.6.4. Temperature ………………………………………………………………………. 90 3.6.5. Rain ………………………………………………………………………………. 91 3.6.6. Highest Rain Values Observed in Standard Times and Repetition Curves …….... 92

3.6.7. Relative Humidity Distribution of the Region ……………………………………. 93 3.6.8. Numbered Days Distribution of the Region ……………………………………… 93 3.6.9. Snow Depth ………………………………………………………………………. 94 3.6.10. Regional Evaporation …………………………………………………………… 95

3.6.11. Wind Speed Distribution of the Region …………………………………………. 95

3.6.12. Maximum and Average Wind Speed ……………………………………………. 104

3.6.13. Number of Stormy and Strong Windy Days ……………………………………. 105 3.7 Protection Areas (Sensitive Locations and Characteristics in the Project Field and Impact Area, National Parks, Natural Parks, Wetlands, Natural Monument, Nature Reserve Area, Wildlife Protection Area, Wild Animal Area, Cultural Property, Natural Property, Archaeological and Protected Area, areas protected in accordance with Bosporus Law, Biogenetical Reserve Areas, Biosphere Reserves, Special Environment Protection Regions, Special Protection Areas, Protection Areas related with drinking and utility water resources, Tourism Areas and Centers, and other areas which are under protection) distances to activity area and possible effects …………………………………………...………………………….. 106 3.8 Soil Properties and Utilization Status (land use capability classification, erosion, present use of the soil, soil survey report) …………………………………………………….……… 107 3.9 Distance of Project field to the forested areas, impact of the Project to forested areas, and measures to be taken …………………………………………………………………… 109

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

3.10 Existing pollution load of Project area and impact area in terms of air, water and soil .. 110 3.10.1. Air Pollution ………………………………………………………………….. 110 3.10.1.1. PM10 Measurement Results ………………………………………….. 111 3.10.1.2. NO2, SO2, HCl and HF Measurement Results …………………….. 111 3.10.1.3. Dioxin and Furan Measurement Results …………………………….. 113 3.10.2. Water Pollution ……………………………………………………………… 113 3.10.3. Noise Pollution ………………………………………………………………. 116 4. IMPORTANT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT AND MEASURES TO BE TAKEN ………………………………………………………….. 118 4.1 The amount, the place and the areas where the excavation to be carried out, where to transport and to store the excavated material, and for which purpose it will be used ………. 118 4.2 Dust sources and measures to be taken, ……………………………………………….. 119 4.2.1. Construction period …………………………………………………………….. 119 4.2.2. Operation period ………………………………………………………………… 120 4.3 The type of the material to be used for the impermeability system in the scope of the Project, the amount of the material, how to and where to procure the material, the type of the transportation of the material, the reserve capacity at the place from where it is to be procured, impacts to the environment and measures to be taken ………………………….. 120 4.4 Vegetal soil loss due to the Project, the impact of the Project to the landscape and measures to be taken ……………………………………………………………………… 120 4.5 Impacts on Flora, Fauna, biological diversity, habitat loss and measures to protect the existing species …………………………………………………………………………….. 121 4.6 Flood risk and measures to be taken ………………………………………………… 122 4.7 Design of the storage plant, soil impermeability, Works to be carried out to provide the soil impermeability, Works related with drainage, drainage measures to be taken, top soil for every cell belonging to the regular landfill area and drainage layer plan for ground water and cross section information, upper surface impermeability layer ……………….. 123 4.8 In the scope of the Project, water supply system plan during the construction and operation period, where to provide water, amount of water provided from the resources and amounts of water in accordance with the purpose of usage, waste water types and amounts, impacts to the underground and surface water resources and measures to be taken (rain water collection system, amounts, amount of water collected from the drainage system, its characteristics, flow chart of the treatment plant, the capacity, operation type, amounts that will be obtained due to treatment, how to discharge the treated water and to which area, tabular information of discharge limits, plan and cross section information of seepage water storage pool, disposal of sewage sludge and amount of storage gas output, its control, usage and disposal methods, permission that have been taken or to be taken) ………………….. 123 4.9 Impacts of the Project on the resources from which drinking water is obtained and measures to be taken ………………………………………………………………………. 124 4.10 Electrification plan in the scope of the Project, Works to be carried out to apply this plan and materials to be used, where through energy transmission lines to be placed and places of transformers, and their power values ………………………………………….. 125 4.11 Works to do in the storage (landfill) area in case of bad weather conditions (rainy, cold, dry etc.) ……………………………………………………………………………… 125

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

4.12 The type, composition, amount of wastes that cannot be recycled and how to dispose these items ………………………………………………………………………………… 125 4.13 Residual waste, inert waste, hazardous waste, medical waste, packaging wastes occurring during construction and operation period of the Project, their amounts and types, and method of disposal of all these wastes ……………………………………………….. 126 4.13.1. Residential Solid Wastes …………………………………………………….. 126 4.13.2. Excavation Wastes …………………………………………………………… 126 4.13.3. Packaging Wastes …………………………………………………………….. 126 4.13.4. Medical Wastes ……………………………………………………………… 126 4.13.5. Hazardous Wastes …………………………………………………………… 127 4.14 Amount and types of special wastes occurring during the construction and operation of Project and disposal methods of these wastes (waste oil, waste battery and accumulators, waste electrical appliance and electronic appliance, worn out tires, vegetal waste oils, etc.) 127 4.14.1. Construction Period …………………………………………………………. 128 4.14.1.1. Waste Oils ………………………………………………………….. 128 4.14.1.2. Waste Batteries and Accumulators …………………………………… 128 4.14.1.3. Worn out tires ……………………………………………………….. 128 4.14.2. Operation Period ………………………………………………………………. 128 4.15 Transportation, storage and usage of Inflammable, explosive, hazardous and toxic materials to be used during the construction and operation periods of the Project, tools and machines to be used for this kind of Works ……………………………………………….. 129 4.16 Chemicals, their amounts, storage conditions, capacities of raw material and product storage tanks to be used for waste treatment in the scope of Project, and safety measures to be taken …………………………………………………………………………………… 130 4.17 Types, amounts, chemical analysis, combustion systems and emissions of these products to be used in the operation period of the Project …………………………..…… 130 4.18 Units, their capacities and number of stacks that may result in air pollution in the plant, emissions that will occur during the operation of units of the plant (dioxin – furan, mist and all other emissions) and emission distribution modeling of all these under meteorological conditions, measures to be taken (all Works and procedures to be carried out in accordance with the Industrial Air Pollution Control Regulation which is still in force) ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 132 4.19 Measures to be taken against odor, dust, insects and pests that may observed in the plant ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 134 4.20 Noise due to the Project and measures to be taken (acoustic report that shall be prepared in accordance with the acoustic format that will be obtained from www.cevreorman.gov.tr/cevre_gd.htm address should be attached to the report) ……….. 134 4.21 Works and operations which are risky and dangerous in terms of human health and environment to be carried out during construction and operation period of the Project and measures to be taken ……………………………………………………………………… 135 4.21.1. Construction Period ………………………………………………………….. 135 4.21.2. Operation Period …………………………………………………………….. 136 4.22 Transportation infrastructure plan during construction and operation period of Project, procedures related with the construction of this infrastructure, materials, chemical substances, vehicles, machines to be used, mechanical procedures emitting dust like crushing, grinding, transportation, storage during infrastructure construction ……………. 137

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Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

4.23 Health and safety measures to be taken for personnel working in the plant during construction, assembly and operation durations of the plant …………..………………… 138 4.24 Vehicle loads regarding roads to be used for transportation (type and number of vehicles) and their impact on roads, traffic safety measures in roads …………………… 139 4.25 Preparation of the field and the amount of agricultural areas to be disposed off to obtain the field required for the construction, field usage capabilities and agricultural product types, possible impacts on surrounding agricultural areas and measures to be taken, (permissions required to use the Project area for non – agricultural purposes shall be attached to the report) ……..………………………………………………………….... 140 4.26 The distance of the health protection strip recommended for the Project, and showing on related plans ……………………………………….……………..…………………… 141 4.27 Residential areas (the distance of Project field to the nearest residential area (separate for every unit being planned) and showing on the map, impacts that may occur on residential areas during the construction and operation period, and negative impacts that may be imposed on public living in the vicinity, impacts on source of living and measures to be taken ……………………………………………………………………… 141 4.27.1. Employment Opportunities to be created and income increases ……………. 141 4.27.2. Population Movements, Migrations ………………………………………….. 142 4.27.3. Education, health, Culture Other Social and Technical Infrastructural Services and Changes in Benefiting from These Services ………………….. 142 4.28 Population Census Results of residential centers, future population projections, population movements (Employment provided during the construction and operation period, economic changes, immigration movements) ……………………………………. 143 4.28.1. Administrative Separation …………………………………………………… 143 4.28.2. Urban and Rural Population ………………………………………………… 144 4.28.3. Population Growth Rate …………………………………………………… 144 4.28.4. Population Movements and Migrations …………………………………… 145 4.28.5. Average Household Population ……………………………………………… 145 4.28.6. Distribution of Age Groups ………………………………………………….. 145 4.28.7. Income (distribution of income in the region in accordance with professions, maximum, minimum and average income per capita according to professions) ….…………………………………………………………..… 146 4.28.8. Unemployment (unemployed population in the region and ratio with active 146 population) ……………………………………………………………….... 4.28.9. Social infrastructure services in the region (education, health, cultural services, and benefiting situation from all these services) ………………... 147 4.28.9.1. Education and Cultural Services ……………………………………. 147 4.28.9.2. Health Services …………………………………………………… 147 4.28.9.3. Transportation ……………………………………………………… 147 4.28.10. Urban and rural field usages (distribution of residential areas, existing and planned usage areas, industrial regions, dwellings, areas for agriculture and breeding, tourism areas etc.) …………………..……………………… 148 4.28.10.1. Urban Growth Pattern ……………………………………... 148 4.28.10.2. Planned Urban Growth Areas……………………………… 148 4.28.10.3. Intensity on urban areas ………………………………… 149

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Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

4.28.10.4. Urban Renewal Areas ……………………………………... 149 4.28.10.5. Location Selection on Industrial Areas ……………….…… 150 4.29 How to and from where to procure the personnel that shall work for the plant activity term and how to and where to provide the dwellings and other social / technical infrastructure needs for the personnel and health services to be presented …………….… 150 4.30 The distances of Project field to which highway, and which road routes to be used for transportation, impacts to highways during construction and operation terms, vehicle load, types of vehicles, numbers of vehicles, impact of vehicle load to highways, measures to be taken, traffic safety measures ………………………………..………………………... 151 4.31 Field maintenance program of the Project field after the operation term and long term maintenance, observing underground and surface water resources, places and numbers of observation wells, the frequency of the observations ………………….……..…………. 152 4.32 Emergency action plan (Measures to be taken against possible accident, earthquake, forest fires and sabotage) ………………………………………………………………… 152 4.33 Emergency action plan including measures to be taken in case of determining a pollution and contamination in underground and surface water resources ………………. 153 4.34 Possible and ongoing impacts after the completion of the operation term of the plant (observation program, Land Improvement, Rehabilitation Works, impacts on existing underground and surface water resources, possible air emissions) and measures to be taken against these impacts ……………………………………………..……………… 153 4.34.1. Rehabilitation and reclamation Works …………………………………… 154 4.34.2. Impacts on Existing Water Resources ……………………………………… 154 4.35 Environmental Cost Benefit Analysis (Benefiting from the environment before the activity and with the realization of the Project, evaluation of the benefiting from the socio – economic point of view) …………………………………..…………………………… 155 5. PUBLIC PARTICIPATION …………………………………………………………… 156 5.1 Introduction of the local people to be possibly affected by the Project ..…………… 156 5.2 Methods to be used for the participation of public in EIA process ………………… 157 5.3 Concerns, views / recommendation and other related evaluations of public regarding the Project ………………………………………………………………………………. 160 5.4 Other parties related with the Project and their views / recommendations and other Project related evaluations ……………………………………………………………… 160 6. A NON – TECHNICAL SUMMARY OF INFORMATION OBTAINED IN ACCORDANCE WITH ABOVEMENTIONED TITLES …………………………… 162 BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………………………………. 168

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

APPENDICES

APPENDIX - A EIA Report Special Format APPENDIX - B Work Completion Plan APPENDIX - C Maps and Plans 1. General Layout Plan 2. Geophysical Profiles 3. Geological – Geotechnical Profiles 4. Measurement Locations Map 5. Road Application Map 6. Infrastructure Projects 7. Topographical Map 8. 1/100.000 Scaled Environmental Plan, 9. 1/5.000 Scaled Master Plan 10. Satellite View 11. Topographical Map Showing existing facilities 12. Field Property Map 13. 1/2.000 Scaled Geological Map 14. Protected Areas Map 15. 1/25.000 Scaled Stand Map 16. 1/10.000 Scaled Cadastral Map 17. Map on which Health Protection Strip Distance is shown APPENDIX - D Soil Survey Report APPENDIX - E Analysis Reports 1. Surface Water Analysis Reports 2. PM10 Measurement Results 3. Noise Measurement Results 4. NO2, SO2, HCl and HF Measurement Results 5. Dioxin and Furan Measurement Results APPENDIX - F Acoustics Report APPENDIX - G Air Quality Modeling Report APPENDIX - H Photos of Project Field APPENDIX - I Official Governmental Communications 1. Allocation Letter for the Project Field of General Directorate of Forestry 2. City Local Environment Board (LEB) Decisions 3. Master Plan Approval 4. Letter of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Water and Sewage General Directorate 5. Letter of General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration 6. Letter No. 6526 dated 30.11.2011 of Republic of Turkey Ministry of Urban and Environment 7. Minutes of Public Participation Meeting 8. Letter Written to Municipality of Eyüp for Determining the Distance of Health Protection Strip

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

9. Letter Written to General Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks

10. Letter Written to General Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks 11. Letter Coming from Kemerburgaz Forest Sub – district Directorate 12. Letter Written to Republic of Turkey Directorate of Forestry 13. Investigation and Evaluation Form of Regional Directorate of Forestry 14. Letter Written to Istanbul Directorate of Food, Agriculture and Breeding 15. Letter of 1st Regional Directorate of Highways 16. Minutes of Health Protection Strip Determination Committee of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality APPENDIX - I Flora and Fauna Inventory APPENDIX – J Meteorology Data 17. Kumköy Meteorological Station Long Years Data (1970 - 2010) 18. Kumköy Meteorological Station Biggest Rain Values and Repetition Curves Measured in Standard Durations

Introduction of Personnel Preparing EIA Report

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

LIST OF TABLES Page

Table 1-1 Comparison of Thermal Disposal Methods …………………………………. 3 Table 1-2 Waste Projection for Istanbul in between 2008 – 2012 …………………….. 15 Table 1-3 Urban Solid Waste Characterization Values in Between 2005 – 2010 ……… 16 Table 1-4 Characteristics of Wastes and Upper Calorific Values ……………………… 17 Table 1-5 Waste Codes to be Accepted in the Plant …………………………………… 18 Table 1-6 Realized Population Values of Istanbul and Various Population Estimate Prepared Previously ………………………………………………………. 23 Table 1-7 Population Projection of Istanbul 2012 – 2046 ……………………………. 24 Table 1-8 Solid Waste Collected and Disposed in between 2000 – 2011 in Istanbul ….. 25 Table 1-9 Solid Waste Production Estimate for Istanbul ……………………………… 27 Table 1-10 Machine and Equipment List to be Used during Construction Period ……… 29 Table 1-11 Machine and Equipment to be used in the Plant …………………………….. 29 Table 1-12 Waste Amount Coming to Transfer Stations ………………………………. 30 Table 1-13 Vehicle Number coming to the Plant ………………………………………. 30 Table 1-14 Place Alternatives Evaluation Criteria …………………………………….. 32 Table 1-15 Evaluation Table for Alternative Places in European Side ………………… 33 Table 1-16 Alternative Field Selection Criteria and Scores ……………………………. 33 Table 2-1 Coordinates of Project Field …………………………………………………. 52 Table 2-2 Location of Project Field According to its Close Surroundings …………… 54 Table 2-3 Area Values of Buildings to be Constructed in the scope of the Project ….. 55 Table 2-4 Traffic Volume of D – 010 Highway for 2011…………………………….. 56 Table 2-5 Roads to be used by Lorries Bringing Wastes from Transmission Stations to the Project Field …………………………………………………………….. 58 Table 3-1 Ore Deposit and its Emanations Existing in Eyüp District of Istanbul…… 66 Table 3-2 Summary Information for Foundation Drilling Made in Project Field ……. 68 Table 3-3 Pressiometer Test Results Carried Out in Project Field Embankment 69 Table 3-4 Pressiometer Test Results Carried Out in Belgrade Formation (Tmpb1) in the Project Field ……………………………………………… 70 Table 3-5 Pressiometer Test Results Carried Out in Belgrade Formation (Tmpb2) in the Project Field ……………………………………………….. 70 Table 3-6 Water Resources of Istanbul ………………………………………………… 75 Table 3-7 Underground Water Utility Situation in Istanbul ……………………………. 80 Table 3-8 Red Data Book Categories According to Prof. Dr. Ali Demirsoy (1996) ….. 84 Table 3-9 IUCN categories ……………………………………………………………. 85 Table 3-10 Information Belonging to the Location of Kumköy Meteorological Station 89 Table 3-11 Pressure Data of Kumköy Meteorological Station …………………………. 90 Table 3-12 Kumköy Meteorological Station Long Years Temperature Data …………… 90 Table 3-13 Seasonal Annual Average Rain Values …………………………………….. 91 Table 3-14 Maximum Rain Value Observed until Today ……………………………..… 91

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Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

Table 3-15 Kumköy Meteorological Station Relative Humidity Data …………………… 93 Table 3-16 Foggy, Snowy, Hail, Hoar Frost, Thunderstorm, and Stormy Days Recorded in the Region ……………………………………………………………………… 94 Table 3-17 Snow Depths Measured in the Region …………………………………..…… 94 Table 3-18 Monthly and Annual Windy Days Numbers and Directions …………..……… 95 Table 3-19 Wind Frequencies in Winter Season ……………………………………...…… 96 Table 3-20 Wind Frequencies in Spring Season …………………………………………. 97 Table 3-21 Wind Frequencies in Summer Season ………………………………………. 98 Table 3-22 Wind Frequencies in Autumn Season ……………………………………..…. 99 Table 3-23 Average Wind Speed in Accordance with Directions Belonging to Kumköy Meteorological Station ………………………………………………………. 103 Table 3-24 Average and Maximum Wind Speed Table …………………………………. 104 Table 3-25 Stormy and Strong Windy Days Number Table …………………………….. 105 Table 3-26 Measurement Location ………………………………………………………. 111

Table 3-27 Transition Period Long Term Limit Values Belonging to PM10 Parameter (µg/m3) ……………………………………………………………………..… 111 Table 3-28 PM10 Values Measured in Istanbul (2007 - 2010) ……………………..……. 111 Table 3-29 Diffusion Tube Analysis Results ……………………………………….……. 112

Table 3-30 NO2, SO2, HCl and HF Limit Values …………………………………………. 113 Table 3-31 Dioxin and Furan Measurement Results ……………………………….…….. 113 Table 3-32 Sample Information …………………………………………………….……. 114 Table 3-33 Analysis Results Belonging to Samples ………………………………..……. 114 Table 3-34 Classification Criteria for Water Resources ………………………………….. 116 Table 3-35 Noise Measurement Results ………………………………………………… 116 Table 4-1 Excavation Calculation Details ……………………………………………… 118 Table 4-2 Domestic Wastewater Discharge Standards ………………………………… 124 Table 4-3 Waste Amounts and Disposal Method ……………………………………… 127 Table 4-4 Chemical Substances and Their Consumption Values to be used in the Plant 130 Table 4-5 Chemical Characteristics of Diesel Oil …………………………………… 131 Table 4-6 Emission Estimates From Construction Machines ………………………. 131 Table 4-7 Address Based Population Registration System Results for Istanbul in 2010 143 Table 4-8 Urban and Rural Population and Population Growth Rate According to Address Based Population Registration System …………………………….. 144 Table 4-9 Household Values and its distribution in Istanbul …………………………….. 145 Table 4-10 Unemployed Population Distribution in 2010 in Istanbul ……………………. 146

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Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

LIST OF FIGURES Page

Figure 1-1 Example Working Principle of the Project ……………………………….. 2 Figure 1-2 Integrated Solid Waste Management Hierarchy …………………………. 6 Figure 1-3 Yearly Distribution of Solid Wastes that has Occurred and Predicted to be Occurring in Istanbul ……………………………………………………..… 7 Figure 1-4 Samples for Waste Receiving and Storing Units …………………………… 8 Figure 1-5 Waste Supply System Samples ……………………………………………. 9 Figure 1-6 View of Mobile Screens …………………………………………………….. 10 Figure 1-7 Combustion Chamber Samples ……………………………………………. 11 Figure 1-8 Steam Boiler Sample ……………………………………………………….. 12 Figure 1-9 Turbine Generator Sample …………………………………………………. 12 Figure 1-10 Yearly Distribution of Solid Wastes that has Occurred and to be Expected to Occur in Istanbul …………………………………………………………….. 25 Figure 1-11 Scoring Table of Alternative Places ………………………………………… 34 Figure 1-12 Hasdal Energy Generation Plant ……………………………………………. 35 Figure 1-13 Vicinity of the Compost Plant ………………………………………………... 35 Figure 1-14 Vicinity of Regular Landfill Area ……………………………………………. 36 Figure 1-15 Thermal Disposal Methods …………………………………………………. 37 Figure 1-16 Simulation View of the Recommended Plant - 1 …………………………… 42 Figure 1-17 Simulation View of the Recommended Plant - 2 …………………………… 43 Figure 1-18 Simulation View of the Recommended Plant – 3 ……………………………. 43 Figure 1-19 Simulation View of the Recommended Plant – 4 ……………………………. 44 Figure 2-1 Project Field Location Map ………………………………………………….. 51 Figure 2-2 Traffic Volume Map (2011) …………………………………………………. 57 Figure 2-3 Transmission Stations Locations According to Project Field ………………... 58 Figure 3-1 Simplified Geological Map of European Coast of Istanbul ………………… 60 Figure 3-2 Generalized Stratigraphic Vertical Cross Section ………………………….. 64 Figure 3-3 Active fault and Earthquake Map of Istanbul ………………………………. 73 Figure 3-4 Isoseismic Earthquake Map of Istanbul (Özmen, B., 2002) …………………. 74 Figure 3-5 Lakes and Ponds Map of Istanbul …………………………………………… 79 Figure 3-6 Geothermal Resources Map of Turkey ………………………………………. 81 Figure 3-7 Phyto-geographic Regions of Turkey ……………………………………….. 83 Figure 3-8 Kumköy Meteorological Station Monthly Temperature Values (1970 - 2010) 91 Figure 3-9 Monthly Total Average and Daily Maximum Rainfall …………………… 92 Figure 3-10 Monthly Average Rainfall …………………………………………………… 92 Figure 3-11 Monthly Relative Humidity Values of Kumköy Meteorological Station …… 93 Figure 3-12 Average Foggy, Snowy, Hail, Hoar Frost, Thunderstorm, and Stormy Days Recorded by Kumköy Meteorological Station (1970 - 2010) ……………. 94 Figure 3-13 Annual Wind Rose According to the Number of Blows ………………….. 96 Figure 3-14 Wind Rose According to the Number of Blows Belonging to the Winter Season ………………………………………………………………………. 97 Figure 3-15 Wind Rose According to the Number of Blows Belonging to the Spring Season ………………………………………………………………………… 98

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Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

Figure 3-16 Wind Rose According to the Number of Blows Belonging to the Summer Season ……………………………………………………………………….. 99 Figure 3-17 Wind Rose According to the Number of Blows Belonging to the Autumn Season ……………………………………………………………………….. 100 Figure 3-18 Monthly Wind Diagrams According to Blow Numbers …...... 103 Figure 3-19 Annual Wind Rose According to the Average Wind Speed …………………. 104 Figure 3-20 Average and Maximum Wind Speed Graphic ………………………………. 105 Figure 3-21 Stormy and Strong Windy Days Graphic ……………………………………. 106 Figure 3-22 Field Capability Classes Distribution for Eyüp District ……………………... 108 Figure 4-1 Transportation Network for Eyüp District of Istanbul ……………………….. 137 Figure 5-1 Newspaper Advertisements for Public Participation Meetings ……………... 158

LIST OF PHOTOS Page

Photo 1-1 Işıklar Village entrance, Historical Fountain of Ottoman Empire Period ….. 45 Photo 1-2 Işıklar Village entrance, Historical Fountain of Ottoman Period, Ottoman Turkish Script ………………………………………………………………. 46 Photo 1-3 Işıklar Village Cemeteries Area ……………………………………………. 47 Photo 1-4 İhsaniye Village Cemeteries Area ………………………………………….. 47 Photo 1-5 Images from Ecology Studies Made in the Project Field ……………………. 48 Photo 2-1 Images from Project Field – 1 ……………………………………………… 52 Photo 2-2 Images from Project Field – 2 ……………………………………………… 53 Photo 2-3 Images from Project Field – 3 ……………………………………………… 53 Photo 3-1 Belgrade Formation ………………………………………………………….. 67 Photo 3-2 Embankment …………………………………………………………………. 67 Photo 3-3 Puddles in the Project Field – 1 ……………………………………………… 77 Photo 3-4 Puddles in the Project Field – 2 ……………………………………………… 77 Photo 3-5 Seasonal Lake Area in the Project Field – 1 ………………………………… 78 Photo 3-6 Seasonal Lake Area in the Project Field - 2 ………………………………… 78 Photo 5-1 Images from the Meeting – 1 ………………………………………………… 159 Photo 5-2 Images from the Meeting – 2 ………………………………………………. 159 Photo 5-3 Images from the Meeting – 3 ………………………………………………… 160

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

ABBREVIATIONS

% Percentage 0C Degree Centigrade ADNKS Address Based Population Registration System AMP Emergency Action Plans APAKY Waste Battery and Accumulators Control Regulation AYIY Refuse Incineration Regulation BOD Biological Oxygen Demand CEM Continuous Emission Monitoring CO2 Carbon dioxide COD Chemical Oxygen Demand EIA Environmental Impact Assessment dBA Decibel DIE State Institute of Statistics DMI State Meteorological Service DPT State Planning Organization EPDK Energy Market Regulatory Authority Etc. And other similar items EU European Union GLC Concentration on the Level Ground H2O Hydrogen dioxide Ha Hectare HC Hydrocarbon HCl Hydrogen Chloride HF Hydrogen Fluoride HKDYY Air Quality Evaluation and Management Regulation HKKD Air Pollution Contribution Value HKKY Air Quality Protection Regulation IBB Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality IGDAS Istanbul Gas Distribution Industry and Trade Co. Inc. ISKI Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration ISO Istanbul Chamber of Industry Istanbul Environmental Management Industry and Trade Co. ISTAC Inc. ITO Istanbul Chamber of Trade KAFZ North Anatolia Fault Zone Kg Kilogram Km Kilometer kV Kilovolt Ltd Limited Company Lw Equivalent Noise Level m3 Cubic meter MAM Marmara Research Center

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Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

MIGEM General Directorate of Mining Affairs mm Millimeter General Directorate of Mining Research and MTA Exploration MW Megawatt NO Nitrogen oxide

NO2 Nitrogen dioxide

O2 Oxygen

PM10 Particulate Matter SKHKKY Industrial Air Pollution Control Regulation SNCR Optional Non-catalytic Reduction System Sm3 Standard cubic meter SPT Standard Penetration Test TEIAS Turkish Electricity Transmission Co. Inc. TUIK Turkish Statistical Institute USCS Unified Soil Classification System USEPA USA Environment Protection Association WHO World Health Organization

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Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

1 DEFINITION AND PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

1.1 Subject of the Project, description of the activity (products planned to be recycled, waste types to be disposed, etc.), operation period, timing table, process flow chart, service purposes, social and economic necessity of the Project

1.1.1 Subject of the Project and Description of the Activity

Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (IBB) is planning to realize the “Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant” Project at Istanbul province, Eyüp district, Kısırmandıra Location. The plant area of the Project Site is 8 ha and this area becomes 14,8 ha with the environmental arrangements.

The Project was evaluated to be in the scope of Article 12 (The plants with a daily capacity of 100 ton wastes and above, for the incineration of the wastes (incineration via oxidizing, pyrolysis, gasification or plasma, etc. thermal disposal processes), other than for municipal wastes, with an area greater than 10 hectares and/or the plants to be established for the interim processing and regular landfill of wastes at a daily capacity of 100 tons and above including the target year) at Annex-1 (List of Projects for which EIA shall be applied) in the Regulation on amending the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulation enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 27980 of 30.06.2011, and the EIA Report was prepared as per the format given at the Private Scope and Format Determination Meeting held on 22.12.2011 (see Appendix-A).

The Project shall provide 75 % weight-wise and 90% volume-wise reduction at the solid waste amount, then it is planned to generate energy by incinerating these wastes. The domestic solid wastes collected by the district municipalities shall be first brought to the Silivri, Halkalı, Yenibosna and Baruthane Transfer Stations, and then to the proposed plant after compaction in semi-trailers, they will not be subjected to pre-processing; and finally electrical energy will be obtained by incinerating with screened systems. No storage activity shall be performed at the Project Site. By incinerating 3.000 tons of solid waste per day using incineration technology, it is planned to generate an electrical energy up to 90 MW. It is envisaged for the planned plant to operate 8000 hours in a year.

Approval shall be obtained from the Energy Market Regulatory Authority (EPDK) to obtain electricity generation license. It is planned to connect the electricity to be generated in the scope of the Project to the already existing Taşoluk and Habibler 2 switchyards. After the approval to be obtained from EPDK, it is planned to connect the generated electricity to one of the switchyards found fit by the Turkish Electricity Transmission Incorporated Company (TEIAS).

The wastes to be brought to the plant in the scope of the Project shall be domestic type. The domestic type wastes shall be bought to the proposed plant via semitrailers from the Silivri, Yenibosna, Halkalı and Baruthane transfer stations of IBB at the European Side. D- 010 Highway shall be used during the transport of these wastes to the Project Site. It is planned that 65 semitrailer type of vehicles shall come to the plant each day. Each vehicle shall have a capacity of 23 tons and make 2 travels each day. Thereby, it is anticipated that there will be an increase of 130 vehicles/day in terms of the existing traffic load.

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

The domestic type of wastes to be brought to the plant shall be incinerated with screened type systems. Incineration technology with screened systems is one of the thermal disposal methods. With this method, the wastes are directly being subjected to the incineration without being passed through a preliminary processing. The trucks bringing waste to the plant shall first approach the waste storage tank (bunker) and the wastes shall be unloaded here. There will be two cranes to transport the waste from the waste bunker to the feed tank. There will be a continual mixing process in the bunker with the crane so that water does not settle down at the bottom of the bunker. The wastes shall be taken to the incineration chamber by these cranes. The hot gases forming as a result of incineration shall be sent to heat boiler to obtain steam. The steam reaching 40 bar pressure and 400o C temperature shall be sent to the turbine, the turbine shall be turned and thereby electricity generation shall be completed with the help of the generator (see Figure 1-1).

Boiler

Figure 1-1. Example Working Principle of the Project Source: ISTAC A.Ş.

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

The screened incineration technology, being one of the thermal disposal methods, has more advantages as compared to other thermal methods (gasification and pyrolysis) (see Table 1-1). At these types of plants:

 There is no need for pre-processing.  It is resistant against changes in calorific value and waste composition.  It is possible to obtain thermal efficiency figures up to 85 %.  The problems such as landfill gas, seepage water and odor are minimized.  It ensures 75% weight-wise and 90% volume-wise reduction.  There is no need for storage processed at the proposed plant.

Table 1-1. Comparison of Thermal Disposal Methods Parameter Incineration Pyrolysis Gasification Reaction Temperature o 800-1.450 250-750 500-1.600 ( C) Incineration chamber 1 1 1-45 pressure (bar) Medium Air Inert-Nitrogen O2, H2O Stoichiometric Air Ratio >1 0 <1 H2, CO, CO2, CH4, Gas Phase Products CO2, H2O, O2, N2 H2, CO, H2O, N2 H2O, N2 Solid phase products Ash, slag As, coal Ash, slag Liquid phase products - Pyrolysis oil, water - Source: Saltabaş, F., Soysal, Y., Yıldız, Ş., Balahorli, Y., 2009, Evsel Katı Atık Termal Bertaraf Yöntemleri ve İstanbul’a Uygulanabilirliği (Domestic Solid Waste Thermal Disposal Methods and Applicability Thereof for Istanbul), Symposium on Solid Waste Management in Turkey, Istanbul.

Today, many problems are being encountered related to regular land filling. Uncontrolled biological and chemical processes occur at the regular landfill sites. The seepage waters at these sites continue even after the closure of the sites and they increase the possibility of groundwater pollution. The cost and area problems in the regular landfills are also abundant.

Significant reduction shall be obtained at the volume and amount of the wastes thanks to the incineration system to be applied in the scope of the project. This method decreases the amount of area required for solid waste storage and the energy found within the plant and emerging as a result of the process shall be recovered.

The Fly Ash and BGA remains shall be filled in big sacks and sent to hazardous waste disposal plants.

The water to be used in the stack gas treatment system reacts with the stack gas and chemicals and creates wastes such as salt, etc. (HCl, NaOH) defined as BGA. There is no wastewater.

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

The fly ash (if any) shall be collected and stored. The active total capacity of the silo for the storage of fly ash and BGA remains shall be equal to approximately 4 days of operation under MCR (minimum incineration rate) conditions.

The complete collection, transfer and storage system shall be fully closed to prevent the leak emissions to pollute the atmosphere. When it is necessary to suck the air, the filters shall catch every kind of particle down to a level not greater than the main stack gases being emitted from the stack during normal operation.

For fly ash and BGA remains, suitable conveyor systems shall be utilized that minimizes the risk of clogging. These systems shall not be subjected to moisture all through the collection, transport and storage processes. Mechanic transport, pneumatic or mechanic transport during intense period or mixed pneumatic transport shall be considered. Low pressure transport systems (vacuumed or weak phase) shall not be accepted. The operation of the remaining part of the plant shall not be compromised for fly ash and BGA waste unloading speed.

Each silo shall be equipped with continuous level indicator to prevent overloading and high load sever sensors, filters with automatic differential pressurized cleaning system, e.g. cleaning systems such reverse-pulse jet type, dehumidifier (if requested) and sampling points. The filters shall be designed as to permit ease of maintenance.

The fly ash and BGA remains shall be removed from the site inside big sacks. Every waste, a station shall be installed aimed at automatically filling the big sacks.

At the ash loading system, surface heating and mixing systems shall be used as deemed necessary.

1.1.2. Operation Period

The life of the IBB Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant has been envisaged as 25 years.

1.1.3. Timing Table

After the land preparation and construction phase for the plant, foreseen to last for 3 years, 1 year will be required for placing into operation and trial period. Detailed Time Schedule of the Project is provided at Appendix-B.

1.1.4. Number of Personnel To Work in the Project

It is foreseen that maximum 200 personnel shall be employed at the most intense period of the construction phase of the Project and this figure is foreseen to be 87 personnel during the operation phase.

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

1.1.5. Service purposes of the Project, social and economic necessity of the Project

The developing countries struggling to improve themselves need to stop waste extravagance in order to continually benefit from their natural resources. Therefore, the improvement at the recycle and reuse methods for the substances with economic value is inevitable. In the search of new technologies, the entrepreneurs of our country are making investments that can compete worldwide to both dispose of the solid wastes by preserving the ecologic balance and also create new energy sources

Dependant on the progress obtained as a result of industrialization, the life quality elevates, but the unpreventable population increase leads to the consumption of natural resources and an increasing rate of environmental pollution. Owing to the change in consumption habits, the solid waste amount generated per capita also increases in time. All around the globe, waste management strategies are being adopted in the scope of a sustainable development approach to transform the wastes from a threat for the environment and human health into an input for economy. Integrated solid waste management is a process starting with waste reduction at the source, reuse, recycling and recovery applications, continuing with the generated waste and ending with final disposal. Thermal disposal methods containing incineration, pyrolysis and gasification techniques are being used for solid waste disposal for a very long time in developed countries and have become a component of waste management system. Although domestic waste incineration is located at the step one before last at the waste disposal hierarchy (see Figure 1-2) it is being used in Europe since the beginning of the 20th century.

In the incineration technologies, low emissions are obtained by using advanced technologies. The ash arising at the end of incineration is a material that can be used in the construction sector. High efficiencies are being obtained in heat and electricity recovery at the disposal plants in the world utilizing incineration technology.

Since the livable areas are limited, the country that most uses the thermal methods in solid waste disposal is Japan. 77% of the approx. 50 million tons of wastes generated are being incinerated in more than 1.300 plants. The situation in the European Union (EU) states is a bit more different. Although the most preferred method in solid waste disposal is currently regular landfills, use of disposal methods other than land filling is increasing each day in order to meet the conditions specified at the Waste Incineration Directive (2000/76/EC) (Saltabaş, F., Soysal, Y., Yıldız, Ş., Balahorli V., 2009).

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

More Prevention Preferred Reduction

Reuse

Recycling

Less Preferred Energy Recovery

Disposal

Figure 1-2. Integrated Solid Waste Management Hierarchy

Today, in the EU member states, each year 59 million tons of domestic solid wastes are being disposed via thermal means at about 400 solid waste incineration plants. These plants generate 23 million GWh electrical energy per year being the need of 7 million houses. Furthermore, with the generated 58 million GWh power, the need of 13 houses are being met. United States of America (USA) has 87 waste incineration plants where the domestic wastes are disposed via incineration. These plants dispose about 30 million tons of waste each year and 15 million GWh of energy is being generated. With the planned project it is foreseen to obtain 30% reducing of the waste amount of the European side of Istanbul and obtain a power generation equal to the annual energy requirement of 300.000 houses (about 1.200.000 persons, about 10% of Istanbul’s population (Saltabaş, F., Soysal, Y., Yıldız, Ş., Balahorli V., 2009).

According to 2011 year Address Based Population Registration System, the population of Istanbul province is 13.624.240. As a result of this increasing population increase rate, it is anticipated that the 2020 year population of the city would reach up to 15 million persons. The annual solid waste amount of Istanbul in 2011 proved to be 6.165.843 tons. The annual change of the solid waste amount of Istanbul is shown at Figure 1-3 (CH2M- Hill, 1992).

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

Population Projection (person)

Waste Projection (ton/year)

Figure 1-3. Yearly Distribution of Solid Wastes that has Occurred and Predicted to be Occurring in Istanbul

Due to the fast population rise, the waste amount also increases each passing day. Therefore, the planned project will ensure volume reduction for the wastes and energy generation will be obtained, which will contribute to the regional and national economy.

1.2. Characteristics of all the units in the scope of the Project (waste acceptance unit, waste supply unit, incineration unit, crushing, drying, briquetting, power generation, storage facility, etc.), capacities, operations to be carried out for each activity in every unit (detailed explanation of operations to be carried out in every unit, recycling process and treatment plant with necessary schemes, formulas and figures starting from the waste acceptance) and services to be presented in other units other than the activity units

The domestic solid wastes collected from sources within Istanbul province boundaries such as houses, workplaces, schools, hospitals, etc. shall and gathered by the district municipalities, brought to the transfer stations and then taken to the proposed IBB Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant via semi-trailers. The plant shall not accept big- volume municipal wastes, liquid wastes, recyclable wastes (worn out tires, vehicle and packaging wastes) and metallic-content wastes. These shall be recycled.

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

1.2.1. Activity Units

The plant planned to be built in the scope of the Project shall be comprised of the following systems1:

Waste Acceptance System: There will be a waste acceptance unit at the entrance in order to manage the waste brought to the plant in an orderly manner starting from the entrance point to the plant, until the utilization of the gas, solid and liquid products occurring as a result of incineration.

