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Field Manual for the United States Antarctic Program

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Field Manual for the United States Antarctic Program FieldField ManualManual forfor thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates AntarcticAntarctic ProgramProgram First Aid Emergency Action Principles 1. Survey the Scene • Is this scene safe? • What happened? • How many people are injured? • Are there companions that can help? 2. Do a Primary Survey of the Victim (ABCs) • Check the Airway (head-tilt/chin lift). • Check the Breathing (look, listen, feel). • Check Circulation (carotid pulse). 3. Radio for Rescue / MEDEVAC • See Radio Emergency Action on next page. 4. Do a Secondary Survey of the Victim • Interview the victim and/or companions. • Check the victim’s vital signs. • Do a head-to-toe exam. Radio Emergency Action Sending a Distress Message In an emergency, stay calm, assess the situation, and use the following steps to call for help: 1. Select the correct frequency. 2. Speak clearly. Take your time. 3. Call “MAYDAY, MAYDAY, MAYDAY.” 4. Listen for a reply. 5. When a reply is received, tell them who you are, where you are, and the nature of your emergency, and that you are trying to make contact with the closest permanent USAP station in your area. Give any information which may assist the rescue. 6. If no reply is received: • Check your equipment. • Repeat your call at regular intervals -- allow listening periods between calls. Action on Receipt of a Distress Message 1. Listen carefully. Write down the message(s) and time. 2. Listen for an acknowledgment from a major station. 3. If another station does not acknowledge the distress call, acknowledge the distress call and retransmit the distress message to the closest permanent USAP station in your area, using the words: “MAYDAY Relay, MAYDAY Relay, MAYDAY Relay. This is. .” (repeat your station call sign three times). 4. Give distress message as broadcast by station in distress. 5. Give assistance to station in distress if possible. Advise your base station of what you are / are not doing. 6. Continue to listen in. Cancellation of MAYDAY messages If help is no longer required, don’t forget to announce cancellation of your distress or urgency call! Avoid Unnecessary Traffic At All Times! Acknowledgments This manual was prepared by Raytheon Polar Services Company (RPSC) field support staff for the National Science Foundation/Office of Polar Programs (NSF/ OPP). We are most grateful to all the scientists who gave their time to review the prototype of this manual, offered additions and changes, and contributed their past experiences and solutions to problems encountered while working in Antarctica. We especially thank Dr. Bill McIntosh for his invaluable input regarding the snowmobile chapter. Mimi Fujino created from first-hand experience all illustrations, except those as noted. She also helped develop the production standards and procedures for this manual. Brooks Montgomery, Tim Cully and Marian Moyher worked on the Peninsula-Area information with re- searchers experienced in those locations to develop those sections of the manual. Bill McCormick edited this 6th edition (2001-02 field season) of the Field Manual. Jim Mastro did the layout, based on an original design by Lisa Mastro. Cover photo courtesy Dr. Daniel Costa (© Dr. Daniel Costa 2001). Introduction The United States Antarctic Program (USAP) supports researchers working in Antarctica, whether in the Continental region (McMurdo Station, South Pole Station, and inland field camps), the Peninsular region (Palmer Station and island field camps), or on USAP research vessels (R/V Nathaniel B. Palmer and R/V Laurence M. Gould). Though each of these different areas poses unique environmental challenges, the USAP abides by safety requirements and waste handling and environmental protection policies that are standard throughout the program. In addition, much of the equipment that the USAP issues to researchers is the same at all locations. This edition of the Field Manual for the USAP has been revised to include both common and area-specific information. When a chapter contains information specific to both regions, the chapter will begin with common information, followed by McMurdo-area information and then Palmer-area information. If you are new to the program, this manual will help prepare you for the time you will spend in Antarctica. Read it thoroughly before packing and leaving, as you will find helpful and important information regarding planning and preparation, clothing, extra equipment you may wish to take, and what to expect in the field. (NOTE: If you are deploying to remote locations in Antarctica, you should have a strong background in cold weather survival or, at the very least, you should employ a safety-survival guide with previous Antarctic experience. A remote