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Cuba Una Revolución Socialista

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Zafra puedo decir, monte puedo decir, ciudad puedo decir, ejército decir, Número 12 ya míos para siempre y tuyos, Órgano científi co-sociocultural de la Universidad de El Salvador nuestros, y un ancho resplandor Nueva Época Número 12 octubre-diciembre, 2010 de rayo, estrella, fl or [Nicolás Guillén] Cuba una revolución socialista UUnn eejércitojército a iimagenmagen ddee ssuu ppropioropio ppuebloueblo / EEnn bbuscausca ddee llaa ccubanidadubanidad / EEll cultoculto a MMartíartí /Ciencia:/Ciencia: llaa eexperienciaxperiencia ddee llaa bbiotecnologíaiotecnología ccubanaubana / SSistemaistema ssanitarioanitario y ppreparaciónreparación anteante ddesastresesastres / CCuba:uba: 5500 aañosños ddee ddesarrolloesarrollo eeconómicoconómico y ssocialocial / RReligióneligión y rrevoluciónevolución eenn CCubauba / CCuba:uba: EEll ootrotro bbicentenarioicentenario / LLasas vedettesvedettes ddee llaa ccontrarrevoluciónontrarrevolución eenn CCuba:uba: ¿¿quiénesquiénes llasas aapoyanpoyan y fi nnancian?ancian? / LLosos mediosmedios ddee ccomunicaciónomunicación y llaa mmodelaciónodelación ddelel ppoderoder hhegemónico:egemónico: eell ccasoaso ddee AAméricamérica LLatinaatina / EEll ssocialismoocialismo y elel hombrehombre enen CubaCuba / CCronologíaronología ddelel ccasoaso ddee llosos CCincoinco HHéroeséroes CCubanosubanos / CCubauba y ootrostros llugaresugares —Poesía—Poesía parapara unauna isla—.isla—. ISSN 0041-8242 Autoridades universitarias Convocatoria Rector Invitamos a que nos envíen artículos y ensayos que aborden temas relacionados con las Msc. Rufi no Antonio Quezada Sánchez ciencias naturales y sociales, cultura, política y economía. Estas colaboraciones son de vital importancia para la difusión de la agenda de Vicerrector académico investigación científi ca, cultural y política que se desarrolla en el campus universitario y en el Msc. Miguel Ángel Pérez Ramos país. Vicerrector administrativo A continuación se detallan las normas para la publicación de textos: MAE. Óscar Noé Navarrete Romero 1. Deben ser originales e inéditos. Será decisión del Comité Editorial la publicación de Secretario general los trabajos. Lic. Douglas Vladimir Alfaro Chávez 2. El autor o la autora deberá incluir una pequeña hoja de vida, con el lugar de trabajo, teléfono, dirección postal y electrónica. Fiscal general 3. Los trabajos deben tener las siguientes características formales: Dr. René Madecadel Perla Jiménez a. Oscilar entre 5 y 40 páginas incluidas imágenes, gráfi cos y anexos. b. Las imágenes deberán entregarse además en documentos aparte en formato *.jpg, Presidente de la Asamblea General Universitaria *.bmp, *.php, *.gif o *.pdf. Dr. Luis Gilberto Parada Gómez c. Deberán ir escritos en Word, fuente Times New Roman pt. 12, a doble espacio con sangrías, con márgenes de 3 cm izquierdo y derecho y 2.5 inferior y superior. Revista La Universidad d. Los subtítulos irán en negrita y sin numeración ni letras. e. El título irá alineado a la izquierda y en negrita, con el nombre del autor abajo en el Director: Dr. David Hernández mismo tipo de letra. Ilustración: Mural colectivo en La Habana. f. Las notas deberán ir al pie. g. Los documentos deberán enviarse a cualesquiera de los correos electrónicos: [email protected], [email protected]. También se pueden entregar en el local de la Editorial Universitaria, 3ª planta del Colaboraciones y contacto: edifi cio ex Biblioteca. EDITORIAL UNIVERSITARIA, Universidad de El Salvador, Final Av. Mártires 30 de Julio, Ciudad Universitaria, 2511-2035, 2226-2282 [email protected] [email protected] ISSN 0041-8242 l Unive ia rs r it to a i r i d a E Universidad de El Salvador Número 12, OCUTUBRE- DICIEMBRE, 2010 Carta del director 2 Sistema sanitario y preparación 129 ante desastres Prólogo del Rector 4 Vicente García Gómez Rufino Quezada Logros y lecciones (sanitarias) 135 Palabras liminares del 6 de Cuba tras cincuenta años de Vicerrector Académico bloqueo americano Miguel Ángel Pérez Paul L. Drain-Michele Barry 9 El imperio y la isla independiente Religión y revolución en Cuba 145 Fidel Castro Ruz Aurelio Alonso Tejada 33 Cuba: El otro bicentenario El culto a Martí 161 Eusebio Leal Esplenger Ricardo Alarcón de Quesada En busca de la cubanidad 41 Las vedettes de la contrarrevolu- Eduardo Torres Cuevas ción en Cuba: ¿quiénes las apoyan 169 y financian? Cuba: 50 años de desarrollo 47 Percy Francisco Alvarado económico y social Anicia García Álvarez Los medios de comunicación y la modelación del poder hegemóni- 197 Un ejército a imagen de su propio 79 co: el caso de América Latina pueblo Pedro Prada Pedro Prada El socialismo y el hombre en Cuba 223 Ser cultos para ser libres: la edu- 89 Ernesto Che Guevara cación en Cuba Magda Luisa Arias