In this unit, the wastes brought to the plant with trucks shall be emptied into the bunker. The wastes shall be mixed with cranes to obtain a homogeneous waste fuel inside the bunker. In order to prevent seepage formation at the bunker, impermeability shall be provided. The foundations of the big-scale items of the plant (bunker, furnace, boiler, turbine, transformer, etc.) and the buildings shall be reinforced concrete. Reinforced concrete water retaining structures shall be designed as per the “BS 8007 –Design of Water Retaining Structures” and the “EN 1992-Liquid Retaining and Holding Structures” standards or equivalent thereof as approved by the Engineer and they will be coated with suitable protective lining.

Waste Storage Reservoir/Bunker: The waste brought to the plant shall first be taken into the waste storage bunker. The waste brought to the plant with transportation vehicles shall be accumulated in this section so that the amount and daily content changes do not affect the incineration system.

The waste storage bunker has been designed at the volume to permit the storage of optimum amount, considering the designed incineration system and the 3.000 tons of solid waste planned to be disposed to the plant every day. Continuous mixing shall be made at the storage bunker with crane to prevent the seepage water that can be formed due to the solid waste (see Figure 1-4).

Figure 1-4. Samples for Waste Receiving and Storing Units

1 Technical Specification of Technical Service Procurement for Domestic Waste Incineration Plant Installation

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

Waste Unloading Bay: The wastes shall be unloaded from the transport vehicles to the storage bunker via an unloading platform. Every kind of measures shall be taken at the platform to ensure safe unloading of the waste.

Crane System: The wastes shall be transferred from the storage bunker to the feeding mouth by using a bridge crane. This crane shall also provide the mixing of the waste inside the bunker. The amount of the waste to be fed to the incineration furnace and the feeding frequency has been selected as to provide the optimum level of operation of the incineration system. The crane system has a safety system to prevent the feeding of the incineration system over a specified weight of waste. The crane system can move in four directions: forward-backward and left-right.

Waste Feeding (Supply) System: The wastes shall be transferred to the waste feeding funnel from the waste bunker for measurement. The mouth of the feeding funnel is in the form of a square and it shall be designed as to prevent bridging. The feeding funnel shall be coated with removable wear plates. Microwave monitoring devices shall be mounted inside the feeding funnel to monitor the funnel, the device shall determine the level and give out a vocal alarm when needed. Each feeding gutter shall be arranged as to be feed the waste to the screens from the bottom (see Figure 1-5).

In the scope of this Project, the waste feeding flowrate for one unit shall be 1.000.000 ton/year.

Figure 1-5. Waste Supply System Samples

Waste Incineration Furnace: Screened incineration system shall be used at the plant to be constructed for the disposal of the domestic solid wastes. Considering the 3.000 ton/day capacity of the plant, the required optimum number of lines and capacities thereof shall be determined. The screen system shall be designed in a manner to adapt to the changes in waste composition and calorific value (see Figure 1-6).

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

It is comprised of the sections where screening, drying, gasification and main incineration take place. The final section shall serve for the completion of the incineration process.

Each screen section shall be composed of many screen bar rows and the fixed rows shall be followed by mobile rows.

The screen with trolley movement is mounted to the boiler steel structure and be comprised of self-supported screen framework.

The waste incineration furnace shall incinerate fuel at the rate of 21-30 tons per hour. There will be totally 4 ea mobile screen system, each with a capacity of 235 GJ/h. The incineration temperature is 850-1.1000C and the incineration gas flow in the system is 150.000 Nm3/h. The incineration furnace air flow at the Project is 120.000 Nm3/h.

The ash material forming as a result of incineration, after passing through the final screen section, shall be discharged into a water filled submerged type discharge mechanism by passing from a vertical ditch coated with fireproof material. Water will serve to cut the contact between ash and air, and also to cool the ash. The water level shall be regulated with a water chamber equipped with an overflow system placed on the side wall.

Figure 1-6. View of Mobile Screens

In order to comply with the waste incineration directives, the gas retaining period, under any condition, at the burning and final incineration area regulation, should be more than two seconds when measured from the place of last air injection spot up to the place where the gas temperature falls below 850oC. Furthermore, in order to keep the operation temperature at 850oC and stop the feeding of primary fuel to the furnace when the temperature falls below

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

the mentioned value, auxiliary burners of the burning and final incineration area shall be automatically controlled.

The stack gases generated at the burner shall be cooled inside a boiler used for high pressure hot steam generation for the turbines from the obtained from the heat.

The boiler feed water losses shall be met from a treatment plant using suitable measures including chemical dosing in order to obtain the feed water, boiler water and steam at the requested quality.

Additional Incineration System: There will be an additional incineration system in order to provide the temperature required for the incineration process inside the furnace at the beginning of the incineration process. The additional incineration system shall also be used at the temperature falls originating from the changes in the calorific value of the waste during the incineration process. The additional incineration system shall be both manual and automatic; natural gas shall be used as the fuel at the additional incineration system. At the start-up phase of the system, t is planned to use 50.000 Sm3 natural gas. When natural gas proves to be insufficient, 100 m3 fuel-oil shall be used.

Figure 1-7. Combustion Chamber Samples

Steam Boiler: At the waste incineration plant, there shall be an energy recovery unit for being able to utilize the heat energy emerging as a result of the incineration of the wastes. The steam boiler to be used for the recovery of the energy within the waste gas shall enable the use of the obtained energy to generate electrical energy. The design of the energy recovery system and the equipment to be used at this system shall conform to the corrosive characteristic of the pollutant gas resulting from the incineration of the wastes. The energy recovery unit shall be designed to ensure the highest possible efficiency (see Figure 1-8).

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

Figure 1-8. Steam Boiler Sample

Turbine Generator: The steam generated at the steam boiler shall be transmitted to the turbine generator to be used for steam electrical energy. The turbine generator shall be designed as to operate at the highest possible electrical generation yield (see Figure 1-9).

Figure 1-9. Turbine Generator Sample

The high-pressure hot steam generated in the boiler shall pass on to the steam turbine for electricity generation. The turbines (minimum 2 ea) shall be supplied at 40 bar (controlled) and with housing to enable the acceptance of high-pressure steam (4000oC) for heating and/or processing purposes.

Part of the electricity coming from the steam turbine generator shall meet the auxiliary power requirement of the plant and the site, the remaining part shall be exported to the

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

distribution network. The condensers shall be air-cooled type or in the form of a cooling tower.

Cooling System: A system shall be designed to cool the exhaust gas, being a mixture of steam and water emitting to the atmosphere from the turbine generator. The cooling system has been selected according to the incineration technology to be used at the plant, the physical and geological properties of the land and it will be air cooled.

Stack Gas Treatment System: The waste gas being generated as a result of the disposal of the solid wastes via incineration and that contains high levels of pollutants shall be subject to a processing at a gas treatment system where these pollutants are eliminated before the waste gas is discharged to the atmosphere The emission values of the treated gas coming out of the stack gas treatment unit shall comply with the limit values indicated at the “Regulation on Incineration of Wastes” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 27721 of 06.10.2010.

The stack gases to come out of the Stack Gas Treatment plant shall be sucked in via the Induced Suction Fan that releases the clean gases to the atmosphere from the exhaust stack. This stack shall be equipped with a Continuous Emission Monitoring System.

Wastewater Treatment Plant: If wet stack gas treatment system is used at the solid waste incineration plant, this may lead to a wastewater that contains high amounts of pollutants. Therefore, dry stack gas treatment system will be used in the plant. The system to be used to treat the wastewaters caused from the treatment of the stack gases and other wastewaters generated in the plant shall meet the conditions stated at the “Regulation on Incineration of Wastes” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 27721 of 06.10.2010 and the “Water Pollution Control Regulation” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 25687 of 31.12.2004.

Ash, Slag and Other Wastes Removal and Utilization System: The base ash, fly ash and every kind of solid waste and remnants to be generated as a result of the incineration of the wastes at the plant shall be selected as to meet the conditions stated at the relevant articles of the “Regulation on Incineration of Wastes” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 27721 of 06.10.2010.

The Fly Ash and BGA Remains shall be collected and stored with a minimum storage period of 4 days at the silos allocated for this purpose. The fly ash and BGA remains shall be filled in big sacks and sent out to hazardous waste disposal plants. The ash coming out of the screens shall be sieved and subjected to a process for the separation of iron metals.

Odor Emissions Control System: The plant shall be selected so that every kind of odor emissions to be generated during the storage of the wastes before the process and during the process shall meet the conditions stated at the relevant articles of the “Regulation on the Control of the Emissions Causing Odor” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 27692 of 04.09.2010.

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

Noise Emission Control System: The plant shall be selected so that every kind of noise emissions to be generated during the storage of the wastes before the process and during the process shall meet the conditions stated at the relevant articles of the “Regulation on the Assessment and Management of Environmental Noise” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 27601 of 04.06.2010.

The placement of the units in the scope of the Project is shown at the General Layout Plan given in Appendix-C.

1.2.2. Other Structures (Fixed Facilities)

There will be a waste acceptance unit at the entrance in order to manage the waste brought to the plant in an orderly manner starting from the entrance point to the plant, until the utilization of the gas, solid and liquid products occurring as a result of incineration. At the waste acceptance unit, the wastes shall be weighed for inspection and control purposes, the source data, amounts and type shall also be recorded.

The inspection, observation and control of the planned plant shall be executed from the Central Control Room (MKO). The control system of the plant is a microprocessor based system and all the hardware, screens, automatic controls, manual controls, protection and fault systems, backup and independent safety systems and warning systems shall contain Closed Circuit TV (CCTV); and the control room equipment shall enable all the control, inspection, operation of the plant process and meet all the health, safety and environmental requirements.

There shall be 4 ea 100-ton weighbridges. There will be an administrative building of 677 m2 at the plant. The administrative building shall provide services to meet the food and other social requirements of the personnel to be employed.

The tires of the trucks to bring wastes to the domestic type of solid wastes to the plant shall be washed at the transfer stations. There will be no tire-washing unit at the planned IBB Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant. The vehicles shall unload their wastes to the 8-m deep bunker via a platform. As a result the vehicles shall not have any contact with the waste and there will be no need for washing.

There will be a workshop (1.090 m2) installed got the maintenance, repair and overhaul of the vehicles to be used at the plant as well as for the storage of the required spare parts.

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

1.3. The source of the wastes to be accepted to the plant (separately for each unit), physical, chemical and biological characteristics, waste codes, amounts, waste projection, classification in accordance with related regulations and detailed explanation of how they shall be disposed

The domestic type solid wastes to be brought to the planned plant are domestic type solid wastes brought to IBB transfer stations from the districts of Istanbul and that will be carried to the Project Site via semitrailers from these stations.

In the disposal of the solid wastes in the framework of the process of EU compliance for Istanbul, the waste amount foreseen for 2012 is 6.258.605 tons/year according to the 2008- 2012 action plan (see Table 1-2 and Figure 1-4).

Table 1-2. Waste Projection for Istanbul in between 2008 – 2012 Unit 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Population Person 12.363.899 12.572.641 12.785.428 13.002.335 13.624.240 13.395.987 projection Waste Ton/year 5.776.414 5.873.938 5.973.352 6.074.691 6.165.843 6.258.605 projection Source: Turkish Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Waste Management Action Plan (2008-2012), 2008.

As can be seen from Table 1-2, the waste amount generated increases dependent on the population increase observed each year. Instead of searching for suitable areas for the storage (land filling) of these wastes, the use of incineration system in the scope of the Project planned to be realized by IBB, the solid wastes, creating a big volume, shall be incinerated and thereby energy shall be generated.

With the aim of determining the characteristics of the solid wastes forming in Istanbul and to search for utilization and disposal means for these wastes, ISTAC A.S. has conducted domestic solid waste characterization studies in 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009 for Istanbul province. During these studies;

 Mixed urban solid waste samples were taken via random selection method, from the wastes brought to the transfer stations from the district municipalities,  The taken samples were transferred to Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Kemerburgaz Recovery and Composting Plant where substance group analysis will be conducted,  The urban solid waste brought to the plant were separated according to the predetermined substance groups and weighed,  Samples were taken from the wastes separated according to substance groups for analysis,  Moisture content, calorific value determination, waste analysis, etc. have been made at the laboratory.

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

In the scope of the study, totally 42 waste samples were taken in 7 days from totally 6 transfer stations, where 3 were in the Asian side and 3 were in the European side. Considering the actual capacities of the transfer stations and the amount of wastes brought from which municipalities, the region from where samples will be taken and the frequency of sampling was decided. It was recorded as to from which district and town the sampled vehicle came. The waste that can represent the waste inside the vehicle was filled in 770-lt capacity garbage container and brought to the Waste-Derived Fuel (ATY) Plant at Kemerburgaz. The wastes brought to the plant were filled inside fixed-volume container via compaction. During the substance group analysis study, the wastes were weighed after being separated into 17 main components and the weight percentage of each substance group inside the waste was determined. According to the determined values, samples were taken from the wastes according to the identified values so that the total sample would be 3 kg. During sampling, organic material and other material were placed inside different bags to prevent the inter- mixing and moisture loss of the wastes. 3 kg samples taken for laboratory analyses were subjected to moisture content determination according to TS 10459/1992 Moisture Determination at Solid Wastes. For the determination of the calorific value, analysis was made as per DIN 51900 standard based on the measurement of calorific value of solid fuels with a bomb calorimeter of the German Standardization Institution. The calorific values of organic material and packaging material taken apart were determined separately.

Municipal waste characterization studies are performed periodically by IBB. Table 1-3 displays the waste content values and waste physical properties as determined at the characterization studies of the last 5 years. During the waste characterization study, the standards of ASTM and the Solid Waste Analysis Methodology of the European Commission (SWA-Tool) were followed. From the samples analyzed for substance groups by following standard methods, representative samples were taken and Moisture Content, Heating Loss and Calorific Value Analysis were performed at the accredited IBB ISTAC A.S. Environmental Laboratory.

Table 1-3. Urban Solid Waste Characterization Values in Between 2005 – 2010 2005 2006 2007 2009 2010 Period Summer Winter Summer Winter Summer

Material % Paper-Cardboard 13,30 12,06 12,37 15,57 11,05 Glass 5,82 5,93 3,97 3,03 3,72 Plastic bottle 1,52 1,21 1,02 1,13 1,36 Nylon bag 9,48 7,83 8,42 9,96 9,47 Plastics 3,39 2,56 2,60 2,62 2,28 Textile 5,28 1,93 4,08 3,42 5,74 Tetra Pak 0,64 0,77 0,49 0,86 0,66 Diapers 3,90 4,19 4,49 5,45 5,03 Metals 1,63 1,49 0,66 1,12 1,10 Electrics and Electronics 0,15 0,01 0,00 0,03 0,17 Hazardous Wastes 0,01 0,02 0,00 0,01 0,31 Kitchen Wastes 50,22 56,34 59,75 54,09 51,71

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

2005 2006 2007 2009 2010 Period Summer Winter Summer Winter Summer Other Flammable 2,97 2,00 2,14 2,09 6,16 Other non-flammable 1,70 3,66 0,01 0,63 1,23 Total 100 100 100 100 100 Unit Volumetric weight, kg/m3 175 170 - 254 259 Water Content, (%) 70,50 65,00 59,71 62,57 43,86 Burnable Part, (%) 40,48 32,55 35,61 41,09 41,76 Inorganic Wastes, (%) 9,31 11,11 4,64 4,82 6,53 Source: ISTAC A.S.

According to Table 1-3, mostly kitchen wastes and paper-cardboard wastes are generated in Istanbul.

According to the “Solid Waste Management Feasibility Report” prepared by American company CH2M-Hill International Ltd. in 1992 as per the request of IBB, the waste calorific value has to be minimum 2.000-2.500 kcal/kg in order to obtain energy and minimum 1.500- 1.600 kcal/kg for it to be able to burn without additional fuel (Ozturk I., Demir I., Akgul O., Yıldız Ş., et al., 2007). The results of the studies conducted to determine the upper calorific values of the wastes in certain districts in the neighborhood of Istanbul are presented in Table 1-4:

Table 1-4. Characteristics of Wastes and Upper Calorific Values Waste Humidity Inert Matter Upper Calorific Amount Content Content (%) Value (kcal/kg) (ton/g) (%) Kağıthane 415 50,18 6,15 3.738

Şişli 466 47,08 9,59 4.340 Beyoğlu 360 50,25 12,55 4.345 Fatih 692 49,4 10,48 4.378 Sarıyer 583 48,78 5,33 4.332 Priority Zones Eyüp 257 51,95 5,34 4.560 Beşiktaş 326 47,23 9,21 3.668 Total / Average 3.099 49,27 8,38 4.194 Sultangazi 48,83 4,7 3.934 Bayrampaşa 289 50,8 4,65 3.376 GOP 359 51,95 6,39 3.691 Başakşehir 269 46,78 4,24 4.233

Alternative zones Alternative Zeytinburnu 318 43,25 6,04 4.259 Total / Average 1.235 48,32 5,20 3.898,60 Source: ISTAC A.S.

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

The codes of the wastes to be accepted to the plant in the scope of the project are given in Table 1-5.

Table 1-5. Waste Codes to be Accepted in the Plant Waste Codes Description Wastes Originating from the Physical and Chemical Processes of Non-Metallic 01 04 Minerals 01 04 10 Dusty and powdery wastes other than 01 04 07 Wastes Originating from Agriculture, Gardening, Water Products Production, 02 01 Forestry, Gaming and Fishery 02 01 01 Mud originating from washing and cleaning processes 02 01 03 Vegetal texture wastes 02 01 04 Waste plastics (other than for packaging wastes) Animal excrements, urine and turd (including soiled ha), leaking liquids collected 02 01 06 separately and that will be processed out of the site 02 01 07 Forestry wastes 02 01 09 Agricultural chemical wastes other than 02 01 08 02 01 99 Wastes not identified in another manner Wastes Originating from the preparation and processing of meat, fish and 02 02 other animal-sourced food substances 02 02 01 Mud originating from washing and cleaning processes 02 02 02 Animal texture wastes 02 02 03 Substances not suitable for consumption or processing 02 02 04 Mud originating from wastewater treatment within the operation site 02 02 99 Wastes not identified in another manner Wastes Originating from the preparation and processing of fruits, vegetable, grains, edible oils, cocoa, coffee, tea and tobacco; production of canned food, 02 03 production of yeast and yeast extract, preparation and fermentation of molasses Mud originating from washing, cleaning, peeling, centrifuge and separation 02 03 01 processes 02 03 02 Wastes originating from protective additives 02 03 03 Wastes originating from solvent extraction 02 03 04 Substances not suitable for consumption or processing 02 03 05 Wastes originating from wastewater treatment within the operation site 02 03 99 Wastes not identified in another manner 02 05 Wastes Originating from Dairy products industry 02 05 01 Substances not suitable for consumption or processing 02 05 02 Mud originating from wastewater treatment within the operation site 02 05 99 Wastes not identified in another manner 02 06 Wastes Originating from Floury products and Sweets industry

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

Waste Codes Description 02 06 03 Mud originating from wastewater treatment within the operation site 02 06 01 Substances not suitable for consumption or processing 02 06 02 Wastes originating from protective additives 02 06 99 Wastes not identified in another manner Wastes Originating from the production of alcoholic and non-alcoholic 02 07 beverages (other than coffee, tea and cocoa) Wastes originating from washing, cleaning and mechanical compaction of the raw 02 07 01 materials 02 07 04 Substances not suitable for consumption or processing 02 07 05 Mud originating from wastewater treatment within the operation site 02 07 99 Wastes not identified in another manner Wastes Originating from Tree Processing and Hardboard and Furniture 03 01 Manufacturing 03 01 01 Tree bark and cork wastes 03 01 05 Chops, chips, splinters, wood, plywood and coatings other than 03 01 04 03 01 99 Wastes not identified in another manner Wastes Originating from paper dough, paper and paper cardboard 03 03 manufacturing and processing 03 03 01 Tree bark and wood wastes 03 03 02 Green fluid sludge (from the recovery of baking fluid) 03 03 05 Ink removal sludge originating from paper recovery process Mechanically separated discards during making a dough from waste paper and 03 03 07 cardboard Wastes originating from the separation of paper and cardboard for recycling 03 03 08 purposes Fiber discards, fiber, filling and surface coating substance sludge generated as a 03 03 10 result of mechanical separation Mud originating from wastewater treatment within the operation site other than 03 03 11 03 03 10 03 03 99 Wastes not identified in another manner 04 01 Wastes Originating from Leather and Fur industry 04 01 01 Wastes originating from peeling and liming and meat peeling from leather 04 01 09 Polishing and dyeing wastes 04 01 99 Wastes not identified in another manner 04 02 Wastes Originating from Textile industry 04 02 09 Composite material wastes (impregnated textile, elastomers and plastomers) 04 02 10 Organic substances formed from natural products (e.g. wet wax) 04 02 15 Polishing wastes other than 04 02 14 04 02 21 Unprocessed textile fiber wastes 04 02 22 Processed textile fiber wastes

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

Waste Codes Description 04 02 99 Wastes not identified in another manner 05 01 Petroleum Refining Wastes Mud originating from wastewater treatment within the operation site other than 05 01 10 05 01 09 Wastes Originating from the Production, Formulation, Supply and Use (IFTK) 07 02 of Plastics, Synthetic Rubber and Artificial Fibers 07 02 13 Waste plastics 07 02 15 Wastes of additives other than07 02 14 07 02 99 Wastes not identified in another manner Wastes Originating from the Production, Formulation, Supply and Use (IFTK) 08 04 of Adhesives and Insulators (Including Waterproof Products) 08 04 16 Wet wastes of adhesives or filling pastes other than 08 04 15 08 04 99 Wastes not identified in another manner Wastes Originating from the Physical and Mechanical Surface Processes and 12 01 Shaping of Metals and Plastics 12 01 05 Plastic chips and burrs 12 01 21 Milling parts and milling particles other than 12 01 20 12 01 99 Wastes not identified in another manner 16 03 Non-Standard Groups and Unused Products 16 03 06 Organic wastes other than 16 03 05 17 02 Wood, Glass and Plastics 17 02 01 Wood 17 02 03 Plastics 17 03 Bituminous Mixtures, Coal Tar and Bituminous Products 17 03 02 Bituminous mixtures other than 17 03 01 17 06 Insulation Materials and Asbestos Containing Construction Materials 17 06 04 Insulation materials other than 17 06 01 and 17 06 03 Wastes Originating from the Studies of Birth-Giving, Diagnosis, Treatment or 18 01 Disease Prevention for Humans The wastes not subject to special processing in terms of collection and disposal to 18 01 04 prevent infection (e.g. bandages, body receivers, disposable overalls, diapers) 18 01 07 Chemicals other than 18 01 06 18 01 09 Medicine other than 18 01 08 Wastes Originating from the Studies of Research, Diagnosis, Treatment or 18 02 Disease Prevention for Animals The wastes not subject to special processing in terms of collection and disposal to 18 02 03 prevent infection 18 02 06 Chemicals other than 18 02 05 18 02 08 Medicine other than 18 02 07 Wastes Originating from the Physical / Chemical Treatment of Wastes 19 02 (including Chromium Removal, Cyanide Removal, Neutralization)

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

Waste Codes Description 19 02 03 Wastes formed with the pre-mixing of non-hazardous wastes 19 02 06 Mud generated at the physical and chemical processes other than 19 02 05 19 02 10 Combustible wastes other than 19 02 08 and 19 02 09 19 02 99 Wastes not identified in another manner 19 03 Stabilized / Solidified Wastes4 19 03 07 Solidified wastes other than 19 03 06 19 05 Wastes Originating from the Aerobic Treatment of Solid Wastes 19 05 01 Non-composted fractions of municipal and similar wastes 19 05 02 Non-composted fractions of animal and vegetal wastes 19 05 03 Non-standard compost 19 05 99 Wastes not identified in another manner 19 06 Wastes Originating from the Anaerobic Treatment of Solid Wastes 19 06 04 Dregs originating from the anaerobic treatment of municipal wastes 19 06 06 Dregs originating from the anaerobic treatment of animal and vegetal wastes 19 06 99 Wastes not identified in another manner 19 08 Wastewater Treatment Plants Wastes Not Identified in another Manner 19 08 01 Substances over the sieve 19 08 02 Wastes originating from sand separation 19 08 05 Mud originating from the treatment of urban wastewater Mud originating from the biological treatment of industrial wastewater other than 19 08 12 19 08 11 Mud originating from the other methods of treatment of industrial wastewater other 19 08 14 than 19 08 13 19 08 99 Wastes not identified in another manner Wastes Originating from the Preparation of the Water Required for Human 19 09 Consumption and Industrial Use 19 09 01 Solid wastes originating from initial filtering draining 19 09 02 Mud caused by water clarification 19 09 03 Mud caused by carbonate removal 19 09 04 Used activated carbon 19 09 05 Saturated or used ion exchange resin 19 09 06 Solutions and mud caused by the regeneration of ion exchangers 19 09 99 Wastes not identified in another manner 19 11 Wastes Originating from the Re-Production of Oil 19 11 06 Mud originating from the in-site wastewater treatment other than 19 11 05

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

Waste Codes Description Wastes Originating from the Mechanic Treatment (e.g. Separation, Crushing, 19 12 Compaction, coagulation / Flocculation) of Wastes not Defined in another Manner 19 12 01 Paper and cardboard 19 12 07 Wood other than 19 12 06 19 12 08 Textile materials 19 12 10 Combustible wastes (fuel derived from waste) Other wastes originating from the mechanical processing of wastes other than 19 12 12 19 12 11 (including mixed materials) 19 13 Wastes Originating from the Reclamation of Soil and Groundwater 19 13 02 Wastes originating from soil reclamation other than 19 13 01 19 13 04 Mud origination from soil reclamation other than 19 13 03 20 01 Separately Collected Fractions (other than 15 01) 20 01 01 Paper and cardboard 20 01 08 Biologically decomposable kitchen and canteen wastes 20 01 10 Clothing 20 01 11 Textile products 20 01 25 Edible liquid and solid oils 20 01 28 Paints, inks, adhesives and resin other than 20 01 27 20 01 30 Detergents other than 20 01 29 20 01 32 Medicine other than 20 01 31 20 01 38 Wood other than 20 01 37 20 01 39 Plastics 20 01 41 Wastes caused by stack cleaning 20 02 Garden and Park Wastes (Including Cemetery Wastes) 20 02 01 Biologically decomposable wastes 20 02 03 Other biologically non-decomposable wastes 20 03 Other Municipal Wastes 20 03 01 Mixed municipal wastes 20 03 02 Wastes originating from marketplaces 20 03 03 Street cleaning remnants 20 03 06 Wastes originating from sewerage cleaning 20 03 99 Municipal wastes not identified in another manner Source: ISTAC A.S.

1.3.1. Population Projection

In order to see the dimension of the solid waste problem to be faced with by Istanbul province in the future, the solid waste amount that will be required to be collected and disposed or recycled in the future has to be estimated. For this aim, first of all the future population of Istanbul has to be estimated. The realized population values of Istanbul province for the years 1990 – 2011 and the population projections made by several institutions are provided in the following Table 1-6. As can be understood from Table 1-6, the population of Istanbul province has increased from 7,3 million in 1990 up to 13,6 million as of 2011. Thereby, the total population increase rate for the 21-year period was 86,4%.

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

When the population estimates given in Table 1-6 and made before are compared with the realized population values, it is seen that the estimates fall behind the realized values. In other words, the population of Istanbul has increased with a rate higher than estimated. When the realized population values are examined, it can be seen that the population of Istanbul province increased at a speed level of 3,3% per year on the average in the 2000-2007 term, the rate of increase displayed a significant drop for the term 2007-2008 and fell back to 0,98% and the rate increased once more in the term 2008-2011 each year and resulted to be 2,78% for the term 2010-2011.

Table 1-6. Realized Population Values of Istanbul and Various Population Estimate Prepared Previously CH2M-Hill/Antell UNDP Population DPT Population Census Results ISKI Estimate Estimate Estimate Estimate Yearly Yearly Yearly Yearly Years Yearly Rate Population Rate of Population Rate of Population Population Rate of Population Rate of of increase increase increase increase increase person % person % person % person % Person % 1990 7 309 190 - 7 309 190 7 309 190 7 119 972 - 1994 7 853 656 - 1995 8 125 900 3.47% 8 800 000 9 800 000 2000 10 018 735 3.20% 9 594 400 3.32% 10 000 000 11 100 000 10 018 735 - 9 919 700 3.38% 2001 10 205 200 2.88% 2002 10 489 200 2.78% 2003 10 771 900 2.70% 2004 11 053 600 2.62% 2005 11 259 300 3.21% 11 200 000 12 200 000 11 175 700 2.21% 11 331 100 2.51% 2006 11 611 400 2.47% 2007 12 573 836 3.30% 11 887 300 2.38% 2008 12 697 164 0.98% 12 158 500 2.23% 2009 12 915 158 1.72% 12 425 000 2.19% 2010 13 255 685 2.64% 12 760 100 2.21% 12 100 000 13 800 000 12 308 200 1.95% 12 683 700 2.08% 2011 13 624 240 2.78% 2015 14 237 100 2.22% 13 500 00 14 300 000 13 184 100 1.69% 2020 15 891 500 2.23% 13 900 00 15 100 000 14 367 700 1.43% 2025 17 743 300 2.23% 14 200 000 15 900 000 15 309 100 1.28% 2030 19 812 900 2.23% 14 800 00 16 200 000 16 185 300 1.12% 2035 15 100 000 16 800 000 2040 15 700 000 17 100 000 Source: Integrated Solid Waste Management Strategic Plan Compliant with the EU Environment Legislation

When this increase at the population increase rate of Istanbul province is taken into consideration, it can be seen that the estimates made formerly as to cover the term 2010-2040 have become invalid in the current conditions. Therefore, a new population estimate / projection was prepared considering the population increate rate realization of the recent years. The new prepared population estimate is given in Table 1-7. As can be seen from Table 1-7, the population of Istanbul province is expected to be 15,4 million in 2015, 17,9 million in 2020, 20,6 million in 2025 and 22,7 million in 2030. Furthermore, it is anticipated that increase tendency of the population increase rate since 2008 due to migrations will continue up to 2014 and then the rate of population increase is anticipated to decrease in the subsequent years.

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

Table 1-7. Population Projection of Istanbul 2012 – 2046 Years Unit 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Total population in the Service Area Person 13 624 240 14 012 531 14 435 709 14 894 765 15 365 439 15 849 451 of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Yearly Population Increase Rate % 2.85% 3.02% 3.18% 3.16% 3.15%

Years Unit 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Total population in the Service Area Person 16 345 539 16 853 885 17 371 299 17 894 175 18 423 843 18 959 977 of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Yearly Population Increase Rate % 3.13% 3.11% 3.07% 3.01% 2.96% 2.91%

Years Unit 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Total population in the Service Area Person 19 502 232 20 50 245 20 573 556 21 069 379 21 535 012 21 967 866 of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Yearly Population Increase Rate % 2.86% 2.81% 2.61% 2.41% 2.21% 2.01%

Years Unit 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 Total population in the Service Area Person 22 354 500 22 692 053 22 977 973 23 221 539 23 421 245 23 587 536 of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Yearly Population Increase Rate % 1.76% 1.51% 1.26% 1.06% 0.86% 0.71%

Years Unit 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 20401 Total population in the Service Area Person 23 721 985 23 828 733 23 912 134 23 971 914 24 007 872 24 019 876 of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Yearly Population Increase Rate % 0.57% 0.45% 0.35% 0.25% 0.15% 0.05%

1.3.2. Estimated Amounts of Waste Formation

The amount of urban domestic wastes collected and disposed within the limits of Istanbul during 2000-2011 is given in Table 1-8. The total urban domestic waste amount is the sum of the wastes coming directly to the Odayeri and Kömürcüoda regular landfill sites, packaging wastes collected separately at the sources and the wastes coming to the compost plant. The waste amounts collected from the garbage cans by the street garbage collectors are not included to this figure.

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

Table 1-8 Solid Waste Collected and Disposed in between 2000 – 2011 in Istanbul 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Waste amounts sent to Odayeri and Kömürcüoda directly and from transfer 3 319 889 3 157 309 3 209 974 3 424 223 4 063 350 4 524 044 stations Packaging wastes collected separately at the source Amount of waste coming to the Compost - 111 058 168 704 200 434 165 269 141 607 Plant Total Urban Waste Amount Generated 3 319 889 3 268 367 3 378 678 3 624 657 4 228 619 4 665 650 in Istanbul

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Waste amounts sent to Odayeri and Kömürcüoda directly and from transfer 5 013 317 4 732 929 5 007 906 5 037 467 5 148 843 5 208 652 stations Packaging wastes collected separately at 3 098 11 673 30 759 50 493 91 091 123 561 the source Amount of waste coming to the Compost 138 968 160 159 139 346 124 868 158 198 153 680 Plant Total Urban Waste Amount Generated 5 155 383 4 904 761 5 178 011 5 212 828 5 398 132 5 485 893 in Istanbul Source: ISTAC A.S.

As can be seen from Table 1-8, the total urban waste amount disposed or reused with three different methods was 3,3 million tons in 2000, but this figure reached 5,5 million tons in 2011. As a result, the urban waste amount generated increased by 65,2% in the period 2000-2011. The daily urban waste amount generated per capita was 1,1 km in 2011. Parallel to the census estimates made for the future for Istanbul, urban waste amount estimates were also made. One of these estimate is the urban waste amount estimate made by CH2M-Hill company. This estimate is given in Figure 3-3.

Waste Generation (ton/year)

Years

Figure 1-10. Yearly Distribution of Solid Wastes that has Occurred and to be Expected to Occur in Istanbul

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

As can be seen in Figure 1-10, CH2M-Hill company has estimated the urban waste amount to be generated in 2010 to be about 3,5 million tons and the urban waste amount to be generated in 2018 to be about 4,5 million tons. However, as can be seen in Table 1-8, the urban waste amount generated in Istanbul in 2011 realized to be 5,5 million tons. This value is 22% higher even than the value estimated by CH2M-Hill company for 2018.

In order to make solid waste estimates, the urban waste amounts generated per capita also has to be known in addition to the population values. At the “Integrated Solid Waste Management Strategic Plan in Compliance with EU Environmental Legislation” prepared by IBB, the per capita waste generation figures of Istanbul are given. According to the Strategic Plan data, in 1996, 0,53 kg of urban waste was being generated per capita, but this value increased in time and became 0,9 kg in 2000, 1,00 kg in 20042. Again according to IBB data, the urban waste amount generated in Istanbul reached 5,5 million tons in 2011 and the amount of urban waste being generated per capita increased to 1,1 kg3.

The urban waste to be generated per capita in the future was estimated by using the above-given per capita daily waste figures. However, it has been foreseen that the daily waste amount per capita would increase again, just like in the past, due to the increase of prosperity level and the spreading of packaged products much more. Thus, the per capita waste amount was foreseen to reach 1,28 kg level in 2040.

The urban waste generation estimates made based on the above explained assumptions are given in Table 1-9 for selected years. As can be understood from Table 1-9, the urban waste generation being 5,63 million tons in 2011 is estimated to become about 6.7 million tons in 2015, 7,4 million tons in 2018, 9,1 million tons in 2025 and 11,2 million tons in 2040. Thereby in 2025, the urban waste generation would increase at about 62% as compared to 2011 and the urban waste generation in 2040 would represent about 23% increase as compared to 2025 and 100% increase as compared to 2011.

2 Integrated Solid Waste Management Strategic Plan in Compliance with EU Environmental Legislation; Table:14, Page 34; Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, Environmental Protection and Development Department Presidency and ISTAC A.S. General Directorate; 2005 3 This value is a bit higher than the 2011 value given in Table 3.3. The reason is that Table 3.3 does not cover the amounts collected by the street gatherers from the garbage cans.

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

Table 1-9. Solid Waste Production Estimate for Istanbul UNIT 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2015 2017 2013 2019 2020 Total Population at Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Service Area person 13 524 240 14 012531 14 435 709 14 394 755 15 355 439 15 349 451 15 345 539 15 353 335 17 371 299 17 394 175 Service Coverage Rate % 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% Serviced Population person 13 524 240 14 012 531 14 435 709 14 394 755 15 355 439 15 349 451 15 345 539 15 353 335 17 371 299 17 394 175 Rate of Increase for Waste Generated per Person % 0.00% 1.50% 1.55% 1.50% 1.45% 0.10% 0.03% 0.02% 0.05% 0.07% Waste Generated per Total Persons Person/day/Kg 1.13 1.15 1.17 1.13 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 Domestic solid waste generation per capita Person/day/Kg 0.85 0.85 0.87 0.89 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 Commercial and corporate solid waste generation per capita Person/day/Kg 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 Domestic type industrial solid waste generation per capita Person/day/Kg 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 Total Waste Generation Ton/year 5 519 318 5 871 940 5 143 035 5 433 450 5 733 554 5 952 710 7 172 481 7 397 025 7 527 925 7 853 025 Daily Average Waste Generation Ton/day 15 395 15 088 15 830 17 525 18 448 19 049 19 551 20 255 20 898 21 543 Share of Organic Wastes within the Total Wastes % 50.00% 49.75% 49.50% 49.25% 49.00% 48.55% 48.30% 48.00% 47.85% 47.72% Organic Waste Generation Ton/year 2 809 559 2 921 290 3 040 803 3 158 479 3 299 491 3 382 494 3 464 308 3 550 572 3 550 725 3 752 235 Organic Waste Amount Generated in 2005 Ton/year 2 308 525 2 308 525 2 308 525 2 308 525 2 308 525 2 308 525 2 308 525 2 308 525 2 308 525 2 308 525 Organic Waste Ratio that can be sent to Regular Landfill Site % 100.00% 100.00% 95.00% 85.00% 75.00% 57.00% 58.00% 50.00% 47.50% 45.00% Organic Waste Amount that can be sent to Regular Landfill Site Ton/year 2 308 525 2 308 525 2 193 134 1 952 331 1 731 459 1 545 779 1 339 003 1 154 313 1 095 597 1 038 881 Organic Waste Amount to be Disposed outside the Regular Landfill Ton/year 501 034 512 555 847 509 1 205 143 1 558 022 1 835 715 2 125 305 2 395 259 2 554 128 2 713 355

UNIT 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Total Population at Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Service Area person 13423 343 13 959 977 19502 232 20 050 245 20 5 73 555 21 059 379 21535 012 21 957 355 22 354500 22 692053 Service Coverage Rate % 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Serviced Population person 13423 343 13 959 977 19502 232 20050 245 20573 555 21 059 379 21535 012 21 957 355 22 354500 22 692053 Rate of Increase for Waste Generated per Person % 0.10% 0.12% 0.15% 0.21% 0.23% 0.23% 0.23% 0.25% 0.25% 0.30% Person/day/K 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.22 1.22 1.22 1.23 1.23 Waste Generated per Total Persons g Domestic solid waste generation per capita Person/day/Kg 0.90 0.90 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.92 0.92 0.92 Commercial and corporate solid waste generation per capita Person/day/Kg 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.25 0.25 Domestic type industrial solid waste generation per capita Person/day/Kg 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 Total Waste Generation Ton/year 8 103 857 8 349 598 8 501 382 8 851 551 9 113 854 9 354 955 9583 701 9 800 775 9998 201 10 179 622 Daily Average Waste Generation Ton/day 22 202 22 375 23 555 24 273 24 959 25 530 25 257 25 851 27 392 27 889 Share of Organic Wastes within the Total Wastes % 47.53% 47.44% 47.30% 47.15% 47.00% 45.55% 45.72% 46.55% 45.44% 46.30% Organic Waste Generation Ton/year 3 855 820 3 951 097 4 058454 4 178 258 4 283 511 4 383 735 4477505 4555 201 4 643 165 4 713 165 Organic Waste Amount Generated in 2005 Ton/year 2 308 525 2 308 525 2 308 525 2 308 525 2 308 525 2 308 525 2 308 525 2 308 525 2 308 625 2 308 625 Organic Waste Ratio that can be sent to Regular Landfill Site % 42.5% 40.0% 38.0% 35.0% 35.0% 35.0% 35.0% 35.0% 35.0% 35.0% Organic Waste Amount that can be sent to Regular Landfill Site Ton/year 931155 923 450 377 273 831105 505 019 505 019 505 019 505 019 505 019 505 019 Organic Waste Amount to be Disposed outside the Regular Landfill Ton/year 2 874 555 3 037 547 3 191175 3 347 153 3 475 493 3 575 718 3 559487 3 757 182 3 835 146 3 905146

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

UNIT 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 2041 Total Population at Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Service person 22977973 23 221539 23 421 245 23 587536 23 721 985 23828 733 23912134 23971914 24 007 872 24 019 876 24 031 885 Area Service Coverage Rate % 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Serviced Population person 22977973 23 221539 23 421 245 23 587536 23 721 985 23 828733 23912134 23 971914 24 007 872 24 019 876 24 031 886 Rate of Increase for Waste Generated per Person % 0.30% 0.35% 0.35% 0.35% 0.40% 0.40% 0.45% 0.45% 0.50% 0.50% 0.55% Person/day/ 1.23 1.24 1.24 1.25 1.25 1.26 1.26 1.27 1.27 1.28 1.29 Waste Generated per Total Persons Kg Person/day/ 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.97 Domestic solid waste generation per capita Kg Commercial and corporate solid waste generation per Person/day 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.26 0.26 capita /Kg Domestic type industrial solid waste generation per Person/day 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 capita /Kg Total Waste Generation Ton/year 10 335809 10454 970 10 612153 10 724 906 10829182 10 921425 11008 965 11086155 11155 298 11219 697 11257 046 Daily Average Waste Generation Ton/day 28 326 28 726 29 074 29 383 29 669 29922 30162 30 373 30571 30739 30923 Share of Organic Wastes within the Total Wastes % 45.15% 46.00% 45.86% 45.72% 45.58% 45.44% 45.30% 45.15% 45.00% 44.86% 44.72% Organic Waste Generation Ton/year 4 771360 4 323 086 4 366 733 4 903 427 4 935 941 4962 695 4987063 5 005 399 5 021 234 5033 156 5 047567 Organic Waste Amount Generated in 2005 Ton/year 2 308 625 2 308 625 2 308 625 2 308 625 2 308 625 2 308 625 2 308 625 2 308 625 2 308 625 2 308 625 2 308 625 Organic Waste Ratio that can be sent to Regular Landfill Site % 35.0% 35.0% 35.0% 35.0% 35.0% 35.0% 35.0% 35.0% 35.0% 35.0% 35.0% Organic Waste Amount that can be sent to Regular Landfill Site Ton/year 303 019 803 019 805 019 808 019 805 019 808 019 808 019 808 019 505 019 808 019 808 019 Organic Waste Amount to be Disposed outside the Regular Ton/year 3 963 341 4 015 067 4 058 715 4 095 408 4127 922 4154 677 4179 044 4197 380 4 213 215 4 225 137 4 239 543 Landfill

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

1.4. Number and characteristics of machines and equipments to be used in activity units, maintenance and cleaning works (cleaning of the vehicle tires, cleaning of the containers and tanks etc.)