field camp in Antarctica is not the place to learn cold weather skills.) Finally, this is intended to be a reference manual and it should be taken into the field with you. Many chapters contain information on the equipment you will be issued, some of which is very specific to polar work. Also, detailed information on trouble-shooting radios, Zodiacs, and snowmobiles is included. Systems that are unique to working in polar environments, such as roped travel with Nansen sleds or crevassed area travel with snowmobiles, are discussed, and valuable advice is provided on rescue techniques. Use of this manual, and adherence to the guidelines set forth within it, will enhance both your safety and productivity while working in Antarctica. RPSC Field Support Staff welcomes any comments or feedback on this manual. Table of Contents Chapter 1 Extreme Cold Weather Clothing 1 1.1 USAP Clothing Issue ............................................... 1 1.2 Dressing for the Cold: Layering .............................. 2 1.3 Cold Weather Clothing Accessories ........................ 4 1.4 Clothing for Deep-Field Deployment by Aircraft (McMurdo Area) ................................... 5 1.5 Special Clothing Considerations for Peninsula Operations ............................................... 6 Chapter 2 Science Support Services 8 2.1 Science Meetings ..................................................... 8 2.2 McMurdo Science Support Areas............................ 9 2.3 Palmer Science Support Areas .............................. 11 Chapter 3 Basic Field-Party Preparation 14 3.1 McMurdo-Based Groups ....................................... 14 3.1a Day 1 .................................................. 14 3.1b Days 2, 3, & 4 .................................... 14 3.1c Day 5 .................................................. 20 3.1d Days 6, 7, & 8 .................................... 20 3.1e Days 9 & 10 ....................................... 20 3.1f Day 11 ................................................ 21 3.2 Peninsula-Based Groups........................................ 22 3.2a Field Communications ....................... 23 3.2b Field-Safety Training ......................... 24 3.2c Field Equipment................................. 25 3.2d Food for Field Parties ........................ 25 3.2e Mechanical Equipment ...................... 26 3.2f Field-Camp Liquor Rations ............... 26 3.2g Safety ................................................. 27 i 3.2h Safe Water Handling .......................... 28 3.2i Human Waste Management ............... 29 Chapter 4 Standards of Conduct in the Field 30 4.1 Appropriate Field Conduct in Antarctica .............. 31 4.2 Environmental Conduct in the Field ..................... 31 Chapter 5 Field-Safety Training 34 5.1 McMurdo Field-Safety Training Requirements ......................................................... 34 5.1a McMurdo Field-Safety Course Descrip- tions.................................................... 36 5.2 Peninsula-Area Field-Safety Training Requirements ......................................................... 40 5.2a Peninsula-Area Field-Safety Course Descriptions ........................... 41 Chapter 6 McMurdo Area Helicopter Transportation 43 6.1 Helicopter Pad (Heli-pad) ..................................... 44 6.2 Preparations: Flight Requests and Cargo .............. 44 6.3 Hazardous Cargo ................................................... 46 6.4 Resupply Cargo ..................................................... 47 6.5 On the Day of Your Flight ..................................... 48 6.6 Helicopter Loading and Unloading ....................... 49 6.6a The Boarding Process at the Heli-Pad 49 6.6b Survival Equipment ........................... 49 6.7 Estimated Flight Times .......................................... 50 6.8 Clothing for the Flight ........................................... 50 6.9 Day Trips ............................................................... 51 6.9a Radio Equipment ............................... 51 6.10 Daily Communications .......................................... 52 6.10a Field Resupply ................................... 53 6.10b Schedule Changes .............................. 54 ii 6.11 Retrograde from the Field ..................................... 54 6.12 Camp Pull-Out ....................................................... 57 6.13 Helicopter Safety Guidelines................................. 57 6.14 Planning Information for Helicopters.................... 58 6.14a Bell 212 Helicopter ............................ 58 6.14b A-Star 350 Helicopter ........................ 59 Chapter 7 McMurdo Area Fixed Wing Operations 60 7.1 Flight Schedules .................................................... 60 7.2 Planning for LC-130 Transport to the Field .......... 61 7.2a Load Planning ...................................
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