Cronología del caso de los 239 Cinco Héroes Cubanos Ciencia: la experiencia de la biotecnología cubana 103 Cuba y otros lugares 249 Agustín Lage Dávila —Poesía para una isla— Nuestros colaboradores 265 La revista más antigua de El Salvador Fundada el 5 de mayo de 1875 Director fundador: Doctor Esteban Castro Carta del director Cuba una revolución socialista La historia de la revolución cubana es la historia de las gestas de independencia y de los procesos de resistencia de larga duración de la América Española desde las primeras luchas independencistas en el siglo XIX contra el imperio español que desembocaron en la proclamación de repúblicas independientes y soberanas en todo el continente, pasando por las luchas contra la invasión francesa en México entre 1862-1867, estas culminarían con el fusilamiento del Emperador Maximiliano así como contra la injeren- cia de los Estados Unidos de América en nuestro continente luego del colapso de las potencias imperiales europeas, que ha llegado a considerar a todo el subcontinente su patio trasero y por lo tanto su espacio vital geoestratégico (léase neocolonias). La entrada de los rebeldes barbudos en Santiago de Cuba y La Habana el 1º de enero de 1959 marcó un antes y un después en las luchas revolucionarias latinoameri- canas. Nada ni nadie volvió a ser igual desde esa paradigmática fecha. Comenzando porque la revolución cubana acabó con la arrogancia y explotación que los consorcios norteamericanos hacían en la isla y terminando con la instauración de una auténtica revolución popular cuya primera medida fue erradicar el analfabetismo, proclamar la reforma agraria, nacionalizar la banca, expropiar consorcios, carteles capitalistas, in- dustrias y latifundios, decretar educación y salud gratuitas para todo el pueblo; en resu- men, liberar a Cuba de los omnipresentes tentáculos imperialistas del pulpo norteño y de la injusta opresión capitalista. La gloriosa lucha fina de los patriotas cubanos, siempre al lado de los patriotas independentistas puertorriqueños,—primero organizados como protesta civil en una rama del Partido Ortodoxo y en otras capas de la sociedad civil cubana durante la dé- cada de los cincuentas del siglo pasado, luego como un grupo insurgente con el Movi- miento 26 de Julio, para terminar como Ejército Rebelde en la Sierra Maestra y desde ahí derrotar a la tiranía pro-americana del dictador Fulgencio Batista—, no pasó ni pasa- rá desapercibida en América Latina y en el Tercer Mundo, pues será el núcleo revolucio- nario de cuya influencia se nutrirán los movimientos de liberación nacional que se dan en todo el globo, y que culminan con una serie de procesos revolucionarios triunfantes a lo largo y ancho del continente. Entre otros, el triunfo de la revolución sandinista en 1979 o la llegada al poder, en este siglo, de gobiernos de izquierda en Bolivia, Ecuador y Venezuela. A nivel mundial, durante los años sesenta del siglo XX, la revolución cubana 2 La Universidad estará ahí, en la línea de fuego donde se pelea contra el colonialismo y la opresión, en países como Angola, Etiopía, Guinea, Zambia, Congo, Mozambique, Sudáfrica, Palesti- na, Viet Nam, Laos, Argelia o Cabo Verde. No hay país en el mundo más internacionalista que Cuba, y tampoco hay país tan afectado por las políticas agresivas de las sucesivas administraciones estadouni- denses (Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon, Ford, Carter, Reagan, Bush, Clinton, Bush Jr. y Obama) como Cuba, que sufre un criminal bloqueo económico por parte de los Estados Unidos desde el mismo triunfo de la revolución cubana, lo cual llevó a la dirigencia isleña, en sus primeros años, a declarar el carácter socialista de la revolución y a buscar alianzas con los países miembros del socialismo real y del Pacto de Varsovia, liderados por la Unión Soviética. El ínterin que significó la entrada de Cuba en la comunidad de países socialis- tas, y que llegó hasta la autodesintegración del bloque socialista en 1989 con la caída del Muro de Berlín, dejó frutos de incalculable valor a la isla, entre otros la formación de una sociedad altamente desarrollada en todos los campos del saber científico, especial- mente en la medicina y la educación, pero también en la biotecnología y la investiga- ción nuclear. De todos estos logros se ha beneficiado literalmente medio mundo, pues las misiones internacionalistas de médicos y maestros cubanos han llegado, desde los primeros años de la revolución, a diversos países de Asia, África y de América Latina. Este número de La Universidad, dedicado a Cuba, pretende reflejar en cierta medida los logros de la revolución cubana en sus 51 años de existencia así como los de- safíos y agresiones del enemigo que aun continúan latentes en los actuales momentos. La revolución socialista de Cuba es la más
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