The machinery and equipment to be used during the construction phase of the proposed Project are shown at Table 1-10.

Table 1-10. Machine and Equipment List to be Used during Construction Period Machinery - Excavation and Site Foundation excavation, basic Fine works Equipment Arrangement Works construction, stake fixation Truck 30 10 1 Excavator 2 - - Loader 2 - - Crane 1 1 1 Mixer Pump 1 1 - Source: Yüksel Proje A.S.

The properties related to the machinery and equipment to be used at the plant are shown at Table 1-11. The periodical maintenance and repair, small overhauls or replacements of the vehicles to be used during the operation phase of the plant will be undertaken at the workshop to be installed. The spare parts required for small repairs and periodical maintenance shall be kept at the depot. The cleaning of the vehicles bringing waste to the plant shall not be performed at the Project Site.

Table 1-11. Machine and Equipment to be used in the Plant Units Quantity Turbine 2 Boiler 4 Cooling Tower 9 Slag Bunker 2 Bunker 2 Stack 4

The equipment to be used at the plant units shall be subjected to periodical maintenance during the operation phase.

1.5. Characteristics, capacity and amounts and numbers of the vehicles to be used for transportation, waste transportation method, waste collection and transportation details, number of transportation stations, locations, information regarding transportation stations, ownership status, route, technology to be used

IBB has 4 Transfer Stations in the European side and 3 in the Anatolian side. Of these stations, the ones in Anatolia side are; Hekimbaşı, Kucukbakkalkoy and Aydınlı Transfer Stations. In the European side, there are the Baruthane, Halkalı, Yenibosna and Silivri Transfer Stations. The properties of the 4 Transfer Stations of IBB located at the European side are shown in Table 1-12.

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

Table 1-12. Waste Amount Coming to Transfer Stations Average Transfer Waste Surface Number Districts Unloading at Operation Station Amount Area (m2) of bays the Transfer Site start date (day/ton) Silivri, Çatalca, Silivri 360 11.950 10 2007 Büyükçekmece Avcılar, Başakşehir, Bayrampaşa, Beylikdüzü, Halkalı 3.200 35.000 10 Büyükçekmece, Esenyurt, 1995 Esenler, Gaziosmanpaşa, Küçükçekmece Bahçelievler, Bakırköy, Yenibosna 2.700 33.000 10 Fatih, Zeytinburnu, 1995 Bağcılar, Güngören Beşiktaş, Beyoğlu, Fatih, Baruthane 2.300 6.000 5 1995 Eyüp, Kağıthane, Şişli Source: http://www.ibb.gov.tr

The domestic type of solid wastes shall be transported to the proposed plant from Silivri, Halkalı, Yenibosna and Baruthane Transfer Stations via semi-trailers (The number of vehicles to bring waste to the plant each day is 130 (see Table 1-13).

Table 1-13. Vehicle Number coming to the Plant Distance to the Project Site Transfer Station Number of Vehicles (ea) (km) Silivri ~ 53 Halkalı ~ 21 130 Yenibosna ~ 26 Baruthane ~ 24

During the transport of the wastes to the Project Site, D-010 highway shall be used. The wastes brought to the transfer stations by the district municipalities shall be brought to the proposed plant via semi-trailers.

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

1.6. Economic, social and infrastructure activities planned in the scope of the Project

A significant employment shall be created by providing the personnel to work at the construction and operation phase from the local public as much as possible.

Additional employment shall be provided in the construction and operation phases of the Project and economic revival opportunity shall be enabled. After the Project becomes operative, the social life of the local public shall also be contributed to significantly.

Furthermore, with the incineration system to be applied in the scope of the Project, significant reduction shall be obtained in the volume and amount of the wastes. Thanks to this method, the area required for the storage / land filling of the solid wastes will be reduced and the energy resulting from the process shall be recovered.

1.7. Studies regarding Project and site alternatives and general explanation of reasons of choosing the Project / site of the EIA Report, evaluation of the technology alternatives, evaluation of other applicable recycling methods

1.7.1. Project Site Alternative

The site where the plant planned to be built in the scope of the Project has been allocated to IBB for 49 years.

There is the IBB Solid Waste Processing, Recovery and Compost Plant nearby the proposed plant. It has been determined with preliminary survey studies that the sewerage network made to receive the domestic wastewaters of this existing plant is also suitable for the waste incineration plant to be newly built. Furthermore, the rainwater drainage line to be built in the scope of the project shall be connected to the conduit belonging to the IBB Solid Waste Processing, Recovery and Compost Plant.

There is a Φ 63 mm natural gas pipe at the existing compost plant. Connection shall be made to this line at IBB Waste Incineration and Energy Generation. Furthermore for emergency power requirement, it is foreseen to make a connection to the existing transformer at the IBB Solid Waste Processing, Recovery and Compost Plant.

While evaluating the alternatives related to the Project location, the environmental elements, economical and technical issues have been taken into consideration. While determining the plant location, the criteria given in Table 1-14 were considered.

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

Table 1-14. Place Alternatives Evaluation Criteria Selection Criteria Legislation provisions The location selection of the incineration plant should first comply with the existing valid laws and regulations. Municipality approval The location selection of the incineration plant should be made according to the needs of the Municipality. Public acceptance The public is very sensitive regarding solid waste management plants. It is a matter of preference for there to be no residential area directly near the plant. The incineration plant shall be preferable in the neighborhood of a commercial or industrial zone or other solid waste management plants. Land ownership A site belonging to the municipality should be preferred; when such a site is not available, private or treasury land should be expropriated. Distance of transport from The transport distance significantly affects the operation cost source to the plant Distance from the area where The transport distance of the un-utilized wastes to the final disposal site also the wastes are land filled affects the operation cost. Transportation to the plant The proximity of the plant to the main transportation arties would be more advantageous as compared to the site being located at a geographical center. Connection to electricity In order to sell the electrical energy generated at the plant, it needs to be customers connected to a power network. The shorter the connection line to be established between the plant and the network, the lower will be the energy loss, construction cost and negative visual impacts. Existing infrastructure It is a matter of preference for there to be sewerage connection, potable water network connection, telephone, etc. infrastructure at the solid waste incineration plant location.

In order to make the location selection process for the domestic waste incineration plant more objective, the location selection model prepared by the Turkish Ministry of Environment and Forestry has been used so that the determining reasons of location selection becomes more comprehensible and to be able to check the reasons for selecting a site. The main objective of the model is to complete plan the location selection process for the incineration plant, support the decision-making process, clarify the criteria playing a role in the location selection process and make the decision-making more transparent.

According to this model, the location selection of the planned plant was completed in four stages. In the first stage, 11 different locations were determined as alternatives where 8 was located in the European coast (Hasdal, Compost, Odayeri, Kayabaşı, Yenibosna-1, Yenibosna-2, Kırac, Baruthane) and 3 were located in the Asian coast (Hekimbaşı, Aydınlı, Kurtköy).

In the second stage, the “eliminating criteria” were used to reduce the number of location alternatives. As a result of the use of the eliminating criteria, 3 alternative locations Hasdal, Compost, Odayeri) were selected with comparable qualifications.

In the third stage, the remaining 3 alternative locations found as a result of the elimination in the second stage were scored from 1 to 5 by evaluating each criteria at “arrangement criteria”. Finally, the ordered scores were subjected to “weighting factor” and assessed once more.

The weighting factors were taken to be in the range of 0,5-2. As a result of this evaluation, the advantages and disadvantages of the alternative plant locations of the European coast are given in Table 1-15.

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

Table 1-15. Evaluation Table for Alternative Places in European Side Advantage Disadvantage Land size is not a limiting factor. If an Since the region is a forest land, problems can application is made for Land Allocation, land at be encountered for location allocation and this the required size can be obtained. is a time-taking process.

ODAYERI Since the Landfill site is nearby, the ash Its transport cost is higher as compared to transport cost is at the minimum level. Hasdal. Since it is near the land fill site, it will not bring any additional transport cost in addition to the existing waste transport cost. Due to its position, the waste transport can be Since it is located at about 12 km away from provided by the district municipalities. Since it the landfill site, the ash transport cost will be is located at a point before the landfill site, a high. reduction shall also be obtained at the waste HASDAL transport costs as well. Since the region was a former wild landfill site, ground improvement and excavation costs will A part of the land being allocated to the be high. municipality will shorten the process. The place being a “Solid Waste Plant”, Since the region is a filling ground, the soil eliminates the permit-allocation phases. works will be costly.

COMPOST Since the land size is about 15 hectares, in Since its location is after the landfill site, it will PLANT addition to the incineration plant, it is possible bring additional costs to the existing waste to apply open composting technique for the transportation costs. under-sieve material.

Based on the evaluation criteria given at Table 1-15, the alternative sites were scored with weighted scoring system (see Table 1-16).

Table 1-16. Alternative Field Selection Criteria and Scores EUROPEAN SIDE ARRANGEMENT CRITERIA HASDAL COMPOST ODAYERİ ENVIRONMENTAL CRITERIA Within water flooding area 5 5 5 Geological limitations 3 4 5 Hydro-geological and soil limitations 3 3 4 Within tourism / recreation area 5 5 5 Within protection areas with ecological and historical 5 5 5 value Total score 21 22 24 Weighted total score (Total score x 1,5) 31,5 33 36 PLANNING CRITERIA Sufficient size of area 3 5 4 Existing infrastructural connection 4 5 4 Distance to settlement area 3 4 4 Distance to main road 5 3 4 Distance of transport from source to plant 5 3 4 Distance to final disposal facilities 3 4 5 Proximity to industrial zone 1 1 1 Calorific value status 4 4 4 Proximity to electricity customers 5 5 5 Total score 33 34 35 Weighted total score (Total score x 2) 66 68 70

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

EUROPEAN SIDE ARRANGEMENT CRITERIA HASDAL COMPOST ODAYERİ POLITICAL AND LEGAL CRITERIA Compliance to legislative provisions 5 5 5 Approval by regional management 3 4 3 Approval by local authorities 3 4 3 Approval by the public 2 3 1 The land ownership belonging to the public 3 5 3 Total score 16 21 15 Weighted total score (Total score x 2) 24 31,5 22,5 FINANCIAL AND ECONOMICAL CRITERIA Costs of transport to the landfill 3 4 5 Costs of transport to the incineration plant 5 3 4 Total score 8 7 9 Weighted total score (Total score x 2) 8 7 9 FINAL SCORE 78 84 83 WEIGHTED FINAL SCORE 129,5 139,5 137,5

According to the scoring in Table 1-16, the results are shown in Figure 1-11.

Score Evaluation Table of Alternative Places

Figure 1-11. Scoring Table of Alternative Places

Hasdal Location has been accepted as the zero (reference) point for a waste incineration plant that can be established at the European Side with a capacity of 3.000 ton/day, ash and waste costs have been compared for Hasdal, Odayeri and Compost Plants. Hasdal is the most suitable point in terms of waste transport, but it has an ash transport cost. Odayeri is more costly as compared to Hasdal in terms of waste transport but does not contain ash transport cost, however it is likely that problems will be experienced in this region in terms of land allocation. The Compost plant has higher costs as compared to Odayeri and Hasdal in terms of waste and ash transport costs.

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

The satellite images of the 3 different locations selected as to be possible alternatives for site selection, being Hasdal, Compost and Odayeri, are given in Figure 1-12, Figure 1-13 and Figure 1-14.

Area planned to be rehabilitated

Figure 1-12. Hasdal Energy Generation Plant

Ownership Status Allocated for IBB

Area size (m2) 150.000 (15 ha)

Position on Plan Forest Area

Figure 1-13. Vicinity of the Compost Plant

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

Ownership Status: Belongs to the Forestry Directorate. Allocation to be monitored Area size (m2) under survey Position on Plan Forest Area

Figure 1-14. Vicinity of Regular Landfill Area

1.7.2. Technology Alternative

Incineration of wastes is one of the thermal disposal methods. The other methods are shown at Figure 1-15.

The screened incineration technology to be applied at the planned plant has more advantages (gasification and pyrolysis) as compared to other thermal methods (see Table 1-1). These methods can be listed as follows:

 There is no need for pre-processing.  Provides safe operation thanks to its long years of utilization experience.  It is resistant against changes in calorific value and waste composition.  It is possible to obtain thermal efficiency figures up to 85 %.  The problems such as landfill gas, seepage water and odor are minimized.  It ensures 75% weight-wise and 90% volume-wise reduction.

A significant amount of reduction shall be obtained at the volume and weight of the wastes with the incineration system to be applied in the scope of this project. This method shall enable reduction needed in solid waste storage and the energy present in the waste and emerging as a result of the process will be recovered.

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

Fixed Screen System

Screened Systems Mobile Screen System

Fixed Fluidized bed

Fluidized Bed Incineration Furnace Revolving Fluidized bed

Revolving Drum Furnace

Thermal Plasma Disposal Other methods Methods Electrical Arc

Pyrolysis Gasification

Gasification

Figure 1-15 Thermal Disposal Methods

As a result of the disposal method with incineration technology, 30% reduction is expected at the amount of waste occurring at the European side of Istanbul. Moreover, electricity generation shall be obtained at this project equal to the annual energy requirement of 300.000 houses (about 1.200.000 persons) and 3.000 tons of waste per day shall be disposed via incineration method.

1.8. Short description of Works and operations carried out until today regarding the Project

The works to be conducted in the scope of the Project are summarized below:

1.8.1. Geotechnical Works

In order to determine the geological units at the Project Site, the structural characteristics of the region, the critical segments and the geotechnical properties, site observations, foundation drills, research ditches, /wells, geophysical surveys, in-situ and laboratory tests were conducted.

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

In the scope of the works, the distribution of the units on the site and their geo- morphological properties were determined, an assessment was made at the usable areas of the structures foreseen in the scope of the design on the site and the “IBB Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Soil Research Report” was prepared by Yüksel Proje A.S. (see Appendix-D).

1.8.1.1. Drilling Works

Foundation research drills were made the Project Site. In these works, the groundwater levels were measured, drill logs an geological-geotechnical profiles were sketched.

In the scope of IBB Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant, 13 foundation (base) drill holes were opened with a total depth of 336,56 meters in order to detail the Project Site in geological-geotechnical terms, determine the engineering properties of the units and to determine the groundwater level.

During the base drills and in-situ tests, works were conducted considering the “Technical Specification for the Research Engineering Services for Consultancy Services” (2005) prepared by the Technical Research Department of the Highways General Directorate. During the drilling works, 2 ea truck-mounted CRG D500 and D750 rotary brand drill machine, 1 ea water tank and 1 ea pickup truck was used.

In order to determine the groundwater level at the Project Site, the circulation water at the drill well at the end of the shift was emptied with a “bailer” bucket and the waters inside the wells were measured the next day to record the groundwater level. Furthermore, after the drilling process was completed, perforated PVC pipe was lowered inside the wells for periodical observation of the groundwater. Detailed information regarding groundwater levels is provided in Section 3.4.

1.8.1.2. Geological Mapping

Based on the formerly prepared geological maps prepared for the Project Site, ½.000 scaled geological map of the site was prepared by Yüksel Proje A.S., geophysical profiling and geological-geotechnical profiling works were conducted on 1/1.000 scaled profiles (see Appendix-C).

1.8.1.3. In-Situ Tests

At the in-situ tests conducted at the Project Site, standard penetration (SPT) and Pressiometer tests were realized at the base drills conducted. Detailed information regarding the mentioned tests is provided at the Soil Research Report given in Appendix-D.

In order to determine the soil the units, the viscosity and toughness state of the upper surfaced levels of the ground, SPT was conducted as per the Technical Specification (2005) of the Technical Research Department of the Highways General Directorate and ASTM standards, representative worn out samples were taken. The taken samples were transferred to the Soil-Rock Mechanics Laboratory of Yüksel Proje A.S.

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

In order to determine the deformation properties of the units observed at the Project Site, Pressiometer tests were conducted. The tests were made by using Louis Menard GA type Pressiometer and 60 mm. N type probe. For each drill, the change of deformation module (EP), limit (PI) and (PI) net pressures along the depth was determined.

In order to determine the index features, digging ability, basic ground definitions of the units identified at the Project Site, 4 research ditches were opened with depths varying in the range of 2,70-3,20 m.

Detailed information regarding the drill works is provided at Section 3.1 and the Ground Research Report at Appendix-D.

1.8.2. Geophysical Surveys

With the aim of detailing the geological-geotechnical properties of this segment of the Project route, identification of the vertical-horizontal changes of the units, determination of the thickness of the artificial filling unit with heterogeneous properties, determination of the groundwater level and water saturated levels and analysis of geotechnical problems, multiple electrode resistivity tomography study was conducted at 10 profiles. During the studies, SSR8 8 channel 56 electrode multiple electrode system of AGI (Advanced Geosiences Inc.) and dipole-dipole electrode array was used and RES-IP measurements were taken. The length of the profile with an electrode distance of 5,00 m varies in the range of 275-475 m.

1.8.2.1. Laboratory Tests

The following soil mechanics and soil laboratory tests were conducted in order to determine the index and engineering properties of the units on the samples taken from the soil units and very weak rock units obtained from the foundation drills and research ditches:

 Natural water content,  Grain size distribution (sieve analysis),  Atterberg limits (liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index),  Modified Proctor,  Wet CBR (including swelling %).

On the other hand, rock mechanics tests could not be performed since sufficient size of core samples could not be obtained due to separation. For the soil identifications, “Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)” was used. The soil mechanics tests conducted on the samples were performed as per the ASTM and TSE standards.

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

1.8.3. Works to Determine the Existing Situation

In order to determine the current state of the Project Site, samples were taken at the sensitive receiving mediums closest to the Project Site. These samples were analyzed and reported by DOKAY Environmental Laboratory. The analysis results are presented in Appendix-E, the location map showing the measurement points is given in Appendix-C and the detailed assessment of the analysis results is given in Section 3.10.

1.8.3.1. Surface Water Analysis Report

In order to determine the current state of the Project Site, water samples were taken from the sensitive receiving medium closest to the Project Site being Işıklar Village at 600 m air flight distance to the site in the southwest direction. These samples were analyzed and the detailed analysis results and assessment thereof is provided in Section 3.10 and Appendix-E.

1.8.3.2. PM10 Measurement Results

In the scope of the air quality monitoring study, particulate matter sampling waste made with Mini Vol PM10 sampling device on November 3-4, 2011 at the sensitive receiving medium closest to the Project Site. The particulate matter concentration measured at the nearest residential area (Işıklar Village) to the Project Site was found to be much below the long term limit value (150 μg/m3) stated at Annex-IA of the “Air Quality Assessment and Management Regulation (HKDYY)” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 26898 of 06.06.2008. The detailed PM10 results and detailed assessment thereof is provided in Section 3.10 and Appendix-E.

1.8.3.3. Noise Measurement Results

In order to determine the current noise pollution load, noise measurement studies were conducted at Işıklar Village on September 3-4, 2011 by DOKAY Environmental Laboratory.

According to the measurement studies conducted at 1,5 m above ground at Işıklar Village, being the sensitive receiving medium nearest to the Project Site, the obtained values proved to be below 70 dBA, being the related limit level given at the “Environmental Noise Assessment and Management Regulation” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 27601 of 04.06.2010.

The noise measurement results and detailed assessment thereof is provided in Section 3.10 and Appendix-E.

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

1.8.3.4. NO2, SO2, HCl and HF Measurement Results

At air quality monitoring studies for the project, Breeze ISC (Industrial Source Complex) GIS Professional (License No: 8575279) distribution model, that was developed by USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) and is successfully being used at similar plants, were used and eight different air quality measurement locations were determined at the areas which has the highest value of contribution to the monthly air quality as per the “Industrial Based Air Pollution Control Regulation” (SKHKKY) enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 27277 of 03.07.2009. At these locations, NO2, SO2, HCl and HF monitoring studies are being conducted three times at monthly periods with diffusion tubes. The first, second and third period diffusion tubes were placed at Işıklar Village on December 11th 2011, January 24th 2012 and February 28th 2012, respectively. The position and coordinates of the diffusion tubes are presented at the Measurement Locations Map at Appendix-C. The results obtained from the measurements are shown in Section 3.10.

1.8.3.5. Dioxin and Furan Measurement Results

Dioxin and furan measurements at the Project Site were made by TUBITAK-MAM at Işıklar Village and Göktürk Town, being the nearest sensitive receiving mediums in the scope of the project. The measurements were taken on January 23-24, 2012 for a period of 24 hours each. The results of the study are provided at Section 3.10 and Appendix-E.

1.8.4. Modeling Studies

1.8.4.1. Acoustics Report Modeling Study

An Acoustic Report was prepared in order to determine the noise and vibration levels to be caused by the equipment and vehicles to work at the construction and operation phases of the Project (see Appendix-F).

The calculations were made using IMMI noise mapping model. IMMI noise mapping model contains modules considering many different sources (point, line, area) from industrial plants to highway and airway traffic and can make the simulation of the noise levels emitted from these sources. The model can also calculate the noise levels at different times and with different noise indicators (Lday, Levening and Lnight) and also taking into account the properties (geographical, physiographic, elevations, absorption coefficient, soil status, meteorological conditions, etc.) of the mediums the volume levels of the sources can come across while spreading to the environment.

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

1.8.4.2. Air Quality Modeling Study

In order to evaluate the cumulative impact to be created by the Project Site and the plants in the impact area, Air Quality Modeling study was performed (see Appendix-G). In this study, the possible emissions of the planned IBB Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant were assessed as per the “Regulation on the Incineration of Wastes” (AYIY) and “Regulation on the Control of Industrial Based Air Pollution” (SKHKKY) and air quality modeling study was performed for the Project.

During the air quality modeling study, the contribution values to the air pollution (HKKD) within the plant impact area was added on the existing air quality values and the resulting figures were compared with the related limit values. The results of the modeling studies were assessed as per the “Air Quality Assessment and Management Regulation” (HKDYY) enforced on 06.06.2008.

1.8.5. Design Studies

Design studies were conducted in the scope of the Project by considering criteria such as the existing facilities, road status, topographical status, residential areas, etc.

The simulation images of the plant decided as a result of the architectural studies performed for the proposed Project are given in Figure 1-16, Figure 1-17, Figure 1-18 and Figure 1-19.

Figure 1-16. Simulation View of the Recommended Plant – 1 Source: Yüksel Proje A.S. Design Document

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

Figure 1-17. Simulation View of the Recommended Plant – 2 Source: Yüksel Proje A.S. Design Document

Figure 1-18. Simulation View of the Recommended Plant – 3 Source: Yüksel Proje A.S. Design Document

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

Figure 1-19. Simulation View of the Recommended Plant – 4 Source: Yüksel Proje A.S. Design Document

1.8.6. Basic Engineering Studies

In order to determine the topographical structure of the land where the plant will be established, the existing infrastructure and superstructure facilities on the land, visits were arranged to the plant by Yüksel Proje A.S., the related infrastructure authorities were visited and necessary information was gathered. Maps were gathered for the land where the plant will be established, 1/1.000 and 1/5.000 scaled maps were prepared. All the prepared maps were examined to analyze the plant filling field structure.

1.8.7. Works Regarding the Road and Alternative Roads

The trucks to bring waste to the plant in the scope of the Project will use the existing D-010 Highway. Entrance to the plant will be at the same place as the entrance to the existing IBB Solid Waste Processing, Recovery and Compost Plant, then passage shall be provided for entrance to the proposed plant. The roads to be constructed to access the units within the plant shall be asphalt coated concrete. The Road Application Maps of the Project is provided at Appendix-C.

The excavation materials to be obtained during the construction works shall be transported to the licensed unloading site at İhsaniye Village and during this transport, D-010 Highway shall be used.

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

1.8.8. Studies Regarding the Determination of Existing and Planned Infrastructure Facilities

Based on the observations made at the Project Site on September 22nd, 2011, the meetings held with ISKI General Directorate Drinking Water and Sewerage Department Presidency and IGDAS General Directorate, it has been determined that there is not infrastructural facility at the place where the proposed plant will be installed.

1.8.8.1. Drinking and Utility Water

In the scope of the Project, drinking and utilization water will be obtained from the existing network. Considering the possible fire risk at the Project Site, one water depot at 100 m3 shall be installed at the plant. The waters collected from the roofs shall be accumulated at the lake area just nearby the Project Site and then transferred to the water depot to be installed.

The Infrastructure Projects prepared for the Project are given in Appendix-C.

1.8.9 Archaeological Study

At the area of the Project Site, surface inspection was made by Archeologist Engin Coşar on January 12th, 2012 and no archeological finding was encountered. However, the following historical works were observed at the surroundings of the nearby residential areas.

Ottoman Fountain: At the inspections made at the nearby villages of the Project Site, the fountain structure at the entrance of Işıklar Villages dates back to the Ottoman Period. It is seen that Ottoman scriptures were used on the marbles (see Photograph 1-1).

Date: 12.01.2012 Time: 11:17 Coordinates: Ed50 Zone 35 6533331 E 4565646 N Photographed By: Engin ÇOŞAR Photograph direction: Southwest Photograph No: 025-06-CBS-DKÇ-P014

Photograph 1-1. Işıklar Village entrance, Historical Fountain of Ottoman Empire Period

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

At the Ottoman language scripture taking place on the fountain the date is written as Roumi 1322 (see Photograph 1-2) (According to Gregorian calendar, approximately 1906/1907).

Date: 13.01.2012 Time: 11:17 Coordinates: Ed50 Zone 35 6533331 E 4565646 N Photographed By: Engin ÇOŞAR Photograph direction: Southwest Photograph No: 025-06-CBS-DKÇ-P015

Photograph 1-2. Işıklar Village entrance, Historical Fountain of Ottoman Period, Ottoman Turkish Script

It is understood from the renewal dates written at the front side of the fountain (1941 and 1963) that the original fountain was here and then it was renewed in the later years. This fountain located about 900 m away from the Project Site is not within the possible construction impact area.

The presence of possible archeological areas at the cemeteries at the exit of Işıklar Village and İhsaniye Village was also examined. No archeological finding was encountered at these areas which are modern era cemeteries (see Photograph 1-3 and Photograph 1-4).

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

Date: 12.01.2012 Time: 11:27 Coordinates: Ed50 Zone 35 652404 E 4566281 N Photographed By: Engin ÇOŞAR Photograph direction: Southwest Photograph No: 025-06-CBS-DKÇ-P016

Photograph 1-3. Işıklar Village Cemeteries Area

Date: 12.01.2012 Time: 11:50 Coordinates: Ed50 Zone 35 651619 E 4566919 N Photographed By: Engin ÇOŞAR Photograph direction: North Photograph No: 025-06-CBS-DKÇ-P017 Photograph 1-4. İhsaniye Village Cemeteries Area

1.8.10. Ecological Study

An ecological study was conducted by Biologist Celal Denizli in order to determine the flora and fauna characteristics of the Project Site (see Photograph 1-5). In this study, the properties of the Project Site and the vicinity thereof were examined in terms of flora and fauna. The details on this topic are provided in Section 3.5.

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

Time: 10:14 Coordinates: Ed50 Zone 35 651852 E 4565280 N Photographed By: Celal DENİZLİ Photograph direction: - Photograph No: 025-06-CBS-DKÇ-P008

Photograph 1-5. Images from Ecology Studies Made in the Project Field

1.8.11. Public Participation Meeting

A Public Participation Meeting was convened at the meeting hall of the IBB Waste Processing Recycling and Compost Plant on 20.12.2011 in order to obtain public participation to the EIA process, inform the public regarding the activity and receive their opinions and suggestions as per article 9 of the EIA Regulation in the scope of IBB Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Project.

The meeting date, time and place has been notified to the public with announcements published at a national (09.12.2011 dated Bugün Newspaper) and a local newspaper (09.12.2011 dated Yeni Değişim Newspaper).

During the meeting, information on the project was provided, examples were presented from the same type of energy generation plants in operation at various countries, the

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

reason for disposing the wastes with incineration technology and the advantages of this system were explained.

The local community participating to the meeting have asked about whether the odors caused from the existing compost plant would also be present at the proposed plant or not; whether there will be any environmental pollution due to the wastewaters and whether there would be air pollution or not.

Detailed information and photographs of the Public Participation Meeting realized under the chairmanship of Istanbul Environment and Urbanization Directorate on December 20th 2011 are given in Section 5.

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

2. LOCATION OF THE SITE CHOSEN FOR THE PROJECT

2.1. Approved Landscaping Plan (1 / 100.000 scaled) of the Project site, ratified for accuracy from the related administration, also containing legends and plan notes, Master Plan, display on Application Tentative Plan (if existing 1 / 5000 and / or 1 / 1000 scaled Development Plans), location and use of the Project area on all plans, showing health protection band on these plans, showing industrial and residential areas existing near the Project area on a scaled map, specifying distances, showing the place on which part of the Project, directions, site location map, road routes to access the plant, the relationship of the planned plant with existing structures and 1 / 25000 scaled contour map of the area, Project area and panoramic photos of the surroundings, necessary permissions (explanations related with the subject must be given in the report text)

* Plans must be presented with legends and plan notes, and stamped with “same as original” seal

IBB Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Project is located in Istanbul province, Eyüp district at Kısırmandıra Location. The Project Site is located at 15 km northwest flight distance of Eyüp district center, 600 m southwest of Işıklar Village, 7 km northwest of Göktürk Town and 1,3 km south of İhsaniye Village. The planned plant shall be constructed on an area of 8 ha.

The Site Location Map showing the position of the Project Site within Turkey is shown in Figure 2-1, whereas the General Layout Plan showing the Project Site, the Topographical Map, Environmental Layout Plan and Satellite Image are all given in Appendix-C.

According to the 1/100.000 scaled Environmental Layout Plan, the Project Site is located on a forest land without trees. Expropriation is not made for forest areas and the necessary permits shall be taken as per article 17 of the Forestry Law no. 6831. As per the letter of the Forest General Directorate given in Appendix-I, the Project Site has been allocated to IBB for 49 years. As can be seen in the Development Plan at Appendix-C, the Project Site has been identified as “Solid Waste Plants (Composting and Recycling, Incineration, Drying Plants and Plants for Generating Energy from Wastes)”. The Development Plan was approved by IBB on 18.02.2012. At the 1/5.000 scaled Development Plan, the Project Site has been identified as “Solid Waste Plants (Composting and Recycling, Incineration, Drying Plants and Plants for Generating Energy from Wastes)”.

During the transport of the wastes from the transfer stations to the planned plant, D- 010 Highway shall be used. The flight distance of the Transfer Stations to the Project Site is given in Table 1-13. Furthermore, during the transport of the excess excavation material to be obtained during the construction phase to the licensed unloading site at İhsaniye Village, again D-010 Highway shall be used. The distance of the excavation unloading site to the Project Site is about 3-4 km.

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

Nearby the Project Site, there is IBB Solid Waste Processing Recycling and Compost Plant, Kilsan is present at 600 m flight distance to the east, and Işıklar Tuzla Factories are present 800 m to the southeast.

IBB Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant

Scale: 1/100.000

Figure 2-1. Project Field Location Map

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

The coordinates of the Project Site is provided at Table 2-1 and the photographs of the Project Site are given in Photograph 2-1, Photograph 2-2, Photograph 2-3 and Appendix-H.

Table 2-1. Coordinates of Project Field Coordinates (UTM Zone: 35 Datum ED50) Corner Point No East (x) North (y) 1 400607 4566498 2 400965 4566038 3 400950 4566031 4 400859 4566142 5 400509 4566074 6 400385 4566177 7 400392 4566539

Date: 19.10.2011 Time: 10:49 Coordinates: Ed50 Zone 35 652107 E 4565515 N Photographed By: Günal Özenirler Photograph direction: - Env. Engineer – Environment Officer Photograph No: 025-06-CBS-DKÇ-P003

Photograph 2-1. Images from Project Field – 1

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

Date: 19.10.2011 Time: 10:57 Coordinates: Ed50 Zone 35 652107 E 4565515 N Photographed By: Günal Özenirler Photograph direction: - Env. Engineer – Environment Officer Photograph No: 025-06-CBS-DKÇ-P012

Photograph 2-2. Images from Project Field – 2

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

2.2. Underground water, surface water, earthquake zones, geological structure, residential areas, transportation network, power transmission lines, land capability and other utilities around the activity area to be shown on 1 / 25000 scaled topographic map with legend information to be able to evaluate the existing field situation of the facility area and its adjacent surroundings (Explanations related with the subject must be given in the text)

The Project Site has been allocated to IBB in 1997 by the Forestry General Directorate for a period of 49 years. The nearest residential areas, surface water sources, fault line, school, Wild Life Development site, power transmission lines, road and industrial plants to the Project Site are given in Table 2-2 and they are displayed at the Topographical Map is Appendix-C.

Table 2-2. Location of Project Field According to its Close Surroundings Position according to Distance to the Nearest Locations Name the Project Site Project Site (approx) Işıklar Village NE ~600 m Residential Area İhsaniye Village NW ~1,3 km Puddles created due to Surface water source At the Project Site - seasonal rainfall North Anatolian Fault Fault Line SE-NW ~66 km Line Private Tourism School NE ~400 m Vocational School Wild Life Development Çilingoz Wild Life W ~20 km Site Development Site Power transmission PTL-1 SE-NW ~360 m line PTL-2 SE-NW ~420 m Road D010 SE-NW ~580 m IBB Soil Waste Processing Recycling Nearby - and Compost Plant Medical Waste Industrial Facility SE ~3,4 km Incineration Plan Kilsan Brick Factory E ~600 m Hamidiye Spring SE ~15 km Waters Filling Center

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

2.3. The Location of the Activity Units in the Scope of the Project (showing locations of all administrative and social units, technical infrastructure units, and other units, if any, in the layout plan, outdoor and indoor area values specified for these locations, floor numbers of buildings, and their heights)

The places of the activity units taking place in the scope of the Project are shown at the General Layout Plan shown at Appendix-C. The closed area sizes of the units are given in Table 2-3. The Project Site shall be installed on an approximate land of 8 ha and this area becomes 14,8 ha when the environmental arrangements are included as well.

Table 2-3. Area Values of Buildings to be constructed in the scope of the Project No Description Area (m2) 1 Administrative Building 677 2 Workshop and Depot Building 1.175 3 Air Cooler Unit 2.270 4 Waste Unloading Area 5.400 5 Waste Storage Bunker-1 1.330 6 Waste Storage Bunker-2 1.440 7 Slag Storage Bunker-1 1.390 8 Slag Storage Bunker-2 2.390 9 Turbine Building 1.440 10 Truck Waiting Unit 3.185 11 Control Weighing Unit 1.120 12 Recreation and Travel Area 53.000 13 Parking Lot 1.860 14 Open Storage Area 2.600 15 Switchyard 7.600 Source: General Layout Plan

2.4. The amount of the area to be used during the construction and operation duration of the Project and the description of the field, the degree of sensitivity, geographical shape of the area, the geographical definition of the area, (country coordinates – geographical coordinates), ownership status

The planned waste incineration plant shall be installed on a total area of about 8 hectares and this area has been allocated to IBB for 49 years (see Appendix-I). Currently, there is no forested area in the site. According to the Land Asset Map presented at Appendix- C, the Project Site is classified as a Brown Forest Soil without Lime.

As can be seen at the Development Plan presented at Appendix-C, the site has been identified as “Solid Waste Plants (Composting and Recycling, Incineration, Drying Plants and Plants for Generating Energy from Wastes)”. The Site is located directly nearby IBB Solid Waste Recycling and Compost Plant. The coordinates of the Project Site is given in Table 2-1.

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

Since no storage process will be conducted in the scope of the Project, there will be no depot site.

The area where the plant shall be installed is geologically located on the Belgrade Formation (see Appendix-C: Geological Map).

In terms of its position, the Project Site is not located within a National Park, Natural Park, Nature Preservation Site, Natural Monuments, Wild Life Preservation Sites, Culture Assets, Site and Protection Areas and Registered fields, Water Products Production and Reproduction Site, Private Environmental Protection Zone and 1st degree military restricted zone (see Appendix-C: Protection Areas Map).

At the construction phase of the project, it is expected that 950.000 m3 of excavation material will be obtained. All of the Excavation materials shall be sent to the licensed unloading site at İhsaniye Village located at a flight distance of 3-4 km. While sending out the excavation material, D-010 Highway shall be used. During the transport, loading and unloading of the excavation material during the construction phase of the project, the vehicles’ tops shall be covered, loading and unloading processes shall be realized without scattering. The licensed unloading site is 3-4 km southwest of the planned plant site.

2.5. Traffic situation in the area of the field and the traffic management of the field, the way to Access the field, the distance to highways, showing the road to Access the field on a plan

The Project Site is located at Eyüp district, Kısırmandıra Location. Waste shall be transported to the planned plant with 130 trucks per day and the trucks shall use D-010 Highway for transport. The distance of the Project Site to D-010 Highway is about 580 m. Plant entrance and exits during the construction and operation phases shall be provided from the existing junctions and no connection road shall be constructed.

The traffic volume of D-010 Highway for 2011 year has been provided in Table 24 in the scope of the study titled Motorways and State Roads Traffic Volume Map realized by the Transport and Cost Surveys Branch of the Program and Monitoring Department of the Highways General Directorate. It is inevitable for there to be an additional load at the local transport network at the shipment periods due to the trucks to bring waste to the plant.

Table 2-4. Traffic Volume of D – 010 Highway for 2011 At Construction At Operation Measurement Point Current State Phase Phase Automobile 417 Medium Loaded Commercial Vehicle 29 Bus 1 50 130 Truck 152 Truck + Trailer, Tow Truck + Side 87 Trailer Total 686 50 130 Increase (vehicle/day) - 736 816 Increase (%) - 7,3 18,9

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

The total vehicle volume at D-010 Highway is 686 vehicles/day (see Figure 2-2) and there will be an additional vehicle load of 50 vehicles/day at the construction phase and 130 vehicles/day at the operation phase of the plant. As a result, D-010 highway shall have 736 vehicles/day (7,3%) and 816 vehicles/day (18,9%) vehicle volume during the construction phase and operation phase of the Project, respectively.

Figure 2-2. Traffic Volume Map (2011) Source: http://www.kgm.gov.tr/

During sending the excavation material to come out at the construction activities to the licensed unloading site at İhsaniye Village, again D-010 Highway shall be used. The distance of the unloading site to the Project Site is 3-4 km (flight distance).

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

The wastes shall be brought to the plant with trucks from 4 Transfer Stations located at the European side. The distance of these transfer stations to the Project Site is shown at Table 1-9. The roads to be used by the trucks while bringing the wastes to the Project Site are given in Table 2-5 and the position of these roads according to the Project Site is shown at Figure 2- 3.

Table 2-5. Roads to be used by Lorries Bringing Wastes from Transmission Stations to the Project Field Transfer Station Road to be Used Silivri Transfer Station D-010 Halkalı Transfer Station D-010 Yenibosna Transfer Station D-010 Halkalı Transfer Station D-010

Project Site

Halkalı Solid Waste Transfer Station

Silivri Solid Waste Transfer Station Baruthane Solid Waste Transfer Station

Yenibosna Solid Waste Transfer Station

Figure 2-3. Transmission Stations Locations According to Project Field Source: http://www.ibb.gov.tr/sites/atikyonetimi/Documents/index.html

Concrete covered roads shall be built to enable transportation among the units within the plant. The Road Application Maps showing the road status at the Project Site are presented in Appendix-C.

In relation to the use of the roads at the construction and operation phases of the project, the relevant articles of the Traffic Law no. 2918, and all the laws and regulations enforced related to Highways shall be obeyed.

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

At the entrance to, exit from and transportation on the highway, every kind of safety measures shall be taken by IBB in line with the views of the Highways 1st Regional Directorate.

Every kind of safety measures shall be taken by IBB and the responsibility shall be borne by IBB to prevent the occurrence of accidents on the roads due to the transport of solid wastes in line with the views of the Highways 1st Regional Directorate.

Furthermore, during the construction and operation phases of the activity, the highway will be left undamaged and the possible damages shall be eliminated with a protocol to be signed with the Highways 1st Regional Directorate.

In the scope of the project, action will be taken in line with the views of the Highways 1st Regional Directorate presented at Appendix-I.

In the scope of the project, the provisions of the Regulation on the Transport of Hazardous Substances via Highways enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 26479 of 31.03.2007, provisions of the Regulation on the Plants to be Built and Operated near Highways and the withdrawal margins starting from expropriation limit of the Highways shall be obeyed.

Vehicle tracking system shall be used at the vehicles to be driven in the scope of the project and thereby the idle period, being a very important factor is vehicle driving economy, shall be checked. In this manner, the fuel losses during idle time shall be minimized and since the amount of carbon monoxide to be emitted due to idly-waiting vehicle will be reduced, air pollution will also be decreased.

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

3. ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROJECT AREA AND ITS IMPACT AREA

3.1. Geological Characteristics (geological and soil information of the region and Project site, type of the soil, showing the Project area on the 1 / 1000 scaled plant plan, geotechnical survey report, showing the well locations in the geotechnical survey report with their places and elevation values and lithologic characteristics, giving the massive permeability values with geomechanical characteristics, determining the underground water situation in the field, water analysis in terms of environmental situation determination)

Istanbul Strait forms the approximate border of two different sedimentary groups of Marmara Region. The East (Asia) coast of Istanbul Strait is comprised of greywacke sediments called Thrace Formation which is Paleozoic (Carboniferous) aged on the visible foundation of the region (Kaya, 1969-1971), whereas the west coast (Europe) is comprised of Cenozoic aged young deposits fitting non-conformingly on these greywacke sediments. The young deposits can be found widespread to the west of Istanbul Strait as a result of an N-S oriented, west-sloped structure and starts with Eocene aged marine Kırklareli limestones on greywacke stones (Keskin, 1966). In the Neocene era, young crumbed sedimentary groups continuing their widespread deposition in the terrestrial – shallow marine environment (Yuzer, et al. 1988) form the dominant deposits of Istanbul European coast called the Thrace Basin (please see Figure 3-1).

Project Site

Figure 3-1. Simplified Geological Map of European Coast of Istanbul Source: Geological – Hydrogeological Conditions in terms of the Environmental Impact Assessment of the Istanbul province, European coast, Kemerburgaz Solid Waste Landfill Site.

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

3.1.1. Regional geology, explaining and showing the Project field on a 1 / 25000 scaled geological map

3.1.1.1. Regional Geology

Two big rock groups surface at and nearby Istanbul province. Among these two groups that have become adjacent with tectonic events, the stack displaying metamorphism is called Istrance Assembly and the stack that does not display metamorphism is called Istanbul Assembly.

Istanbul province boundaries contain a small part of the metamorphites of Istranca Assembly containing schist, quartzite and magmatics, covering wide areas especially between Tekirdağ-Edirne, in the north of the Thrace peninsula. At the west and north segments of Çatalca district, units called Teledere Group, Kızılağaç Metagranite, Şermat Quartzite and Mahya Schist surface that belong to the mentioned metamorphic stack.

Istanbul Assembly contains rock units, that do not display metamorphism, at Paleozoic and Mesozoic age, covering wide areas at both coasts of the Strait and at Kocaeli peninsula. Early Ordovician aged terrestrial deposits representing river and lagoon environments (Kocatöngel Formation and Kurtköy Formation) form the oldest rock units that surface within the Istanbul Assembly at and nearby the metropolitan area. The region in the form of a land at the Early Ordovician era commence with a transgression represented by the quartzite of Ordovician aged Aydos Formation and is being covered with a tectonically stable sea that becomes deeper in the Silurian-Devonian era. In this process, the following units deposit from the oldest to the youngest: Yaylalar Formation represented with milestone-sandstone (Early Ordovician), Pelitli Formation reflecting shelf type carbonate sedimentation (Early Ordovician-Silurian), Kartal Formation representing low energy open shelf medium, with abundant macrofossils, covering shales with mica with rare limestone interim contribution (Early-Middle Devonian) and Denizli Village Formation representing open shelf medium, with intense lumped limestones (Late Devonian-Early Carboniferous). Early Carboniferous aged silica containing deposits (Baltalimanı Member) present as interim levels within the Denizli Village Formation and that can be observed as a guide level at the top segment, indicate the presence of a volcanic activity causing intense silica carrying, nearby the mentioned marine basin. At Early Carboniferous era, instable medium conditions are prevalent where turbid flows develop represented with filish type sandstone-shale cascades (Thrace Formation). Depending on the tectonic movements effective in the Carboniferous- Permian period, the magmatic intrusions represented with Sancaktepe Granite (Permian) develop and they re-gain a land form. In this respects Permian-Early Triassic aged terrestrial stacks (Kapaklı Formation) deposit. In the Middle-Late Triassic period, the region is again being covered with a transgressive sea that progressively gets deeper and that is represented with, in order, in between tide deposits (Demirciler Formation), shelf carbonate (Ballıkaya Formation) and hillside deposits (Tepeköy Formation and Bakırlıkıran Formation). A rock unit formed in the Jura-Early Creatate period was not observed. The Late Cretaceous has been presented with Sarıyer Formation and Yemişliçay Formation covering volcano-sedimentary stack comprised of andesitic vulcanite and filish type crumbs. It is considered that the Upper Cretaceous aged Çavuşbağı Granodiorite is the depth rock related to the island arc volcanism that has been active in the closing up of Thetis Ocean.

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

In the Eocene, the compressive movements that have affected most part of Anatolia have caused intense curving and faulting in the Marmara basin that also covers Istanbul region. It is considered that Sarıyer-Şile Fault, causing Paleozoic and Mesozoic aged rock units to overlay Upper Cretaceous-Early Eocene aged stacks and progressing the region from the north towards about E-W direction, was developed depending on those movements. It is understood that the olisostroms observed inside the shales of the Below-Middle Eocene aged Şile Formation has developed depending upon the instable medium conditions caused by these movements.

During the Middle Eocene (Lutecian), the region was subjected to a new transgression and covered with a sea where sandbank and reefs deposit at Çatalca and Şile region coasts in the Middle Eocene-Early Oligocene range. In connection with the tectonic movements that affected the whole Thrace basin at the Middle-Late Oligocene, the region rose again and entered a terrestrialization process continuing up to this day and especially the river accumulations (Kıraç Formation and Çukurçeşme Formation) and lagoon and lake sediments (Danişmen Formation and Çekmece Formation) have developed that represent the Late Oligocene - Late Miocene interval. As a result of these movements causing compaction in the N-S direction, NW-SE and NE-SW axis progressing switching fault and joint systems developed frequently. The weakness zones developing along the switching fractures oversaw the development of Istanbul and Canakkale straits and the great river valleys of the region and of the morphology of Haliç, and has caused them to acquire zigzag geometry conforming to NW-SE and NE-SW directions (www.mta.gov.tr ).

3.1.1.2. Tectonic Structure

Istanbul Paleozoic sediments composing a concordant stack has been curved with Hercynian orogenesis. Hercynian curves basically look like a compact, closed, asymmetrical and concentric type. There are also some which are locally diapyric. The curves at the place where there are relatively more resistant units inside the Istanbul Paleozoic stacks can be seen to be more expanse and concentric.

At the Alpine orogenesis effective on the region, all the aged units have been pushed on Upper Cretaceous -Paleocene and Bottom Eocene aged units. With these movements, the Palezoic aged units have been curved for the first time. The sediments developing after Bottom Eocene until today have created open curves due to the fractures of the underlying foundation. The Eocene, Oligocene and Miocene deposits that cover the Paleozoic units with angular discordance have mostly a small slope and almost near horizontal. At these stacks discriminated as Soğucak, Ceylan, Karaburun, Gürpınar, Çukurçeşme, Güngören and Bakırköy formations, generally epeirogenic movements have been prevalent. The Eocene, Oligocene and Miocene deposits have mostly been affected from the paleologic state of the underlying Thrace Formation.

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

Due to the deformations caused by the North Anatolian Fault Zone (KAFZ) developing as a result of the stripping tectonics observed in the region starting with the Pliocene, open curvings and faulting have occurred at the Neocene stack at the south of Istanbul Peninsula.

3.1.1.3. Stratigraphy

The stratigraphic vertical cross section of Istanbul province has been presented in Figure 3-2.

Thrace Formation (Ct): The unit with soiled yellow, yellowish gray color; silica containing shale, mica containing sandstone and limestone, lensed milestone sandstone interim leveled shales has been examined under the name of Thrace formation. The Thrace Formation is comprised of gray-dark gray colored, thin layered, tough, abundantly jointed and plant traced silica containing shale; then over this layer, fresh surface, yellowish gray, bluish gray, separation surface soiled yellow colored, medium-thick layered, much separated mica containing sandstones and finally on the top, fresh surface bluish gray, separation surface soily yellow colored; laminate and thin layered, carton/plate-like cleaved, tough, occasional limed and limestone lensed milestone and fine grained sandstone interim leveled shales making up the main stack of the unit (Yurtsever, 1992).

Belgrade Formation (Tmpb): This stack with greenish gray colored clay interim levels at the base; scarlet brown, brownish yellow colored, un-fixated, red-colored clay, bad gradated gravel and coarse gravels and red colored, fine-medium grained sands in general is called Belgrade formation. This Belgrade formation is widespread in the north segment of Istanbul peninsula, at the area between Karaburun-Kumköy-Kemerburgaz-Boğulca. In the other segments of the peninsula, they are observed as thin, expanded remnant crops on ridges. At the bottom levels of the unit comprised of red, brown, brownish yellow, occasional white colored, occasional cross layered, bad gradated, red clay-silt clay, unfixated, gravel coarse gravel and medium-fine grained sands; greenish gray colored bentonitic clays are observed rarely that contain low calorie fine lignite bands. It contains silicate wood parts with boat type cross layers. The age of this unit that does not contain fossil is accepted to the Upper Miocene – Pliocene at the latest (Umut et al., 1984).

Alluvial (Qal): The expansive alluvial at Istanbul Peninsula expand over the valleys in the north of Büyükçekmece Lake and Küçükçekmece Lake. Furthermore, the downstream part of Ayamama Stream and Cavurbağı Stream and Çırpıcı Meadow are wide alluvial plains. In addition, alluvials have developed at Alibey Stream, Kağıthane Stream, Kemerburgaz Valley and Bolluca Valley. The alluvial unit that is generally composed of unfixated clay-silt- sand and small gravel levels transiting into and alternating with each other, can be found at the valley inner sections and seasonally water carrying small stream beds within the Project Site.

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

AGE ROCK TYPE DESCRIPTIONS

Qy Artificial Filling Qal Alluvial Qk beach

Quart. Qd dune - Tmbp Clay interim leveled bad gradated gravel and sand Tme Green clay interim leveled low fixated gravel and sand

Pli o Tmb Clayey limestone, clay interim leveled limestone with macatra Tmg Limestone with macatra on tip, interim leveled clay and marl Tmc Clay, marl interim leveled, ribbed sand and gravel

with fossil Miocene Todc Channel filling gravel stone pockets Y Tod Limestone interim leveled, clay stone sand stone milestone

R Tos Clay stone silt stone alternated sand stone-clay with coal strips

A Top Sand stone, gravel stone, oolitic limestone and I clayey limestone T Teoi Sand stone gravel stone tuff interim leveled clay stone-sand stone Tek Sand stone, clay stone interim leveled recifal R limestone Tei Gravel stone, sand stone, clayey sandy limestone

E and marl T

Kss Spilite, basalt, riolite, andesite, laval, agglomerate and tuffs Ks Lava, tuff, agglomerate interim layered gravel stone Cretacious Upper Eocene Oligocene and sand stone

ISTRANCA MASSIVE ISTANBUL πb Litarenite graveled sub-litarenite and shale πbk Gray colored dolomitic limestone

πe Sub greywacke rich in quartz

Ctg Shale with silica, greywacke Ctc Shale, chert interim leveled limestone Ctç Greywacke shale alternation Ctk Shale greywacke alternation Ctb Channel filling gravel stone Cta Shale, shale w/ silica, clay stone, greywacke alter.

Kgd Granodiorite Jsm Volcanite interim added meta-greywacke, meta sandstone πm Fine carbonate stripped scist and fillates Pπk Meta gravel stone, meta sandstone, quartz schists

Permien Triace Jura Cretac. Carboniferous Triace Pkk Gneisic granite Figure 3-2. Generalized Stratigraphic Vertical Cross Section Source: IBB Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant, Ground Survey Report, 2011.

3.1.1.4. Landslide and snow slides

Istanbul Paleozoic known as a very wide area within the boundaries of Istanbul is covered with solid tough and crystallized rocks belonging to the foundation. It has a high bearing capacity and these rocks, accepted to have an overall good level of geotechnical properties, do not contain a significant landslide risk. Other than this, the primary volcanic

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

rocks, separated andesite, agglomerate, tuff and similar units and loosely held sediments on the Upper Cretaceous-Pliocene sediments continuing towards Şile, Anadolufeneri, Zekeriyaköy, Ağaclı and Karacaköy limiting the Paleozoic foundation rocks from the north form a critical ground in terms of their geotechnical properties.

Istanbul city center is a peninsula and is separated from Beyoğlu with Haliç. This peninsula is comprised of 3 ridges. Especially along Marmara coast and Haliç hillsides, old landslides can be observed. These landslide zones have been left under intense settlement. Furthermore, big-scale landslides can be observed especially at the north half of the strait coasts along the Strait.

The risky section of the city in terms of landslide is especially located in the southwest of Istanbul. The effective sections in terms of landslide risk are Florya, Menekşe, Kucuk Cekmece, Avcılar, Gurpınar and Buyuk Cekmece surroundings. These regions contain units whose liquid limits vary when they receive water and whose settlement possibility increases such as clay. The lake sides where the hillside slope is high and the coastal strip in the north of Marmara are the regions with high landslide risk. Accordingly;

Neighborhoods with Ist Degree of Threat; Silivri, Kumburgaz, Buyuk Cekmece and Kucuk Cekmece lake surroundings, village area where the Olympics site is planned to be built. Neighborhoods with IInd Degree of Threat; Alibeykoy, Gaziosmanpasa and surroundings, Sarıyer hillsides and Gumusdere. Neighborhoods with IIIrd Degree of Threat; Kemerburgaz and the surroundings.

3.1.1.5. Floods

Floods are among the most frequently observed and most destructive natural disasters. The damage caused by the floods are not just limited with inundation. The flow of mud and other remnants together with the flood also causes significant problems. The people settled in the flood beds of Turkey and not warned with modern meteorological warnings beforehand become subject to serious damages.

Due to the geographical status of Istanbul, it is under the influence of all the air masses affecting Turkey north in the hot and cold seasons. At the districts located at Anatolia and Thrace side, temperature and humidity difference can be felt due to proximity to the sea and elevation. The annual average humidity rate is 76 %. Most rainfall is observed during October and November months in Istanbul. The annual average rainfall amount per meter square in Istanbul was 597,6 mm in 2006 (Istanbul Meteorology Affairs General Directorate). Although these quantities are not great enough to create a flood, water floods are anyhow observed at the residential areas built at river beds due to incorrect urbanization.

It is not considered that the Project Site can be subjected to flooding.

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

3.1.1.6. Mine Beds and Emanations

There is no license right being conducted by MTA at Eyüp district where the Project Site is located (please see Appendix-I: MTA’s view).

According to MTA records, the mine beds and emanations present in Eyüp district is presented in Table 3-1.

Table 3-1. Ore Deposit and its Emanations Existing in Eyüp District of Istanbul Reserve Type Province District Town Village Tenor (1000 tons) Color baked lay 251.200 Visible Clay Istanbul Eyüp IR 2522 Kısırmandıra clay ref. and color 0314 possible baked lay. clay Al2O3 25,6% Clay Istanbul Eyüp - Kısırmandıra 1.120.130 visible Fe3O3 1-5% 494.864 visible Clay Istanbul Eyüp OIR 4482 İhsaniye Kaolen 854.550 possible clay 57.713 visible Kaolen Clay Istanbul Eyüp OIR 5787 İhsaniye 145.405 possible 22-31,5% Al2O3 clay OIR 4417 (AR: 28550 – 116.180 visible 16-27,5% Al2O3 Clay Istanbul Eyüp ONIR: 4497) Akpınar 145.255 possible 51-66,5% SiO2 ER: clay 10986399 Source: Mine Exploration General Directorate

3.1.2. Geology of the activity area, explaining and showing on the 1 / 50000 scaled geology map of the activity field, stratigraphic column cross section, physical, geological, geomorpological, hydrogeological characteristics of surfacing units in the activity area

* Giving references in the text for the Geotechnical Survey Report which shall be placed in the Appendix part, characteristics of the Project field must be explained

The investigation area is mainly made up of Belgrade formation (please see Photograph 3-1). This formation is covered with heterogeneous type artificial filling on the surface reaching up to a height of 10,20 meters in some places (please see Photograph 3-2). The artificial filling has been created as a result of uncontrolled filling of heterogeneous type excavation materials and organic-inorganic solid wastes. The stack made up of greenish gray colored clay interim leveled on the base; red, scarlet brown, brownish yellow colored, unfixated, red colored clay, bad gradated gravel and coarse gravels and red colored, fine- medium sized sands in general is called as the Belgrade formation. At the bottom levels of the unit comprised of red, brown, brownish yellow, occasionally white colored, occasionally cross layered, bad gradated, red clay-silt stuffed, unfixated gravel and coarse gravels, gravels and medium-fine sized sands, there are greenish gray colored, bentonitic clays with occasional low calorie fine lignite strips. It contains silicate wood fragments and with boat- like cross layered. The age of the unit that does not contain any fossil is accepted to be Upper Miocene-Pliocene at the Latest (Umut et al.,1984) (IBB Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Soil Research Report, 2011).

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

Belgrade formation (Tmpb)

Artificial filling (Yd)

Photograph 3-1. Belgrade Formation Source: IBB Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Soil Research Report, 2011.

Artificial filling (Yd)

H = 3 -4 meters

Photograph 3-2. Artificial Filling Source: IBB Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Soil Research Report, 2011.

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

3.1.2.1. Foundation Drilling Studies

In order to provide geological-geotechnical details for the area of “IBB Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant”, identify the engineering characteristics of the units in this segment and determine the groundwater level; 13 base research drills were opened with a total depth of 336,56 meters. The base/foundation drills and the in-situ tests were conducted by considering the “Technical Specification of Research Engineering Services for the Consultancy Services” (2005) prepared by the Technical Research Department of the Highways General Directorate. During the drill studies, 2 ea truck-mounted CRG D500 and D750 rotary brand drilling machines, 1 ea water tank and 1 ea pickup truck were used. In order to determine the groundwater level at the examination site, the circulation water at the drill well at the end of the shift was emptied with a “bailer” bucket and the waters inside the wells were measured the next day to record the groundwater level. Furthermore, after the drilling process was completed, perforated PVC pipe was lowered inside the wells for periodical observation of the groundwater. The list of the foundation drills is given in Table 3-2 and the Foundation Drill Logs are present at the Soil Research Report in Appendix- D.

Table 3-2. Summary Information for Foundation Drilling Made in Project Field Coordinates (ITFR96) Drill No Depth (m) Elevation (m) East (Y) North (X) Layer-1 21,45 113,409 400506 4566159 Layer-2 36,45 112,850 400610 4566177 Layer-3 24,45 108,690 400703 4566158 Layer-4 27,45 112,523 400742 4566235 Layer-5 27,45 112,787 400661 4566238 Layer-6 43,50 114,147 400556 4566237 Layer-7 21,45 114,767 400455 4566233 Layer-8 25,95 115,080 400610 4566284 Layer-9 15,45 115,047 400696 4566319 Layer-10 28,95 122,168 400506 4566314 Layer-11 28,95 122,125 400405 4566317 Layer-12 13,61 90,660 400924 4566072 Layer-13 21,42 105,906 400 588 4566086 Source: IBB Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Soil Research Report, 2011.

3.1.2.2. Geophysical Studies

For the detailing of the project route on geological-geotechnical terms, determination of the transverse-vertical change of the units, determination of the artificial filling unit with heterogeneous features, determination of the groundwater level and water saturated sections and analyzing the geotechnical problems, multiple electrode resistivity tomography study was conducted at 10 profiles. During the studies AGI (Advanced Geosciencies Inc.) SSR8 8 channel, 56 electrode multiple electrode system and dipole-dipole electrode array was used to conduct RES-IP measurement. The length of the profiles with 5,00 m electrode distance vary in the range of 275-475 meters. The details of the geophysical studies are present at the Soil Research Report in Appendix-D.

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

3.1.2.3. Engineering Studies

The Belgrade Formation present at the examination area and the artificial filling with 2,00-10,20 m thickness taking place on top of Belgrade Formation were analyzed in terms of their geological and geo-mechanical properties.

Artificial Filling At the drills opened at the examination area, it has been seen that the artificial filling occasionally reaching up to 10,20 m thickness, surfaced Belgrade formation. The artificial filling is represented with brown-greenish gray colored, gravel sandy clay and clayey sand. It is humid, with medium-high plasticity, 5-20% sandy, 5-20% various origin, containing hard- crumbly, edged-semi edged gravels, tree particles and brick. The results of the pressiometer tests conducted on this unit and the laboratory tests conducted on worn out samples with SPT test performed within this unit are all presented in Table 3-3.

Table 3-3. Pressiometer Test Results Carried Out in Project Field Embankment Parameter Result Water content (Wn) 13 % ≤Wn≤ 42 % Liquid Limit (LL) NP % ≤LL≤ 75 % Plastic Limit (PL) NP % ≤PL≤ 33 % Plasticity index (PI) NP ≤PL≤ 33 % Remaining over sieve no. 4 (+4) 0 ≤+4≤ 50 % Passing through sieve no. 200 (-200) 22 %≤-200≤ 97 % SPT (N) 5 ≤SPT≤ 20 Soil class (USCS) ML, CL, SC, GC, CH and GM Source: IBB Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Soil Research Report, 2011.

Belgrade Formation (Tmpb1) At the drills opened at the examination area, it has been seen that the Belgrade formation with 2,65-30,65 meter thickness is represented with top level gravel sandy clayey silt, graveled sandy silty clay, clayey silty sand and graveled clayey sand. The graveled sandy clayey silt unit has green-greenish gray-yellowish brown color, humid and medium-high plasticity and contains 15-30% sandy, 1015% graveled and occasional coalified tree particles. The graveled sandy silty clay unit has green-greenish gray-occasional yellowish brown color, humid, medium-high plasticity; and contains 5-10% sandy, 5-10% graveled and occasional coalified tree particles. The clayey silty sand unit has green color, humid-wet, fine-medium grained, tough; and contains 10-20% fine material and 10% gravel. The graveled clayey sand unit is humid, with fine-coarse grains, contains 30-35% low-medium plasticity fine substances and 5-15% graveled and coalified tree particles. The results of the pressiometer tests conducted on this unit and the laboratory tests conducted on worn out samples with SPT test performed within this unit are all presented in Table 3-4.

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

Table 3-4. Pressiometer Test Results Carried Out in Belgrade Formation (Tmpb1) in the Project Field Parameter Result Water content (Wn) 11 % ≤Wn≤ 40.1 % Liquid Limit (LL) NP % ≤LL≤ 74 % Plastic Limit (PL) NP % ≤PL≤ 32 % Plasticity index (PI) NP ≤PL≤ 46 Remaining over sieve no. 4 (+4) 0 ≤+4≤ 65 % Passing through sieve no. 200 (-200) 11 %≤-200≤ 98 % SPT (N) 5 ≤SPT (N)≤ 53 SC, CL, CH, ML, GM, CH/MH, SM, SP-SM and Soil class (USCS) MH Pressiometer limit pressure (PIn) 0.2 kg/cm2 ≤ Pln ≤ 16.3 kg/cm2 Pressiometer module (Ep) 26 kg/cm2 ≤ Ep ≤ 210 kg/cm2 Source: IBB Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Soil Research Report, 2011.

Belgrade Formation (Tmpb2) The bottom levels of this formation in the form of the basic unit in the Project Site are generally represented with graveled clayey sand, graveled sandy silty clay and sandy clayey silt. The graveled clayey sand is brown – yellowish gray – greenish gray, humid, with fine- coarse grains, 5-15% graveled, 20-25% medium-high plasticity fine material and the material is originated from completely decomposed clay stone – silt stone, and the sand and gravel contents vary a lot. The levels with turf contain occasionally coalified tree particles and originate from decomposed silt stone – sand stone. The graveled sandy silty clay is gray – greenish gray – yellowish brown in color, humid, with medium-high plasticity, containing occasional sand strips and gravel grains and the material originates from completely decomposed and silt stone-clay stone with very weak durability. The sandy clayey silt is green colored, humid, with low plasticity, 10-20% tough, very fine grained sandy. The results of the pressiometer tests conducted on this unit and the laboratory tests conducted on worn out samples with SPT test performed within this unit are all presented in Table 3-5.

Table 3-5. Pressiometer Test Results Carried Out in Belgrade Formation (Tmpb2) in the Project Field Parameter Result Water content (Wn) 15 % ≤Wn≤ 42 % Liquid Limit (LL) NP % ≤LL≤ 70 % Plastic Limit (PL) NP % ≤PL≤ 37 % Plasticity index (PI) NP ≤PL≤ 39 Remaining over sieve no. 4 (+4) 0 ≤+4≤ 21 % Passing through sieve no. 200 (-200) 21 %≤-200≤ 99 % SPT (N) 6 ≤SPT (N)≤ R Soil class (USCS) CH, SM, CL, ML, SC and MH Pressiometer limit pressure (PIn) 4 kg/cm2 ≤ Pln ≤ 29.2 kg/cm2 Pressiometer module (Ep) 45 kg/cm2 ≤ Ep ≤ 257 kg/cm2 Source: IBB Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Soil Research Report, 2011.

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

3.1.2.4. Geotechnical Studies

The ground profile at the Project Site is comprised of artificial filling unit with varying thickness, observed starting from the surface and the underlying grounded units (tough-hard sandy clay, tough-hard sandy silt and medium tight-tight clayey sand) that has been completely decomposed belonging to the Belgrade formation (Tmpb-1 and Tmpb-2). When the placements of the structures to be constructed at the examination site are ascertained, the structure foundations shall be placed as staked base on the artificial filling unit observed on the surface. When the base dimensions and loads are determined, bearing power and settlement calculations shall be made by utilizing the ground profile and research studies at the report and assessments shall be made again as to whether the foundations can be manufactured as surface foundations or not. If it proves to be impossible to manufacture the structural foundations as surface foundation, the foundations shall be designed as staked bases.

3.1.2.5. Results

The geological-geotechnical survey studies have been completed related to the “IBB Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant” located within the boundaries of Kısırmandıra at Istanbul province, Eyüp district. In this respect;

 13 base drill wells have been opened with a total depth of 336,56 meters in order to determine the geological-geotechnical properties and point-of-contact relations of the grounds at the Project Site. Laboratory tests have been performed on the soil samples taken from the base drills.  In line with the drills and geophysical studies conducted at the Project Site, the Belgrade formation was discriminated as Tmpb-1 and Tmpb-2 according to the compactness and stiffness of the units. Tmpb-1 unit is comprised of greenish gray-brown colored, silty clay unit and contains intense turf and coal levels. On the other hand, Tmpb-2 unit is composed of yellowish-greenish brown colored, graveled sandy clay unit and contain dense carbonate congressions.  Belgrade formation is covered with an artificial filling reaching up to 10,00 meters at certain locations on the surface, composed of heterogeneous type excavation materials and organic-inorganic solid wastes.  According to the base survey drills made at the Project Site, the groundwater level is found to vary in the range of 5,00-14,65 meters. Necessary drainage measures will be necessary to protect the building foundations and remove the surface waters from around the building.  According to the “Turkey Earthquake Zones Map” enforced with the decision no. 96/8109 of the Ministerial Cabinet of 18.04.1996, the Project Site is located on a 3rd Degree Dangerous Earthquake Zone. During the designs, the principles stated at the “Turkey Earthquake Regulation” (Regulation on the Buildings to be Built on Earthquake Zones, 2007) shall be obeyed.

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

 As a result of the evaluation of the ground conditions and seismicity jointly, it has been determined as follows: The local ground class: “Z2” Effective ground acceleration coefficient: A0 = 0,20 Building importance coefficient: I = 1,50.  It is not expected for the occurrence of disasters such as flood, landslide, snowslide and rockfall at and in the vicinity of the Project Site.  No unique formation was encountered at the Project Site. Furthermore, there is no disaster risk such as collapse, settling, karsting, tsunami, etc. at the Project Site.

3.2. Seismicity, tectonic characteristics of the storage facility, showing the plant area on the active fault map, showing distances, disaster situation, measures to be taken

Istanbul city center is located on a 1st degree dangerous earthquake zone. According to the historical records, it is known that there have been many disastrous earthquakes in Istanbul; it does not contain a tectonic fracture that can centrally create an earthquake. Historically, it has been under the influence of the earthquakes related to the north branch of the North Anatolian Fault System. In the last century, the earthquakes that have caused a damage in Istanbul are as follows: 1912 M=7.2 Şarköy-Mürefte, 1935 M=5.9 Marmara Island and 1999 M=7.4 Izmit earthquakes (www.afad.gov.tr ).

According to the “Turkey Earthquake Zones Map” enforced with the decision no. 96/8109 of the Ministerial Cabinet of 18.04.1996, the Project Site is located on a 3rd Degree Dangerous Earthquake Zone (see Figure 3-3). During the designs, the principles stated at the “Turkey Earthquake Regulation” (Regulation on the Buildings to be Built on Earthquake Zones, 2007) shall be obeyed.

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

PROJECT SİTE

1st Deg. EQ Zone 2nd Deg. EQ Zone 3rd Deg. EQ Zone 4th Deg. EQ Zone 5th Deg. EQ Zone

Figure 3-3. Active fault and Earthquake Map of Istanbul

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

PROJECT SİTE

Figure 3-4. Isoseismic Earthquake Map of Istanbul (Özmen, B., 2002)

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

3.2.1. Measures to be Taken During an Earthquake

• The entrance and exit doors of the Plant area shall be controlled with security officers. • The personnel to work in closed sections shall gather at a nearby location they see safe. • The personnel shall wait still for the instructions to the given by the Emergency Status Chief and act accordingly. • Information shall be obtained regarding the magnitude and place of the earthquake. • Information shall be obtained from Official Authorities regarding any possible aftershocks. • If it is observed that the danger has passed, the works at the plant shall start section by section.

3.3. Hydrological characteristics and existing and planned usage of surface water resources, flow rates, distances of these resources to the activity area

Although there is no big-capacity rivers within the boundaries of Istanbul province, there are streams that feed the lakes and ponds from where drinking and utilization water are being obtained. The main streams at Çatalca Plateau are Istranca, Karasu, Çakıl, Sazlıdere, Nazlıdere, Nakkaş, Alibey, Kağıthane stream and their side branches. At the Kocaeli peninsula, the important streams are; Riva, Turknil, Kabakoz, Göksu and Yeşilçay.

Many rivers and streams within Istanbul province boundaries feed 7 main water collection basins which are used for drinking water purposes. These basins are Ömerli, Elmalı and Darlık Dams in the Anatolian side and Alibey, Terkos, Sazlıdere and Büyükçekmece Dams at the European side.

The water sources of Istanbul province where the project is located, are shown in Table 3-6.

Table 3-6. Water Sources of Istanbul Province Max. Annual Water Accum. Max. Min. Basin Lake Area Yield 2 2 Sources 3 Volume Level (m) Level (m) Area (m ) (km ) (million m ) 3 (million m ) Ömerli Dam 220 235,37 62 46 621 20

Darlık Dam 97 107,50 52 21,5 207 6

Elmalı Dam 15 9,60 67,5 38 81 1

Terkos Dam 142 162,24 4,5 -2 619 32

Alibey Dam 36 34,14 26 11 160 4

B.Çekmece 100 148,94 6,3 0,3 620 29 Dam

Sazlıdere Dam 55 88,73 22,4 6,85 165 11,8

Düzdere Dam 4,5 0,13 23,5 20 10 0,18

Kuzuludere Dam 11,2 1,60 31 23 34 0,3

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Max. Annual Water Accum. Max. Min. Basin Lake Area Yield 2 2 Sources 3 Volume Level (m) Level (m) Area (m ) (km ) (million m ) 3 (million m ) Büyükdere Dam 28,3 2,30 11 6 81 0,68

Elmalıdere Dam 11,6 0,20 7,5 4 24 0,005

Sultanbahçe- 19,4 2,00 82 70 46,5 0,4 dere Dam

Kazandere Dam 100 16,422 28 12,5 313 1,7

Pabuçdere Dam 60 54,60 28 12 178,5 5,4

Yeşilçay İsaköy - - 2,2 1,4 - - Reg.

Yeşilçay 145 - 9 7,5 - - sungurlu Reg.

Danamandıra 4,38 - - - - - Well

Gümüşyaka, 9,125 - - - - - Silivri Well

Ayvat Embank. - 0,17 12,1 3 2 0,05

Topuz Embank. - 0,041 6,35 2 4,562 0,028

Büyük Embank. 1,550 1,352 12,1 3 6,939 0,264

Kirazlı Embank. - 0,105 10,2 3 2,842 0,027

Sultan Mahmut - 0,23 15,8 3 0,83 0,045 Embank.

Valide Embank. 0,95 0,241 10,2 3 0,83 0,053

Topuzlu - 0,150 13 3 0,92 0,026 Embank.

Melen 1st level 268 - - - - - Reg. Melen Dam 1190 744,6 50 110,52 2390 17,6 Source: Istanbul Provincial Environment and Status Report, 2007.

The waters accumulating at the concave areas in the Project Site as a result of rainfall have created some small and bigger puddles. These puddles are dependent on seasonal rainfall and are not permanent (see Photograph 3-3 and Photograph 3-4). The puddles at the Project Site are shown at the General Layout Plan shown at Appendix-C. Furthermore, there is another seasonal lake area nearby the Project Site covering a wider field as compared to the other puddles (see Photograph 3-5 and Photograph 3-6).

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

Date: 12.01.2012 Time: 10:13 Coordinates: Ed50 Zone 35 651916 E 45655559 N Photographed By: Celal DENİZLİ Photograph direction: Southeast Photograph No: 025-06-CBS-DKÇ-P005 Photograph 3-3. Puddles in the Project Field – 1

Date: 12.01.2012 Time: 10:06 Coordinates: Ed50 Zone 35 651916 E 45655559 N Photographed By: Celal DENİZLİ Photograph direction: Southeast Photograph No: 025-06-CBS-DKÇ-P004

Photograph 3-4. Puddles in the Project Field – 2

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Date: 12.01.2012 Time: 10:24 Coordinates: Ed50 Zone 35 652017 E 4565375 N Photographed By: Celal DENİZLİ Photograph direction: South Photograph No: 025-06-CBS-DKÇ-P006

Photograph 3-5. Seasonal Lake Area in the Project Field – 1

Date: 12.01.2012 Time: 10:24 Coordinates: Ed50 Zone 35 652017 E 4565375 N Photographed By: Celal DENİZLİ Photograph direction: South Photograph No: 025-06-CBS-DKÇ-P007

Photograph 3-6. Seasonal Lake Area in the Project Field – 2

The nearest surface water source outside the Project Site is Göktürk Pond at 3 km flight distance and Alibeyköy Lake at 7 km distance (please see Figure 3-5).

According to the view of IBB Water and Sewerage General Directorate given in Appendix-I for this project, the Project Site is not located at the borders of a water collection basin of any surface water source which supplies water to Istanbul city.

The Infrastructure Projects of the Project Site is given in Appendix-C.

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BLACK SEA

Legend District Border MARMARA SEA Basin Border Dam Lakes Ponds

Figure 3-5. Istanbul Lakes and Ponds Map Source: Istanbul Provincial Environment and Status Report, 2007.

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3.4. Hydrogeological characteristics and existing and planned usage of underground water resources, flow rates, distances of these resources to the activity area

In Istanbul, approximately 122 million m3 of groundwater has been allocated with 1.817 utilization certificates issued by DSI until 2005. Groundwater use is widespread both in the rural section and in the city at Istanbul. The groundwater utilization status in the province is shown at Table 3-7.

Table 3-7. Underground Water Utility Situation in Istanbul Safe Withdrawal Allocation Number of Wells with Operation Sites 3 3 Reserve (hm /year) (hm /year) Utilization Certificate Küçükköy Stream Valley 0,6 0,9 48 Between Topkapı- 13,5 65 552 K.Çekmece Kağıthane Stream Valley 3,2 7,2 30 Çatalca-Yalıkavak Plain 0,5 - - Karacaköy-Terkos Plain 4 0,9 7 Kartal-Gebze Plains 4,5 6,8500 225 Outside of operation sites - 41,6674 955 Source: Istanbul Provincial Environment and Status Report, 2007.

No groundwater source was found at the base survey drills opened at the Project Site. Within the ground profile, the heterogeneous type artificial filling unit is permeable, whereas the clay unit forming the underlying Belgrade formation is impermeable. In this respect, an important water income is not expected at the base excavations to be made at the clay units. Occasional swampy areas have been observed as a result of the accumulation of surface waters at the concave locations within the Project Site. Shallow alluvial deposits observed at the valley bases provide seasonal surface and groundwater movement. The sand/gravel levels and the turfed / coalified unit levels taking place within the Belgrade formation (Tmpb) underlying the artificial filling (Yd) unit permit groundwater circulation. In this respect, to prevent the waters that may seep from the artificial filling units to affect the planned building foundations, the building foundations shall be protected with the necessary drainage measures and the surface waters shall be removed from around the building.

The groundwater levels measured at the base survey drills conducted at the Project Site are shown at Table 3-2. Accordingly, the groundwater level at the base survey drills conducted at the Project Site varies in the range of 5,00-14,65 meters.

There is no geothermal source inside the Project Site (see Figure 3-6).

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Project Site

COMMENTS Springs with 70-100oC temp. Springs with 50-69oC temp. Springs with 25-49oC temp. Geothermal power plant

Potential Geothermal Area suitable for power generation

Geothermal Heating Centers

Figure 3-6. Geothermal Resources Map of Turkey Source: www.mta.gov.tr

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3.5. Flora and Fauna information (the format given in Appendix -3 must be taken into account)

The flora and fauna section of the EIA Report of the “IBB Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant” planned at Istanbul province, Eyüp district, Kısırmandıra Location by IBB has been prepared by Biologist Celal DENIZLI.

3.5.1. Flora of Project Site and Impact Area

The flora inventory was prepared by using field studies and literature knowledge. In the determination the species, “Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands” by P. H. Davis, Turkey Plants Data Service (TUBIVES) prepared by TUBITAK and the works published related to Turkey’s Flora were utilized. Turkish Plant Names Dictionary (Baytop, T., 1997) and Turkey Plants Dictionary (Tuzlacı, E., 2006) for the Turkish and local names of the species.

According to the “Grid System” of P. H. Davis, the Project Site is located in A2 square.

 Phytogeographic Region

Several abbreviations have been used in specifying the phytogeographic regions of the taxons with a high probability of occurrence at the Project Site and its impact area due to habitat features. Accordingly; Avr.-Sib. Ele. Means European-Siberia Element, D. Akd. Ele. Means East Mediterranean Element and Akd. Ele. Means Mediterranean Element. (-) sign was placed for the ones with a wide distribution or whose phytogeographic region is not exactly known.

Turkey is under the influence of varying plant geographical regions. Our country is wholly located on a geography where 3 floristic regions (Europe-Siberia, Iran-Turan and Mediterranean) belonging to Holarctic kingdom intersect. Since all of these regions have their own specific climate and differing soil types, this results in the enrichment of Turkish flora. Moreover, the existence of areas with the characteristics of other regions at the transition areas and even inside these 3 areas increases this floristic enrichment. The similarities between the Mediterranean and Iran-Turan regions in floristic terms are more than the similarity of the Europe-Siberia region with the other two regions. When the distribution of the endemic plants of Turkey within the phytogeographic regions, the Europe-Siberia Region display less variety as compared to the other phytogeographic regions. The Project Site and impact area of “IBB Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant” planned by IBB at Istanbul province, Eyüp district, Kısırmandıra Location is located at the Europe-Siberia Phytogeographic Region (see Figure 3-7).

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Project Site

Figure 3-7. Phytogeographic Regions of Turkey

 Distribution of the Flora Species According to the Phytogeographic Regions

The distribution of 140 plant taxons located at species and sub-species level at the flora list is as follows; 42 from Europe-Siberia element, 5 from East Mediterranean element and 30 from Mediterranean element. The remaining 64 species are either cosmopolite or the phytogeographic region thereof is unknown.

 The Status of the Flora Species in terms of Endemism and Danger Classes

Among the taxons that are present at the activity area or around the vicinity thereof or that has the possibility of being present due to habitat features, there is no endemic, rare, threatened or that needs to be protected as per Annex-1 list of the “Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats” (Bern Convention).

The flora species is given in Table 1.1 of Appendix-I.

3.5.2. Fauna of Project Site and Impact Area

The fauna species that are present at the activity area or around the vicinity thereof or that has the possibility of being present due to habitat features are shown at Appendix-I; Table 2.1, displays the amphibian species, Table 2.2 displays the reptile species, Table 2.3 displays the bird species and Table 2.4 displays the mammalian species. The tables clearly specify the family of each species, Turkish nomenclature, habitat, placement within IUCN category, Red Data Book category and Bern Convention Annex-2 (fauna species definitely placed under protection) and Annex3 (protected fauna species) lists. The species that are not at the Annex-2 and Annex-3 lists of the Bern Convention are marked with a (-) sign.

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Furthermore, Annex-I (Wild Animals Placed Under Protection by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry), Annex-II (Game Animals Placed Under Protection by the Central Came Committee), Annex-III (Game Animals Permitted to be Hunted at Specified times by the Central Game Committee) lists at “2011-2012 Game Season Central Game Committee Decisions” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 27968 of 18.06.2011 by the Nature Protection and National Parks General Directorate of the Turkish Ministry of Environment and Forestry have also been entered to the related tables.

The wild animals at Annex-I list have been placed under protection by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry as per the first sub-clause of article 4 of the Land Gaming Law no. 4915. The hunting these wild animals in this list, keeping or transporting them alive or dead is forbidden.

The birds and mammals at Annex-II list have been placed under protection by the Central Game Committee in the framework of the authority granted by the first sub-clause of article 4 of the Land Gaming Law no. 4915. The hunting of the game animals in this list, keeping or transporting them alive or dead is forbidden.

The game animals at Annex-III list are the game animals permitted to be hunted at the periods specified in the 2011-2012 game permits by the Central Game Committee as specified by the Ministry of Environment and forestry as per the first sub-clause of article 4 of the Land Gaming Law no. 4915.

Red Data Book Categories According to Prof. Dr. Ali Demirsoy (1996)

Table 3-8. Red Data Book Categories According to Prof. Dr. Ali Demirsoy (1996) E Endangered Ex Extinct I Unknown K Insufficient Information Nt Taxon is not yet threatened O Taxon is out of threat R Rare V Vulnerable

2011.2 IUCN Red List Categories

These are the recently published “Red List” categories published by IUCN (The World Conservation Union: The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources).

The classification of flora and fauna species has been commenced since the 1970s in the European countries. The explanation of the IUCN categories is given in Table 3-9.

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Table 3-9. IUCN categories Evaluated Not Evaluated (NE) Adequate data Data Deficient (DD) Extinct (EX) Extinct in the Wild (EW) Critically Endangered (CR) Endangered (EN) Vulnerable (VU) Near Threatened (NT) Least Concern (LC)

 Amphibians

Among the 7 amphibian species that are present at the activity area or around the vicinity thereof or that has the possibility of being present due to habitat features, 3 are listed at Bern Annex-2 and 4 are listed at Bern Annex-3.

There is no amphibian species listed under Annex-I (Wild Animals Placed Under Protection by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry), Annex-II (Game Animals Placed Under Protection by the Central Came Committee), Annex-III (Game Animals Permitted to be Hunted at Specified times by the Central Game Committee) lists at “2011-2012 Game Season Central Game Committee Decisions” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 27968 of 18.06.2011 by the Nature Protection and National Parks General Directorate of the Turkish Ministry of Environment and Forestry.

All of the amphibian species take place at 2011.2 IUCN Red List Categories. These species are within “nt” category according to the studies conducted by Demirsoy (1996). The categories classified as “nt” are abundant and widespread in Turkey and are not under any threat.

 Reptiles

Among the 13 reptile species that are present at the activity area or around the vicinity thereof or that has the possibility of being present due to habitat features, 8 are listed at Bern Annex-2 and 5 are listed at Bern Annex-3.

10 of the reptile species take place at 2011.2 IUCN Red List Categories, however the species are abundant and widespread in Turkey and are not under any threat according to the studies conducted by Demirsoy (1996).

All of the reptile species are listed under Annex-I (Wild Animals Placed under Protection by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry) list at “2011-2012 Game Season Central Game Committee Decisions” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 27968 of 18.06.2011 by the Nature Protection and National Parks General Directorate of the Turkish Ministry of Environment and Forestry.

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

 Birds

Among the 56 bird species that are present at the activity area or around the vicinity thereof or that has the possibility of being present due to habitat features, 39 are listed at Bern Annex-2 and 10 are listed at Bern Annex-3.

According to the most recent lists reflecting the “2011-2012 Game Season Central Game Committee Decisions” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 27968 of 18.06.2011 by the Nature Protection and National Parks General Directorate of the Turkish Ministry of Environment and Forestry; 39 bird species are listed under Annex-I (Wild Animals Placed Under Protection by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry), 5 bird species are listed under Annex-II (Game Animals Placed Under Protection by the Central Came Committee), and 12 bird species are listed under Annex-III (Game Animals Permitted to be Hunted at Specified times by the Central Game Committee) list.

All of the bird species are classified as LC category at 2011.2 IUCN Red List Categories, and the species in this category are defined as the “least concern species”.

At the publication called "The Birds of Turkey" prepared by Prof. Dr. Ilhami Kiziroğlu, the explanation of the symbols used in related to the protection status and conditions of the bird species is provided as follows:

A1 : Extinct species or species under the threat of extinction A1.1 : Extinct species A1.2 : Species with a total number of individuals in the whole Turkey at 1-25 couples A2 : Species with a total number of individuals at 26-50 couples and that are under great risk at the regions they have spread A3 : Species with a total number of individuals at 51-200 (500) couples and that have decreased significantly at certain regions A4 : The species having abundant individual but have decreased in certain regions B : The species temporarily visiting Turkey and that will be placed under risk in case their biotopes are destroyed B1 : The species using Anatolia as winter shelter but do not reproduce in Anatolia B2-B3 : The species passing transit over Anatolia or using Anatolia as winter shelter and that have a lower risk degree Y : Domestic bird species that incubate regularly in our country G : The species that incubate in our country and then migrate K : The species that do not incubate in our country and use our country only during transit migration KZ : The winter visitor species that spend the winter months in our country

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 Mammals

Among the 11 mammalian species that are present at the activity area or around the vicinity thereof or that has the possibility of being present due to habitat features, 6 are listed at Bern Annex-3.

According to the most recent lists reflecting the “2011-2012 Game Season Central Game Committee Decisions” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 27968 of 18.06.2011 by the Nature Protection and National Parks General Directorate of the Turkish Ministry of Environment and Forestry; 3 mammalian species are listed under Annex-I (Wild Animals Placed Under Protection by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry), and 2 mammalian species are listed under Annex-III (Game Animals Permitted to be Hunted at Specified times by the Central Game Committee) list.

Other than Citellus xanthophrymnus, all the mammalian species are listed under 2010 IUCN Red List Categories.

9 of the mammalian species are under “nt”, 1 is under “R” and 1 is under “V” category as per the Red Data Book Categories determined by Demirsoy (1996).

The species under “nt” category are very abundant and widespread in Turkey and are not under a threat. The “R” species are the rare ones. The species under “V” category are the species which are fast becoming extinct and that have a high risk of becoming completely extinct in the near future if some precautions are not taken.

Among the species at the fauna list, there are species listed under Annex-2 and Annex- 3 lists of the Bern Convention. In relation to these species, article 6 and 7 of this convention and the protection precautions mentioned there shall be complied with. These are;

These are;

Regarding the fauna species placed under definite protection (article 6),  Every kind of intentional seizure and detention, intentional killing methods  Intentional damaging or destroying of the reproduction and rest places,  Disturbing the wild fauna intentionally, especially during their reproduction, development and hibernation period as to violate the purpose of the convention,  Gathering or intentionally destroying eggs from wild environment and seizing these eggs even if they are empty,  Keeping and internal trade of the fauna alive or dead, are forbidden.

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

In relation to the protected fauna species (article 7):

 Closed game seasons and/or other fundamentals regulating operation,  Temporary or regional prohibitions in suitable cases in order to make the wild fauna reach the necessary population level,  Issues that suitably regulate the live and dead sales, detention for selling purposes, transport or putting up sales of the wild animals shall be obeyed.

During the activity, the following issues shall be obeyed regarding the fauna species taking place at Annex-I (Wild Animals Placed Under Protection by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry), Annex-II (Game Animals Placed Under Protection by the Central Came Committee), Annex-III (Game Animals Permitted to be Hunted at Specified times by the Central Game Committee) lists at “2011-2012 Game Season Central Game Committee Decisions” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 27968 of 18.06.2011 by the Nature Protection and National Parks General Directorate of the Turkish Ministry of Environment and Forestry and Land Gaming Law no. 4915.

3.6. Meteorological and Climatic Characteristics

General climate conditions of the region, pressure (average, maximum, minimum), temperature (average, maximum, minimum), rain (average total rainfall, Daily maximum rainfall), highest amount of rain measured in standard days, repetition graphics, average relative humidity, numbered days (average snowfall days number, average snow covered days number, average foggy days number, average hail days number, average rime days number, average thunderstorm days), maximum snow depth, evaporation (average open surface evaporation, Daily maximum open surface evaporation), wind (annually, seasonal, monthly wind direction, wind speed according to directions, maximum wind speed and direction, average stormy days number, average high winds days number)

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

(Updated meteorological data for very long years including last years should be placed in the report and monthly - seasonal - annual distribution of the information should be given in the report with graphical and written explanations)

In the atmospheric distribution of pollutants emitted from a source, both local and regional-scale meteorological and climatic properties play a role. In order to comprehend the impact of the pollutants on the environment, the local and regional climate conditions affected by the short and long-term meteorological factors need to be analyzed.

Due to the reasons mentioned above, this section contains a summarized assessment by analyzing the air quality measurements taken at the nearest residential locations to the proposed Project Site, other facilities in the impact area and the meteorological conditions comprising the climate of the Project Site. In the assessment of the meteorological status of the region, the long years (1970-2010) meteorology bulletin data belonging to Kumköy Meteorological Station obtained from the State Meteorology Affairs (DMI) (see Appendix-J).

3.6.1. Regional General Climatic Conditions

Istanbul province is located at the temperate climate belt where the winters are warm and rainy and the summers are hot. Its north displays the climatic properties of the Black Sea whereas the other section displays the Mediterranean climatic features.

Eyüp district where the Project Site is located has different climatic features as compared to many residential areas located at the same latitude, both due to its geographical position and physical properties. The district is located at the intersection of the Mediterranean and Black Sea climate types, at a transition area where generally distorted Mediterranean climate and less-influencing Black Sea climate is predominant. Towards the north, the summer rains increase. Getting closer to the Black Sea has a significant role in this climatic feature.

3.6.2. Local Climate Conditions

In this section, the long term data recorded at Kumköy Meteorological Station, with the position data given in Table 3-10, have been assessed to identify the local climatic conditions.

Table 3-10. Information Belonging to the Location of Kumköy Meteorological Station Operation Period 1970-2010 Latitude 41 Longitude 29 Elevation (m) 30 Source: State Meteorology Affairs General Directorate, Kumköy Meteorological Station (1970-2010)

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3.6.3. Pressure

According to the observation records of Kumköy Meteorological Station, the average, maximum and minimum pressure data measured for the year range 1970-2010 are given in Table 3-11. As per Table 3-11, the annual average pressure of the region is 1.011,8 hPa, maximum pressure value is 1.041,6 hPa and minimum pressure value is 986,1 hPa.

Table 3-11. Kumköy Meteorological Station Pressure Data Months Parameter I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Annual Average Pressure 1015,3 1013,7 1012,5 1009,7 1010 1008,9 1007,8 1008,6 1011,6 1014,2 1014,7 1015,1 1.011,8 (hPa) Maximum Pressure 1041,6 1035,3 1035,7 1029,7 1022,1 1020,4 1018,3 1018 1024,9 1028,4 1030,6 1038,8 1.041,6 (hPa) Minimum Pressure 986,1 987,9 989,4 993 995,9 993,4 990,2 996,2 993,3 993,9 986,8 987,6 986,1 (hPa) Source: State Meteorology Affairs General Directorate, Kumköy Meteorological Station (1970-2010)

3.6.4. Temperature

The lowest air temperature measured in the region since 1970 has been -10,40oC (February 23rd, 1985) and the highest air temperature has been 41,40oC (July 13th, 2000). The highest, lowest and average temperature changes of the region according to the months are given in Table 3-12 and Figure 3-8. As can be seen from Figure 3-8, the average temperatures increase from January to August and then decrease from August to December. The annual average temperature measured in the region is 13,90oC, the annual highest temperature value is 41,4oC and the lowest temperature value is -10,4oC.

Table 3-12. Kumköy Meteorological Station Long Years Temperature Data Months Temp (oC) I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Annual Highest 22,2 23,6 26,6 33,2 34 41 41,4 39,8 34,2 33,6 27,1 24 41,4 Temp Average 5,8 5,7 7,2 11 15,6 20,4 23,1 23,4 19,7 15,6 11,1 7,8 13,9 Temp Lowest -7,8 -10,4 -8 -2,7 1,2 6 10 9,2 5 1 -2,2 -6,9 -10,4 Temp Source: State Meteorology Affairs General Directorate, Kumköy Meteorological Station (1970-2010)

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C) o Temperature (

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Months

Highest Average Lowest

Figure 3-8. Kumköy Meteorology Station Monthly Temperature Values (1970 - 2010)

3.6.5. Rain

According to the 41 years of data recorded by Kumköy Meteorological Station, the annual average total rain amount in the region has been recorded to be 830,1 mm and most of the rain (precipitation) falls during the winter month (see Table 3-13). When the monthly average total rain amount in the mentioned period is taken into consideration, it can be seen that the highest average rain falls in December at 123,2 mm and the lowest rain falls in July with 25,4 mm (see Table 3-14 and Figure 3-9).

Table 3-13. Seasonal Annual Average Rain Values Total Average Rain Percentage Season (mm) (%) Spring 157,7 19 Summer 113,8 14 Autumn 267,1 32 Winter 291,5 35 Source: State Meteorology Affairs General Directorate, Kumköy Meteorological Station (1970-2010)

Table 3-14. Maximum Rain Value Observed until Today Total Average Rain Daily Maximum Rain Amount Months (mm) (mm) January 95,2 63,7 February 73,1 49,1 March 72,9 58,6 April 47,7 42,1 May 37,1 82,2 June 35,2 83,5 July 25,4 57,7 August 53,2 89,7 September 70,4 179,4 October 96,8 88,9 November 99,9 73 December 123,2 69,5 Annual 830,1 179,4 Source: State Meteorology Affairs General Directorate, Kumköy Meteorological Station (1970-2010)

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Rainfall (mm) Rainfall

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Months

Total Rain Average Maximum Rainfall

Figure 3-9. Monthly Total Average and Daily Maximum Rainfall

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Rain ≥ 0,1 mm Rain ≥ 10 mm Rain ≥ 50 mm

Figure 3-10. Monthly Average Rainfall

3.6.6. Highest Rain Values and Repetition Curves Observed in Standard Days

The meteorological data obtained and the highest rainfall values observed at the measurements taken at Meteorology General Directorate’s Kumköy Meteorological Station for the years 1970-2010 are provided in Appendix-J.

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3.6.7. Relative Humidity Distribution of the Region

The change of the measured average and lowest relative humidity values in the region within the year is shown in Table 3-15 and Figure 3-11. Accordingly, the annual average relative humidity is 77,9 % and the lowest relative humidity is 6%.

Table 3-15. Kumköy Meteorological Station Relative Humidity Data Relative Months Humidity (%) I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Annual Average Relative 79,3 78,4 77,9 77,6 79,5 77,1 76,7 76,9 76,9 78,6 78,5 78,5 77,9 Humidity Lowest Relative 19 22 8 11 22 22 6 17 23 20 24 26 6 Humidity Source: Meteorology General Directorate, Kumköy Meteorological Station (1970-2010)

Humidity (%) Humidity Relative

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Months

Average Lowest

Figure 3-11. Monthly Relative Humidity Values of Kumköy Meteorological Station

3.6.8. Numbered Days Distribution of the Region

The foggy, snow covered, haily, frosty, thunder stormy and stormy day values recorded by the Kumköy Meteorological Station for the 1970-2010 period are shown in Table 3-16 and Figure 3-12.

The annual average number of foggy days is 20. As can be seen in Table 3-16, April is the foggiest day with 4,5 days. The total number of days with hail is 0,4, the annual total number of days with frost is 8,2. As can be seen at Table 7, the frostiest month is January with 2,3 days.

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Table 3-1.6. Foggy, Snowy, Hail, Hoar Frost, Thunderstorm, and Stormy Days Recorded in the Region Number of Months Days I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Annual Foggy days 2,2 2,7 3,6 4,5 3 0,7 0,3 0,1 0,3 0,6 1,2 0,8 20 Snow covered 1,3 2 0,8 ------0,1 0,1 4,3 days Haily 0 0 0,1 0 0 - - - - 0 0,1 0,2 0,4 days Frosty days 2,3 2,1 1,8 0,3 ------0,3 1,4 8,2 Thunder- stormy 0,3 0,3 0,4 1,1 1,6 3,1 2,5 2,6 2,4 1,7 0,8 0,5 17,3 days Stormy 5 5,3 3,3 2 0,8 0,6 0,5 0,7 1,1 3 4,2 6,2 32,7 days Source: Meteorology General Directorate, Kumköy Meteorological Station (1970-2010)

Number of days

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Months

Foggy days snow cov. Days haily days Frosty days Th.st. days Stormy days

Figure 3-12. Average Foggy, Snowy, Hail, Hoar Frost, Thunderstorm, and Stormy Days Recorded by Kumköy Meteorological Station (1970 - 2010)

3.6.9. Snow Depth

The highest snow depth was measured to be 55 cm in the region for the years 1970- 2010 as measured by the Kumköy Meteorological Station (see Table 3-17).

Table 3-17. Snow Depths Measured in the Region Snow Months Depth (cm) I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Annual Snow 16 39 55 ------1 35 55 Depth Source: Meteorology General Directorate, Kumköy Meteorological Station (1970-2010)

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3.6.10. Regional Evaporation

Evaporation observations were not made at the observation records of Kumköy Meteorological Station.

3.6.11 Wind Speed Distribution of the Region

The direction of the annual average fastest blowing wind is NNW and the speed thereof is 4,8 m/s. The monthly and annual wind blow numbers and directions obtained as a result of the assessment of the observation data collected for the term 1970-2010 at Kumköy Meteorological Station are given in Table 3-18.

Table 3-18. Monthly and Annual Windy Days Numbers and Directions Months Direction I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Annual

N 1.363 1.423 1.261 1.386 1.155 1.570 1.729 2.249 2.184 1.548 1.702 1.108 18.678

NNE 3.357 3.207 2.523 2.858 2.369 2.891 3.126 5.266 6.332 4.823 4.953 2.877 44.582

NE 789 972 924 1.290 1.088 1.553 1.426 2.169 2.682 1.918 1.885 822 17.518

ENE 1.515 1.709 1.922 2.635 2.306 2.810 2.671 3.344 3.989 3.494 2.931 1.843 31.169

E 879 814 981 1.393 1.429 1.802 1.942 1.667 1.380 1.546 1.267 958 16.058

ESE 1.528 1.446 1.501 1.877 2.116 2.390 2.467 2.118 1.625 2.295 1.707 1.910 22.980

SE 2.599 2.119 1.773 1.687 2.047 2.391 2.725 2.450 2.130 2.941 3.041 3.092 28.995

SSE 3.533 3.487 3.074 2.877 2.741 2.466 2.441 1.694 1.378 1.915 2.466 3.495 31.567

S 1.640 1.728 1.806 1.351 1.028 863 640 381 295 637 1.072 1.654 13.095

SSW 4.471 3.940 3.331 3.688 3.156 2.291 1.462 613 797 1.187 2.047 3.641 30.624

SW 568 521 514 695 724 578 418 181 214 267 433 631 5.744

WSW 744 926 809 1.000 1.403 998 787 341 395 516 539 770 9.228

W 383 624 561 971 1.129 820 765 312 280 277 330 392 6.844

WNW 1.025 1.418 1.470 1.942 2.322 1.988 1.534 1.360 1.213 876 807 936 16.891

NW 2.329 1.948 1.862 1.863 1.817 1.878 1.864 2.071 1.676 1.616 1.607 1.656 22.187

NNW 3.516 3.817 3.298 2.739 2.325 2.826 3.066 4.003 3.681 3.327 3.324 3.481 39.403 Source: Meteorology General Directorate, Kumköy Meteorological Station (1970-2010)

The wind rose prepared according to the yearly blow numbers is given in Figure 3-13.

Istanbul Metropolitan Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Municipality Presidency Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Final EIA Report

ANNUAL N NNW NNE NW NE

WNW ENE

W E

WSW ESE

SW SE

SSW SSE S Figure 3-13. Annual Wind Rose According to the Number of Blows

The numbers of wind blows according to the seasons are provided in Table 3-19, Table 3-20, Table 3-21 and Table3-22, whereas the wind roses are shown in Figure 3-14, Figure 3-15, Figure 3-16 and Figure 3-17.

Table 3-19. Wind Frequencies in Winter Season Directions December January February Total N 1.363 1.423 1.261 4.047 NNE 3.357 3.207 2.523 9.087 NE 789 972 924 2.685 ENE 1.515 1.709 1.922 5.146 E 879 814 981 2.674 ESE 1.528 1.446 1.501 4.475 SE 2.599 2.119 1.773 6.491 SSE 3.533 3.487 3.074 10.094 S 1.640 1.728 1.806 5.174 SSW 4.471 3.940 3.331 11.742 SW 568 521 514 1.603 WSW 744 926 809 2.479 W 383 624 561 1.568 WNW 1.025 1.418 1.470 3.913 NW 2.329 1.948 1.862 6.139 Source: Meteorology General Directorate, Kumköy Meteorological Station (1970-2010)

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WINTER N NNW NNE

NW NE

WNW ENE

W E

WSW ESE

SW SE

SSW SSE S

Figure 3-14. Wind Rose According to the Number of Blows Belonging to the Winter Season

Table 3-20. Wind Frequencies in Spring Season Directions March April May Total N 1.386 1.155 1.570 4.111 NNE 2.858 2.369 2.891 8.118 NE 1.290 1.088 1.553 3.931 ENE 2.635 2.306 2.810 7.751 E 1.393 1.429 1.802 4.624 ESE 1.877 2.116 2.390 6.383 SE 1.687 2.047 2.391 6.125 SSE 2.877 2.741 2.466 8.084 S 1.351 1.028 863 3.242 SSW 3.688 3.156 2.291 9.135 SW 695 724 578 1.997 WSW 1.000 1.403 998 3.401 W 971 1.129 820 2.920 WNW 1.942 2.322 1.988 6.252 NW 1.863 1.817 1.878 5.558 NNW 2.739 2.325 2.826 7.890 Source: Meteorology General Directorate, Kumköy Meteorological Station (1970-2010)

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SPRING N NNW NNE

NW NE

WNW ENE

W E

WSW ESE

SW SE

SSW SSE S

Figure 3-15. Wind Rose According to the Number of Blows Belonging to the Spring Season

Table 3-21. Wind Frequencies in Summer Season Directions June July August Annual N 1.729 2.249 2.184 6.162 NNE 3.126 5.266 6.332 14.724 NE 1.426 2.169 2.682 6.277 ENE 2.671 3.344 3.989 10.004 E 1.942 1.667 1.380 4.989 ESE 2.467 2.118 1.625 6.210 SE 2.725 2.450 2.130 7.305 SSE 2.441 1.694 1.378 5.513 S 640 381 295 1.316 SSW 1.462 613 797 2.872 SW 418 181 214 813 WSW 787 341 395 1.523 W 765 312 280 1.357 WNW 1.534 1.360 1.213 4.107 NW 1.864 2.071 1.676 5.611 NNW 3.066 4.003 3.681 10.750 Source: Meteorology General Directorate, Kumköy Meteorological Station (1970-2010)

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SUMMER N NNW NNE

NW NE

WNW ENE

W E

WSW ESE

SW SE

SSW SSE S

Figure 3-16. Wind Rose According to the Number of Blows Belonging to the Summer Season

Table 3-22. Wind Frequencies in Autumn Season Directions September October November Annual N 1.548 1.702 1.108 4.358 NNE 4.823 4.953 2.877 12.653 NE 1.918 1.885 822 4.625 ENE 3.494 2.931 1.843 8.268 E 1.546 1.267 958 3.771 ESE 2.295 1.707 1.910 5.912 SE 2.941 3.041 3.092 9.074 SSE 1.915 2.466 3.495 7.876 S 637 1.072 1.654 3.363 SSW 1.187 2.047 3.641 6.875 SW 267 433 631 1.331 WSW 516 539 770 1.825 W 277 330 392 999 WNW 876 807 936 2.619 NW 1.616 1.607 1.656 4.879 NNW 3.327 3.324 3.481 10.132 Source: Meteorology General Directorate, Kumköy Meteorological Station (1970-2010)

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AUTUMN N NNW NNE

NW NE

WNW ENE

W E

WSW ESE

SW SE

SSW SSE S

Figure 3-17. Wind Rose According to the Number of Blows Belonging to the Autumn Season

The monthly wind diagrams according to the number of blows are given in Figure 3- 18.

JANUARY FEBRUARY

N N NNW NNE NNW NNE

NW NE NW NE

WNW ENE WNW ENE

W E W E

WSW ESE WSW ESE

SW SE SW SE

SSW SSE SSW SSE S S

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MARCH APRIL

N N NNW NNE NNW NNE

NW NE NW NE

WNW ENE WNW ENE

W E W E

WSW ESE WSW ESE

SW SE SW SE SSW SSE SSW SSE S S MAY JUNE

N N NNW NNE NNW NNE

NW NE NW NE

WNW ENE WNW ENE

W E W E

WSW ESE WSW ESE

SW SE SW SE SSW SSE SSW SSE S S

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JULY AUGUST

N N NNW NNE NNW NNE

NW NE NW NE

WNW ENE WNW ENE

W E W E

WSW ESE WSW ESE

SW SE SW SE SSW SSE SSW SSE S S

OCTOBER SEPTEMBER

N N NNW NNE NNW NNE NW NE NW NE WNW ENE WNW ENE W E W E WSW ESE WSW ESE SW SE SW SE SSW SSE SSW SSE S S

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NOVEMBER DECEMBER

N N NNW NNE NNW NNE

NW NE NW NE

WNW ENE WNW ENE

W E W E

WSW ESE WSW ESE

SW SE SW SE SSW SSE SSW SSE S S

Figure 3-18. Monthly Wind Diagrams According to Blow Numbers

The distribution of the average wind speed according to the directions as recorded at Kumköy Meteorological Station for the period 1970-2010 is given in Table 3-23, whereas the wind rose drawn according to the average wind speed is presented in Figure 3-19.

Table 3-23. Average Wind Speed in Accordance with Directions Belonging to Kumköy Meteorological Station Months Dir. I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Annual

N 5 4,5 3,7 2,5 2,4 2,9 3,3 3,5 3,7 4,2 4,5 5,3 3,8 NNE 4,4 3,9 3,2 2,5 2,4 2,6 2,9 3,3 3,3 3,9 3,7 4,7 3,4 NE 2,8 2,6 2,4 2 2 2,2 2,3 2,6 2,6 2,7 2,4 2,9 2,5 ENE 2,9 2,8 2,6 2,4 2,3 2,4 2,6 2,8 2,8 2,9 2,7 3 2,7 E 2,2 2,6 2,6 2,3 2,1 2,3 2,5 2,5 2,6 2,5 2,3 2,6 2,4

ESE 2,1 2,7 2,5 2,4 2,2 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,3 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,4 SE 2,5 2,6 2,3 2,2 2,1 2,1 2,1 2,2 2,4 2,4 2,6 2,6 2,3 SSE 3,6 3,5 3,2 2,9 2,5 2,4 2,3 2,4 2,6 3 3,4 3,6 3,0 Directions S 4,1 3,8 3,7 3,3 2,7 2,4 2,1 2,2 2,8 3,3 3,5 4,2 3,2 SSW 4,9 4,6 4,7 4,1 3,3 3 2,7 2,8 3,4 3,9 4,4 4,9 3,9 SW 3 3,2 3,7 3,2 2,6 2,3 2,3 2,4 2,7 2,8 3,1 3,1 2,9 WSW 3,4 3,2 3,5 3,2 2,7 2,8 2,7 3,1 3,5 3,5 3,4 3,4 3,2 W 3,3 3,1 3,2 3 2,6 2,6 2,5 3,1 3,6 3,6 3,5 3,5 3,1 WNW 4,7 4,6 3,9 3,4 3,1 3,3 3,7 4,1 4,4 4,4 4,6 5,1 4,1 NW 5,7 5,4 4,5 3,2 3 3,4 4,3 4,5 4,9 5,3 5,9 6,5 4,7

NNW 6,2 5,5 4,3 3,2 3 3,6 4,2 4,4 4,5 5,4 6 6,7 4,8 Source: Meteorology General Directorate, Kumköy Meteorological Station (1970-2010)

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ANNUAL N NNW NNE

NW NE

WNW ENE

W E

WSW ESE

SW SE

SSW SSE S

Annual

Figure 3-19. Annual Wind Rose According to the Average Wind Speed

3.6.12. Maximum and Average Wind Speed

According to the measurements made at Kumköy Meteorological Station at the period 1970-2010, the average wind speed is 3,9 m/s, maximum wind speed is 35,4 m/s and the direction thereof is SSW (see Table 3-24 and Figure 3-20).

Table 3-24. Average and Maximum Wind Speed Table Speeds I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Annual (m/s) Average Wind 4,9 5,0 4,2 3,4 2,9 2,9 3,3 3,6 3,7 4,2 4,5 5,2 3,9 Speed Max. Wind 33,2 30,4 35,4 31,3 27,6 25,5 34,0 25,9 31,4 27,6 30,5 34,5 35,4 Speed NW WNW SSW SSW NNE NW ENE NW NW W SSW SSW SSW and Direction Source: Meteorology General Directorate, Kumköy Meteorological Station (1970-2010)

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speed (m/s) Wind

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Months

Average wind speed (m/s) Maximum Wind speed (m/s) and direction

Figure 3-20. Average and Maximum Wind Speed Graphic

3.6.13. Number of Stormy and Strong Windy Days

The number of stormy days and the number of days with strong wind as recorded by Kumköy Meteorological Station for the period 1970-2010 is 2,7 and 107,4, respectively. (see Table 3-25 and Figure 3-21).

Table 3-25. Stormy and Strong Windy Days Number Table Days I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Annual Average Number of Stormy 5,0 5,3 3,3 2,0 0,8 0,6 0,5 0,7 1,1 3,0 4,2 6,2 2,7 Days Average Number of Strong 13,1 11,0 10,9 8,3 5,4 4,8 5,4 6,7 7,8 9,8 11,5 12,7 107,4 Windy Days Source: Meteorology General Directorate, Kumköy Meteorological Station (1970-2010)

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Number of Days

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Months

Average number of stormy days Average number of days with strong wind

Figure 3-21. Stormy and Strong Windy Days Graphic

3.7. Protection Areas (Sensitive Locations and Characteristics in the Project Field and Impact Area, National Parks, Natural Parks, Wetlands, Natural Monument, Nature Reserve Area, Wildlife Protection Area, Wild Animal Area, Cultural Property, Natural Property, Archaeological and Protected Area, areas protected in accordance with Bosporus Law, Biogenetical Reserve Areas, Biosphere Reserves, Special Environment Protection Regions, Special Protection Areas, Protection Areas related with drinking and utility water resources, Tourism Areas and Centers, and other areas which are under protection) distances to activity area and possible effects

As a result of the conducted site studies, the views of the related authorities, examination of the web sites and the assessment of the existing literature data, the following areas are not present at the IBB Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Project Site and the impact area;

 National Parks, Natural Parks, Nature Protection Areas, Natural Monuments defined at article 2 of the National Parks Law no. 2873 and identified as per article 3 of the same law (see Appendix-C: Protection Areas Map).  Wild Life Preservation sites as per Terrestrial Gaming Law no. 4915.  Cultural Assets, Natural Assets, Protection Site and Protection Areas and Registered areas as per article 2 of the Cultural and Natural Assets Protection Law no. 2863 (see Appendix-C: Environmental Arrangement Plan)  Any movable or immovable cultural or natural asset with properties that can be assessed in the framework of article 6 of the Cultural and Natural Assets Protection Law no. 2863 amended with laws no. 3386 and 5226 within the Project Site (see Appendix-C: Environmental Arrangement Plan)

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 Water products production and reproduction sites in the scope of the Water Products Law no. 1380.  Areas determined and announced as Special Environmental Preservation Areas by the Ministerial Cabinet as per article 9 of the Environment Law no. 2872 (see Appendix-C: Preservation Areas Map)  Locations specified at the Law no. 3573 on the Improvement of Olive Cultivation and Inoculation of the Wild Items  Areas in the scope of 1st degree military restricted areas as per the Military Restricted Zones and Security Zones Law no. 2565  Areas stated at the Mine Law no. 3213 (5177).

There are no areas that need to be protected as per the international treaties to which our country is a party of;

 Areas placed under protection with cultural heritage and natural heritage status as per the first and second articles of the Contract for the Protection of World Culture and Nature Heritage  Marshlands with international significance and placed under protection as per the Ramsar Treaty.

There are no areas that need to be preserved;

 Biogenetic Reserve Areas, Geothermal Areas  Habitat / niche areas for the species bearing importance for scientific researches and/or that are endangered or can become endangered and that are endemic for our country, biosphere reserve, biotopes, biogenetic reserve areas, areas with unique geologic and geomorphologic formations.

During the construction and operation phases of the Project, the Regulations related to the Environment Law no. 2872, Land Gaming Law no. 4915 and the Regulations thereof, the provisions of the related national and international contracts shall be obeyed.

The nearest preservation area to the Project Site is the Çilingöz Wild Life Development Site located 20 km air flight distance to the west (see Appendix-C: Preservation Areas Map).

3.8. Soil Properties and Utilization Status (land use capability classification, erosion, present use of the soil, soil survey report)

Several big-scale soil groups have formed in Istanbul due to climate, topography and main substance difference. These soil groups are given below under main headings:

 Alluvial soils  Hydromorphic alluvial soils  Colluvial soils  Red-yellow podzoic soils  Brown forest soils  Brown soils that do not contain lime

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 Rendzinas  Versitoles  Regosoles  Reeds and Bogs  Coast dunes  River flood beds  Bare rocks and debris

At Eyüp district where the project is planned, IIIrd class lands cover the most area with 25% rate (5.222,8 ha). IInd class lands with high agricultural quality for 0,1% whereas Ist class lands form 1,61%. Consequently, the lands with good agricultural production power cover 27,9% of the district lands. The remaining Class IV, VI, VII and VIII lands form the land asset of the district with similar rates. The ratio of the areas inside the district that are not suitable for agricultural production have been determined to be 55,5%.

When the geographical distribution of the land capability classes in Eyüp district is examined, it is observed that class II and IV lands are distributed and fragmented, Class VII lands are in the north and class IV lands concentrate at the inner sections. Class I lands are again mostly present at the inner section in the form of small segments (Istanbul Province Environmental Status Report, 2007) (see Figure 3-22).

Class I Class II Class III Class IV Class V Class VI Class VII Class VIII

Figure 3-22. Field Capability Classes Distribution for Eyüp District Source: Istanbul Province Environment and Status Report, 2007.

At Eyüp district where the Project Site is located, there are soils with erosion and erosion-soil insufficiency problems. The district contains areas with erosion-soil insufficiency at 73% and areas with erosion problem at 8%. The areas with erosion-soil insufficiency problem are located all around the district, the areas with erosion problem are located at the north and middle sections of the district, the areas with soil insufficiency and erosion problem are rare and located to the west, whereas the areas with drainage problem are located in the south of the district.

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As can be seen at the Land Asset Map presented in Appendix-C, the Project Site is comprised of lands that are either not suitable or scarcely suitable for processed agriculture, lands under forest regime and Brown Forest Soils that do not contain lime.

The Project Site has been allocated to IBB by the Forestry General Directorate for 49 years (see Appendix-I).

3.9. Distance of Project field to the forested areas, impact of the Project to forested areas, and measures to be taken

The forested area in Istanbul, where the Project Site is located, is 247.800,2 ha and this corresponds to 45,6% of the overall province. The remaining 54,4% part is in the form of open field. The operation manner for the forests at Istanbul province has been converted to grove type as of 2006. 6% of the forested areas are distorted, the remaining are normal areas.

The Project Site is forest quality land located within the boundaries of Kemerburgaz Forest Operation Chieftaincy of the Forestry General Directorate and has been allocated to IBB for 49 years. According to the data of Kemerburgaz Forest Operation Chieftaincy; there is a total of 8.265,0 hectares of forested areas. Of this area, 7.659,5 hectares are productive forest whereas 605,5 hectares are damaged forests.

Since the Project Site will be installed at an unforested area, no trees will be cut off during the construction activities.

1/25.000 scale stand map obtained from the Forestry General Directorate and 1/10.000 scaled Cadastral Map is shown in Appendix-C. The Examination Assessment Form of the Forestry Regional Directorate is presented at Appendix-I.

Sufficient quantity of fire extinguishing equipment (pickaxes, shovels, axes, water buckets, fire extinguishers, etc.) and fire hydrants shall be resent against the possible fires that may occur at the plant within the scope of the Project. The provisions of the articles related to the “Safety Precautions to be Taken against the Fires at Workplaces” at Part 5, Chapter 1 of the Worker Health and Work Safety Code enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 14765 of 11.04.1974 shall be complied with. The plant personnel shall be trained regarding the possible impacts in case of a fire breakout and the duties to be undertaken. After the fire is detected and alarm is sounded, it will be tried to immediately eliminate the problem using the fire extinguisher kept ready at specified locations and the following matters shall be fulfilled.

 When the fire is detected, the personnel working in the building and then the people in the vicinity shall be notified.  The nearest security/safety and fire brigade departments shall be notified.  The environmental safety/security shall be ensured by the emergency intervention team.  The fire extinguishing teams shall immediately intervene to the fire.

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 The first job to be done in case of a fire will be to save lives. In such situations, the persons shall be prevented from threatening their own lives and lives of others as a result of unnecessary actions.  The fire shall be tried to be put off using the nearest suitable fire extinguishers.  The mouth and nose shall be closed with wet cloth against the burning and suffocating effect of smoke.  While putting off the fire, unnecessary damage, and destruction shall be avoided.  Sufficient quantity of personnel and foam fire extinguishers shall be ready to be used any time. Fire brigade vehicle shall be grounded that conducts static electricity.  The emergency intervention teams commissioned in fire extinguishing shall be in contact with the local fire brigade.  Ambulance shall be called to the place of fire.

The following fire fighting equipment shall be kept ready for a possible fire threat, they will be periodically checked and used:

 Gas Cylinders (extinguisher gases to be used by spraying)  Smoke Detector (by automatic transmission to the control panel in case of smoke exhaust)  Flame Detector (by automatic transmission to the control panel in case of flame detection)

3.10. Existing pollution load of Project area and impact area in terms of air, water and soil

During the realization of the Project, certain measures have to be taken and complied with in order to minimize the impacts that can occur within and nearby the Project Site both during the construction phase and the operation phase.

According to 2010 TUIK data of Istanbul province where the Project shall be installed, 3 3 PM10 value is 51 μg/m and SO2 value is 7 μg/m .

The possible impacts from the Project and the measures that need to be taken against these impacts have been explained under the following headings.

3.10.1. Air Pollution

At Eyüp district where the project is planned, the locations where industry is most intense are Rami-Topcular, Alibeyköy and Kemerburgaz zones. There are many workplaces in the form of big-, medium and small-scale enterprises in several fields of activity at these zones (Istanbul Province and Environment and Status Report, 2007). There are totally 4.600 sanitary and 14.970 non-sanitary enterprises in the district. One of the important industrial establishments in the district is the Kilsan Brick Factory. Furthermore, there are factories in the district center that perform textile production.

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3.10.1.1. PM10 Measurement Results

In the scope of air quality monitoring study, particulate matter sampling was made with Mini Vol PM10 sampling device at Işıklar Village, being the sensitive receiving medium that is nearest to the Project Site. The coordinate and measurement results of the particulate matter sampling point are presented in Table 3-26 and the longest term limit value as indicated at the “Air Quality Assessment and Management Regulation” (HKDYY) Annex-IA enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 26898 of 06.06.2008 is shown at Table 3-27. Accordingly, the particulate matter concentration measured at the Project Site and the residential location nearest to the Project Site is much below than the limit value given in Table 3-27.

Table 3-26. Measurement Location Place of Coordinates Measurement Measurement UTM Zone East North Result (μg/m3) Işıklar Village 35 T 0652745 4565423 42

Table 3-27. Transition Period Long Term Limit Values Belonging to PM10 Parameter (µg/m3) Limit Value for Parameter Average Period Annual Reduction in Limit Value 2013 year Particulate Matter The limit value (150 μg/m3) reduces Suspended in air annually at equal amount every 12 (PM ) UVS 3 months from 01.01.2009 until 10 60 μg/m (annual) 01.01.2014 until the value of 60 (particles at 10μm μg/m3 (4% of the limit value) is or smaller) reached Source: HKDYY Annex-IA

The PM10 results measured for 2007-2010 at Istanbul province where the Project Site is located are given in Table 3-28.

Table 3-28. PM10 Values Measured in Istanbul (2007 - 2010) Average Particulate Matter (PM10) 3 Province (μg/m ) 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 Istanbul 69 60 55 Source: www.tuik.gov.tr

3.10.1.2. NO2, SO2, HCl and HF Measurement Results

Immediately to the southeast of the Project Site location, there is IBB Solid Waste Recycling and Compost Plant. During the air quality modeling studies conducted in the scope of the project, the cumulative impact of the plant was considered and the prepared Air Quality Modeling Report has been presented in Appendix-G.

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At air quality monitoring studies, Breeze ISC (Industrial Source Complex) GIS Professional (License No: 8575279) distribution model, that was developed by USEPA and is successfully being used at similar plants, were used and eight different air quality measurement locations were determined at the areas which has the highest value of contribution to the monthly air quality as per the “Industrial Based Air Pollution Control Regulation” (SKHKKY) enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 27277 of 03.07.2009. At these locations, NO2, SO2, HCl and HF monitoring studies were conducted three times at monthly periods with diffusion tubes. The first, second and third period diffusion tubes were placed at Işıklar Village on December 11th 2011, January 24th 2012 and February 28th 2012, respectively. The position and coordinates of the diffusion tubes are presented at the Measurement Locations Map at Appendix-C. The results obtained from three period measurements are shown in Table 3-29 and these values have been compared with the values of SKHKKY Annex-2 Table 2-2 (see Table 3-30). Accordingly, the measurement results are below the limit values.

Table 3-29. Diffusion Tube Analysis Results NO2 Measurement SO2 Measurement HCl Measurement HF Measurement Name of Result Result Result Result Diffusion Tube 3 3 3 3 (g/m ) (g/m ) (g/m ) (g/m ) December – January Period DT-1 16,11 1,54 33,81 0,80 DT-2 14,11 0,62 3,43 0,25 DT-3 14,39 1,68 2,31 0,30 DT-4 14,73 2,04 9,01 0,77 DT-5 14,95 1,30 3,97 0,37 DT-6 14,91 2,74 9,29 0,73 DT-7 11,98 3,75 12,29 0,61 DT-8 14,59 0,74

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Table 3-30. NO2, SO2, HCl and HF Limit Values Parameter Average Period Limit Value for 2012 (μg/m3) NO2 UVS* (annual) 68 SO2 UVS (annual) 150 HCl UVS (annual) 68 HF KVS** (daily) 6 Source: SKHKKY Annex-2 Table 2-2 * UVS: Long Term Limit Value: The value that should not be exceeded by the arithmetic average of all the measurement results. ** KVS: Short Term Limit Value: The value that should not be exceeded by the value corresponding to 95% of the measurement results when the maximum daily average values or statistically all measurement results are listed in the order of their number value.

3.10.1.3. Dioxin and Furan Measurement Results

Dioxin and furan measurements were made by TUBITAK-MAM at Işıklar Village and Göktürk Town, being the nearest sensitive receiving mediums in the scope of the project. The analysis results and detailed analysis report is provided at Table 3-31 and Appendix-E, respectively.

Table 3-31. Dioxin and Furan Measurement Results Concentration Measured / Analyzed Parameter Göktürk Işıklar PCDD (Polychlorinated dibenzodioxines) 0,031 0,036 PCDF (Polychlorinated dibenzofurans) 0,009 0,010 Dioxin / Furan (Total I-TEQ) 0,040 0,046

The limit value specified by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the ground level dioxin and furan measurements is 0,1 pg/Nm3 and the dioxin and furan measurement results as performed by Tübitak in order to determine the existing pollution load of the Project location are much below than the value specified by WHO.

3.10.2. Water Pollution

The number of personnel envisaged to work at the construction phase of the Project is 200. When the per capita water consumption is assumed to be 203 L/day 4 , the water requirement of the personnel will be 40,6 m3/day. A water dept shall be installed at the Project Site with a capacity of 100 m3.

4 Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Wastewater Statistics (http://tuikapp.tuik.gov.tr/Bolgesel/tabloOlustur.do )

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The sewerage network built to receive the domestic wastewater of the Compost Plant is also suitable for the solid waste incineration plant to be newly built. The wastewater to result from the planned IBB Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant shall be connected to the existing sewerage system of the Compost Plant.

In relation of the wastewaters, the provisions of the “Water Pollution Control Regulation” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 25687 of 31.12.2004 shall be obeyed.

Order to determine the current state at the Project Site, a water sample has been taken on November 45, 2011 from a location near Işıklar Village being the closest residential area to the Project Site and this sample was analyzed (see Table 3-32 and Table 3-33). The detailed analysis report of the samples taken from the Project Site is presented at Appendix-E.

Table 3-32. Sample Information Place of Coordinates Record Number Sampling UTM Zone East North S0375 Işıklar Village 35 T 0653225 4563383

Table 3-33. Analysis Results Belonging to Samples Measurement Parameter Unit Result Reference Method Uncertainty pH - 7,37 ± 0,60 % TS 3263, ISO Dissolved Oxygen mg/L 0,39 ± 6,50 % 10523 April 1999 Oxygen Saturation (% O2) % 4,6 - SM 4500-O G. Chlorine (Cl-) mg/L 184,9 ± 3,10 % SM 4500-O C. 2- Sulfate (SO4 ) mg/L 390,5 ± 0,56 % SM 4500-Cl- B. Ammonium Nitrogen (NH4-N) mg/L 2,8 ± 2,00 % SM 4500-SO42- D. Nitrate Nitrogen (NO3-N) mg/L 0,2 ± 13,00 % SM 4500-NH3 F. Nitrite Nitrogen (NO2-N) mg/L 0,1 ± 2,00 % SM 4500-NO3- E. Total Phosphorus (P) mg/L 0,7 ± 3,00 % SM 4500-NO2- B. TDS (Total Dissolved Solid mg/L 954,0 ± 3,20 % SM 4500-P B. Matter) mg/L Pt/Co Color 55,8 ± 1,44 % SM 2540 C. scale TS 6392 EN ISO Sodium (Na) mg/L 50,3 - 7887 / April 1998 COD mg/L 73,2 ± 8,00 % EPA Method 200.7 BOD mg/L 15,4 ± 13,00 % SM 5220 D. 5TOC (Total Organic Carbon) - - - SM 5210 B. 5 Kjeldahl Nitrogen (Norg), Total - - - - Oil and Grease mg/L < 3,0 ± 5,00 % TS 7887: 2010 MBAS (calculated and reported as LAS being mg/L < 0,06 ± 10,50 % SM 5540 C. molecular weight 348,48 g/mol.) Phenols mg/L < 0,005 ± 2,00 % SM 5530 C.

5 The analysis reports no. 20845 and 742640 of the collaborated laboratories, containing the Kjeldahl Nitrogen, TOC, Mineral Oils and Pesticide analysis results of the sample no. S3075 sent to the collaborated laboratories are enclosed.

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Measurement Parameter Unit Result Reference Method Uncertainty 5Mineral Oil (C10-C40- Index) - - - - 5Pestisite (30 parameters) - - - - Mercury (Hg) mg/L < 0,0030 ± 4,20 % EPA Method 200.7 Cadmium (Cd) mg/L 0,0139 ± 0,97 % EPA Method 200.7 Lead (Pb) mg/L < 0,0100 ± 3,30 % EPA Method 200.7 Arsenic (As) mg/L 0,0139 ± 2,20 % EPA Method 200.7 Copper (Cu) mg/L < 0,0030 ± 4,00 % EPA Method 200.7 Chromium (Cr), Total mg/L < 0,0100 ± 0,87 % EPA Method 200.7 Chromium 6+ (Cr6+) mg/L < 0,010 ± 8,85 % SM 3500-Cr B. Cobalt (Co) mg/L 0,0044 - EPA Method 200.7 Nickel (Ni) mg/L < 0,0100 ± 0,96 % EPA Method 200.7 Zinc (Zn) mg/L 0,0251 ± 3,70 % EPA Method 200.7 Total Cyanide (CN-) mg/L < 0,0080 ± 7,10 % SM 4500-CN- C. Fluoride (F-) mg/L 0,4 ± 4,00 % SM 4500-F- D. Free Chlorine mg/L 0,09 ± 2,00 % SM 4500-Cl G. Sulfur (S2-) mg/L < 1,0 ± 2,44 % SM 4500-S2- F. Iron (Fe) mg/L 1,0060 ± 3,80 % EPA Method 200.7 Manganese (Mn) mg/L 2,1980 ± 4,30 % EPA Method 200.7 Boron (B) mg/L 0,1426 ± 6,00 % EPA Method 200.7 Selenium (Se) mg/L 0,0039 ± 3,10 % EPA Method 200.7 Barium (Ba) mg/L 0,0735 ± 1,00 % EPA Method 200.7 Aluminum (Al) mg/L 0,2470 ± 4,10 % EPA Method 200.7 6Radioactivity - - - - TS ISO 9308-1, Fecal Coliform kob/100 mL 204.000,0 ± 18,90 % 2004 TS ISO 9308-1, Total Coliform kob/100 mL 480.000,0 ± 11,90 % 2004

The analysis results given above have been compared writhe criteria of classification of the inland water sources given in SKKY Table 1 (see Table 3-34). As a result of the assessment made, the water sample taken has been classified as Class III according to COD and dissolved oxygen, Class II according to BOD value and Class I according to the pH and total dissolved matter values. Consequently, the water quality of the over-ground water source sampled is Class III.

6 The analysis report no. PR1148207001 of the collaborated laboratories, containing the Radioactivity analysis result of the sample no. S3075 sent to the collaborated laboratories is enclosed.

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Table 3-34. Classification Criteria for Water Resources WATER QUALITY CLASSES PARAMETER UNIT I II III IV COD mg/L 25 50 70 > 70 BOD mg/L 4 8 20 > 20 Outside pH - 6,5–8,5 6,5–8,5 6,0-9,0 6,0-9,0 Dissolved Oxygen mg/L 8 6 3 < 3 Total Dissolved Matter mg/L 500 1500 5000 > 5000 mg/L Pt/Co Color 5 50 300 > 300 scale Source: SKKY, Table 1

A water sample shall be taken every 3 months from the area just nearby the Project Site and that creates a seasonal lake, and these samples shall be sent to analysis.

3.10.3. Noise Pollution

Heavy duty work machinery shall be used at the construction and assembly works at the Project Site. The regular periodic controls of the machines shall be made to ensure that their air and noise emissions are reduced. There will be no explosive substance use at the Project Site.

Noise measurement study was conducted at Işıklar Village on November 3-4, 2011 by DOKAY Environmental Laboratory in order to determine the existing status of the Project Site and the impact area thereof in terms of noise pollution (see Table 3-35).

Table 3-35. Noise Measurement Results LA LA LA Measurement Measurement day evening night (dBA) (dBA) (dBA) Record No Place (07:00 – 19:00) (19:00 – 23:00) (23:00 – 07:00) DKL-11/G316 Işıklar Village 39,6 ± 0,2% 52,3 ± 0,2% 44,7 ± 0,2%

The noise to be caused by the equipment and vehicles to work at the construction phase of the Project shall be kept at acceptable levels as per the “Environmental Noise Assessment and Management Regulation” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 27601 of 04.06.2010 by making the periodical maintenance of the vehicles, complying with the working hours stated at the regulation.

The noise measurements taken at the Project Site and the assessment of these measurements have been analyzed at the Acoustic Report in Appendix-F.

Gas emissions shall occur due to the use of liquid fuel at the vehicles to bring the domestic type of solid wastes to the plant at the operation phase of the plant, starting with the land preparation at the construction phase in the scope of the planned IBB Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Project. Since the state-of-art filters minimizing the stack gas emissions to occur at the operation period, the stack gas emissions shall be kept at the lowest possible level.

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During the operation phase, PM10, NOx, HCl, SO2 and HF measurements shall be made 4 times a year. Dioxin and furan measurements shall be made quarterly and these measurements can be monitored by the Istanbul Governorship and Istanbul Environment and Urbanization Directorate via the online systems.

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4. IMPORTANT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT AND MEASURES TO BE TAKEN

4.1. The amount, the place and the areas where the excavation to be carried out, where to transport and to store the excavated material, and for which purpose it will be used

The site preparation activities to be performed at the Project Site shall be comprised of stripping of the soil top layer, site arrangement and excavation activities required for the base works related to the plant units. Furthermore, excavation shall also be made for groundwater drains, water and wastewater pipelines. In other words; excavation material shall be obtained as a result of the leveling of the plant area during the construction period of the Project, construction of the plan, main and auxiliary buildings, laying of the underground, drainage and wastewater treatment pipelines and final arrangements made with the civil works of the cooling water system.

During the design phase of the Project, care was paid placing the units in a proper manner and thereby minimizing the excavation material. In the scope of the Project, approximately 950.000 m3 of excavation material is expected to be obtained in total. During excavation activities, the soil amount dug out shall be planned as to be equaled with the filling volumes and the excavation soil shall first of all be utilized within the activity area. Since the Project Site is a fill area, there is no vegetal soil. During excavation activities, the soil amount dug out shall be planned as to be equaled with the filling volumes and the excavation soil shall first of all be utilized within the activity area for filling, recreation and similar purposes; however if it proves to be impossible to reuse this soil, it shall be disposed of by being stored at the permitted excavation landfill site at İhsaniye Village located at 3-4 km air line distance from the Project Site.

Detailed breakdown regarding the excavation material has been shown at Table 4-1.

Table 4-1. Excavation Calculation Details Kilometer Interim Split Fill Area Spilt Fill Cumulative Cumulative Distance Area (m2) Volume Volume Split Fill Volume (m) (m2) (m3) (m3) Volume (m3) (m3) 0+000.00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0+040,00 40,00 1.357,72 29,80 27.154,40 595,99 27.154,40 595,99 0+080,00 40,00 2.250,91 0,00 72.172,60 595,99 99.327,00 1.191,99 0+120,00 40,00 2.684,22 0,00 98.702,65 0,00 198.029,65 1.191,99 0+160,00 40,00 2.741,95 0,00 108.523,38 0,00 306.553,03 11.191,99 0+200,00 40,00 2.554,48 0,00 105.928,44 0,00 412.481,47 1.191,99 0+240,00 40,00 2.501,27 0,00 101.114,87 0,00 513.596,35 1.191,99 0+280,00 40,00 2.440,38 0,00 38.832,90 0,00 612.429,25 1.191,99 0+320,00 40,00 2.576,95 0,01 100.346,58 0,14 712.775,84 1.192,12 0+360,00 40,00 2.441,12 26,07 100.361,48 521,58 813.137,32 1.713,70 0+400,00 40,00 1.481,57 29,36 78.453,92 1.108,67 891.591,24 2.822,37 0+440,00 40,00 180,30 84,08 33.237,53 2.268,81 924.827,77 5.091,19 0+480,00 40,00 0,00 564,75 3.606,05 12.976,56 928.434,82 18.067,75 0+520,00 40,00 0,00 469,9 0,00 20.692,94 928434,82 38.760,69 0+548,23 28,23 0,00 0,00 0,00 6.632,89 928434,82 45.393,58 Source: Yüksel Proje Uluslararası A.Ş.

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In all the excavation activities to be performed in the scope of the Project, the provisions of the “Regulation on the Control of Excavation Soil, Construction and Debris Wastes” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 25406 of 18.03.2004, “Regulation on the Regular Storage / Land filling of Wastes” and the Communiqué related to the Regulation on the Regular Storage / Land filling of Wastes (2010/16) shall be obeyed, these wastes shall be sent off to disposal sites and the excavation material shall not be stored randomly on the field.

It is not envisaged to use explosives during excavation activities. Under these conditions, it is considered that the excavation material to be obtained in the scope of the project shall not create a negative impact on the topography and natural land structure of the region.

4.2. Dust sources and measures to be taken

The dust to result from the project activities and the measures to be taken against dust can be assessed under two main headings as the construction and the operation period.

4.2.1. Construction Period

The primary dust emitting activities that can occur during the construction phase of the project are the top soil stripping at the Project Site and making the foundation excavation for the construction of the plant units.

The most important factor in determining the frequency and period of the possible impacts that can occur is the transport of the dust particles to sensitive receiving bodies via wind. The primary excavation works that can cause dust formation are excavation, filling and compaction activities. Furthermore, the air quality shall be temporarily affected negatively due to the increase of traffic from the vehicles, machinery to be used and transportation of cement and construction material in the scope of the Project. During the movement of the excavation trucks and the storage of excavation wastes, especially the residential locations in the vicinity of the Project Site shall be negatively affected.

Dust emission amounts can vary daily depending to the type of the construction activities and the weather conditions. Therefore, the measures to be taken to control the dust emissions can be listed as follows:

 The materials that can fly about with the wind shall be stacked and kept under control. A cover material proper for this purpose shall be used.  Additional measures shall be taken to control the vehicle movements in dry and windy weather conditions.  In order to reduce the possible impacts of the dust emissions to result from shipment activities, watering shall be made regularly with sprinklers in dry seasons on the roads that are not covered with asphalt.  The hard grounded areas, if any, shall be checked regularly and kept in a manner clear from muddy and dusty materials.

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 The wastes arising as a result of the construction activities inside the site shall not be burnt.  During the transport of construction material that can create dust via vehicles, the vehicles shall be covered and the maximum speed of the vehicles shall not exceed 30 km/h.  Impact reducing measures shall be applied in order to prevent the transport of dust and mud from the site to the highways and roads used by the public.  The load, transfer and unloading of the construction materials shall be made from the lowest possible height.  Where necessary, the construction workers shall be provided with face masks to ensure their protection from the dust.

4.2.2. Operation Period

The emission values of pollutants such as dust and PM10, NO2, HCl, SO2, HF, dioxin and furan that can occur during the operation phase of the plant shall be regularly measured and it will be possible for them to be monitored as well by the relevant authorities via an online system. In this scope, the possible emission values, possible impacts thereof and the measures to be taken as per the related legislation has been described in detail at Section 4.18.

There is no dust-emitting source at the operation phase of the project.

4.3. The type of the material to be used for the impermeability system in the scope of the Project, the amount of the material, how to and where to procure the material, the type of the transportation of the material, the reserve capacity at the place from where it is to be procured, impacts to the environment and measures to be taken

The solid wastes to be brought daily to the plant shall be taken into the waste storage reservoir at the plant. The garbage in the bunkers shall be regularly mixed with the help of cranes. Since a humid garbage content will be obtained as a result of the regular mixing process, there will be no seepage water accumulation. Then, the moisture to form during the incineration of the garbage shall vaporize and transmitted to the stack gas treatment system together with other contaminated gases. Furthermore, since the bunker system shall be made of impermeable alloy, there is no need to utilize an additional system to ensure impermeability.

4.4. Vegetal soil loss due to the Project, the impact of the Project to the landscape and measures to be taken

The Project Site is basically represented with excavation materials of heterogeneous character and there is no vegetal soil.

The excavation material occurring in the scope of the Project shall be disposed of by being stored at the permitted excavation landfill site at İhsaniye Village located at 3-4 km air line distance from the Project Site.

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During the construction phase of the project, the activity owner shall conduct a Project-specific Landscape Planning and Application Project. At this Landscape Planning and Application Project to be implemented, the climate and vegetative cover of the region shall be taken into consideration to ensure that vegetation shall be made with suitable plant species. The aim of the landscaping study is to both provide a visual curtaining of the project plants and to create a nice environment for the enterprise.

4.5. Impacts on Flora, Fauna, biological diversity, habitat loss and measures to protect the existing species

Since vegetal soil cover will not be stripped during land preparation and at the construction phase, there will be no biomass loss either.

Among the taxons present and that has a high probability of occurrence due to habitat features at the activity area and surroundings, there is no plant species that is endemic, rare, endangered and that need to be placed under protection as per Annex-1 list of the “Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats” (Bern Convention).

Fauna species shall be inclined to abandon their current habitats due to the deterioration of their habitats (dust, noise, etc. anthropogenic factors) at the activity area and orient towards more suitable alternative niches in the surroundings.

Necessary warning shall be made by the activity owner to the personnel to work at the Project to ensure that no damage is caused to the fauna species.

In every phase of the activity, the Bern Convention conservation precautions and the provisions of article 6 and 7 of this convention shall be obeyed regarding the fauna species present at Annex-2 and Annex-3 list of the Bern Convention.

These are;

Every kind of intentional seizure and detention, intentional killing methods regarding the fauna species placed under definite protection (article 6),

Intentional damaging or destroying of the reproduction and rest places,

Disturbing the wild fauna intentionally, especially during their reproduction, development and hibernation period as to violate the purpose of the convention,

Gathering or intentionally destroying eggs from wild environment and seizing these eggs even if they are empty,

Keeping and internal trade of the fauna alive or dead, are forbidden.

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In relation to the protected fauna species (article 7):

4.6 Flood risk and measures to be taken

The nearest surface water resource to the Project Site is the Göktürk Pond at 3 km flight line distance and Alibeyköy Lake at 7 km distance. As can be seen in Appendix-I, at the official letter of ISKI no. 463051 of 05.11.2011, it is stated that the Project Site is outside the water collection basins of the surface water sources. Accordingly, there is no flood risk at the Project Site. Furthermore, all the necessary measures shall be taken against surface water floods at the planned plant. Drainage system shall be established at the Project Site for the rain waters and the rain water coming from the roof collected with this system shall be discharged to Göktürk Pond near the site in order to meet the fire water, whereas the rain water inside the site shall be discharged to the exiting wastewater conduit. Additionally, wastewater drainage shall not be made to the existing watering / irrigation channels and the watering channels shall not be harmed due to the activities to be conducted during the construction and operation phase of the planned activity.

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4.7 Design of the storage plant, soil impermeability, Works to be carried out to provide the soil impermeability, Works related with drainage, drainage measures to be taken, top soil for every cell belonging to the regular landfill area and drainage layer plan for ground water and cross section information, upper surface impermeability layer

The slag to occur at the planned IBB Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant shall be sent to Odayeri Solid Waste Landfill Site located at about 3,2 km flight distance with containers. Then, these wastes shall be laid as a cover on the stored garbage in line with the system at the Odayeri Solid Waste Landfill Site. The stack gas treatment residues shall be collected in silos, filled in big sacks and sent to a licensed hazardous waste disposal plant. Therefore, waste shall not be stored at the plant. As a result, a material for impermeability of the site ground shall not be used.

Furthermore, the planned plant shall be designed by considering drainage system criteria, the rain waters to be collected coming from the roofs shall be sent to the fire water depots to be constructed at the site as to meet the fire water requirement, whereas the in-site rain water shall be transmitted to the existing wastewater conduit.

4.8 In the scope of the Project, water supply system plan during the construction and operation period, where to provide water, amount of water provided from the resources and amounts of water in accordance with the purpose of usage, waste water types and amounts, impacts to the underground and surface water resources and measures to be taken (rain water collection system, amounts, amount of water collected from the drainage system, its characteristics, flow chart of the treatment plant, the capacity, operation type, amounts that will be obtained due to treatment, how to discharge the treated water and to which area, tabular information of discharge limits, plan and cross section information of seepage water storage pool, disposal of sewage sludge and amount of storage gas output, its control, usage and disposal methods, permission that have been taken or to be taken)

Construction Period

Drinking water and utilization water shall be required for the personnel to work and for the construction activities to be conducted in the scope of the Project. The water to be used for the construction activities, dust prevention and fire fighting in case of any fire plus the drinking and utilization water of the personnel shall be supplied from the network coming to the existing compost plant.

For the maximum 200 persons to work during the construction phase, assuming that the per capita water consumption would be 203 L/day.capita, the required drinking (potable) and utilization water amount shall be 40,6 m3/day. Also with the assumption that the used drinking and utilization shall be 100% converted into wastewater, the wastewater to result would be again 40,6 m3/day (200 persons x 0,203 m3/day-capita). The resulting wastewaters shall be treated at the wastewater treatment plant to be installed at the Project Site and disposed as per the provisions of the “Regulation on Amending the Water Pollution Control Regulation” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 27914 of 24.04.2011.

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Necessary applications shall be made for the domestic type treatment plant and the environmental permits shall be obtained. The wastewater to come out from the Treatment Plant shall be discharged to the existing wastewater conduit. Table 4-2 provides the domestic wastewater discharge standards at SKKY Table 21.1.

Table 4-2. Domestic Wastewater Discharge Standards Discharge Limits Parameters 2-hour Composite Sample 2-hour Composite Sample BOD5 (mg/L) 50 45 COD (mg/L) 180 120 SSM (mg/L) 70 45 pH 6-9 6-9 Source: SKKY Table 21.1

Since industrial type of wastewater formation is not expected as a result of the activities taking place at the construction phase, there will be no case of industrial wastewater mixing with the groundwater.

Operation Period

It is planned to employ 87 people during the operation phase of the Project. Assuming that the per capita water consumption would be 203 L/day.capita, the resulting wastewater amount shall be 17,66 m3/day. The resulting wastewaters shall be treated at the wastewater treatment plant to be installed at the Project Site and disposed as per the provisions of the “Regulation on Amending the Water Pollution Control Regulation” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 27914 of 24.04.2011.

4.9 Impacts of the Project on the resources from which drinking water is obtained and measures to be taken

The drinking and utilization water for the construction works phase and the operation period shall be supplied from the system coming to the existing compost plant. It is planned to employ a maximum of 200 persons during the construction activities. Assuming that the per capita water consumption would be 203 L/day.capita, the daily water consumption amount is accepted to be about 40,6 m3. Assuming that the per capita water consumption would be 203 L/day.capita again for the 87 persons to be employed during the operation phase, the daily water consumption would be about 17,66 m3.

The wastewaters to arise from the IBB Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant shall only be domestic type of wastewater and these shall be treated as to meet the limit values at the Water Pollution Control Regulation and then discharged to the existing wastewater conduit. Therefore, no negative impact is expected for the surface and the groundwater due to the planned Project.

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4.10. Electrification plan in the scope of the Project, Works to be carried out to apply this plan and materials to be used, where through energy transmission lines to be placed and places of transformers, and their power values,

Currently, the Project Site has a power infrastructure connection (34,5 kV). The foreseen plant has been designed under conditions that raises the net power to be exported to the main network to the highest level, and has maximum power generation yield at the operation phase. A part of the power coming from the steam turbine generator shall be used to meet the required auxiliary power requirement of the plant and site, whereas the remaining part shall be transmitted to the power distribution network.

After the power is generated, the determination of the switchyard to where it will be connected is subject to a general procedure. First of all, approval shall be obtained from EPDK for power generation license, then after the approval, EPDK shall notify TEIAS. After this, connection shall be made to a switchyard deemed suitable by TEIAS via en Energy Transmission Line. Currently there are the Tasoluk and Habibler-2 energy lines. TEIAS shall decide as to which line the generated energy in the planned plant will be connected.

4.11. Works to do in the storage (landfill) area in case of bad weather conditions (rainy, cold, dry etc.)

Since the domestic solid wastes coming to the plant in the scope of the Project from the transfer stations shall be sent directly to the incineration plant without being stored, there will be no storage site. In this case, since the solid wastes shall be disposed of by incineration without being stored, they will not be exposed to the negative impacts that may be caused by the weather conditions. However, all the necessary measures shall be taken to assure that the service is not delayed due to bad weather conditions.

In order to prevent the risk situations that may occur due to a frost event at snowy and cold days, the in-site approach and site access roads shall be rendered convenient. As to be used in bad weather conditions as necessary, the vehicles shall carry road salt with them and this salt shall be spread on the icy roads to ensure a safer and riskless transportation.

Furthermore, attention shall be paid to properly regulate the working environment of the workers in the cold weather conditions and it shall be ensured that they dress up in a manner to provide the necessary protection against the cold temperatures.

4.12. The type, composition, amount of wastes that cannot be recycled and how to dispose these items

The plant shall be operated as to meet the local and EU environmental directives and standards at the highest level with its state-of-art screened incineration system. The wastes to be generated during these processes are as follows:

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 Slag: The slag to be generated as a result of incineration shall be laid as a layer over the waste stored at the Odayeri Solid Waste Landfill Site. The Fly Ash and BGA remnants shall be collected and stored for at least 4 days at the silos allocated for this purpose. The Fly Ash and BGA remnants shall be filled inside big sacks as to be sent to the filling sites. The ash coming from the screen shall be sieved and subjected to a process to separate the iron metals.  Stack Gas Waste: To be filled in big sacks and forwarded to a Licensed Hazardous Waste Disposal Plant.  Domestic Wastewater, Rain water: To be discharged to the sewerage conduit of the existing compost plant.  Domestic Solid Waste: Shall be incinerated.

4.13. Residual waste, inert waste, hazardous waste, medical waste, packaging wastes occurring during construction and operation period of the Project, their amounts and types, and method of disposal of all these wastes

4.13.1. Residential Solid Wastes

Domestic type of solid wastes shall be generated from the personnel to be employed during the construction and operation phases of the Project.

When 1,5 kg/capita-day, being the daily solid waste amount of IBB is considered, the solid waste amount from the personnel to work during the construction phase of the project shall be 230 kg/ capita-day, whereas solid waste amount from the personnel to work during the operation phase shall be 100,05 kg/capita-day. These wastes shall be sent to regular landfill sites.

4.13.2. Excavation Wastes

950.000 m3 of excavation waste to be generated at the construction phase of the Project shall be disposed of at the licensed disposal sites at İhsaniye Village. The disposal site is at a flight distance of 3-4 km from the planned plant and the shipment trucks shall use the D-010 Highway. During the construction phase of the Project, the shipment, loading and unloading of the excavation material shall be made by covering the vehicles, without scattering.

4.13.3. Packaging Wastes

The packaging wastes that may occur during the construction and operation phases of the Project shall be collected as separately from other wastes as per the “Packaging Wastes Control Regulation” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 26562 of 24.06.2007 and sent to licensed recycling companies for disposal.

4.13.4. Medical Wastes

No medical waste generation is expected from the personnel to work during the construction and operation phases of the Project.

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An infirmary shall be installed for the personnel to work at the construction and operation phases of the Project. The medical wastes to be generated at the construction and operation phases shall be collected separately from other wastes, inside special impermeable medical waste bags as per article 13 of the “Medical Wastes Control Regulation” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 25883 of 22.07.2005 and removed from the plant via Medical Waste Transport Vehicles.

4.13.5. Hazardous Wastes

During the continuation of the construction works in the scope of the Project, dye cans, thinner containers, etc. wastes, that can be deemed as hazardous wastes, shall be generated at a small quantity. When oil replacement is made at the machinery at the Project Site, the waste oils shall be stored at impermeable grounds and removed from the site via licensed transporters. During the storage and transport of these substances, the “Solid Wastes Control Regulation” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 25755 of 14.03.2005 and the “Hazardous Wastes Control Regulation” amended at the Official Gazette no. 27744 of 30.10.2010 shall be obeyed.

During the operation phase of the Project, the stack gas treatment wastes that can be deemed as hazardous wastes shall be sent out to the Licensed Hazardous Waste Disposal Plant.

The summary information regarding the wastes to be generated at the construction and operation phases of the Project is provided at Table 4-3.

Table 4-3. Waste Amounts and Disposal Method Possible Amount to Possible Amount to Waste Type Occur in the Occur in the Method of Disposal Construction Phase Operation Phase To be discharged to Wastewater 40,6 m3/day 17,66 m3/day the existing wastewater sewer To be sent to regular Solid Waste 230 kg/day-capita 100,05 kg/day-capita landfill site 3 To be sent to licensed Excavation Waste 950.000 m - landfill site

4.14. Amount and types of special wastes occurring during the construction and operation of Project and disposal methods of these wastes (waste oil, waste battery and accumulators, waste electrical appliance and electronic appliance, worn out tires, vegetal waste oils, etc.)

The special wastes that may be generated during the construction and operation activities shall be originated from waste batteries and accumulators and worn or tires. The processes to be performed related to the disposal of these wastes have been explained below in detail.

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4.14.1 Construction Period

4.14.1.1. Waste Oils

Since the maintenance and repairs of the machinery and equipment used during the construction activities of the project shall be performed at the nearest fuel stations with the necessary infrastructure, wastes such as waste oil, liquid fuel, etc. are not anticipated to be generated. In case they do generate, they shall be disposed of as per the “Waste Oils Control Regulation” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 26952 of 30.07.2008.

It is planned to meet the meal requirement of the personnel to work during the construction phase of the project from contracted catering companies. For this reason, vegetal oil generation will not occur at the Project Site. However, if an agreement cannot be reached with any catering company, the vegetal waste oil to be generated as a result of cooking meals at the plant shall be given to contracted licensed firms and thereby removed from the site. In the disposal of the vegetal waste oils, “Waste Oils Control Regulation” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 26952 of 30.07.2008 shall be obeyed.

4.14.1.2. Waste Batteries and Accumulators

The waste accumulators that may occur during the construction activities of the Project shall be the expired accumulators/batteries of the equipment and passenger cars used. The battery changes of the vehicles shall be performed at locations with the required infrastructure of this purpose. The waste battery sources are the mobile radios and portable radios used at the area. The waste batteries and accumulators to occur in the scope of the Project shall be utilized by collecting as per “Waste Batteries and Accumulators Control Regulation” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 25569 of 31.08.2004.

4.14.1.3. Worn Out Tires

The waste tires to come from the construction machinery and equipments during the construction phase shall first be gathered in a closed area and then when they reach a certain quantity, they shall be removed from the site by licensed shipment firms as per the “Worn Out Tires Control Regulation” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 26357 of 25.11.2006 and disposed of by being sent to licensed storage / landfill areas or licenses recycle firms.

4.14.2. Operation Period

Since it is planned to meet the meal requirement of the personnel from contracted catering companies, vegetal oil generation will not occur in the scope of the Project. However, if an agreement cannot be reached with any catering company, the vegetal waste oil to be generated as a result of cooking meals at the plant shall be given to contracted licensed firms and thereby removed from the site as in the construction phase.

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An infirmary shall be installed for the personnel to work at the operation phase of the Project. The medical wastes to be generated shall be collected and disposed as per the “Medical Wastes Control Regulation” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 25883 of 22.07.2005.

The waste accumulators and batteries that may occur during the operation activities of the Project shall be, as in the construction phase, utilized by collecting as per “Waste Batteries and Accumulators Control Regulation” (APKY) enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 25569 of 31.08.2004.

The waste tires to come from the operation activities shall be, as in the construction phase, disposed of by being sent to licensed storage / landfill areas or licenses recycle firms.

4.15. Transportation, storage and usage of Inflammable, explosive, hazardous and toxic materials to be used during the construction and operation periods of the Project, tools and machines to be used for this kind of Works

Explosive substance use is not envisaged for the planned Project during the land preparation and construction phase. In general, explosive substance use becomes necessary when difficulties are encountered during the excavation of the hard grounds at the construction activities. If such a situation is encountered during the excavation works of the Project, care shall be paid in using minimum amount of explosive substance. During the use of explosive substances, the principles indicated at the “Code for the Precautions to be Taken at the Workplaces and Works Where Flammable, Explosive, Hazardous and Toxic Substances are Used” published at the Official Gazette no. 14752 of 24.12.1973 and the “Code related to the Procedures and Principles Regarding the Production, Import, Transport, Storage, Preservation, Sales, Use, Destruction and Inspection of Explosive Substances Left outside Monopoly, Game Materials and Similar Items” published at the Official Gazette no. 19589 of 29.09.1987 shall be fully obeyed.

Should detonation process be applied in the scope of the Project, explosive substances such as dynamite, capsule, etc. shall be stored in the manner described at the regulations, distant from the worksite, social facilities and residential areas, in-site depots covered with wood from the inside, protected with wire fences, warning and danger signs.

Trained and experienced blasters shall be employed at the detonation works. Experienced detonation and safety engineers shall supervise the process. The safe storage and transport of flammable and explosive substance (dynamite, fuel oil, gasoline, etc.) shall be under the responsibility of the contractor to perform the construction of the Project.

Additionally, all the measures shall be taken as indicated in the framework of the legislation on ensuring worker health and work safety during the storage and use of the mentioned fuels and chemical substances. For this aim, safe storage and transport vehicles shall also be supplied. Furthermore, the precautions shall be taken related to the transport and storage of flammable and explosive materials stated at Part 11 of the “Worker Health and Work Safety Code” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 14765 of 11.01.1974.

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4.16. Chemicals, their amounts, storage conditions, capacities of raw material and product storage tanks to be used for waste treatment in the scope of Project, and safety measures to be taken

Several chemical substances shall be used during the processing of the wastes at the planned plant. The applied designs vary depending on the technologies used at these types of plants. Therefore, since the stack gas and fly ash treatment systems to b proposed are different, the properties and amounts of the chemicals used at the treatment systems can be different as well.

Although the chemicals to be used changes depending on the treatment design to the selected for the plant, some of these chemicals and their consumption amounts are given in Table 4-4. The mentioned chemical substances shall be delivered to the plant location by transporting with trucks and experienced personnel in this regard shall be used.

Table 4-4. Chemical Substances and Their Consumption Values to be used in the Plant Chemical Substances Consumption Amounts / year (kg) NaOH (50 %) 3.360,00 ALC 160 Caustic Lime 3.440,00 Ammonia (25 %) 1.680,00

The chemical substance storage tanks at the plant shall be encircled with a second concrete wall against any leak. .All the measures shall be taken as indicated in the framework of the relevant legislation to ensure worker health and work safety during the storage and use of the mentioned chemical substances. For this purpose, it shall be ensured at the plant for these works to be realized as per the legislative provisions on work and worker safety and OHSAS 18001 management system certificate requirements. Furthermore, principles indicated at the “Regulation of the Health and Safety Measures to be Taken at Works related to Chemical Substances” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 25328 of 26.12.2003 and the “Hazardous Chemicals Regulations” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no 21634 of 11.07.1993 shall be obeyed regarding the subject.

4.17. Types, amounts, chemical analysis, combustion systems and emissions of these products to be used in the operation period of the Project

Diesel oil shall be used as fuel at the heavy duty machinery to be used at the construction works of the Project plants. The chemical properties of the diesel oil to be used have been shown at Table 4-5. In the other construction activities to be performed, fuel other than fuel oil, gasoline and electricity shall not be used.

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Table 4-5. Chemical Characteristics of Diesel Oil Parameter Unit Value Density (at 15oC) kg/L 0,820 – 0,860 Flashing point oC 55 (minimum) Cold filter clogging point – winter oC -10 (maximum) Cold filter clogging point – summer oC 5 (maximum) Distillation – recycled at 250oC % (volume) 65 (maximum) Distillation – recycled at 350oC % (volume) 85 (minimum) Distillation – recycled at 370oC % (volume) 95 (minimum) Sulfur % (weight) 0,70 (maximum) Carbon remnant (on 10% residue) % (weight) 0,30 (maximum) Viscosity (at 40oC) cSt 2,0 – 4,5 Ash % (weight) 0,01 (maximum) Setan index - 46 (minimum) Water mg/kg 200 (maximum) Particulate matter mg/kg 25 (maximum) Oxidation stability g/m3 25 (maximum) Source: www.tupras.com.tr

The operating principles of diesel engines are different as compared to gasoline fueled engines and although the carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC) emissions are less, the nitrous oxide (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions are higher. In general, the air pollution from the diesel engine vehicles comes from exhaust emissions and crankcase leaks. These vaporization losses can be decreased by using closed circuit injection systems and less volatile fuel oil. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), the emission factors to be caused from a regularly maintained heavy duty vehicle traveling at 0-30 km/h is 8,61 g/minute for CO, 1,38 g/minute for CO and 6,27 g/minute for NOx.

Save for the machinery working with electricity; the daily pollutant emissions to be caused from dozer, rubber tired loader, grader, cylinder, backhoe, truck, compressor and generator has been calculated. The daily CO, HC and NOx emissions to be caused by the machines at a location has been calculated using USEPA emission factors assuming that there is one of each machine and they are operated 8 hours a day continuously, and these emission values are given in Table 4-6.

Table 4-6. Emission Estimates from Construction Machines Emission Factor Period Daily Emission Pollutant (g/minute) (hours) (kg/day) CO 8,61 8 33 HC 1,38 8 5,3 NOx 6,27 8 24

The diesel oil to be used during the construction phase of the Project shall be supplied, as much as possible, from liquid fuel stations at nearby residential locations and storage shall not be made at the worksite. Furthermore, by ensuring the regular servicing of the work machinery, fuel or oil leaks shall be prevented.

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The emissions to be caused from the work machinery shall occur all through the construction works but their effect should be temporary. It is not considered that these emissions shall be a dimension that can create an important impact on the air quality. It is estimated that the air pollutants (CO, HC, NOx and PM) shall be at very low levels at the Project Site and it is not anticipated that these will negatively affect the existing air quality.

The motorized land vehicles in traffic shall be subject to regular measurement by authorized bodies regarding exhaust emissions and the fact that they meet the limit values specified for exhaust emissions shall be confirmed with the necessary documents.

At the plant to be constructed for the disposal of domestic solid wastes, incineration system with screens shall be used; there will be an additional incineration system at the waste incineration furnace to ensure the temperature necessary for the incineration process inside the furnace at the beginning of the incineration process. The additional incineration system shall also be used at temperature drops caused from changes in the calorific values of the waste during the incineration process. The additional incineration system is both manual and automatic, and it shall use natural gas as fuel. At the start-up phase of the system, it is planned to use 50.000 Sm3 natural gas, and when natural gas proves to be insufficient, 100 m3 fuel-oil is planned to be used.

Another emission source during the construction phase is the emissions caused by the heating of the personnel at the worksite and social facilities. However electricity shall be used for heating at the work site, administrative and social facilities, therefore it is considered that there will be no pollution caused by fuels.

Furthermore, since the latest technology shall be used that minimizes the stack gas emissions at the plant during the operation period, the stack gas emissions shall be minimized. During the operation period, PM10, NO2, HCl, SO2, HF, dioxin and furan pollutant emissions shall be continually measured and can also be tracked by the Governorship via online systems.

4.18. Units, their capacities and number of stacks that may result in air pollution in the plant, emissions that will occur during the operation of units of the plant (dioxin – furan, mist and all other emissions) and emission distribution modeling of all these under meteorological conditions, measures to be taken (all Works and procedures to be carried out in accordance with the Industrial Air Pollution Control Regulation which is still in force)

Every kind of measure shall be taken at the plant to reduce the stack gas emissions that can cause air pollution and it will be paid due care that the possible emission values meet the limit values stated at the “Regulation Related to Wastes Incineration” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 27721 of 06.10.2010.

At the planned IBB Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant, scrubbers shall be present for SO2 treatment, wet limestone shall be used to remove SO2 at the stack gas. For the control of the NOx emissions to be caused from the plant, Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction System (SNCR) shall be used. In order to ensure that the NOx emission can meet lower limit values as per the regulations that may be enforced in the future, space shall be allocated at the plant for transition to the Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction System (SNCR).

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Moreover, there shall be bag filters at the proposed plant in a manner that minimizes the emission of fly ash to the atmosphere. Furthermore, acid-alkaline scrubbers shall be used in the treatment of HCl and HF emissions that can originate from the plant, whereas the volatile organic compounds shall be removed with the role of the active carbon taking place at the stack gas treatment system. The dioxins and furans that can result during the incineration process at the planned IBB Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant shall be kept at minimum level by adjusting the incineration temperatures and including active carbon process to the stack gas treatment system.

In this respect, a “Continuous Emission Monitoring (CEM)” system shall be installed for the measurement of the emissions released from the stacks of the plant. This system shall contain electronic analysis devices that can measure the concentrations of NOx, CO, total dust, total organic carbon, SO2, HCl and HF, as well as devices to measure gas flowrate, O2 content, temperature, pressure and water vapor. When it is proved that HCl, HF and SO2 emissions shall not be higher that the related limit values under whatsoever circumstance, these parameters can be included to the periodic measurement schedule instead of continuous measurement. During the operation period of the plant, a station shall be installed at a point inside the plant impact area and to be approved by authorized bodies, ground level SO2, NOx, dust and CO concentrations as well as meteorological parameters such as wind speed and wind direction shall be continually measured and the measurement results shall be submitted to Istanbul Governorship via an online connection. Furthermore, depositing dust measurements shall be made monthly and the results shall be reported to the relevant authorities. Thereby, it shall be possible to determine whether the stack gas emissions to originate from the plant cause any impact on the ground level concentration (GLC) values or not. When the air pollutants at the region where the plant is installed exceed the limit values, the action plans prepared by the Governorship shall be obeyed.

All the possible emissions and impacts thereof with the activation of the plant in the scope of the Project have been calculated with the conducted air quality modeling study and compared with the relevant limit values (please see Appendix-G). In this study, the possible emissions of the planned IBB Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant have been assessed as per the “Regulation on the Incineration of Wastes” (AYIY) and “Industrial Sourced Air Pollution Control Regulation” (SKHKKY)and an air quality modeling study was conducted for this Project. As a result of the modeling study, the SO2, NO2, PM10, CO, HCl, HF, TOC, Cd and Pb GLC values and depositing dust values at the nearest residential areas that can originate from the IBB Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant have been calculated. Accordingly, the pollutant concentrations to occur at the ground level are much below the limit values indicated at HKDYY. As per these results, it is not anticipated that the proposed plant will have a significant individual impact on the local air quality.

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4.19. Measures to be taken against odor, dust, insects and pests that may be observed in the plant

The primary dust sources that can cause dust formation due to the activities to be conducted in the scope of the Project are stripping of the soil top layer for land preparation and leveling and the foundation excavation works for the plant unit. The dust emissions that can occur in these types of projects cover disturbing dust emissions, hazardous dust emissions (emissions containing asbestos and silica) and bio-aerosols (particulates in air that partially or completely contain microorganisms). The bio-aerosols can lead to increases in respiratory tract diseases and respiratory function disorders at the workers employed at stripping and collection works related to solid wastes. In order to minimize such possible negative impacts, it will be beneficial to take some measures. These measures are:

Arranging the garbage collection shift at more frequent intervals and to formulate a washing program for the garbage collection trucks, collection and transfer containers. The necessary measures to reduce ad control the dust emissions that can result in the scope of the Project have been described in detail at Section 4.2. By taking these measures, it is considered that no negative situation will be encountered in this regard.

Odor problem is mostly encountered at old type incineration furnaces and this issue has been placed under better control at the new type of incineration systems. Odor formation shall only be observed at bunker area where the garbage is temporarily accumulated and this odor shall be eliminated by vacuuming the air there and sending this as the primary air source of the furnace. The bunker area is closed and is not in contact with the air. The solid wastes to be brought to the plant with already covered trucks shall be fed to the bunker inside a closed area and sent to the incineration furnace with the help of a crane. As a result, the solid wastes shall not get in contact with the air, there will not be any rodent or fly reproduction in the plant and the bad odors that can diffuse to the atmosphere shall be prevented. Anyhow, necessary measures shall be taken as per the related articles of the “Regulation on the Control of Odor-Causing Emissions” that has been enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no 27692 of 04.09.2010 for every kind of odor emission that can occur before and after the process. However, paper filters shall be used at the inner medium ventilation. The waste paper filers shall be utilized at the gasification unit. The employed workers shall be made to wear an odor mask.

4.20. Noise due to the Project and measures to be taken (acoustic report that shall be prepared in accordance with the acoustic format that will be obtained from www.cevreorman.gov.tr/cevre_gd.htm address should be attached to the report)

Several tools, vehicles and machines shall be used in the works conducted starting with the preparation of the Project Site, all through the construction of the units, until the plant is opened for operation, and there may be noise and vibration due to the operation thereof. The noise to originate from the equipment and vehicles to operate at the construction phase of the Project and that can disturb the living beings in the environment shall be kept within acceptable limits as per CGDYY by taking the necessary measures. The Acoustic Report prepared as per CGDYY provisions is provided in Appendix-F. The possible noise and vibration values that can occur at the operation phase of the Project, the possible impacts thereof and the measures to be taken have been assessed in details at the Acoustic Report.

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The calculations of the noise to originate from the construction phase of the Project as proposed in the Acoustic Report has been made by considering the worst case scenario where all the equipment and machinery shall work at the same time at the most intense period of the construction activities. The equivalent noise levels (Lw) of the machinery and equipment to work at every stage from the Project Site preparation to the construction phase have been identified as compliant to the “Regulation related to the Environmental Noise Emission Created by the Equipment Used in Open Fields”. Accordingly, the noise levels originating from machines and equipment were calculated according to distance and it has been calculated that the noise level expected to be felt at the nearest receiving environment to the Project site would be at the level of 63,9 dBA as per the assessment made in the scope of article 23 of CGDYY. This value is below the relevant limit value. However, during the construction activities, the measures indicated at article 22 of the “Worker Health and Work Safety Code” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 14765 of 11.01.1974 shall be taken, the workers shall be supplied with suitable protective tools and equipment against noise such special helmets, headsets, earplugs, etc. Furthermore, in all the works to be conducted, the related provisions of the “Worker Health and Work Safety Regulation” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 25311 of 09.12.2003 shall be obeyed.

At the operation phase of the Project, noise generation I expected due to the plant building, turbines, cooling towers and other auxiliary facilities. The estimated noise levels forming from noise source units at the plant and to reach the nearest residential areas to the plant (Işıklar Village) shall not exceed the environmental noise limit values taking place at CGDYY Annex VIII, Table 4. According to the calculations made during the modeling study, the noise level to occur during the operation period of the Project meet the legal limit values at the nearest sensitive receiver for which the calculations have been made. The noise levels to be generated during the operation phase of the Project shall be regularly monitored and the precautions mentioned at CGDYY shall be obeyed. In cases where it can be exposed to noise, the workers to be employed during the operation shall be supplied with the personal protective equipment as stated at the Law no. 4857.

4.21. Works and operations which are risky and dangerous in terms of human health and environment to be carried out during construction and operation period of the Project and measures to be taken

4.21.1. Construction Period

It is not considered that the Project implementation will create any problem in regards to the public health and environment. The possible traffic accidents that can occur due to the traffic increase caused by the shipment of construction materials, personnel transport and work machinery shall be prevented and kept at minimum via personnel training, placing traffic signs, speed limitation and periodical maintenance and checks of the vehicles.

During the works related to power, electrical shock can be risky and dangerous for human health. Especially to minimize the accidents in these works, qualified personnel shall be employed and the personnel shall be trained regarding work safety.

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If explosive substance is used due to difficulties encountered during the excavation of the hard grounds during the land preparation and construction activities of the Project, these substances shall be stored inside mobile depots and during the transport, storage and use of explosive substances, the provisions at the “Code for the Precautions to be Taken at the Workplaces and Works Where Flammable, Explosive, Hazardous and Toxic Substances are Used” published at the Official Gazette no. 14752 of 24.12.1973 and the “Code related to the Procedures and Principles Regarding the Production, Import, Transport, Storage, Preservation, Sales, Use, Destruction and Inspection of Explosive Substances Left outside Monopoly, Game Materials and Similar Items” published at the Official Gazette no. 19589 of 29.09.1987 shall be obeyed.

In all the construction works, there is the risk of accidents and injury of the workers. Other important dangers for the workers are traffic accidents, falling from height and certain items falling on the worker from a height. Speed limitations, maximum attention while going in reverse gear, using stairs with safety handles and scaffolds, use of safety belt and nets, etc. precautions shall minimize the possible threats. Furthermore, a workplace safety and accident prevention plan shall be prepared and implemented as per the regulations and legislation in force. The personnel and workers shall be equipped with the safety materials necessitated by the work they are performing and it shall be ensured that they work under conditions compliant with work safety rules.

4.21.2. Operation Period

During the activities of the operation phase of the Project, there will no risky activity that poses a special threat in terms of human and environmental health. However, all the measures shall be taken for the health and work safety of the workers to be employed at the plant. Accordingly, the personnel and workers shall be equipped with the safety materials necessitated by the work they are performing and it shall be ensured that they work under conditions compliant with work safety rules.

In order to minimize all the risks and threats related to worker safety topics, the requirements of – first of all – Law no. 4857, related legislation in force shall be obeyed, and the requirements of OHSAS 18001 shall be obeyed related to work health and safety issues and ISO 14001 shall be obeyed related to environment.

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4.22 Transportation infrastructure plan during construction and operation period of Project, procedures related with the construction of this infrastructure, materials, chemical substances, vehicles, machines to be used, mechanical procedures emitting dust like crushing, grinding, transportation, storage during infrastructure construction

IBB Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant is planned at the Kısırmandıra location located within the boundaries of Istanbul province, Eyüp district. The planned plant is at a distance of 580 m (flight distance) to D-010 Highway, 2 km to Odayeri Village, 600 m to Işıklar Village, 7,5 km to Göktürk Town and about 15 km to Eyüp district center.

At Istanbul province where the project is located, there is a road network of 511 km in total where 375 km is state road and 136 km is provincial road (www.kgm.gov.tr). The road network map of Istanbul province is shown in Figure 4-1.

Figure 4-1. Transportation Network for Eyüp District of Istanbul Source: www.kgm.org.tr

Moreover, all the necessary precautions shall be taken to prevent the negative impact on the existing transport network at the roads to be used for transport and material supplies to the main units of the Project, and planning shall be made so that a negative influence will not be created on the existing routes to be needed due to construction. At the new roads to be built, it will be paid due care to ensure that the quality thereof is not lower than the existing standards at the main routes.

The air quality at the Project Site shall be temporarily negatively impacted from the dust emission to be caused during the transport of cement, asphalt and construction materials to the site during the land preparation and construction phases. For this reason, the vehicle speeds shall be limited to 30 km/h at the areas open to dust emission and the top of the loaders shall be covered. Furthermore in case required, the circulation roads shall be watered; necessary measures shall be taken to assure that the trucks do not transport the mud in their

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tires on rainy days. If the used work machinery and vehicles are old and un-maintained, these impacts shall be much more; therefore, the maintenances of the vehicles to be used shall be made periodically.

As a result of the movements of the excavation material trucks and storing of the excavation wastes t the permitted excavation material landfill/storage site inside İhsaniye Village, at 3-4 km flight distance to the Project Site, the residential areas near the Project Site shall especially be negatively influenced. While implementing the measures related to the prevention of dust emission, the provisions stipulated at the “Air Quality Assessment and Management Regulation” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 26898 of 06.06.2008 and the “Industrial Based Air Pollution Control Regulation” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 27277 of 03.07.2009 shall be fulfilled. Thereby, the impact of the dust to be generated during the land preparation and construction activities on the environment shall be tried to be minimized. Moreover, in addition to the above-mentioned measures, every kind of measure required shall be taken as per the provisions of the Worker Health and Work Safety Code enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 14765 of 11.01.1974 to ensure that the workers are not negatively impacted from the dust emissions. Consequently, the impact of the dust to arise during the construction activities on the environment shall be ensured to be at acceptable levels.

4.23. Health and safety measures to be taken for personnel working in the plant during construction, assembly and operation durations of the plant

It is not contemplated that the Project implementation shall create any problem in terms of public health and environment. The possible traffic accidents that can occur due to the traffic increase caused by the shipment of construction materials, personnel transport and work machinery shall be prevented and kept at minimum via personnel training, placing traffic signs, speed limitation and periodical maintenance and checks of the vehicles.

The construction activities shall be continued in a manner to eliminate the accident and injury risks that can occur during these activities, incompliance with especially the Worker Health and Work Safety Code, all effective legislation, by taking all the work health and safety precautions. Moreover, the personnel to be employed at the plant shall be trained regarding the following topics by top level authorities and the plant and relevant experts:

 Site Safety / Security  Environmental Protection  First Aid  Fire Fighting  Work Health and Safety  Chemical Substance Use  Risk Assessment

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As is known, there is a risk of worker injury and death due to the accidents that may occur during all construction works. In the scope of the construction activities, the worker falling from a height, or something falling on the worker from a height, accidents that can occur during detonation and risks that may occur during the use of heavy duty machines can be listed among the risk factors for the workers related to worker health and safety. In this regard, speed limitations, using stairs with safety handles and scaffolds, use of safety belt and nets, etc. precautions shall be the safety precautions to minimize the possible threats. The personnel and workers shall be equipped with the safety materials necessitated by the work they are performing and it shall be ensured that they work under conditions compliant with work safety rules. Qualified personnel shall be employed and trainings and information shall be provided to personnel regarding work safety in order to minimize work accident risks.

One of the most important potential threats in terms of the worker health is the possible contagious diseases. In order to minimize this threat, the workers shall be periodically inspected at the infirmary to be assembled at the site by a health personnel. In this respect, the provisions of the “Regulation on the Working Conditions, Duties and Authorities of Workplace Doctors” shall be obeyed. The treatment of small injuries and small wounds shall be undertaken at the infirmary whereas the more serious injuries shall be handled at the hospitals present at Eyüp district.

The risk of accident that can be caused from the technology and materials to be used in the scope of the Project is very low provided that the Worker Health and Work Safety legislation is fully obeyed. The policies and procedures related to Worker Health and Work Safety shall be valid at every phase of the Project and in all the activities to be conducted, the provisions of the “Worker Health and Work Safety Regulation” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 25311 of 09.12.2003 shall be obeyed. The worker health and work safety systems to be implemented shall be in compliance with OHSAS 18001 worker health and work safety management system certificate requirements. Furthermore, Emergency Intervention Plans (AMP) shall be prepared in the scope of the Project and the issues explained at the AMPs shall be completely obeyed. The details of AMP shall be determined at future stage of the Project however, the most important aim of the AMP foreseen for the units is to identify the actions to be taken in case of an emergency. The measures that need to be taken to warn the personnel under threat or the inhabiting population of a nearby impacted residential area beforehand who are at risk due to possible natural disasters in the scope of a project, accidents, and errors originating from the project is the most important part of AMP.

4.24. Vehicle loads regarding roads to be used for transportation (type and number of vehicles) and their impact on roads, traffic safety measures in roads

The Project Site is located at Eyüp district, Kısırmandıra Location. D-010 Highway shall be used by the trucks to supply waste to the Project Site and the distance of the Project Site to the highway is about 580 m.

The traffic volume of D-010 has been provided in detail at Section 2.5 in the scope of the study titled Motorways and State Roads Traffic Volume Map realized by the Transport and Cost Surveys Branch of the Program and Monitoring Department of the Highways General Directorate.

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During the works to be conducted in the scope of the Project, there will be a traffic caused by the work machines at the Project Site. In order to conduct the works safely, to ensure that the local public is not disturbed, to reduce the traffic load and to avoid possible traffic accidents, certain measures shall be taken at the Project Site. The operators to use the big-volume work machinery to be used during the construction activities shall be selected from experienced persons. All the security and safety measures in force shall be taken and it will be paid care that all the traffic rules are obeyed fully during the transport of the materials required during construction and the transport of the wastes to the site during the operation phase. Since the work machinery used for construction works are vehicles with a limited angle of view, signalmen shall be used at the work site to avoid any possible accidents. The work schedule flow prepared for the works to be conducted during the construction phase of the Project shall specify beforehand, the time, frequency and purpose of use of the work machinery and thus the routes to be used by such machines. Thereby, it is envisaged that any traffic complication inside the work site shall be prevented. In order to ensure that the work machinery do not damage the roads outside the worksite during transport, the trucks shall not be loaded beyond the loading limit. At areas susceptible to dust scattering, the vehicle speeds shall be limited to 30 km/h and the tops of the loaders shall be covered. Where deemed necessary, the circulation roads shall be watered; on rainy days, it shall be ensured that the trucks do not transfer the mud on their tires to the main roads. Every kind of measure shall be taken against dust scattering and to avoid noise pollution, the vehicle drivers shall be warned not to sound their horns unnecessarily. Considering the distance between the plant and nearby residential areas and the number of operation personnel, the transport of these personnel shall not create a significant increase at the local traffic load also taking into account the highway passing nearby the plant.

During the operation phase of the Project, it is inevitable for there to be an additional load on local transport temporarily due to the trucks to bring waste to the plant. The domestic type of solid wastes shall be transported to the proposed plant from Silivri, Halkalı, Yenibosna and Baruthane Transfer Stations via self-compacted hydraulically equipped 65 ea semi-trailers (in the form of tow truck + dorsal) that have the ability to unload garbage.

The loaders to transport 23-24 tons of domestic waste on the average at each voyage, have two different dorsals with 13,6 m and 12 m lengths. Since the daily capacity at the plant shall be about 3.000 tons/day, it will be necessary to realize about 3.000/23=130 voyages per day.

4.25. Preparation of the field and the amount of agricultural areas to be disposed off to obtain the field required for the construction, field usage capabilities and agricultural product types, possible impacts on surrounding agricultural areas and measures to be taken, (permissions required to use the Project area for non – agricultural purposes shall be attached to the report)

The Project shall be constructed on an area allocated for solid waste disposal at IBB by the Forestry General Directorate at Istanbul province, Eyüp district, Kısırmandıra Location. The surrounding of the Project Site shall be encircled with fences and just outside of the fences, meadowland is present.

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Information regarding the and structure of Eyüp district where the Project Site is located is provided in Section 3.8, the soil structure and land use capability classes of the Project Site has been described in detail.

During the activities to be conducted in the scope of the Project, the provisions of the “Regulation on the Control of Soil Pollution and Point Sourced Polluted Sites” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 27605 of 08.06.2010 shall be obeyed.

4.26. The distance of the health protection strip recommended for the Project, and showing on related plans

The planned waste incineration plant shall be constructed on the allocated area at Kısırmandıra Location and assigned by the Forestry General Directorate to IBB for solid waste disposal. The perimeter of the Project Site is already surrounded with fences. In addition to the transport road lighting of the site, other necessary security and protection precautions shall be taken in the site as well.

The foreseen project is a “1st Class Non-Sanitary Enterprise” in the scope of the “Regulation related to Workplace Opening and Operation Licenses” published at the Official Gazette of 10.08.2005. In order to determine the health protection strip distance in the scope of the Project, a committee has been gathered by Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Presidency and the committee has determined the health protection strip distance to be 55 m (please see Appendix-I).

4.27. Residential areas (the distance of Project field to the nearest residential area (separate for every unit being planned) and showing on the map, impacts that may occur on residential areas during the construction and operation period, and negative impacts that may be imposed on public living in the vicinity, impacts on source of living and measures to be taken

IBB Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Project shall be built at Istanbul province, Kısırmandıra Location within the boundaries of Eyüp district. The distance of the planned plant from the residential areas and display on the map is explained in Section 2.

The Project shall create a potential economic growth opportunity for the local and regional public. However the Project shall also create some temporary loads on the public services and infrastructure. The possible impacts of the Project on the regional and local economic, existing public services and infrastructure has been described in the following sections.

4.27.1. Employment Opportunities to be created and income increases

Employment increase in a region is generally considered to be a positive impact. The household expenditures to increase owing to increased income shall create new local opportunities. The proposed Project is envisaged to contribute to the economy, both directly and indirectly, during the construction and operation activities. During the construction works, all the worksite requirements shall be met locally and this in turn will provide momentum to the food, clothing, fuel, local transport, service sectors and overall commerce life.

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Approximately 200 persons shall be employed during the construction phase of the Project. As much as possible, these personnel shall be obtained from the nearby public. In addition to worker fees, other direct income sources are contractor services, building and equipment rents. Furthermore, gasoline and fuel oil required for the truck, work machinery, etc. to be used during the construction activities shall be supplied from the liquid fuel stations in the vicinity. Every kind of food, etc. needs during the construction and operation in the scope of the Project shall be obtained locally to contribute to the local economy.

87 persons planned to be employed at the operation phase shall be permanently employed. A significant portion of the services and requirements for the operation and maintenance of the Project all along its 25 years of operation period shall be met locally. Although the amount of the services required for the operation and maintenance is not yet determined, it is considered that almost all of these types of expenditures can be met from the region.

4.27.2. Population Movements, Migrations

Eyüp district, where the Project Site is located, is one of the districts that has been most affected from the unhealthy urbanization and industrialization arising as a result of the migrations from Anatolia to Istanbul since the last 3 decades. Most of the city public is comprised of low-income families living in the slums coming to Istanbul from several cities of Anatolia to find a job and our immigrant citizens coming from countries such as Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, etc. By obtaining the personnel to work during the construction and operation periods of the Project from the neighborhood, temporary and permanent work opportunities shall be created.

4.27.3. Education, Health, Culture, Other Social and Technical Infrastructural Services and Changes in Benefiting from These Services

By ensuring that the construction workers meet their primary needs within the construction site and worksite (there will be first aid center, canteen, communication means, etc. in the site), the contact between the workers and the local public shall be kept at minimum.

There will be an infirmary inside the plant boundaries to intervene to small accidents and health issues that can occur at the plant. In case of serious accidents, the health institutions at Eyüp district shall be used. Consequently, with the commencement of the construction and operation activities of the proposed Project, the load of the existing hospitals and health units in the neighborhood can also increase. However, since the health institutions will not be utilized for small accidents, a significant impact on such services is not expected. During the construction phase, plant safety and worker health rules shall be complied with and the possible impacts on the local hospitals shall be ensured to be kept at minimum.

It is not anticipated that the Project will have a negative impact on the existing social and technical infrastructure of the local residential areas in terms of education, cultural structure, communication and water supply.

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4.28. Population Census Results of residential centers, future population projections, population movements (Employment provided during the construction and operation period, economic changes, immigration movements)

4.28.1. Administrative Separation

According to the 2010 year General Census Results, the total population of Istanbul province is 13.255.685 persons. Within the total population, 13.120.596 (98,98 %) is city population and 135.089 (1,02 %) is rural population.

Istanbul has 39 districts and 151 villages (please see Table 4-7). The district representing the Project Site, which is Eyüp has a total population of 346.850 persons. 337.749 of this population live in the district center, whereas 9.101 live in towns and villages. There are a total of 7 villages bound to the district.

Table 4-7. Address Based Population Registration System Results for Istanbul in 2010 Province / District Centers Districts Total Male Female Prince Islands 14.221 7.641 6.580 Bakırköy 219.145 103.881 115.264 Beşiktaş 184.390 86.786 97.604 Beykoz 246.136 123.438 122.698 Beyoğlu 248.084 126.074 122.010 Çatalcaşehir 35.337 17.893 17.444 Çatalca 62.001 31.387 30.614 Eyüp 338.329 169.982 168.347 Fatih 431.147 213.730 217.417 Gaziosmanpaşa 474.259 238.849 235.410 Kadıköy 532.835 245.875 286.960 Kartal 432.199 216.173 216.026 Sarıyer 280.802 141.083 139.719 Silivri 138.797 74.412 64.385 Şile 28.119 14.202 13.917 Şişli 317.337 156.018 161.319 Üsküdar 526.947 260.201 266.746 Zeytinburnu 292.430 147.011 145.419 Büyükçekmece 182.017 91.414 90.603 Kağıthane 416.515 210.718 205.797 Küçükçekmece 695.988 350.389 345.599 Pendik 585.196 297.134 288.062 Ümraniye 603.431 306.300 297.131 Bayrampaşa 269.481 136.166 133.315 Avcılar 364.682 183.392 181.290 Bağcılar 738.809 375.923 362.886 Bahçelievler 590.063 295.269 294.794 Güngören 309.624 154.748 154.876 Maltepe 438.257 217.822 220.435 Sultanbeyli 291.063 149.610 141.453 Tuzla 185.819 97.087 88.732 Esenler 461.072 235.602 225.470 Arnavutköy 188.011 96.662 91.349 Ataşehir 375.208 187.055 188.153

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Province / District Centers Districts Total Male Female Başakşehir 248.467 125.412 123.055 Beylikdüzü 204.873 101.119 103.754 Çekmeköy 168.438 85.366 83.072 Esenyurt 466.777 229.458 217.319 Sancaktepe 256.442 131.293 125.149 Sultangazi 468.274 240.412 227.862 Total 13.255.685 6.655.094 6.600.591 Source: www.tuik.gov.tr

4.28.2. Urban and Rural Population

The distribution of Istanbul province’s 2010 year Address Based Population Registry System (ADNKS) results according to the districts is given in Table 4-7. Accordingly, the total population of Istanbul province as of 2010 is 13.255.685 persons.

13.120.596 person of this amount is living in province and district centers, whereas as 135.089 persons are living in towns and villages. At Eyüp district where the proposed plant will be built, 51% of the central population is comprised of males and 49% is comprised of female population. The village population is comprised of 56% males and 44% females.

4.28.3. Population Growth Rate

According to the 2010 year Address Based Population Registry System, the population growth rate of Istanbul province has realized to be at 26,02 per thousand (please see Table 4- 8).

Table 4-8. Urban and Rural Population and Population Growth Rate According to Address Based Population Registration System NAME OF REGION Turkey Istanbul Total population 73.722.988 13.255.685 City population 56.222.356 13.120.596 Village Population 17.500.632 135.089 Ratio of city population to the total population (5) 76,26 98,98 Ratio of village population to the total population (5) 23,74 1,02 Annual population growth rate (per thousand) 15,88 26,02 Source: http://tuikapp.tuik.gov.tr/BolgeselNufusYogunlugu

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Population density means the number of persons falling to kilometer square. By using the Census Results of the Address Based Population Registration System (ADNKS) of the Turkish Statistics Institution (TUIK) of 2011 year, the approximate population density data for 2011 have been obtained. Accordingly the population density in Istanbul province is 2.622, which is very high as compared to the Turkey average (97).

4.28.4. Population Movements and Migrations

According to 2010-year TUIK data, 439.515 persons have migrated in to Istanbul province, whereas 336.932 persons have migrated out. As a result, the net migration rate into the province has been calculated to be ‰ + 7,77. Eyüp district, where the Project Site is located, is one of the districts that has been most affected from the unhealthy urbanization and industrialization arising as a result of the migrations from Anatolia to Istanbul since the last 3 decades. Most of the city public is comprised of low-income families living in the slums coming to Istanbul from several cities of Anatolia to find a job and our immigrant citizens coming from countries such as Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, etc. Furthermore some of our kin subjected to compulsory migration from Bulgaria in 1989 are residing in this district.

4.28.5. Average Household Population

As of 2000, the total household number in Istanbul province is 2.550.607 and the average household size in the province is 3,93. The household size and distribution values of Istanbul province is given in Table 4-9.

Table 4-9. Household Values and its distribution in Istanbul Settlement Istanbul Household Population 9.822.210 Total Number of Households 2.550.607 Average Household Size 3,93 Household Population 389.037 Province and District Centers Number of Households 94.149 Average Household Size 4,14 Source: www.tuik.gov.tr

As can be seen at Table 4-9, the number of household at the province and district centers of Istanbul is 94.149. The average household size here has been calculated as 4,14.

4.28.6. Distribution of Age Groups

Istanbul province is a city where the middle aged population is high. Accordingly, the total population in the age group of 10-14 is 2.637.988, the total population in the age group of 15-64 is 6.911.738, and the total population in the age group of above 65 is 466.898. The young population in Eyüp, with a bigger population that most of our provinces in Anatolia have an important share in the district population. According to a survey held on autumn 2005, the ratio of the people below 35 to the total is 40,9 %.

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4.28.7. Income (distribution of income in the region in accordance with professions, maximum, minimum and average income per capita according to professions)

When the distribution of the people working in Istanbul as per the sectors is examined, it can be seen that the industry sector lies much below the service sector, however Eyüp district is still and industrial settlement. 34% of the population working in the district is employed in the manufacturing sector. The ratio of the workers in the service sector is 27%. Another interesting fact is that the family heads with main income is as low as 5%. As can be understood from these data, the income level of Eyüp public is low. In fact according to a survey held in the district in 2005, the monthly income of 72,1% of the public is below 1.000 YTL. However, when the income distribution of Eyüp is compared with overall Turkey, it is balanced. The segment with a monthly income of 350 YTL or below is 5%, whereas the residents of Eyüp with a monthly income of above 2.000 YTL are 8% of the total population. Most part of the public (72,9%) in the district find themselves as middle class and there is no great gap among the income groups. However based on the above data, it can be said that Eyüp also gets its share from the income distribution inequality being a significant issue countrywide.

4.28.8. Unemployment (unemployed population in the region and ratio with active population)

As a definition, economically active population means the ratio of the employed persons or connected to a job, or unemployed but looking for a job to the total population over the age of fifteen.

The unemployment rates of Istanbul province according to 2010 year statistics is provided in Table 4-10.

Table 4-10. Unemployed Population Distribution in 2010 in Istanbul Rate of participation to the workforce (%) 47,8 Rate of participation to the workforce / change coefficient (%) 1,5 Rate of participation to the workforce / 95% safety range bottom limit 46,4 Rate of participation to the workforce / 95% safety range top limit 49,2 Unemployment rate (%) 14,3 Unemployment rate / change coefficient (%) 3 Unemployment rate / 95% safety range bottom limit 13,4 Unemployment rate / 95% safety range top limit 15,1 Employment rate (%) 41 Employment rate / change coefficient (%) 1,9 Employment rate / 95% safety range bottom limit 39,5 Employment rate / 95% safety range top limit 42,5 Source: www.tuik.gov.tr

Eyüp district is one of the districts that has been most affected from the unhealthy urbanization and industrialization arising as a result of the migrations from Anatolia to Istanbul since the last 3 decades. Most of the city public is comprised of low-income families living in the slums coming to Istanbul from several cities of Anatolia to find a job and our immigrant citizens coming from countries such as Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, etc. Furthermore some of our kin subjected to compulsory migration from Bulgaria in 1989 are residing in this district

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4.28.9 Social infrastructure services in the region (education, health, cultural services, and benefiting situation from all these services)

4.28.9.1. Education and Cultural Services

In the overall Turkey, the ratio of literacy in women was 41,80% and 70,31% for men in 1970. Whereas when we came to 2000, this ratio reached to 80,64 % for women and 3,86 % for men. In Istanbul province, the illiterate men in the total men population of 5.978.499 persons are 59.649 and this ratio of illiterate women to the total women population is 311.435 to 5.954.758 persons. 10% of Istanbul’s population is illiterate whereas this ratio is about 3% in Eyüp, which is lower than the overall Istanbul value. These data show that the literacy rate in Eyüp is higher as compared to the overall Istanbul city. However, 26% of Istanbul population is high school graduate whereas this ratio is 16% for Eyüp; the college graduates in Istanbul are 5,5%, whereas this rate is 4% in Eyüp. This puts forth that the education level of the district for high school and above is below the overall Istanbul.

For the 2007-2008 term, the pre-school and secondary education schools add up to 8.738 in the province total and there were 85.473 teachers in these schools (www.meb.gov.tr).

Within Eyüp, where the Project Site is located, there are 44 official and 1 private, totally 45, primary schools; totally 11 general and vocational high schools where 1 is private; 2 primary schools and one public education center, adding up to 59 educational institutions.

4.28.9.2. Health Services

According to the 2010-year data of Istanbul Provincial Health Directorate; the province has 26 2nd level state hospitals and 154 private hospitals. The bed capacity of the state hospitals is 14,192 beds and the health institution in the province employ 14.437 specialist doctors, 5.845 practitioner doctors, 5.385 dentists, 17.923 nurses, 12.130 health officers and 5.427 midwives.

At Eyüp district, where the Project Site is located, there are 2 hospitals, where 1 is private, 10 Health Units, 2 Mother Children Care and Family Planning Centers, 1 Tuberculosis Dispensary and town polyclinics providing health services. The most organized hospital in Eyüp district is the Eyüp State Hospital and 60% of the towns contain a health unit. Furthermore, the works conducted by Eyüp Municipality in the field of health provide a significant contribution to the health activities of the district.

4.28.9.3. Transportation

Istanbul province, located in the Marmara Region, has borders to Tekirdağ, Kırklareli and Kocaeli provinces. Transport is provided within the boundaries of Istanbul province with 511 km of state roads and 186 km of motorways. The administrative area of Eyüp district, extending from Haliç to the Black Sea, is divided with international motorways (TEM and D- 100). These roads the two axes that connect these two form the boundaries of the city area. Among these, a part of the connection road connecting TEM to D-100 (Rami Kışla Street) also comprises the border between Eyüp and Bayrampaşa districts and it is the extension of E- 6 Airport road. The other connection is Ayvansaray-Eyüp-Alibeyköy coastal road constructed

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as the continuation of Haliç village road. Eyüp is providing its connection to its vicinity with two main arteries. These are Rami Kışla Street (Old Edirne Asphalt) connecting Eyüp to Eminönü and the 1st Ring Road (Mecidiyeköy-Şişli Yeşilköy). Besides these, Eyüp Boulevard connects Eyüp to Fatih and Aksaray through Edirnekapı. The coastal road passing from the opposite bank of Haliç continues towards north, in the direction of Kemerburgaz and Göktürk.

Istanbul has two airports, Atatürk Airport in the European side and Sabiha Gökçen Airport in the Anatolia side. Atatürk Airport and Sabiha Gökçen Airport is approximately 15 km and 50 km, respectively, away from the city center.

4.28.10 Urban and rural field usages (distribution of residential areas, existing and planned usage areas, industrial regions, dwellings, areas for agriculture and breeding, tourism areas etc.

4.28.10.1. Urban Growth Pattern

In the 1950-1980 period, the most important element in the development of Istanbul was industrial areas. In this period, industry developed along the main transport axes and changed the macroform structure of the city significantly both in terms of the borders along which the residential areas lie and in terms of internal order. Again in this period, industry developed in the East Coast along E5 Highway, reaching up to Gebze; whereas in the West Coast, it displayed a development from especially Zeytinburnu and north thereof towards TEM; and the region left between the lakes continued its development towards the north of Atatürk Airport.

In a synchronized manner with the mentioned industrial developments, the city center extended from Eminönü and Şişli area towards TEM and displayed an axial growth progressing towards Maslak region. Parallel to the development of the industrial areas, illegal residential areas started to emerge and influenced the unhealthy development of the macroform structure of the city.

4.28.10.2. Planned Urban Growth Areas

Istanbul Metropolis has entered a fast growth during especially the last 50 years and demonstrated an unhealthy development mainly due to unplanned and un-inspected structuring. As a result, the forests, qualified agricultural lands and underground sources of Istanbul have been used with out-of-purpose activities, water basins have been dangerously occupied and destroyed and placed to geologically risky locations. This situation is the consequence of the attractive power of the city not being balanced with national and regional policies. The inability of the local administrations to meet the excessive demand placed on Istanbul lead to the uncontrolled growth of the city. This process, considered as the biggest obstacle in front of sustainable and planned development, is still underway and the country- scale, as well as regional-scale dynamics is shaping Istanbul. Within the time period up to 2005, the absence of a higher scaled plan that can orient the urban development of Istanbul, has caused the occurrence of ever-increasing troubles in this metropolis with already intense unplanned growth and illegal structuring.

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1/100.000 scaled Istanbul Provincial Environmental Arrangement Plan was enforced in 2009. The fragile geography created with the forested areas, water basins and agricultural lands of Istanbul province has a linear settlement along Marmara coast. The realization of environmental, economic and social sustainability targets is dependent upon the industrial policies being supportive of such targets. In this respect, industrial decentralization in Istanbul is becoming an important policy in the development of the employment structure towards services.

While planning new urban development areas, active green fields have been foreseen to provide functionality, in order to preserve the geological and archeological protection areas taking place in the north of Küçükçekmece Lake. However, intense structuring has been prevented at Sultanbeyli, Sarıgazi, Alemdar, Samandıra, etc. municipalities taking place within the drinking water basin borders; thereby, urban development areas have started a fast- paced growth around Büyükçekmece, Beylikdüzü, Beykoz, Kurtköy, Pendik and TEM motorway and planned collective housings were built in these areas. Other than these collective housing projects, in order to convert the slums areas located inside the present urban texture into livable, planned areas, Slum Prevention and Dwelling Generation Project was commenced. The aim of the project is to reform the slums zones, to construct social houses at the sections of slums prevention zones for residence building and thereby provide a dwelling to the homeless citizens in conformance to the public development plan.

4.28.10.3. Intensity on Urban Areas

The most populated districts in Istanbul are generally located at the European side. The highest residence intensity is observed at Bağcılar, Bahçelievler, Kadıköy, Pendik, Ümraniye and Küçükçekmece districts. The residential areas dense and located inside the city, such as Fatih, Kadıköy, Bakırköy, are leaving their place to workplaces. Büyükçekmece, Silivri and Çekmeköy districts, located outside the city center are not dense in terms of residence population but on a fast rise.

4.28.10.4. Urban Renewal Areas

Planned realization of the urban design, being the most effective application tool for the protection of the cultural heritage in the city, ensuring urban development and orienting the investments towards the city, is a phenomenon that can enable urban transformation of the city. The urban transformation process has been commenced for the dynamic city Istanbul with the currently applied and planned to be applied big-scale projects. Currently 1/5.000 scaled master plans have been prepared and revised at different periods. However, there is no sound integrating higher scaled plan up to date. In this scope, 1/100.000 scaled Istanbul Provincial Environmental Arrangement Plan is accepted as an important step and guide. As the next step in the planning hierarchy, 1/25.000 scaled Master Plan is vital for Istanbul.

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4.28.10.5. Location Selection on Industrial Areas

The industrial facilities in Istanbul are mostly gathered in organized industrial zones with small-scale industrial plants, however some are located inside residential areas due to unplanned structuring. Most part of the industry in Istanbul is gathered in Tuzla and Dudullu regions in the Anatolian side, and İkitelli Organized Industry Zones in the European side.

4.29. How to and from where to procure the personnel that shall work for the plant activity term and how to and where to provide the dwellings and other social / technical infrastructure needs for the personnel and health services to be presented

During the operation period of the plant, it is planned to employ 87 persons in total as technical and administrative personnel. These personnel will be supplied from the local public as much as possible. For the workers that are not from the local public, accommodation shall be provided at prefabricated worksite buildings. An administrative building shall be built containing a control room, authority room, technician, personnel and driver rooms, meeting hall, tea room, depot, security bank, telephone switchboard, etc. units and the food, etc. requirements of the workers and personnel to work during the construction and operation period shall be met in this building. Furthermore the administrative building shall also contain a laboratory and this laboratory shall perform the measurements stated at the list annexed to the Regulation on Waste Incineration. The technical and security personnel to work in shifts at this laboratory shall be provided from the nearby residential areas as much as possible and these persons shall be taken back to their homes at the shift changes. The area to the north of the plant shall be planted and arranged, and allocated for the resting of the personnel and workers.

Provided that the stipulated conditions are met, it is not expected for the project to have a negative impact on the social and technical infrastructure systems of the region. Considering that the personnel shall be met locally as much as possible, it is expected that there will be a revival in the service and food sector at the Project Site.

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4.30. The distances of Project field to which highway, and which road routes to be used for transportation, impacts to highways during construction and operation terms, vehicle load, types of vehicles, numbers of vehicles, impact of vehicle load to highways, measures to be taken, traffic safety measures

The planned plant is at a distance of 580 m (flight distance) to D-010 Highway, 600 m to Işıklar Village, 7,5 km to Göktürk Town and about 15 km to Eyüp district center.

During the construction works to be conducted in the scope of the Project, there will be a traffic caused by the work machines. All the security and safety measures in force shall be taken and it will be paid care that all the traffic rules are obeyed fully during the transport of the materials required during construction and the transport of the wastes to the site during the operation phase. There will be traffic caused by the work machines and waste transport trucks at the Project Site in the scope of the project works. All the necessary precautions shall be taken to prevent the negative impact on the existing transport network at the roads to be used for transport and material supplies to the main units of the Project. These precautions are very important in order to conduct the works safely, to ensure that the local public is not disturbed, to reduce the traffic load and to avoid possible traffic accidents. The personnel shall be trained at the traffic rules shall be fully complied with to prevent the possible traffic increase and possible traffic accidents that may occur during all the transportation / shipment activities. Moreover, with precautions such as placing traffic signs as necessary, speed limitation and periodical maintenance and checks of the vehicles, it is planned to minimize the risks as much as possible. Considering the distance between the plant and nearby residential areas and the number of operation personnel, the transport of these personnel shall not create a significant increase at the local traffic load also taking into account the highway passing nearby the plant.

The wastes to be brought to the plant are collected by the district municipalities at certain periods determined by considering the regional and local conditions, physical conditions, population and traffic density and shift hours. The periods can be every day, certain days of the week, only weekdays, only weekends, certain hours of every day, only day or only night, or both day and night. The wastes collected by the district municipalities and coming to the transfer stations bound to the Metropolitan Municipality shall be compacted in bigger volume vehicles and brought to the foreseen plant. The domestic type of solid wastes shall be transported to the proposed plant from Silivri, Halkalı, Yenibosna and Baruthane Transfer Stations via self-compacted hydraulically equipped 65 ea semi-trailers (in the form of tow truck + dorsal) that have the ability to unload garbage. The loaders to transport 23-24 tons of domestic waste on the average at each voyage, have two different dorsals with 13,6 m and 12 m lengths. Since the daily capacity at the plant shall be about 3.000 tons/day, it will be necessary to realize about 3.000/23=130 voyages per day.

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4.31. Field maintenance program of the Project field after the operation term and long term maintenance, observing underground and surface water resources, places and numbers of observation wells, the frequency of the observations

There will be no storage at the Project Site. Therefore, the planned plant is not expected to have an impact on the groundwater and surface waters. No observation wells shall be opened in the scope of the project.

During the plant design, it should be ensured that two lines shall not be stopped simultaneously for maintenance, inspection, repair or any other reason.

The plant shall be operated 7 days a week and 24 hours a day. Suitable spare installations and equipment shall be installed at the plant. The spare installations shall be put online automatically in cause of failure at the then online installation and thus the system has been arranged such that the operation of the whole plant shall not be interrupted. When such automatic transfers are not practical, the plant design shall ensure that the operator action is kept at minimum in case of the failure of the online item. When installed spare equipment and installations are not practical, the plant design shall ensure the replacement of the defective item with its spare in the shortest time possible.

The power supplies for the online and spare plant items shall be fed from independent switch panels where feasible to ensure that the related function will not be lost completely due to a single electrical failure.

4.32. Emergency action plan (Measures to be taken against possible accident, earthquake, forest fires and sabotage)

The issues explained at the Emergency Action Plans (AMP) to be prepared in the scope of the Project shall be completely obeyed. The most important aim of the AMP is to identify the actions to be taken in case of an emergency. Natural disasters, accidents and sabotage are identified as “emergencies” in the scope of this Project. The measures that need to be taken to warn the nearby population is the most important part of AMP. A detailed AMP shall be prepared in the construction phase. Furthermore, the following issues shall be taken into consideration while preparing the AMPs:

 It shall be planned beforehand as to how and when heavy duty machinery such as front loaders and dozers shall intervene to an emergency and the parking locations of the work machinery shall be selected by considering this issue.

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 The AMPs should cover the list of the emergency intervention teams, places of the security vehicles and tools, escape routes and procedures. Moreover, the contact numbers for emergencies should also be included to the plan.  The AMPs shall be continually checked and periodical inspections and maintenances shall be made regularly on all the related equipment. The key personnel shall be trained in this regard.  In case of an emergency, the nearest security force (police or gendarmerie) shall be notified and the nearest fire brigade shall be notified.

The tools and vehicles required to intervene in case of an emergency (fire, explosion, etc.) shall be identified and kept separately. Pickaxes and shovels, facial masks, protective goggles, gloves, several pumps, power engines that will not permit explosion, radio and similar equipment shall be present among these tools.

4.33. Emergency action plan including measures to be taken in case of determining a pollution and contamination in underground and surface water resources

Since there will be no storage activity at the Project Site, there will be no seepage water formation due to the domestic solid wastes to come to the plant, thus no seepage water shall negatively affect the groundwater or surface waters.

4.34. Possible and ongoing impacts after the completion of the operation term of the plant (observation program, Land Improvement, Rehabilitation Works, impacts on existing underground and surface water resources, possible air emissions) and measures to be taken against these impacts

The life time of the proposed IBB Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant is foreseen to be 25 years. In this part of the report, several land improvement and recreation works to be executed after the end of the operation activities of the plant and the possible impacts to be created in this phase shall be explained.

The measures that need to be taken against possible negative impacts on the environment after the plant is closed for operation shall be taken while the plant is active. After the operation life of IBB Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant is completed, several land improvement and recreation works shall be conducted. The aim of these improvement activities shall be making sure that the future land uses will not be restricted with any environmental concern. The design and operation of the proposed plant shall be realized to fulfill this aim. Consequently, waste management shall be realized during the operation period of the plant to prevent any type of contamination inside and in the vicinity of the plant area and the wastes to be generated shall be disposed of as per the related regulations. Thereby, the operation activity shall be realized in an environmentally friendly manner, which will not permit the pollution of the soil or groundwater at and around the plant site after the plant is closed for operation.

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The land works at the Project Site shall be commenced immediately after the activity is stopped, generation equipments are dismantled and the buildings are demolished. The land improvement works generally comprise land leveling, shaping and terracing, etc. works. The aim of the landscaping to be realized in these areas is not just planting the plant but also making sure that the site becomes conforming to the natural texture in the surrounding and can be used with the most suitable purpose. Furthermore, drainage channels and ditches shall be opened at necessary locations to prevent the accumulation of the surface flow at the Project Site that may occur due to the rains during the improvement works and thereby surface drainage shall be controlled. The surface shall be stabilized at the end of the land improvement works and a ground suitable for planting shall be obtained.

4.34.1. Rehabilitation and reclamation Works

The rehabilitation and reclamation works at the Project Site shall be commenced immediately after the land is improved ad stabilized in the framework of a landscaping program. By selecting plants conforming to the regional climate and soil properties, recreation activities and planting shall be made. Since the improvement works can be deemed complete only after the growth of the vegetal cover, a full growth season has to pass.

4.34.2. Impacts on Existing Water Resources

The land improvement and recreation works has been designed in a manner to prevent the water to accumulate on the improved land. After the activities of the proposed IBB Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant are completed, no process water shall be discharged without applying a suitable treatment. In this respect, it is not anticipated for there to be an important impact on the water quality related to the activity cessation and land improvement works. Likewise, after the plant is shut down, no process water shall have an impact on the groundwater.

No air emission shall be released to the atmosphere during or after the cessation of the operation activities. Moreover, the plantation at the Project site after the operation activities cease shall prevent the formation of dust emissions due to winds. Under these circumstances, after the operation period of the IBB Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant ends, there will be no negative impact on the air quality.

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4.35. Environmental Cost Benefit Analysis (Benefiting from the environment before the activity and with the realization of the Project, evaluation of the benefiting from the socio – economic point of view)

In general terms, social environment is comprised of factors defined with socio- economic parameters and concerning humans. The quantification of these factors is made with empirical social research methods. However, these quantification criteria shall change from country to country and also from person to person. Therefore, it is very difficult to assess the human health and environmental values in terms of cost benefit analysis.

Energy generation technologies from urban solid wastes are a highly emphasized topic worldwide. Regular land filling, incineration, gasification and anaerobic decay can be listed among the main technologies used in energy generation from urban solid wastes. The most important advantage of solid waste incineration among these methods is the reduction obtained at 75% in weight and 90% in volume. Furthermore, by incinerating the solid wastes, stabilization and pathogen microorganism removal is obtained and 1/3 less greenhouse effect is created as compared to regular land filling. In the meantime, at the plant to be installed, the domestic type of solid wastes shall be incinerated with screened incineration system and an electrical energy up to 90 MW will be generated. In this manner, the solid waste amount shall be reduced which is causing significant environmental problems and whose amount is increasing every day.

The proposed plant shall be constructed on the area allocated by the Forestry General Directorate for IBB in order to dispose solid wastes, located at Kısırmandıra location. There is no agricultural activity at the Project Site. Thereby, there will be no agricultural field or forest land loss due to the realization of the Project.

In addition, the waste gas forming as a result of the disposal of the solid wastes via incineration and containing high amounts of pollutants shall be subjected to a gas treatment system where these pollutants are eliminated. The system to be used for base ash, fly ash and every kind of similar solid wastes and remnants shall be selected as to meet the conditions stated at the related articles of the “Regulation on the Incineration of Wastes” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 27721 of 06.10.2010. Since the latest technology minimizing the stack gas emissions shall be used at the plant, the stack gas emissions shall be at minimum.

Based on this information, when the environmental costs and environmental benefits of the Project is assessed, it can be considered that this can be a preferable project both for solid waste disposal with a method decreasing the necessary space and for energy generation.

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5 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION (The Changes Made in the Scope of the Project after Public Participation, the Information and Documents that can be provided in this regard)

5.1. Introduction of the local people to be possibly affected by the Project

The Project Site is located in Istanbul province, Eyüp district at Kısırmandıra Location. The Project Site is located at 9 km northwest flight distance of Eyüp district center, 600 m southwest of Işıklar Village, 7 km northwest of Göktürk Town and 1,3 km south of İhsaniye Village.

The local public that is expected to be most affected from the proposed Project is the residents of Işıklar Village. The local community living in this village is engaged in stockbreeding activities. Vegetable and fruit agriculture is being conducted at Kemerburgaz and Göktürk regions, milk and stockbreeding and apiculture activities are performed at Alibeyköy region, Kemerburgaz town center and bound villages. The contribution of stockbreeding to the district economy is very important and there are many cowsheds only ay Kemerburgaz neighborhood.

According to the statement of the mukhtar of Işıklar Village, the literacy of the village has increased in the recent years. The local community is getting by on stockbreeding. Especially water buffaloes and cows are being bred as cattle and their number is above 1.000. Although sheep breeding is not made widespread, there are about 40-50 sheep. Vegetable cultivation in the village is made by only the village mukhtar and mostly lettuce, beans, tomato and cucumbers are being cultivated.

The working population in Işıklar Village is mostly comprised of men. The presence of factories in the region has caused an increase in the employed population.

There is only one primary school in the village. The village has both drinking water network and sewerage network. It is one of the numbered villages that has natural gas. There is no health care center or a health unit. The road providing access to the village is coated with asphalt and the village has power and fixed telephone network.

On the other hand, Göktürk Town located at 7 km flight distance to the Project Site is a location where the economic activities are conducted at the city center and where high income-level residents are present. Therefore, the residents of Göktürk Town and Işıklar Village display very different socio-economic profiles.

According to 2010 year Address Based Population Registration System, the population of Işıklar Village is 567. 284 of this population are men and 283 are women. According to 2010 year Address Based Population Registration System of İhsaniye Village, its population is 188. Of this population, 99 are men and 89 are women.

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The socio-economic indicators related to Eyüp district where the Project Site is located can be listed as follows (Eyüp Municipality, Strategic Plan 2007-2011):

 When we look at the distribution of the employed population among the sectors, 34% is at the manufacturing sector, 27% is at societal and personal services.  The persons engaged in wholesale and retail business comprise 22% of the employed population.  The number of employed children is at 40%.  Of the house heads, 73% are working, 16% are retired and 5% have an income.  35% of the employed house heads are paid workers.  Most of the population works at Eyüp district center.  3% of the population above six-years of age are not literate, 9% are only literate, 45% are primary school graduates, 16% are high school graduates and 4% are university graduates. Of this population, 14% are primary school students, 5% are high school students and 3% are university students.  Schooling rate at primary school level is 83%.  Schooling at secondary school level falls to 40%.  In transportation, pedestrian and bus transport is being preferred. The least used transport vehicles are commercial taxis and railed transport.

5.2. Methods to be used for the participation of public in EIA process

As per article 9 of the EIA Regulation in the scope of IBB Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Project, the “Public Participation to the EIA Process” Meeting was decided to be was convened on 20.12.2011 in order to obtain public participation to the EIA process, inform the public regarding the activity and receive their opinions and suggestions as per the letter of the Turkish Ministry of Environment and Urbanization no. 6526 of 30.11.2011 (see Appendix-I). It has been decided for the meeting to be held at the meeting hall of the IBB Waste Processing Recycling and Compost Plant by obtaining the necessary coordination with the Turkish Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, Istanbul Provincial Directorate.

As per article 9 of the EIA Regulation, the meeting date, time, place and subject was announced in a local (Yeni Değişim Newspaper) and one national (Bugün Newspaper) newspaper. The mentioned announcement texts are given in Figure 5-1.

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ANNOUNCEMENT ANNOUNCEMENT

At Istanbul Province, Eyüp district, Işıklar Village, At Istanbul Province, Eyüp district, Işıklar Village, “Kemerburgaz Domestic Solid Waste “Kemerburgaz Domestic Solid Waste Incineration Plant Project” is planned to be Incineration Plant Project” is planned to be built by Yüksel Proje Uluslararası A.S. built by Yüksel Proje Uluslararası A.S.

In relation to the mentioned activity, “Meeting for In relation to the mentioned activity, “Meeting for the Participation of the Public to the EIA the Participation of the Public to the EIA Process” at the place, day and time stated Process” at the place, day and time stated below as per the Environmental Impact below as per the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulation enforced by being Assessment (EIA) Regulation enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 26939 of published at the Official Gazette no. 26939 of 17.07.2008. 17.07.2008.

Istanbul Province, Eyüp district, Işıklar Village, Istanbul Province, Eyüp district, Işıklar Village, Location: Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Location: Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Kemerburgaz Compost and Recovery Plant Kemerburgaz Compost and Recovery Plant Meeting Hall Meeting Hall Address: Istanbul Caddesi No: 41 Kısırmandıra Address: Istanbul Caddesi No: 41 Kısırmandıra Mevkii, Işıklar Köyü / Kemerburgaz / Eyüp / Mevkii, Işıklar Köyü / Kemerburgaz / Eyüp / ISTANBUL ISTANBUL Date: 20.12.2011 Date: 20.12.2011 Time: 10.30 Time: 10.30

As per article 9 of the EIA Regulation, As per article 9 of the EIA Regulation,

KINDLY INFORMED TO OUR PUBLIC. KINDLY INFORMED TO OUR PUBLIC.

Yüksel Proje Uluslararası A.Ş. Yüksel Proje Uluslararası A.Ş. Bugün Newspaper (09.12.2011) Yeni Değişim Newspaper (09.12.2011)

Figure 5-1. Newspaper Advertisements for Public Participation Meetings

As can be seen from the mentioned announcements, the meeting was realized on 09.12.2011 at the meeting hall of the IBB Waste Processing Recycling and Compost Plant at Istanbul province, Eyüp district, Işıklar Village. The meeting commenced on 10:30 with the chairmanship of the Istanbul Governorship, Environment and Urbanization Provincial Directorate and the regional public participated to the meeting (see Photograph 5-1, Photograph 5-2 and Photograph 5-3). The minutes of the Meeting of the Public Participation are provided at Appendix-I.

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Date: 20.12.2011 Time: 11:10 Coordinates: Ed50 Zone 35 E N Photographed By: Günal ÖZENİRLER Photograph direction: Southwest Environmental Engineer & Officer Photograph No: 025-06-CBS-DKÇ-P003 Photograph 5-1. Images from the Meeting – 1

Date: 20.12.2011 Time: 11:00 Coordinates: Ed50 Zone 35 E N Photographed By: Günal ÖZENİRLER Photograph direction: Southwest Environmental Engineer & Officer Photograph No: 025-06-CBS-DKÇ-P001 Photograph 5-2. Images from the Meeting – 2

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Date: 20.12.2011 Time: 11:05 Coordinates: Ed50 Zone 35 E N Photographed By: Günal ÖZENİRLER Photograph direction: Southwest Environmental Engineer & Officer Photograph No: 025-06-CBS-DKÇ-P002 Photograph 5-3. Images from the Meeting – 3

5.3. Concerns, views / recommendation and other related evaluations of public regarding the Project

During the meeting, information was provided regarding the project, examples were provided from the same type of energy generation plants in operation at different countries. The reason for disposing of the wastes by the incineration technology and the advantages brought by this system were explained.

Furthermore, the local community stated that they were expecting the support of IBB related to the rehabilitation of the roads which are currently in bad shape.

5.4. Other parties related with the Project and their views / recommendations and other Project related evaluations

In relation to the Project, the committee members of the Examination and Assessment Committee gathered by the Turkish ministry of Environment and Urbanization provided their verbal and written views at the Information, Scope and Special Format Determination Meeting held on December 22nd, 2011 and furthermore, these views were recorded on the minutes of meeting. The views and assessments of the committee members have been evaluated at the related sections of the EIA Report.

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Furthermore in the scope of the project, an application was made to the following authorities:

 Eyüp Municipality in order to determine the health protection strip distance,  Nature Protection and National Parks General Directorate,  Highways 1st Regional Directorate,  Kemerburgaz Forestry Operation Chieftaincy,  Forestry General Directorate of the Turkish Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs, and  Istanbul Provincial Food, Agriculture and Stockbreeding Directorate (see Appendix-I).

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6. A NON – TECHNICAL SUMMARY OF INFORMATION OBTAINED IN ACCORDANCE WITH ABOVEMENTIONED TITLES

“Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant” Project planned to be built by the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (IBB) in Istanbul province, Eyüp district at Kısırmandıra Location has a total installation area of 8 ha. The Project Site is located at 15 km northwest flight distance of Eyüp district center, 600 m southwest of Işıklar Village, 7 km northwest of Göktürk Town and 1,3 km south of İhsaniye Village.

The Project shall provide 75 % weight-wise and 90% volume-wise reduction at the solid waste amount, then it is planned to generate energy by incinerating these wastes. The domestic solid wastes collected by the district municipalities shall be first brought to the Silivri, Halkalı, Yenibosna and Baruthane Transfer Stations, and then to the proposed plant after compaction in semi-trailers, they will not be subjected to pre-processing; and finally electrical energy will be obtained by incinerating with screened systems. No waste storage activity shall be performed at the Project Site. By incinerating 3.000 tons of solid waste per day using incineration technology, it is planned to generate an electrical energy up to 90 MW. It is envisaged for the planned plant to operate 8000 hours in a year.

At the end of the process, base ash and fly ash shall form at the plant. However, the highest amount of waste shall be base ash. After the activation of the plant, the ash formation is anticipated to be equal to 9.480 kg/h. The slag obtained as a result of the activity shall be passed through water pool, cooled, the iron metals inside it shall be separated and the slag shall be taken inside two bunkers with 1.000 m3 capacity each for this purpose. From here, they shall be filled in containers and sent to Odayeri Solid Waste Landfill Site. Here, in line with the system at the regular landfill site, this slag shall be laid as a cover over the stored garbage. The ash coming out of the stack gas treatment system shall be stored for at most 4 days, then filled automatically inside big sacks and sent to a Licensed Hazardous Waste Disposal Plant.

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of the switchyards found fit by the Turkish Electricity Transmission Incorporated Company (TEIAS).

The operation life of IBB Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant is foreseen to be 25 years.

It is planned for the construction phase of the plant to last for 3 years. During this time, it is foreseen that totally 200 persons will be employed at the construction activities.

Many detailed studies and analyses were performed in the scope of the project from location selection to soil surveys, from the existing air, noise and surface water pollution to ecological site surveys. These studies are;

 Soil Research Studies,  Geophysical Surveys,  Basic Engineering Studies,  Surface Water Analysis,  PM10 Measurement Results,  Noise Measurement Results,  NO2, SO2, HCI and HF Measurement Results,  Dioxin and Furan Measurement Results,  Acoustic Report Modeling Study,  Air Quality Modeling Study,  Design Studies,  Studies aimed at Determining the Existing and Planned Infrastructural Facilities,  Archeological Study,  Ecological Study.

There is no agricultural land in the scope of the proposed Project Site. The soils at the Project Site are “Brown Forest Soils without Lime”.

In line with the drills and geophysical studies conducted at the Project Site, the Belgrade formation was discriminated as Tmpb-1 and Tmpb-2 according to the compactness and stiffness of the units. Tmpb-1 unit is comprised of greenish gray-brown colored, silty clay unit and contains intense turf and coal levels. On the other hand, Tmpb-2 unit is composed of yellowish-greenish brown colored, graveled sandy clay unit and contain dense carbonate congressions.

According to the “Turkey Earthquake Zones Map” enforced with the decision no. 96/8109 of the Ministerial Cabinet of 18.04.1996, the Project Site is located on a 3rd Degree

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Dangerous Earthquake Zone. During the designs, the principles stated at the “Turkey Earthquake Regulation” (Regulation on the Buildings to be Built on Earthquake Zones, 2007) shall be obeyed.

It is not expected for the occurrence of disasters such as flood, landslide, snowslide and rockfall at and in the vicinity of the Project Site.

No discharge shall be made to the Kağıthane stream during the , construction and operation phases of the activity.

No unique formation was encountered at the Project Site. Furthermore, there is no disaster risk such as collapse, settling, karsting, tsunami, etc. at the Project Site

The waters accumulating at the concave areas in the Project Site as a result of rainfall have created some small and bigger puddles. These puddles are dependent on seasonal rainfall and are not permanent. The puddles at the Project Site are shown at the General Layout Plan shown at Appendix-C. Furthermore, there is another seasonal lake area nearby the Project Site covering a wider field as compared to the other puddles.

There is no geothermal spring within the Project Site.

Explosive use is not anticipated during the excavation works.

In order to reduce the possible impacts of the dust emissions to result from shipment activities, watering shall be made regularly with sprinklers in dry seasons on the roads that are not covered with asphalt.

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wastewater conduit. Therefore, no negative impact is expected for the surface and the groundwater due to the planned Project.

Since industrial type wastewater formation is not expected as a result of the activities conducted during the construction phase, there will be no mixing of industrial wastewater with the groundwater.

The packaging wastes that may occur during the construction and operation phases of the Project shall be collected as separately from other wastes and sent to licensed recycling / recovery companies for disposal.

After the project ends, rehabilitation works shall be performed at the site.

An infirmary shall be installed for the personnel to work at the construction and operation phases of the Project. The medical wastes to be generated at the construction and operation phases shall be collected separately from other wastes, inside special impermeable medical waste bags and removed from the plant via Medical Waste Transport Vehicles.

The waste accumulators that may occur during the construction activities of the Project shall be the expired accumulators/batteries of the equipment and passenger cars used. The battery changes of the vehicles shall be performed at locations with the required infrastructure of this purpose. The waste battery sources are the mobile radios and portable radios used at the area. The waste batteries and accumulators to occur in the scope of the Project shall be utilized by collecting as per “Waste Batteries and Accumulators Control Regulation” (APAKY) enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 25569 of 31.08.2004.

All the related legislation shall be obeyed in the scope of the Project and the necessary permits shall be obtained before the works are commenced.

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According to the Solid Waste Disposal and Pre-processing Plants Project Approval (2011/12) Circular, the feasibility study prepared in the scope of the Project shall be submitted to the Turkish Ministry of Environment and Urbanization by IBB. Again, the operation plan shall also be submitted to the Turkish Ministry of Environment and Urbanization

The laws and regulations to be obeyed during the construction and operation process of IBB Waste Incineration and Energy Generation Plant Project are listed below:

 “Regulation Related to Wastes Incineration” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 27721 of 06.10.2010  “Water Pollution Control Regulation” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 25687 of 31.12.2004  Regulation on the Control of Odor-Causing Emissions” that has been enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no 27692 of 04.09.2010  “Environmental Noise Assessment and Management Regulation” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 27601 of 04.06.2010  “Air Quality Assessment and Management Regulation” (HKDYY) Annex-IA enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 26898 of 06.06.2008  “Industrial Based Air Pollution Control Regulation” (SKHKKY) enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 27277 of 03.07.2009  Worker Health and Work Safety Code enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 14765 of 11.04.1974  Environment Law no. 2872  Land Gaming Law no. 4915  Traffic Law no. 2918  “Regulation on the Control of Excavation Soil, Construction and Debris Wastes” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 25406 of 18.03.2004  “Packaging Wastes Control Regulation” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 26562 of 24.06.2007  “Medical Wastes Control Regulation” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 25883 of 22.07.2005  “Solid Wastes Control Regulation” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 25755 of 14.03.2005  “Hazardous Wastes Control Regulation” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 25755 of 14.03.2005 and amended at the Official Gazette no. 27744 of 30.10.2010.  “Waste Oils Control Regulation” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 26952 of 30.07.2008  “Regulation on the Control of Vegetal Waste Oils” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 25791 of 19.04.2005  “Waste Batteries and Accumulators Control Regulation” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 25569 of 31.08.2004  “Worn Out Tires Control Regulation” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 26357 of 25.11.2006  “Regulation of the Health and Safety Measures to be Taken at Works related to Chemical Substances” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 25328 of 26.12.2003

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 “Hazardous Chemicals Regulations” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no 21634 of 11.07.1993  “Regulation on the Control of Soil Pollution and Point Sourced Polluted Sites” enforced by being published at the Official Gazette no. 27605 of 08.06.2010  “Regulation related to Workplace Opening and Operation Licenses” published at the Official Gazette of 10.08.2005  “Code for the Precautions to be Taken at the Workplaces and Works Where Flammable, Explosive, Hazardous and Toxic Substances are Used” published at the Official Gazette no. 14752 of 24.12.1973  “Code related to the Procedures and Principles Regarding the Production, Import, Transport, Storage, Preservation, Sales, Use, Destruction and Inspection of Explosive Substances Left outside Monopoly, Game Materials and Similar Items” published at the Official Gazette no. 19589 of 29.09.1987

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

• 2011-2012 Game Season Central Game Committee Decisions, Turkish Ministry of Environment and Forestry, National Parks and Game-Wild Life General Directorate • Anşin, R., 1988, Tohumlu Bitkiler (Seeded Plants), Karadeniz Technical University, Orman Fakültesi Yayınları, No: 15, Trabzon. • Baytop, T. 1997, Türkçe Bitki Adları Sözlüğü (Turkish Plant Names Dictionary),Türk Dil Kurumu Yay., 512 p. Ankara. • Davis, P.H. 1965-1985, Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol.; 1-9. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. • Davis, P.H., Mill, R.R. and Tan, K. 1988. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands (Supplement). Vol.; 10. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. • Demirsoy, A., 1996, Amfibiler (Amphibians). Ministry of Environment, Environmental Protection General Directorate, Ankara. • Demirsoy, A., 1996, Memeliler (Mammals). Ministry of Environment, Environmental Protection General Directorate, Ankara. • Demirsoy, A., 1996, Sürüngenler (Reptiles). Ministry of Environment, Environmental Protection General Directorate, Ankara. • Demirsoy, A., 1997, Omurgalılar (Amniyota) (Vertebrates - Amniota), Volume III - Part II, Meteksan A.Ş., Ankara. • Ekim T., Koyuncu, M., Vural, M., Duman, H., Aytaç, Z., Adıgüzel, N., 2000, Turkiye Bitkileri Kırm.zı Kitabı (Turkish Plants Red Book), Turkish Nature Protection Association, Ankara. • Eyüp Municipality, 2007-2011 Strategic Plan, Istanbul, June 2006. • Güner, A., Özhatay, N., Ekim, T. and Başer K.H.C. 2000. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands (Supplement 2). Vol: 11. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. • Istanbul Province Environment and Status Report, 2006-2007. • Kaya, O., 1971, Istanbul'un Karbonifer Stratigrafisi (Carboniferous Stratigraphy of Istanbul), TJK Bulletin, no.:14/2, p. 143-201. • Keskin, C, 1966, "Microfacies Study of the Pınarhisar Reef Complex", Fac. Sei. Rev, Univ. Istanbul B4 31,3-4,109-146. • Kiziroğlu, İ., 1993, The Birds of Turkiye (Species List in Red Data Book), TTKD, Ankara. • Özmen, B., 2002, Istanbul ili için Deprem Senaryosu (Earthquake Scenario for Istanbul Province), Türkiye Mühendislik Haberleri, No.:417, ISSN: 1300-3445, TMMOB Chamber of Civil Engineers • Öztürk İ., Demir İ., Akgül O., Yıldız Ş., et. al., “Istanbul İçin AB ile Uyumlu Entegre Katı Atık Yönetimi Stratejik Planı” (Integrated Solid Waste Management Strategic Plan for Istanbul Compliant with EU), TURKAY 2007 Symposium ob the Solid Waste Management and Environmental Problems in Turkey in the EU Compliance Process, Istanbul, 2007. • Porter, R. F., Christensen, S., Schiermacher-Hansen, P., 2009, Birds of Turkey and the Middle East, Nature Association, Ankara. • Saltabaş, F., Soysal, Y., Yıldız, Ş., Balahorli, Y., 2009, Evsel Katı Atık Termal Bertaraf Yöntemleri ve İstanbul’a Uygulanabilirliği (Domestic Solid Waste Thermal Disposal Methods and Applicability Thereof for Istanbul), Symposium on Solid Waste Management in Turkey, Istanbul.

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